Academic literature on the topic 'AMF interaction specificity'
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Journal articles on the topic "AMF interaction specificity"
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Tao, Leiling, Camden D. Gowler, Aamina Ahmad, Mark D. Hunter, and Jacobus C. de Roode. "Disease ecology across soil boundaries: effects of below-ground fungi on above-ground host–parasite interactions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1817 (October 22, 2015): 20151993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1993.
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Host–parasite interactions are subject to strong trait-mediated indirect effects from other species. However, it remains unexplored whether such indirect effects may occur across soil boundaries and connect spatially isolated organisms. Here, we demonstrate that, by changing plant (milkweed Asclepias sp.) traits, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) significantly affect interactions between a herbivore (the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus ) and its protozoan parasite ( Ophryocystis elektroscirrha ), which represents an interaction across four biological kingdoms. In our experiment, AMF affected parasite virulence, host resistance and host tolerance to the parasite. These effects were dependent on both the density of AMF and the identity of milkweed species: AMF indirectly increased disease in monarchs reared on some species, while alleviating disease in monarchs reared on other species. The species-specificity was driven largely by the effects of AMF on both plant primary (phosphorus) and secondary (cardenolides; toxins in milkweeds) traits. Our study demonstrates that trait-mediated indirect effects in disease ecology are extensive, such that below-ground interactions between AMF and plant roots can alter host–parasite interactions above ground. In general, soil biota may play an underappreciated role in the ecology of many terrestrial host–parasite systems.
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Selim, Samy, Walid Abuelsoud, Salam S. Alsharari, Bassam F. Alowaiesh, Mohammad M. Al-Sanea, Soad Al Jaouni, Mahmoud M. Y. Madany, and Hamada AbdElgawad. "Improved Mineral Acquisition, Sugars Metabolism and Redox Status after Mycorrhizal Inoculation Are the Basis for Tolerance to Vanadium Stress in C3 and C4 Grasses." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 11 (October 27, 2021): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7110915.
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Vanadium (V) can be beneficial or toxic to plant growth and the interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and V stress was rarely investigated at physiological and biochemical levels of plant groups (C3 and C4) and organs (roots and shoots). We tested the potential of AMF to alleviate the negative effects of V (350 mg V/Kg soil) on shoots and roots of rye and sorghum. Relative to sorghum (C4), rye (C3) showed higher levels of V and lower levels of key elements under V stress conditions. V inhibited growth, photosynthesis, and induced photorespiration (increased HDR & GO activities) and oxidative damage in both plants. AMF colonization reduced V stress by differently mitigating the oxidative stress in rye and sorghum. This mitigation was accompanied with increases in acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in plant roots and increased organic acids and polyphenols exudation into the soil, thus reduced V accumulation (29% and 58% in rye and sorghum shoot, respectively) and improved absorption of mineral nutrients including Ca, Mg and P. AMF colonization improved photosynthesis and increased the sugar accumulation and metabolism. Sugars also acted as a supplier of C skeletons for producing of antioxidants metabolite such as ascorbate. At the antioxidant level, rye was more responsive to the mitigating impact of AMF. Higher antioxidants and detoxification defence system (MTC, GST, phenolics, tocopherols and activities of CAT, SOD and POX) was recorded for rye, while sorghum (C4) improved its GR activity. The C3/C4-specificity was supported by principal component analysis. Together, this study provided both fundamental and applied insights into practical strategies to mitigate the phytotoxicity hazards of V in C3 and C4 grasses. Moreover, our results emphasize the importance of AMF as an environment-friendly factor to alleviate stress effects on plants and to improve growth and yield of unstressed plants.
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Nag, Kakon, Akira Kato, Tsutomu Nakada, Kazuyuki Hoshijima, Abinash Chandra Mistry, Yoshio Takei, and Shigehisa Hirose. "Molecular and functional characterization of adrenomedullin receptors in pufferfish." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 290, no. 2 (February 2006): R467—R478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00507.2005.
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The receptors for the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)/adrenomedullin (AM) family peptides were characterized in the mefugu Takifugu obscurus, a euryhaline fugu species very close to Takifugu rubripes, which has as many as five adrenomedullin genes (AM1–5). CGRP and AM share a G protein-coupled core receptor called calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), and the specificity of the CLR is determined by the interaction with receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). Through database mining, three CLRs (CLR1–3) and five RAMPs (RAMP1–5) were identified, and all of them were cloned by RT-PCR and characterized by functional expression in COS7 cells in every possible combination of CLR-RAMP. The following combinations generated cAMP in response to physiological concentrations of CGRP, AM1 (an ortholog of mammalian AM), AM2, and AM5: CLR1-RAMP1/4 (CGRP), CLR1-RAMP2/3/5 (AM1), CLR2-RAMP2 (AM1), CLR1-RAMP3 (AM2), and CLR1-RAMP3 (AM5). Their expressions were found by Northern blot analysis to be tissue specific and salinity dependent. For example, CLR1-RAMP5 and CLR1-RAMP2 are expressed specifically in the gill and kidney, respectively, suggesting their involvement in osmoregulation. Furthermore, relatively high levels of CLRs and RAMPs were found in the spleen and ovary, suggesting roles in the immune and female reproductive systems. Immunohistochemistry revealed that AM receptors of the following types are expressed in the locations, indicated in brackets, of the mefugu gill and kidney: CLR1-RAMP5 (interlamellar vessels), CLR2-RAMP2 (pillar cells), and CLR1-RAMP2 (apical side of renal proximal tubule cells).
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Waar, Karola, Henny C. van der Mei, Hermie J. M. Harmsen, Joop de Vries, Jelly Atema-Smit, John E. Degener, and Henk J. Busscher. "Atomic force microscopy study on specificity and non-specificity of interaction forces between Enterococcus faecalis cells with and without aggregation substance." Microbiology 151, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 2459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27877-0.
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Enterococcus faecalis is one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired infections, and indwelling medical devices are especially prone to infection. E. faecalis expressing aggregation substance (Agg) adheres to biomaterial surfaces by means of positive cooperativity, i.e. the ability of one adhering organism to stimulate adhesion of other organisms in its immediate vicinity. In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the specificity and non-specificity of interaction forces between E. faecalis cells with and without Agg. Bacteria were attached to a substratum surface and a tip-less cantilever. Two E. faecalis strains expressing different forms of Agg showed nearly twofold higher interaction forces between bacterial cells than a strain lacking Agg [adhesive force (F adh), −1·3 nN]. The strong interaction forces between the strains with Agg were reduced after adsorption of antibodies against Agg from −2·6 and −2·3 nN to −1·2 and −1·3 nN, respectively. This suggests that the non-specific interaction force between the enterococci amounts to approximately 1·2 nN, while the specific force component is only twofold stronger. Comparison of the results of the AFM interaction forces with the positive cooperativity after adhesion to a biomaterial in a parallel-plate flow chamber showed that in the absence of strong interaction forces between the cells, positive cooperativity was also absent. In conclusion, this is believed to be the first time that the influence of specific antibodies on interaction forces between E. faecalis cells has been demonstrated by AFM, thereby experimentally distinguishing between specific and non-specific force components.
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Guo, Xin, Zhen Wang, Jing Zhang, Ping Wang, Yaoming Li, and Baoming Ji. "Host-Specific Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Two Caragana Species in Desert Grassland." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7121077.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which form symbioses with most land plants, could benefit their hosts and potentially play important roles in revegetation of degraded lands. However, their application in revegetation of desert grasslands still faces challenges and uncertainties due to the unclear specificity of AMF-plant interactions. Here, Caragana korshinskii and Caragana microphylla were inoculated with either conspecific (home) or heterospecific (away) AM fungal communities from the rhizosphere of three common plant species (C. korshinskii, C. microphylla and Hedysarum laeve) in Kubuqi Desert, China. AMF communities of the inocula and their home and away effects on growth and nutrition status of two Caragana species were examined. Results showed that AMF communities of the three inocula from C. korshinskii, H. laeve and C. microphylla were significantly different, and were characterized by high abundance of Diversispora, Archaeospora, and Glomus, respectively. The shoot biomass, photosynthetic rate, foliar N and P contents of C. korshinskii only significantly increased under home AMF inoculation by 167.10%, 73.55%, 9.24%, and 23.87%, respectively. However, no significant effects of AMF on C. microphylla growth were found, regardless of home or away AMF. Positive correlations between C. korshinskii biomass and the abundance of AMF genus Diversispora were found. Our study showed strong home advantage of using native AMF community to enhance C. korshinskii growth in the desert and presented a potentially efficient way to use native AMF in restoration practices.
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Cuy-Chaparro, Laura, Michel David Bohórquez, Gabriela Arévalo-Pinzón, Jeimmy Johana Castañeda-Ramírez, Carlos Fernando Suárez, Laura Pabón, Diego Ordóñez, et al. "Babesia Bovis Ligand-Receptor Interaction: AMA-1 Contains Small Regions Governing Bovine Erythrocyte Binding." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020714.
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Apical membrane antigen 1 is a microneme protein which plays an indispensable role during Apicomplexa parasite invasion. The detailed mechanism of AMA-1 molecular interaction with its receptor on bovine erythrocytes has not been completely defined in Babesia bovis. This study was focused on identifying the minimum B. bovis AMA-1-derived regions governing specific and high-affinity binding to its target cells. Different approaches were used for detecting ama-1 locus genetic variability and natural selection signatures. The binding properties of twelve highly conserved 20-residue-long peptides were evaluated using a sensitive and specific binding assay based on radio-iodination. B. bovis AMA-1 ectodomain structure was modelled and refined using molecular modelling software. NetMHCIIpan software was used for calculating B- and T-cell epitopes. The B. bovis ama-1 gene had regions under functional constraint, having the highest negative selective pressure intensity in the Domain I encoding region. Interestingly, B. bovis AMA-1-DI (100YMQKFDIPRNHGSGIYVDLG119 and 120GYESVGSKSYRMPVGKCPVV139) and DII (302CPMHPVRDAIFGKWSGGSCV321)-derived peptides had high specificity interaction with erythrocytes and bound to a chymotrypsin and neuraminidase-treatment sensitive receptor. DI-derived peptides appear to be exposed on the protein’s surface and contain predicted B- and T-cell epitopes. These findings provide data (for the first-time) concerning B. bovis AMA-1 functional subunits which are important for establishing receptor-ligand interactions which could be used in synthetic vaccine development.
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Ratner, Buddy D., Reto Luginbühll, Rene Overney, Michael Garrison, and Thomas Boland. "Recognition, Specificity, Scanning Probe Microscopy and Biomaterials." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600026726.
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Although scanning probe microscopy (SPM) can generate images of surface topography, this class of techniques is exceptionally valuable in its ability to provide quantitative and chemically specific information about biomaterial surfaces with high spatial definition. Since engineered biomaterials are designed to deliver chemically defined information, often arrayed in specific geometries, tools that can characterize such materials are needed.A few years ago, we demonstrated how the atomic force microscope (AFM) could precisely distinguish between each of the four nucleotide bases that comprise DNA, measure the nucleotide-nucleotide force of interaction and spatially localize that information on a surface (1). in particular, we found that the nucleotide bases could self-assemble on gold. The assembly process was imaged using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and this led to an understanding of the structure of the assembled film. The assembled film structure was further characterized using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS).
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Dang, Ying, Xiaojun Wang, Tao Zhou, Ian A. York, and Yong-Hui Zheng. "Identification of a Novel WxSLVK Motif in the N Terminus of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vif That Is Critical for APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F Neutralization." Journal of Virology 83, no. 17 (June 17, 2009): 8544–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00651-09.
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ABSTRACT The function of lentiviral Vif proteins is to neutralize the host antiviral cytidine deaminases APOBEC3G (A3G) and APOBEC3F (A3F). Vif bridges a cullin 5-based E3 ubiquitin ligase with A3G and A3F and mediates their degradation by proteasomes. Recent studies have found that Vif uses different domains to bind to A3G and A3F. A 14DRMR17 domain binds to A3F, 40YRHHY44 binds to A3G, and 69YxxL72 binds to both A3G and A3F. Here, we report another functional domain of Vif. Previously, we demonstrated that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vif failed to mediate A3G proteasomal degradation when all 16 lysines were mutated to arginines. Here, we show that K26, and to a lesser extent K22, is critical for A3G neutralization. K22 and K26 are part of a conserved 21WxSLVK26 (x represents N, K, or H) motif that is found in most primate lentiviruses and that shows species-specific variation. Both K22 and K26 in this motif regulated Vif specificity only for A3G, whereas the SLV residues regulated Vif specificity for both A3F and A3G. Interestingly, SLV and K26 in HIV-1 Vif did not directly mediate Vif interaction with either A3G or A3F. Previously, other groups have reported an important role for W21 in A3F and A3G neutralization. Thus, 21WxSLVK26 is a novel functional domain that regulates Vif activity toward both A3F and A3G and is a potential drug target to inhibit Vif activity and block HIV-1 replication.
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Sengchaleun, Viengsamay, Hina Hakim, Sengchanh Kounnavong, and Daniel Reinharz. "Analysis of the Relevance of the Advocacy Coalition Framework to Analyze Public Policies in Non-Pluralist Countries." Social Sciences 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11120552.
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The Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) is a theoretical approach developed for the study of the emergence of public policies in pluralist countries. Little is known about the relevance of the framework for the study of policies in non-pluralist countries (NPCs). A review of the literature was conducted on the use of ACF in studies performed in NPCs. Nineteen documents were identified. They were based on studies conducted in China, Laos, and Vietnam. The results show that the ACF is a powerful theoretical approach for highlighting the dynamics of interactions between coalitions that exist in NPCs, as in pluralist countries, and for highlighting their specificity. ACF is a relevant tool for the study of the determinants of the emergence of public policies in NPCs.
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Zhou, Jie, Yuan Lu Cui, and Yun Qi. "A Preliminary Study of Crosslinked Alginate-Chitosan Microspheres for Delivery System." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.520.
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Glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan coated-alginate microspheres were prepared to improve site specificity in colonic drug delivery system. Microspheres were characterized by microscopic image analysis, DSC and IR to study the formation of microspheres structure as well as the chemical interactions between drug and polymer. Microscope observation showed good spherical and homogeneous of microspheres. The glutaraldehyde cross-linked microspheres could produce Schiff base reaction and decrease chitosan hydrogen bonding interaction with mucous membrane. The drug loading of chitosan coated-alginate microspheres reached 43% and in vitro release properties of microspheres without cecal contents reached 20.96% after 12 h. The release profiles indicated that microsphere has a satisfactory sustained release behavior. Glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan coated-alginate microspheres have a great potential use in drug delivery system.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "AMF interaction specificity"
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Gao, Jiquan. "Interactions between a yeast retrotransposon and its host that influence target specificity." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3369930.
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Garrey, Stephen M. "Characterization of the specificity and affinity of the splicing factor BBP/SF1 /." view abstract or download file of text, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1324375731&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-88). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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McKelvie, Margaret L. m. d. "Depressive symptoms and mood responses to marital problem-solving interactions: Specificity and within and between spouse effects." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3315758.
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Smith, Matthew James. "Modular domain interactions with linear motifs impart specificity and control to cell signalling networks." 2007. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=742449&T=F.
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Sethi, Anurag. "The development and application of methods to study the evolution of specificity, allostery, and RNA-protein interactions in translation /." 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3314888.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-05, Section: B, page: 2986. Adviser: Zaida Luthey-Schulten. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 174-187). Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.
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Matlhagela, Keikantse. "Regulation of the sodium(+),potassium(+)-ATPase beta 1 gene by prostaglandin E(1): An interaction of cyclic adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) and specificity protein 1 (Sp1) is critical for prostaglandin E(1)-dependent activation of the beta 1 promoter /." 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=982802751&sid=8&Fmt=2&clientId=39334&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2005.Title from PDF title page (viewed on May 11, 2006) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Taub, Mary. Includes bibliographical references.
Book chapters on the topic "AMF interaction specificity"
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Paradesi, Martin S. R., Doina Caragea, and William H. Hsu. "Incorporating Graph Features for Predicting Protein-Protein Interactions." In Biological Data Mining in Protein Interaction Networks, 45–63. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-398-2.ch004.
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This chapter presents applications of machine learning to predicting protein-protein interactions (PPI) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Several supervised inductive learning methods have been developed that treat this task as a classification problem over candidate links in a PPI network – a graph whose nodes represent proteins and whose arcs represent interactions. Most such methods use feature extraction from protein sequences (e.g., amino acid composition) or associated with protein sequences directly (e.g., GO annotation). Others use relational and structural features extracted from the PPI network, along with the features related to the protein sequence. Topological features of nodes and node pairs can be extracted directly from the underlying graph. This chapter presents two approaches from the literature (Qi et al., 2006; Licamele & Getoor, 2006) that construct features on the basis of background knowledge, an approach that extracts purely topological graph features (Paradesi et al., 2007), and one that combines knowledge-based and topological features (Paradesi, 2008). Specific graph features that help in predicting protein interactions are reviewed. This study uses two previously published datasets (Chen & Liu, 2005; Qi et al., 2006) and a third dataset (Paradesi, 2008) that was created by combining and augmenting three existing PPI databases. The chapter includes a comparative study of the impact of each type of feature (topological, protein sequence-based, etc.) on the sensitivity and specificity of classifiers trained using specific types of features. The results indicate gains in the area under the sensitivity-specificity curve for certain algorithms when topological graph features are combined with other biological features such as protein sequence-based features.
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Clarke, Christine Louise, and J. Dinny Graham. "Cell Specificity of the PR Transcriptome Is Critically Influenced by Chromatin Structure and Key Transcriptional Cofactors." In BASIC - Molecular, Physiological & Pathological Interactions of Steroid Receptors with Coregulators & Pioneer Factors, OR20–5—OR20–5. The Endocrine Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2011.part3.or1.or20-5.
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Pantic, Maja. "Face for Interface." In Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition, 560–67. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch075.
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The human face is involved in an impressive variety of different activities. It houses the majority of our sensory apparatus: eyes, ears, mouth, and nose, allowing the bearer to see, hear, taste, and smell. Apart from these biological functions, the human face provides a number of signals essential for interpersonal communication in our social life. The face houses the speech production apparatus and is used to identify other members of the species, to regulate the conversation by gazing or nodding, and to interpret what has been said by lip reading. It is our direct and naturally preeminent means of communicating and understanding somebody’s affective state and intentions on the basis of the shown facial expression (Lewis & Haviland-Jones, 2000). Personality, attractiveness, age, and gender can also be seen from someone’s face. Thus the face is a multisignal sender/receiver capable of tremendous flexibility and specificity. In general, the face conveys information via four kinds of signals listed in Table 1. Automating the analysis of facial signals, especially rapid facial signals, would be highly beneficial for fields as diverse as security, behavioral science, medicine, communication, and education. In security contexts, facial expressions play a crucial role in establishing or detracting from credibility. In medicine, facial expressions are the direct means to identify when specific mental processes are occurring. In education, pupils’ facial expressions inform the teacher of the need to adjust the instructional message. As far as natural user interfaces between humans and computers (PCs/robots/machines) are concerned, facial expressions provide a way to communicate basic information about needs and demands to the machine. In fact, automatic analysis of rapid facial signals seem to have a natural place in various vision subsystems and vision-based interfaces (face-for-interface tools), including automated tools for gaze and focus of attention tracking, lip reading, bimodal speech processing, face/visual speech synthesis, face-based command issuing, and facial affect processing. Where the user is looking (i.e., gaze tracking) can be effectively used to free computer users from the classic keyboard and mouse. Also, certain facial signals (e.g., a wink) can be associated with certain commands (e.g., a mouse click) offering an alternative to traditional keyboard and mouse commands. The human capability to “hear” in noisy environments by means of lip reading is the basis for bimodal (audiovisual) speech processing that can lead to the realization of robust speech-driven interfaces. To make a believable “talking head” (avatar) representing a real person, tracking the person’s facial signals and making the avatar mimic those using synthesized speech and facial expressions is compulsory. The human ability to read emotions from someone’s facial expressions is the basis of facial affect processing that can lead to expanding user interfaces with emotional communication and, in turn, to obtaining a more flexible, adaptable, and natural affective interfaces between humans and machines. More specifically, the information about when the existing interaction/processing should be adapted, the importance of such an adaptation, and how the interaction/ reasoning should be adapted, involves information about how the user feels (e.g., confused, irritated, tired, interested). Examples of affect-sensitive user interfaces are still rare, unfortunately, and include the systems of Lisetti and Nasoz (2002), Maat and Pantic (2006), and Kapoor, Burleson, and Picard (2007). It is this wide range of principle driving applications that has lent a special impetus to the research problem of automatic facial expression analysis and produced a surge of interest in this research topic.
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Manzur Sandoval, Daniel, Gustavo Rojas-Velasco, Efren Melano Carranza, Camelia Cruz Rodr´ıguez, Arturo Arzate Ram´ırez, Francisco J. avier Gonzalez Ruiz, Gerardo Arteaga Cardenas, et al. "COVID-19 Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Drug Treatment." In Moving From COVID-19 Mathematical Models to Vaccine Design: Theory, Practice and Experiences, 145–206. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815051902122010009.
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COVID-19 is caused by a single-stranded RNA encapsulated betacoronavirus, known as SARS-CoV-2, implicated in the pandemic that started in China in 2019. Viral replication consists of five stages that culminate in the release of the new virion. The exaggerated inflammatory response of COVID-19 is characterized by an elevation of acute phase reactants such as C-reactive protein and ferritin. It is associated with an unfavorable clinical course, intensified by abnormal activation of the protein complex called the inflammasome. When the immune response does not control the virus, lung tissue damage occurs that leads to the massive release of proinflammatory cytokines, producing acute respiratory failure syndrome. Vascular permeability is increased; interaction with coagulation factors develops disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiorgan failure. Up to 33% of cases can be asymptomatic. Clinical manifestations can be mild or severe and involve various organs and systems. Among the most commonly affected are: respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, and hematological and coagulation systems. Among the most representative laboratory data are: elevation of inflammatory markers (CRP, inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor), high levels of D-Dimer, elevation of troponin I, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, alteration of liver enzymes and kidney function. There are risk factors and comorbidities that contribute to the severity of the clinical picture (mainly cardiovascular and metabolic diseases): diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, obesity, chronic lung diseases, cancer, and chronic kidney failure. There are also other genetic factors associated with the host’s immunopathogenesis and response to SARS COV-2 infection. There are various imaging methods that allow adequate identification and involvement of the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems with great sensitivity and specificity (computed tomography and echocardiography). The pandemic imposed decisions with very little information regarding what may be useful as a therapeutic strategy. This uncertainty applies to the treatment indicated in the prevention phase, as well as to the different stages of severity of the disease. In many cases, treatments were applied without having gone through a trial phase but only with the theoretical support of its probable benefit. However, over time, controlled studies showed that they did not provide any benefit and that they could even have a deleterious effect. Other therapies still in use have shown contradictory results in the different clinical trials where they were tested. Very few therapeutic options have shown undisputable benefit so far. The only ones that can modify the presentation or course of the disease are vaccines, which have also been developed in record time and in controlled trials, and all those that have been approved showed a decrease in the risk of infection and in the risk of presenting a severe manifestation of the disease.<br>
Conference papers on the topic "AMF interaction specificity"
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Ma, Xiao, and Pranav Shrotriya. "Study on Specific Binding Interaction Between Protein and DNA Aptamer via Dynamic Force Spectroscopy." In ASME 2013 2nd Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2013-93119.
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Recently the need to design nanoscale, sensitive and flexible bio-sensors or biotic-abiotic interface keeps increasing. One of the essential challenges on this objective is to grasp a thorough understanding of the mechanism governing binding interaction between bio-molecules. In this study we aim to demonstrate the binding specificity and reveal force interaction between the anti-coagulation protein thrombin and the single-stranded DNA thrombin aptamer by application of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The thiolated aptamer was deposited onto gold substrate, and then repeatedly brought into contact with a thrombin-coated AFM tip, and force drop-offs during the pull-off were measured to determine the unbinding force between the thrombin-aptamer pair. The results from experiment show that the thrombin-aptamer pair has specific binding and the force between the pair exhibits loading rate dependence. It was shown that the binding forces of the thrombin-aptamer interaction increases with growth of loading rates. The average binding force for a single thrombin/aptamer pair increased from 20 pN to 40 pN, with loading rate changes from 500pN/s to 13500pN/s. Distribution of the unbinding forces measured for each loading rate can be explained on the basis of single energy barrier model for molecular bond breakage.
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Lim, Si-Hyung “Shawn”, Digvijay Raorane, Srinath Satyanarayana, and Arunava Majumdar. "Nano-Chemo-Mechanical Sensor Array Platform for High Throughput Selective Coating Material Search." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82151.
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Microcantilever (MC) sensors can detect the presence of chemical vapors at very low concentrations based on the surface stress changes generated by the interactions between probe and target molecules on their surfaces [1-2]. The magnitude of the surface stress change depends on the type of interaction taking place which include hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, van der Waals forces, etc. Pinnaduwage et al [2] demonstrated detection of explosive materials at ultra low concentrations (10-30 ppt) using single MC AFM tip coated with a thiol (-SH) self assembled monolayer (SAM). They were able to get highly sensitive and reproducible signals from their MC sensor while detecting chemicals like PETN, RDX, etc. However, they did not demonstrate the specificity of the coating material to explosive materials. Most types of chemical sensors (metal oxide, conductive polymer, carbon nano tube or belt sensors) are known to respond to interfering chemical agents in a similar manner as the target. Bietsch et al [3] used a set of MC’s (1D array) coated with different types of polymers as chemical sensing layers to try and identify unique deflection signatures for each target chemical. The performance of such sensors is expected to degrade during long term usage as the binding force between the polymer coating and the silicon cantilever structure is weak. Furthermore, polymer coating layers are in general not selective to specific target vapors since they have limited chemical and structural information due to the simple repetition of same chemical structure. To increase the selectivity for a particular target vapor, it is necessary to develop coating materials, which have enough chemical/structural information and long term stability specifically for that target. To expedite the screening process for testing several coating materials in parallel, we need a high throughput sensor array platform.
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Hawiger, J. "PLATELET RECEPTOR RECOGNITION DOMAINS AND THEIR SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE ANALOGS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643726.
Full textAbstract:
Adhesive molecules and their receptorsplay an essential role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Platelet thrombi are formed through the interaction of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) with intercellular adhesion molecules (IAMs)and substrate adhesion molecules (SAMs). Platelet CAMs encompass membrane glycoproteins lb, lib, Ilia,and possibly la and IV, which constitutemembrane receptors for IAMs(e.g., fibrinogen) and for SAMs encompassingvon Willebrand Factor (vWF), fibronectin, vitronectin, collagen, and thrcmbospondin. Receptorfunction of platelet CAMs can be specific,i.e., only one adhesive protein among IAMs and SAMs is selected forbinding as exemplified by GPIb and vWF. Alternatively,more than one adhesive protein can interact with platelet CAMs comprising the GPIIb/IIIa complex.This common adhesive receptor mechanism switched on by thrombin, ADP, phorbol ester or ionophore A23187 is turned off by a rise in intraplatelet cyclic AMP which provides a negative control.Fibrinogen, the most abundant adhesiveprotein in plasma, interacts with platelet CAMs via receptor recognition domains on gamma and alpha chains. Pinpointing platelet receptor recognition domain to a carboxy-terminal segment of the gamma chain encompassing residues 400-411gave rise to a series of synthetic peptide analogs which do not interfere with themetabolic pathways of platelets but blockbinding of I fibrinogen to its receptors on stimulated platelets, inhibit their aggregation in vitro, and formation of a platelet thrombus in vivo. The alpha chain of human fibrinogen contains the sequenceRGD (residues 95-97 and 572-574). Synthetpeptide analogs of the RGD sequence, which constitute the "cell adhesion site" of fibronectin, also inhibit binding of 125I-fibrinogen to stimulated platelets. However, these synthetic peptides are not "specific" for fibrinogen chains because thealpha chain of human fibrinogen which hasnosequence homology with gamma 400-411 is prevented by a peptide gamma 400-411 from interaction with platelet receptors. Viceversa, the human gamma chain is blocked by tetrapeptide RGDS not expressed in the human gamma chain. Interaction of human vWF with human platelets is blocked by synthetic peptide analogs of gamma 400-411 (not present in vWF)and of RGD sequence (present in vWF).These synthetic peptides inhibite "common" receptor pathwaystimulated with ADP, thrombin, or phorbolester, but they do not interfere with binding of 125I-vWF via a "specific" pathvoy induced with ristocetin and involving GPIb.The design of synthetic peptide analogs which inhibit platelet receptors for adhesive molecules includes the following considerations: ligand specificity (is thepeptide inhibitory toward binding of one or more adhesive molecules?),cell speciicity (is the peptide specific for platelets or does it perturb the adhesive properties of other cells, e.g.,endothelium?);the hydrophilic character; protection against degradation by peptidases; and a sufficiently long half-life to achieve platelet inhibitory potency in vivo without overloading the blood with excessive amounts of peptide.This is accomplished by constructing a peptide-albumin conjugate with ahalf-life extended at least 30 times.Whenpeptides are modeled with predominantly hydrophilic or hydrophobic residues, only the hydrophilic peptide remained active to block the platelet receptor. This agreed with the general observation that sequences on adhesive molecules that are knownto interact with cellular receptors have a hydrophilic rather than a hydrophobic character. Furthermore, changing the charge of synthetic peptides toward the negative reduced the reactivity, whereas introducing additional arginine residues enhanced the reactivity toward platelet receptors. Localization of the functionally important binding domain in the flexible segment of an adhesive protein increases the likelihood that the synthetic peptide will assume the conformation mimicking such a domain in the native adhesive protein. Structure-function studies of the receptor recognition domains on adhesive molecules led to development of a new class of platelet inhibitors acting at the membranereceptors responsible for anchoring of platelets to the vessel wall and linking them to each other.