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Journal articles on the topic 'Amide function'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 26 September 2023

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1

Asahara, Haruyasu, Keita Arikiyo, and Nagatoshi Nishiwaki. "Development of variously functionalized nitrile oxides." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 11 (July 23, 2015): 1241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.11.138.

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N-Methylated amides (N,4-dimethylbenzamide and N-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide) were systematically subjected to chemical transformations, namely, N-tosylation followed by nucleophilic substitution. The amide function was converted to the corresponding carboxylic acid, esters, amides, aldehyde, and ketone upon treatment with hydroxide, alkoxide, amine, diisobutylaluminium hydride and Grignard reagent, respectively. In these transformations, N-methyl-N-tosylcarboxamides behave like a Weinreb amide. Similarly, N-methyl-5-phenylisoxazole-3-carboxamide was converted into 3-functionalized isoxazole derivatives. Since the amide was prepared by the cycloaddition reaction of ethynylbenzene and N-methylcarbamoylnitrile oxide, the nitrile oxide served as the equivalent of the nitrile oxides bearing a variety of functional groups such as carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, acyl and formyl moieties.

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2

ZHANG, JIA-XIANG, LEI-YANG ZHANG, NAI-XING WANG, YUE-HUA WU, ZHAN YAN, and DUMITRA LUCAN. "NMR studies of rotamers with multi-substituted amides." Journal of Engineering Sciences and Innovation 6, no. 4 (November 17, 2021): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.56958/jesi.2021.6.4.2.

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Rotamers existed in the multi-substituted amide play an important role in the chemical reactivity function. Diverse chemical reactivity of substrates which contain an amide group is significantly affected by their rotamers. In this paper, rotamers of amides were studied and confirmed by means of NMR spectra. It was found that the ratio of related rotamers of amides depend on the amides bulk. When the nitrogen atom is located in the ring rigid structure, the rotation of C-N bond is limited and it is difficult to produce rotational isomers. In addition, we also found that substituted groups in phenyl ring cannot affect the ratio of related rotamers.

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3

Zhou, Xueer, Petra Vasko, Jamie Hicks, M. Ángeles Fuentes, Andreas Heilmann, Eugene L. Kolychev, and Simon Aldridge. "Cooperative N–H bond activation by amido-Ge(ii) cations." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 27 (2020): 9495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt01960g.

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Germylium-ylidene cations, [R(L)Ge]⁺, featuring amido substituents at R and NHC or phosphine donors at L have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The Lewis acidic germanium cation and proximal amide function allow for facile cleavage of N–H bonds in 1,2 fashion.

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4

Zhang, Bengang, Xinyi Chen, Antonio Pizzi, Mathieu Petrissans, Stephane Dumarcay, Anelie Petrissans, Xiaojian Zhou, Guanben Du, Baptiste Colin, and Xuedong Xi. "Highly Branched Tannin-Tris(2-aminoethyl)amine-Urea Wood Adhesives." Polymers 15, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15040890.

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Condensed tannin copolymerized with hyperbranched tris(2-aminoethyl)amine-urea formed by amine-amido deamination yields a particleboard thermosetting adhesive without any aldehydes satisfying the requirements of relevant standards for the particleboard internal bond strength. The tannin–triamine–urea cures well at 180 °C, a relatively low temperature for today’s particleboard hot pressing. As aldehydes were not used, the formaldehyde emission was found to be zero, not even in traces due to the heating of wood. The effect is ascribed to the presence of many reactive sites, such as amide, amino, and phenolic groups belonging to the three reagents used. The tannin appears to function as an additional cross-linking agent, almost a nucleating agent, for the triamine–urea hyperbranched oligomers. Chemical analysis by MALDI ToF and 13C NMR has shown that the predominant cross-linking reaction is that of the substitution of the tannin phenolic hydroxyls by the amino groups of the triamine. The reaction of tannin with the still-free amide groups of urea is rather rare, but it may occur with the rarer tannin flavonoid units in which the heterocyclic ring is opened. Due to the temperature gradient between the surfaces and the board core in the particleboard during hot pressing, the type and the relative balance of covalent and ionic bonds in the resin structure may differ in the surfaces and the board core.

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5

Sun, Chang-Liang, Xiao-Nan Jiang, and Chang-Sheng Wang. "An analytic potential energy function for the amide-amide and amide-water intermolecular hydrogen bonds in peptides." Journal of Computational Chemistry 30, no. 15 (November 30, 2009): 2567–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.21266.

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6

Pandita, Sangeeta, and Rohit Ishpujani. "AN ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY, EFFICIENT, AND FACILE METHODOLOGY FOR THE NITRATION OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS USING UREA NITRATE." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 04 (2022): 2933–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2022.1548002.

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An efficient, environmentally friendly, and facile methodology is developed for room temperature nitration of variously substituted aromatic compounds using urea nitrate and concentrated sulphuric acid. The method uses a simple aqueous workup without organic solvents and results in the formation of mono-nitro compounds in excellent yields. Amides are nitrated smoothly without hydrolysis of the amide function.

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7

Imhof, Wolfgang. "N-Phenyl-2-(phenyliminomethyl)pyrrole-1-carboxamide." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 63, no. 11 (October 5, 2007): o4265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536807048416.

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The title compound, C18H15N3O, was prepared from phenyl(1H-pyrrol-2-ylmethylene)amine and phenyl isocyanate in the presence of catalytic amounts of [Pd(PPh3)4]. The conformation of the molecular structure is determined by an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the amide NH function and the imine N atom. The molecule is essentially planar. Only the peripheral phenyl substitutents are bent out of the plane.

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8

McKinney, Michele K., and Benjamin F. Cravatt. "STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF FATTY ACID AMIDE HYDROLASE." Annual Review of Biochemistry 74, no. 1 (June 2005): 411–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133450.

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9

Mcguire, Edward J., Robert H. Gray, and Felix A. De La Iglesia. "Chemical Structure-Activity Relationships: Peroxisome Proliferation and Lipid Regulation in Rats." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 11, no. 3 (May 1992): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915819209141875.

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Studies described here address structure-activity relationships of novel hypolipidemic agents that induce peroxisome proliferation. Male rats were given equivalent doses of three well-studied fibrates, fibrate amides, and structurally dissimilar agents. Aryloxyalkanoic acids, amide analogs, and thio, benzimidazole, phenylpiperazine, and oxazole derivatives induced peroxisome proliferation and decreased plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. These compounds contain an acidic function or appear to be readily metabolized to a derivative with an acidic function. Substitution of this substituent with an adamantyloxy eliminated peroxisome proliferation and induced contrasting effects on the lipid profile, substantially increasing triglycerides. A direct correlation was established between hepatocellular peroxisome proliferation and plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDD-cholesterol levels.

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10

Schmidtler, J., W. Schepp, I. Janczewska, N. Weigert, C. Furlinger, V. Schusdziarra, and M. Classen. "GLP-1-(7-36) amide, -(1-37), and -(1-36) amide: potent cAMP-dependent stimuli of rat parietal cell function." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 260, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): G940—G950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1991.260.6.g940.

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We investigated the effect of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-(7-36) amide and its molecular variants GLP-1-(1-37) and GLP-1-(1-36) amide on enzymatically dispersed enriched rat parietal cells using [14C]aminopyrine accumulation as a measure of H+ production. GLP-1-(7-36) amide was 100 times more potent than GLP-1-(1–37) and GLP-1-(1–36) amide in stimulating [14C]aminopyrine accumulation. At their maximally effective concentrations, GLP-1–(7–36) amide (10(-8) M), GLP-1–(1–37) (10(-6) M), and GLP-1–(1–36) amide (10(-6) M) reached 80-90% of the response to 10(-4) M histamine. However, the peptides were 100-10,000 times more potent than histamine, which induced maximal [14C]aminopyrine accumulation at 10(-4) M. Stimulation by GLP-1 was dependent on the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and was not altered by pertussis toxin. Ranitidine failed to affect the response to the GLP-1 variants. Stimulation of H+ production by GLP-1 was accompanied by an increase in the formation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) but not by changes in phosphoinositol breakdown. In stimulating [14C]aminopyrine accumulation, the GLP-1 variants acted additively to threshold but not to maximal concentrations of histamine, suggesting that histamine and GLP-1 activate the same cAMP pool. In contrast, in anesthetized rats GLP-1-(7–36) amide (10–500 ng.kg-1.h-1) had no effect on basal and pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion in vivo. We conclude that GLP-1 exerts a direct stimulatory effect on rat parietal cells. This potent effect is mediated by cAMP and is independent of H2 receptors. In vivo direct stimulation by GLP-1 of the parietal cells might be counterbalanced by indirect inhibitory mechanisms that are excluded in the in vitro cell system.

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11

OH, Jong-Eun, and Keun-Hyeung LEE. "Characterization of the unique function of a reduced amide bond in a cytolytic peptide that acts on phospholipid membranes." Biochemical Journal 352, no. 3 (December 8, 2000): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3520659.

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The incorporation of a reduced amide bond, Ψ(CH2NH), into peptide results in an increase in the net positive charge and the perturbation of α-helical structure. By using this characteristic of the reduced amide bond, we designed and synthesized novel pseudopeptides containing reduced amide bonds, which had a great selectivity between bacterial and mammalian cells. A structureŐactivity relationship study on pseudopeptides indicated that the decrease in α-helicity and the increase in net positive charge in the backbone, caused by the incorporation of a reduced amide bond into the peptide, both contributed to an improvement in the selectivity between lipid membranes with various surface charges. However, activity results in vitro indicated that a perturbation of α-helical structure rather than an increase in net positive charge in the backbone is more important in the selectivity between bacterial and mammalian cells. The present result revealed that the backbone of membrane-active peptides were important not only in maintaining the secondary structure for the interactions with lipid membranes but also in direct interactions with lipid membranes. The present study showed the unique function of a reduced amide bond in cytolytic peptides and a direction for developing novel anti-bacterial agents from cytolytic peptides that act on the lipid membrane of micro-organisms.

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12

Wang, Haopei, and Zachary T. Ball. "A photochemical C=C cleavage process: toward access to backbone N-formyl peptides." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 17 (December 15, 2021): 2932–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.17.202.

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Photo-responsive modifications and photo-uncaging concepts are useful for spatiotemporal control of peptides structure and function. While side chain photo-responsive modifications are relatively common, access to photo-responsive modifications of backbone N–H bonds is quite limited. This letter describes a new photocleavage pathway, affording N-formyl amides from vinylogous nitroaryl precursors under physiologically relevant conditions via a formal oxidative C=C cleavage. The N-formyl amide products have unique properties and reactivity, but are difficult or impossible to access by traditional synthetic approaches.

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13

Goormaghtigh, Erik, Harmen H. J. de Jongh, and Jean-Marie Ruysschaert. "Relevance of Protein Thin Films Prepared for Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: Significance of the pH." Applied Spectroscopy 50, no. 12 (December 1996): 1519–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702963904610.

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Amide hydrogen–deuterium exchange rates were recorded on thin lysozyme films by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as a function of the pH of the solution from which the films were prepared. We describe the appropriate spectral corrections for atmospheric water absorption and for lateral side-chain contribution in the amide I/amide II region required to correctly evaluate the exchange rate from the amide II integrated intensity decrease. We show that the pH dependence of the exchange rate in our experimental conditions (0.4 g water/g protein) parallels the solution behavior. This observation confirms that the technique can be used to monitor pH-sensitive effects and allows exchange curves to be made which include most of the protein amide protons.

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14

Burkhart, Brandon J., Christopher J. Schwalen, Greg Mann, James H. Naismith, and Douglas A. Mitchell. "YcaO-Dependent Posttranslational Amide Activation: Biosynthesis, Structure, and Function." Chemical Reviews 117, no. 8 (March 3, 2017): 5389–456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00623.

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15

Moskvina, V. S., O. V. Shablykina, V. V. Ishchenko, and V. P. Khilya. "Efficient preparative synthesis of isoflavones with the amide function." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, no. 9 (September 20, 2015): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dopovidi2015.09.079.

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16

Sami El-banna, Fatma, Magdy Elsayed Mahfouz, Stefano Leporatti, Maged El-Kemary, and Nemany A. N. Hanafy. "Chitosan as a Natural Copolymer with Unique Properties for the Development of Hydrogels." Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 2193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112193.

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Hydrogel-based polymers are represented by those hydrophilic polymers having functional groups in their chain such as amine (NH2), hydroxyl [-OH], amide (-CONH-, -CONH2), and carboxyl [COOH]. These hydrophilic groups raise their potential to absorb fluids or aqueous solution more than their weights. This physicochemical mechanism leads to increased hydrogel expansion and occupation of larger volume, the process which shows in swelling behavior. With these unique properties, their use for biomedical application has been potentially raised owing also to their biodegradability and biocompatibility. Chitosan as a natural copolymer, presents a subject for hydrogel structures and function. This review aimed to study the structure as well as the function of chitosan and its hydrogel properties.

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17

Möhrle, Hans, and Georg Keller. "α-Dicarbonylmonoxime als Nucleophile und Nachbargruppen / α-Dicarbonylmonoximes as Nucleophiles and Neighbour Groups." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 54, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 632–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1999-0511.

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The α-dicarbonylmonooximes 1 and 11 do not react as simple “CH-acidic-compounds” in the Mannich condensation. In a concerted reaction with aminals in absolute dioxane they give rise to the products 4a - e and 12a - e with better practicability and much higher yields compared with the conventional method. The Mannich bases with a cyclic amine part show in the dehydrogenation, using mercury-EDTA, a neighbouring group participation of the oxime in type 4 and of the oxime or amide function in 12 yielding cyclized products. For the reaction a plausible mechanism is proposed.

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18

Ukena, Kazuyoshi, and Kazuyoshi Tsutsui. "A new member of the hypothalamic RF-amide peptide family, LPXRF-amide peptides: Structure, localization, and function." Mass Spectrometry Reviews 24, no. 4 (July 12, 2004): 469–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mas.20031.

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19

Ip, Wilfred, Weijuan Shao, Yu-ting Alex Chiang, and Tianru Jin. "GLP-1-derived nonapeptide GLP-1(28–36)amide represses hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression and improves pyruvate tolerance in high-fat diet-fed mice." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 305, no. 11 (December 1, 2013): E1348—E1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00376.2013.

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Certain “degradation” products of GLP-1 were found to possess beneficial effects on metabolic homeostasis. Here, we investigated the function of the COOH-terminal fragment of GLP-1, the nonapeptide GLP-1(28–36)amide, in hepatic glucose metabolism. C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 13 wk were injected intraperitoneally with GLP-1(28–36)amide for 6 wk. A significant reduction in body weight gain in response to HFD feeding was observed in GLP-1(28–36)amide-treated mice. GLP-1(28–36)amide administration moderately improved glucose disposal during glucose tolerance test but more drastically attenuated glucose production during pyruvate tolerance test, which was associated with reduced hepatic expression of the gluconeogenic genes Pck1, G6pc, and Ppargc1a. Mice treated with GLP-1(28–36)amide exhibited increased phosphorylation of PKA targets, including cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), ATF-1, and β-catenin. In primary hepatocytes, GLP-1(28–36)amide reduced glucose production and expression of Pck1, G6pc, and Ppargc1a, which was associated with increased cAMP content and PKA target phosphorylation. These effects were attenuated by PKA inhibition. We suggest that GLP-1(28–36)amide represses hepatic gluconeogenesis involving the activation of components of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. This study further confirmed that GLP-1(28–36)amide possesses therapeutic potential for diabetes and other metabolic disorders.

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20

Fang, Jun-Jia, Jian Lan, Gang Yang, Gao-Qing Yuan, Hai-Yang Liu, and Li-Ping Si. "Synthesis of cobalt A2B triaryl corroles bearing aldehyde and amide pyridyl groups and their performance in electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 11 (2021): 5127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj04953k.

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21

Naro, Yuta, Meryl Thomas, Matthew D. Stephens, Colleen M. Connelly, and Alexander Deiters. "Aryl amide small-molecule inhibitors of microRNA miR-21 function." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 25, no. 21 (November 2015): 4793–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.016.

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22

Chang, Jung C., Geoff M. Gurr, Murray J. Fletcher, and Robert G. Gilbert. "Structure - Property and Structure - Function Relations of Leafhopper (Kahaono montana) Silk." Australian Journal of Chemistry 59, no. 8 (2006): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch06179.

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Kahaono montana Evans (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), an endemic Australian leafhopper, is unique among the insect order Hemiptera in producing a silk. In this study, the secondary structure of the protein comprising leafhopper silk, and the surface stretching mechanical properties of this biopolymer, were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared microscopy and atomic force microscopy, respectively. The curve-fitted amide I and amide III bands revealed a composition of 13.1% α-helix, 23.8% β-sheet, 25.5% random coil, and 37.6% aggregated side chains. The molecular stretching behaviour of raw and cleaned silk fibres differed markedly. Analysis of the AFM force curves showed an adhesive property of the raw silk, while the pure fibre showed only the presence of protein. These findings suggest that the silk fibres act as a structural support for other leafhopper secretions and together form a hydrophobic barrier that may protect the insects from rain and natural enemies. This is the first time such a use of silk has been found in a biological system.

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23

Rodriguez, Jean, and Adrien Quintard. "Acyl Transfer Strategies as Transient Activations for Enantioselective Synthesis." Synthesis 51, no. 09 (March 14, 2019): 1923–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611743.

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In order to circumvent reactivity or selectivity issues associated with the addition of enolates to electrophiles, chemists have devised innovative methods involving transient activating groups. One of these powerful methods consists of the use of activated ketones, such as α-nitroketones, β-dicarbonyl compounds or β-ketosulfones, with electrophiles possessing a latent hydroxy or amine function. In the presence of a suitable catalyst, an enantioselective addition to the electrophile is facilitated triggering a subsequent Claisen-type fragmentation resulting in an acyl transfer. This subsequent step unveils the desired mono-activated function while directly transferring the ketone, forming in situ on the other side an ester or an amide.1 Introduction2 Intramolecular Acyl Transfer with Acyclic Substrates2.1 Bifunctional Catalysis2.2 Aminocatalysis3 Intermolecular Acyl Transfer with Acyclic Substrates4 Medium-Sized-Ring Formation with Cyclic Substrates5 Conclusion

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24

Soong, Chee-Leong, Jun Ogawa, Michinari Honda, and Sakayu Shimizu. "Cyclic-Imide-Hydrolyzing Activity ofd-Hydantoinase from Blastobacter sp. Strain A17p-4." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 1459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.4.1459-1462.1999.

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ABSTRACT The cyclic-imide-hydrolyzing activity of a prokaryotic cyclic-ureide-hydrolyzing enzyme, d-hydantoinase, was investigated. The enzyme hydrolyzed cyclic imides with bulky substituents such as 2-methylsuccinimide, 2-phenylsuccinimide, phthalimide, and 3,4-pyridine dicarboximide to the corresponding half-amides. However, simple cyclic imides without substituents, which are substrates of imidase (i.e., succinimide, glutarimide, and sulfur-containing cyclic imides such as 2,4-thiazolidinedione and rhodanine), were not hydrolyzed. The combined catalytic actions of bacterial d-hydantoinase and imidase can cover the function of a single mammalian enzyme, dihydropyrimidinase. Prokaryoticd-hydantoinase also catalyzed the dehydrative cyclization of the half-amide phthalamidic acid to the corresponding cyclic imide, phthalimide. The reversible hydrolysis of cyclic imides shown by prokaryoticd-hydantoinase suggested that, in addition to pyrimidine metabolism, it may also function in cyclic-imide metabolism.

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25

Wackerbarth, Ines, Ni Nyoman Agnes Tri Widhyadnyani, Simon Schmitz, Kathrin Stirnat, Katharina Butsch, Ingo Pantenburg, Gerd Meyer, and Axel Klein. "CuII Complexes and Coordination Polymers with Pyridine or Pyrazine Amides and Amino Benzamides—Structures and EPR Patterns." Inorganics 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics8120065.

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Isonicotine amide, picoline amide, pyrazine 2-amide, 2- and 4-amino benzamides and various CuII salts were used to target CuII complexes of these ligands alongside with 1D and 2D coordination polymers. Under the criterion of obtaining crystalline and single phased materials a number of new compounds were reliably reproduced. Remarkably, for some of these compounds the ideal Cu:ligand ratio of the starting materials turned out to be very different from Cu:ligand ratio in the products. Crystal and molecular structures from single-crystal XRD were obtained for all new compounds; phase purity was checked using powder XRD. We observed exclusively the Oamide and not the NH2amide function binding to CuII. In most of the cases; this occurred in chelates with the second pyridine, pyrazine or aminophenyl N function. µ-O,N ditopic bridging was frequently observed for the N = pyridine, pyrazine or aminophenyl functions, but not exclusively. The geometry around CuII in these compounds was very often axially elongated octahedral or square pyramidal. X-band EPR spectra of powder samples revealed various spectral symmetry patterns ranging from axial over rhombic to inverse axial. Although the EPR spectra cannot be unequivocally correlated to the observed geometry of CuII in the solid state structures, the EPR patterns can help to support assumed structures as shown for the compound [Cu(Ina)2Br2] (Ina = isonicotine amide). As UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and magnetic measurement in the solid can also be roughly correlated to the surrounding of CuII, we suggest the combination of EPR, UV-vis spectroscopy and magnetic measurements to elucidate possible structures of CuII compounds with such ligands.

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Varney, Michelle L., Daniel B. Goetz, David F. Wiemer, and Sarah A. Holstein. "Isoprenoid Amide Bisphosphonates As a Novel Class of Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Inhibitors." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 4679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-112965.

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Abstract Multiple myeloma is characterized by the production of monoclonal protein by clonal plasma cells and is a malignancy inherently susceptible to agents that disrupt protein homeostasis. We have previously demonstrated that targeting the geranylgeranylation of Rab GTPases is a novel mechanism by which to induce myeloma cell apoptosis via disruption of intracellular monoclonal protein trafficking and induction of the unfolded protein response pathway. Our previous efforts have focused on the development of novel triazole isoprenoid bisphosphonates as inhibitors of the enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS). GGDPS is responsible for the synthesis of the 20-carbon isoprenoid (GGDP) that is utilized in protein geranylgeranylation reactions. Extensive structure-function analysis of the triazole-based inhibitors has revealed that both chain length and olefin stereochemistry have significant impact on inhibitor potency. Previous reports have utilized triazoles as bioisoteres of amides and we hypothesized that the converse might be true as well; namely that amides analogous to the triazoles would have efficacy as GGDPS inhibitors. To this end, we have prepared a number of novel isoprenoid amide bisphosphonates as potential GGDPS inhibitors. These new compounds were prepared from bisphosphonate 1 through a short reaction sequence including chain extension by conjugate addition of nitromethane, reduction to the amine 2, amide formation through reaction with a variety of carboxylic acids, and final hydrolysis of the phosphonate esters to obtain the salts 3. These analogues differed with respect to chain length (ranging from bishomoprenyl- to bishomogeranyl-length), olefin stereochemistry (E vs Z), absence of the proximal olefin (i.e., citronellyl) as well as the stereochemistry of the citronellyl derivatives (R vs S). All of the novel compounds were subjected to in vitro enzyme assays with GGDPS as well as for the related enzymes farnesyl diphosphate synthase, farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase I, and IC50's were determined. Cellular activity in human myeloma cell lines (RPMI-8226, MM.1S) was assessed via immunoblot analysis of representative prenylated proteins. In addition, ELISA of intracellular levels of lambda light chain (a marker of disruption of Rab geranylgeranylation) was performed. These studies reveal that similar to the previously reported triazoles, both chain length and olefin stereochemistry have significant effects on GGDPS inhibitory activity. Extending the chain length from the bishomoprenyl length to the bishomogeranyl length increased cellular activity 50-fold: the lowest effective concentration (LEC) is 50 μM for the bishomoprenyl compound and 1 μM for the bishomogeranyl compound. Furthermore, changing the olefin stereochemistry to the bishomoneryl form (i.e., the Z-configuration), further enhanced the potency to an LEC of 0.5 μM. Interestingly, the stereochemistry of the citronellyl derivatives were found to have a significant impact on activity with the R-enantiomer being 10-fold more potent than the S-enantiomer (LEC of 5 μM vs 50 μM respectively). Enzyme assay studies confirmed the specificity of these agents as GGDPS inhibitors. In conclusion, these studies establish a novel family of amide isoprenoid bisphosphonates as GGDPS inhibitors with activity against myeloma cells. Further structure-function analysis will better define the optimal chain length and stereochemistry to maximize potency and enable future in vivo studies assessing efficacy as anti-myeloma therapy. Figure. Figure. Disclosures Wiemer: Terpenoid Therapeutics, Inc: Other: Founder. Holstein:Celgene: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

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Heo, Nam Jung, Ju Hyun Oh, Jeong Tae Lee, Qing He, Jonathan L. Sessler, and Sung Kuk Kim. "Phenanthroline-strapped calix[4]pyrroles: anion receptors displaying affinity reversal as a function of solvent polarity." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 7, no. 3 (2020): 548–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9qo01377f.

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Reibnegger, Gilbert, Brian J. Denny, and Helmut Wachter. "Ab Initio Quantum Chemical Calculations on the Stability of Different Tautomers of 6- and 7-Phenacetyl Pterin." Pteridines 4, no. 1 (February 1993): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pteridines.1993.4.1.23.

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Summary In order to investigate the stabilities of different tautomeric forms of pteridine derivatives with a phenacetyl side chain in the 6- or 7-position, we have performed ab initio quantum chemical geometry optimizations of both the keto form and the vinylogous amide form of 6- and 7-phenacetyl pterin. The results are in accordance with experimental expectations: the keto form is slightly more stable for the 6-substituted derivative (1 .8 kcal per mol). while the vinylogous amide form is substantially more stable for the 7-substituted compound (8 .7 kcal per mol). The vinylogous amide forms are planar molecules, and this geometry enables the interaction between the hydrogen atom at N-5 (or N-8) and the carbonyl function of the side chain. Inspection of the calculated electron densities (population analysis) underlines the suggestion that the vinylogous amide form of 7-phenacetyl pterin is stabilized by a shift of electron density from the nitrogen bonded to C-2 to the carbonyl oxygen atom of the side chain (resonance stabilization via an additional highly conjugated vinylogous amide structure).

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29

Schmidtler, J., K. Dehne, S. Offermanns, W. Rosenthal, M. Classen, and W. Schepp. "Stimulation of rat parietal cell function by histamine and GLP-1-(7-36) amide is mediated by Gs alpha." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 266, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): G775—G782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1994.266.5.g775.

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It was the aim of the present study to determine in rat parietal cells whether Gs alpha, the stimulatory subunit of adenylate cyclase, mediates adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent parietal cell function in response to histamine and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-(7-36) amide. Cytoplasmic membrane from enriched (83 +/- 5%) rat parietal cells were incubated for 30 min with 30 microCi/ml [32P]NAD+ and 40 micrograms/ml preactivated cholera toxin (CT), a pharmacological tool for activation of Gs alpha. Subsequent sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and autoradiography revealed [32P]ADP ribosylation of Gs alpha represented by three proteins with molecular masses ranging from 42 to 45 kDa. In intact parietal cells, CT (10(-12)-10(-8) M) caused marked stimulation of [14C]aminopyrine accumulation and cAMP production confirming the functional importance of Gs alpha in regulation of H+ production. Identical membrane preparations were preincubated (2 h, 4 degrees C) in parallel with and without RM/1, a rabbit polyclonal anti-Gs alpha-antibody. Subsequently, adenylate cyclase was stimulated by histamine, GLP-1-(7-36) amide, CT, or forskolin. At a 1:10 dilution, the antiserum completely abolished adenylate cyclase activity in response to maximal concentrations of histamine, GLP-1-(7-36) amide, and CT while reducing forskolin stimulation by only 22.0 +/- 4.9%. At 1:50, RM/1 reduced responses to histamine, GLP-1-(7-36) amide and CT by 20-30% but failed to inhibit forskolin-stimulated enzyme activity. At 1:100, the antiserum was ineffective versus all stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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30

Caroff, Martine, and Alexey Novikov. "Lipopolysaccharides: structure, function and bacterial identification." OCL 27 (2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2020025.

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Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are the main components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They are glycolipids containing a lipid moiety called lipid A, more often made of a bis-phosphorylated glucosamine disaccharide, carrying fatty acids in ester and amide linkages. Lipid A is linked to a core oligosaccharide of about 10 sugars, substituted in the wild-type strains, by long-chain oligosaccharide repetitive units, extending outside the bacteria and representing their main antigens. In addition to determine the serotype of the bacterium, LPS are highly potent biological molecules, capable of eliciting at the level of minute amounts, beneficial, as well as deleterious activities.

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31

Hromádková, Zdenka, Anna Malovíková, Štefan Mozeš, Iva Sroková, and Anna Ebringerová. "Hydrophobically modified pectates as novel functional polymers in food and non-food applications." BioResources 3, no. 1 (December 8, 2007): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.3.1.71-78.

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Butyl and hexyl amides of pectate with various amidation degrees were prepared from citrus pectin by means of alkylamidation of methyl-esterified pectins, followed by the total alkaline pectin methyl esters hydrolysis. These water soluble derivatives were characterized chem-ically as well as by elementary analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy. All prepared pectate amides exhibited the excellent emulsifying efficiency, and pectate hexyl amide also the ability to form stable foam. As the results of the study on the effect of pectin with DE 66% on the function of small intestine in pectin fed rats, the increase of specific activity of alkaline phosphatase, maltase, and aminopeptidase and the decrease of food utilization was demonstrated. The pectin derivatives might serve as emulsifiers and foaming additives in food production and other areas as well as nutraceuticals for obesity treatment.

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32

Sheng, Guozhu, and Wei Zhang. "New Advances of the Methods of Amide Function Group for Construction." Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry 33, no. 11 (2013): 2271. http://dx.doi.org/10.6023/cjoc201305048.

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33

Endsley, Michael P., Rebecca Thill, Iffat Choudhry, Carol L. Williams, Andre Kajdacsy‐Balla, William B. Campbell, and Kasem Nithipatikom. "Expression and function of fatty acid amide hydrolase in prostate cancer." International Journal of Cancer 123, no. 6 (September 15, 2008): 1318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.23674.

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34

Palermo, Giulia, Ursula Rothlisberger, Andrea Cavalli, and Marco De Vivo. "Computational insights into function and inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 91 (February 2015): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.037.

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35

Pirotte, Bernard, Pascal De Tullio, Bernard Masereel, Marc Schynts, Jacques Delarge, Léon Dupont, and Léopold Thunus. "4-Acylamino-4H-1,2,4-triazoles and related structures: new investigations of their chemical and physicochemical properties associated with their particular exocyclic amide function." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 71, no. 11 (November 1, 1993): 1857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v93-233.

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The acido-basic behavior of 4-acylamino-4H-1,2,4-triazoles and of the related structures, 4-acylamino-4H-1,2,4-triazolium salts, 4-acylamino-1,2,4-triazoline-3-thiones, and 4-acylamino-1,2,4-triazolin-3-ones, has been compared. Among the triazolium salts examined, the 1-carboxymethyl-4-phenylacetylamino derivative has been selected as a particular triazolium salt bearing two acidic centres, a carboxylic acid group and an exocyclic amide group. This compound has been isolated in three different ionic forms corresponding to different protonation and deprotonation states of the molecule. For these compounds, IR, NMR, and X-ray data were compared and the preferential localization site of the labile proton on the betainic intermediate structure has been discussed. Taking into account that deprotonation of the amide function of 4-acylamino-4H-1,2,4-triazolium salts may introduce a negative pole in the proximity of the strong electrophilic carbon atom in the 2-position of the ring, reactivity of different triazolium salts toward the nucleophilic addition of the hydride ion has been compared. In particular, 4-acylamino-4H-1,2,4-triazolium salts free of alkyl substituent on the amide nitrogen failed to give the corresponding 4-acylamino-Δ2-1,2,4-triazolines after reaction with the hydride ion, while, under the same conditions, the 4-N-methyl derivatives were transformed into this unusual ring system in good yields. In this case, no decrease of reactivity toward the nucleophilic agent was observed since, as a result of the N-al-kylation, no deprotonation of the amide group can occur in these alkaline experimental conditions.

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36

Jensen, Elisa P., Sophie Møller, Aleksander Vauvert Hviid, Simon Veedfald, Jens J. Holst, Jens Pedersen, Cathrine Ørskov, and Charlotte M. Sorensen. "GLP-1-induced renal vasodilation in rodents depends exclusively on the known GLP-1 receptor and is lost in prehypertensive rats." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 318, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): F1409—F1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00579.2019.

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Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone known to stimulate postprandial insulin release. However, GLP-1 also exerts extrapancreatic effects, including renal effects. Some of these renal effects are attenuated in hypertensive rats, where renal expression of GLP-1 receptors is reduced. Here, we assessed the expression and vascular function of GLP-1 receptors in kidneys from young prehypertensive rats. We also examined GLP-1-induced vasodilation in the renal vasculature in wild-type (WT) and GLP-1 receptor knockout mice using wire and pressure myography and the isolated perfused juxtamedullary nephron preparation. We investigated whether GLP-1 and the metabolite GLP-1(9–36)amide had renal vascular effects independent of the known GLP-1 receptor. We hypothesized that hypertension decreased expression of renal GLP-1 receptors. We also hypothesized that GLP-1-induced renal vasodilatation depended on expression of the known GLP-1 receptor. In contrast to normotensive rats, no immunohistochemical staining or vasodilatory function of GLP-1 receptors was found in kidneys from prehypertensive rats. In WT mice, GLP-1 induced renal vasodilation and reduced the renal autoregulatory response. The GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin 9–39 inhibited relaxation, and GLP-1(9–36)amide had no vasodilatory effect. In GLP-1 receptor knockout mice, no relaxation induced by GLP-1 or GLP-1(9–36)amide was found, the autoregulatory response in afferent arterioles was normal, and no GLP-1-induced reduction of autoregulation was found. We conclude that in prehypertensive kidneys, expression and function of GLP-1 receptors is lost. The renal vasodilatory effect of GLP-1 is mediated exclusively by the known GLP-1 receptor. GLP-1(9–36)amide has no renal vasodilatory effect. GLP-1 attenuates renal autoregulation by reducing the myogenic response.

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37

Mercer, Frank W. "Synthesis and characterization of aromatic poly(ether ketone amide)s." High Performance Polymers 5, no. 3 (June 1993): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-0083/5/3/002.

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A general method for the preparation of amide-containing aromatic polyether ketones has been developed. Polymerization is based on a ketone-activated halo displacement in amide-containing bis(4-fluorobenzoyl) moieties by phenoxides. N,N-Bis[4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-(4-phenoxyphenylJ]terephthalamide and 4-[(4-fiuorobenzoyl)-(4-phenoxyphenylcarbamoyl)]-N-[(4-fluorobenzoyl)-(4-phenoxyphenyl)]phthalimide were prepared by reaction of 4-fluoro-benzoyl chloride with N,N.bis(4-phenoxyphenyl)terephthalamide and 4-(4.phenoxy-phenylcarbamoyl)-N-(4-phenoxyphenyl)phthalimide, respectively, in dichloromethane in the presence of aluminum chloride. Reaction of N,N-bis[4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-(4-phenoxyphenyl)]-terephthalamide and 4-[(4-fluorobenzoyl(4-phenoxyphenylcarbamoyl)]-N-[(4-fluorobenzoyl)-(4-phenoxyphenyl)]phthalimide with diphenols in an aprotic solvent in the presence of potassium carbonate gave a series of aromatic poly(ether ketone amide)s. Films of the aromatic poly(ether ketone amide)s displayed good thermal stability, flexibility, and T, values ranging from 134 to 186 CC. The dielectric constants of the films were characterized as a function of relative humidity (RH).

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38

Yadav, Samanta, Paranthaman Vijayan, Sunil Yadav, and Rajeev Gupta. "Ruthenium complexes of phosphine–amide based ligands as efficient catalysts for transfer hydrogenation reactions." Dalton Transactions 50, no. 9 (2021): 3269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt04401f.

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Ru(ii) complexes of phosphine–amide ligands function as efficient catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation of assorted carbonyl compounds, including a few challenging biologically relevant substrates, using isopropanol as the hydrogen source.

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39

Zaleskaya, Marta, Damian Jagleniec, and Jan Romański. "Macrocyclic squaramides as ion pair receptors and fluorescent sensors selective towards sulfates." Dalton Transactions 50, no. 11 (2021): 3904–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt04273k.

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A library of macrocyclic ion pair receptors was obtained utilizing the high dilution technique. Incorporation of a fluorescent signaling unit in proximity to the amide function gave an optical sensor selective towards sulfates.

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40

Bansal, Deepak, Gulshan Kumar, Geeta Hundal, and Rajeev Gupta. "Mononuclear complexes of amide-based ligands containing appended functional groups: role of secondary coordination spheres on catalysis." Dalton Trans. 43, no. 39 (2014): 14865–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4dt02079k.

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Coordination complexes of amide-based ligands with appended heterocyclic rings create a hydrogen bonding cavity that effectively binds the substrate(s). Such cavity-based complexes function as reusable and heterogeneous catalysts for various organic transformations.

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41

Shojai Nasab, Sajad, and Saeed Zahmatkesh. "Preparation, structural characterization, and gas separation properties of functionalized zinc oxide particle filled poly(ether-amide) nanocomposite films." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 33, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 92–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087916638120.

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In this study, a new diacid monomer containing amide, imide, and sulfone functional groups was successfully used to synthesize a new poly(ether-amide) for membrane-based gas separation applications. The synthesized poly(ether-amide) was soluble in organic solvents, has high thermal stability (up to 460℃ under nitrogen atmosphere, for 10% weight loss), and high glass transition temperature (Tg = 274℃). This poly(ether-amide) was combined with different amounts of surface-modified zinc oxide nanoparticles to provide organic–inorganic nanocomposites. The optically transparent and flexible membranes of these hybrid nanocomposites were prepared. The obtained materials were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, field emission-scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Transmission electron microscopy of the nanocomposite film with 15 wt% zinc oxide confirms that the nanoparticles are well dispersed in the polymer matrix. Thermal gravimetric analysis data indicated that the hybrid materials had better thermal behavior with increasing surface-modified zinc oxide nanoparticles nanoparticle content. The poly(ether-amide)/surface-modified zinc oxide nanoparticles nanocomposite film mechanical properties improved with increasing surface-modified zinc oxide nanoparticles content. The permeability and selectivity of the poly(ether-amide)/zinc oxide membranes as a function of the surface-modified zinc oxide nanoparticles weight percentage were studied, and the results indicated that the CO2 and CH4 permeability increased with increasing zinc oxide content. In general, the membranes prepared from these polymers showed very good permeability and permselectivity for a pair of gases.

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42

Rečnik, Lisa-Maria, Wolfgang Kandioller, and Thomas L. Mindt. "1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles as Amide Bond Surrogates for the Stabilisation of Linear Peptides with Biological Activity." Molecules 25, no. 16 (August 6, 2020): 3576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163576.

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Peptides represent an important class of biologically active molecules with high potential for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic agents due to their structural diversity, favourable pharmacokinetic properties, and synthetic availability. However, the widespread use of peptides and conjugates thereof in clinical applications can be hampered by their low stability in vivo due to rapid degradation by endogenous proteases. A promising approach to circumvent this potential limitation includes the substitution of metabolically labile amide bonds in the peptide backbone by stable isosteric amide bond mimetics. In this review, we focus on the incorporation of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles as amide bond surrogates in linear peptides with the aim to increase their stability without impacting their biological function(s). We highlight the properties of this heterocycle as a trans-amide bond surrogate and summarise approaches for the synthesis of triazole-containing peptidomimetics via the Cu(I)-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The impacts of the incorporation of triazoles in the backbone of diverse peptides on their biological properties such as, e.g., blood serum stability and affinity as well as selectivity towards their respective molecular target(s) are discussed.

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43

Darme, Pierre, Manuel Dauchez, Arnaud Renard, Laurence Voutquenne-Nazabadioko, Dominique Aubert, Sandie Escotte-Binet, Jean-Hugues Renault, Isabelle Villena, Luiz-Angelo Steffenel, and Stéphanie Baud. "AMIDE v2: High-Throughput Screening Based on AutoDock-GPU and Improved Workflow Leading to Better Performance and Reliability." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 7489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147489.

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Molecular docking is widely used in computed drug discovery and biological target identification, but getting fast results can be tedious and often requires supercomputing solutions. AMIDE stands for AutoMated Inverse Docking Engine. It was initially developed in 2014 to perform inverse docking on High Performance Computing. AMIDE version 2 brings substantial speed-up improvement by using AutoDock-GPU and by pulling a total revision of programming workflow, leading to better performances, easier use, bug corrections, parallelization improvements and PC/HPC compatibility. In addition to inverse docking, AMIDE is now an optimized tool capable of high throughput inverse screening. For instance, AMIDE version 2 allows acceleration of the docking up to 12.4 times for 100 runs of AutoDock compared to version 1, without significant changes in docking poses. The reverse docking of a ligand on 87 proteins takes only 23 min on 1 GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), while version 1 required 300 cores to reach the same execution time. Moreover, we have shown an exponential acceleration of the computation time as a function of the number of GPUs used, allowing a significant reduction of the duration of the inverse docking process on large datasets.

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44

Takahashi, Yo-ta, Shin-ichi J. Takayama, Shin-ichi Mikami, Hajime Mita, Yoshihiro Sambongi, and Yasuhiko Yamamoto. "Influence of a Single Amide Group on the Redox Function ofPseudomonas aeruginosaCytochromec551." Chemistry Letters 35, no. 5 (May 2006): 528–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.2006.528.

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45

Das, Jayanta, Sabyasachi Ta, Noor Salam, Sudipta Das, Subhasis Ghosh, and Debasis Das. "Polymeric copper(ii) and dimeric oxovanadium(v) complexes of amide–imine conjugate: bilirubin recognition and green catalysis." RSC Advances 13, no. 19 (2023): 13195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra00702b.

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Polymeric Cu(ii) (C1) and dimeric oxo-vanadium (V1) complexes of amide–imine conjugate function as bilirubin sensor, as green catalyst for C–S cross-coupling and catalyst for sulfide oxidation. Their structures are confirmed by SC-XRD analysis.

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46

Nuamsrinuan, Nisakorn, Noppadon Suttisiri, Ekachai Hoonnivathana, Pichet Limsuwan, and Kittisakchai Naemchanthara. "Effect of Fish Scales Gelatin and Mixing Ratio on Chemical and Mechanical Characteristics of Gelatin/Chitosan Films." Applied Mechanics and Materials 866 (June 2017): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.866.8.

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The objective of this work was to compare the chemical properties and mechanical properties (strength and elongation) of gelatin/chitosan (G/Ch) films. The effect of several fish scales such as white perch, java barb, red tilapia and nile tilapia scales and mixing ratios of G/Ch composite was investigated. Several fish scales were cleaned and treated with 1.0 M NaOH and 0.8 M acetic acid at room temperature for 120 min to remove fat. Gelatins were extracted from fish scales using the distilled water at 70°C for 120 min. Chitosan solution was prepared with 1% (w/v) chitosan in 1% (v/v) acetic acid, stirred at room temperature. After that, the G/Ch films were prepared by mixing the fish scale gelatins and chitosan with different ratios and then dried at 70°C. The results showed that the FT-IR of G/Ch films revealed the function groups of both gelatin and chitosan. The gelatin films showed peaks amide A (3219-3315 cm-1), alkane (2930-2958 cm1, 1400 -1479 cm-1and 675-1000 cm-1), amide I (1630-1655 cm-1), amide II (1520-1560 cm-1), amide III (1220-1335 cm-1), and ether (1020-1035 cm-1). The chitosan films showed peaks amide II (1559 cm-1), alkane (1404 cm-1) and ether (1022 cm-1). The tensile strength results of G/Ch films increased and elongation of G/Ch films decreased with increasing the amount of chitosan.

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47

Zahn, Dirk. "On the solvation of metal ions in liquid ammonia: a molecular simulation study of M(NH2)x(NH3)ycomplexes as a function of pH." RSC Advances 7, no. 85 (2017): 54063–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra11462a.

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48

GHOSH, MADHUBRATA, and GANESH S. ANAND. "PROTEIN DYNAMICS IN PHOSPHORYLATION-MEDIATED ALLOSTERY PROBED BY AMIDE EXCHANGE MASS SPECTROMETRY." COSMOS 09, no. 01 (December 2013): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219607713300014.

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A major goal of molecular biology is to correlate molecular structure with function. Since most enzymes and biological catalysts are proteins, the focus for correlating 'form' with 'function' has been entirely on protein macromolecular structure. It is obvious that any understanding of protein function must come through an understanding protein dynamics. Furthermore, all of the regulatory reactions are through changes in dynamics brought about by post-translational modifications, the most important of which is phosphorylation. This review highlights the important role of covalent phosphorylation and noncovalent phosphates in regulating allosteric effects and function through a study of protein dynamics. Mass spectrometry is a relatively new and increasingly important tool for describing protein dynamics. All examples described in this review have been studied by amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry.

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49

Brosa, Carme, Ismael Zamora, Emma Terricabras, and Ladislav Kohout. "The Effect of Electrostatic Properties and Abibility to Form Hydrogen-Bonds on the Activity of Brassinosteroid Side-Chain Analogs." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 63, no. 10 (1998): 1635–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19981635.

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Molecular modeling studies on three brassinosteroids analogs having ester and amide function in the side chain have been performed. The activity of such compounds from the structural point of view is discussed in terms of electrostatic potential and ability to form hydrogen bonds.

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50

Stenclova, Pavla, Simon Freisinger, Holger Barth, Alexander Kromka, and Boris Mizaikoff. "Cyclic Changes in the Amide Bands Within Escherichia coli Biofilms Monitored Using Real-Time Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy (IR-ATR)." Applied Spectroscopy 73, no. 4 (February 20, 2019): 424–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702819829081.

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Contrary to the planktonic state of bacteria, their biofilm form represents severe complications in areas such as human medicine or food industry due to the increasing resistance against harsh conditions and treatment. In the present study, infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) spectroscopy has been applied as an analytic tool studying Escherichia coli ( E. coli) biofilm formation close to real time. We report on IR spectroscopic investigations on the biofilm formation via ATR waveguides probing the biofilm in the spectral window of 1800–900 cm−1 at dynamic flow conditions, which facilitated monitoring the growth dynamics during several days. Key IR bands are in the range 1700–1590 cm−1 (amide I), 1580–1490 cm−1 (amide II), and 1141–1006 cm−1 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which were evaluated as a function of time. Cyclic fluctuations of the amide I and amide II bands and a continuous increase of the EPS band were related to the starvation of bottom-layered bacteria caused by the nutrient gradient. Potential death of bacteria may then result in cannibalistic behavior known for E. coli colonies. Observing this behavior via IR spectroscopy allows revealing these cyclical changes in bottom-layered bacteria within the biofilm under continuous nutrient flow, in molecular detail, and during extended periods for the first time.

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