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Zhang, Wen-Song, An Pan, Liu Yang, Yuan-Yuan Cai, Bao-Lin Liu, Ping Li, Lian-Wen Qi, Jing Li, and Qun Liu. "American Ginseng and Asian Ginseng Intervention in Diet-Induced Obese Mice: Metabolomics Reveals Distinct Metabolic Profiles." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 47, no. 04 (January 2019): 787–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x19500411.
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American ginseng and Asian ginseng, which occupy prominent positions in the list of best-selling natural products in the West and East, are suitable for different indications in the traditional pharmacological uses. Currently, the effects of American ginseng and Asian ginseng in the protection against metabolic dysfunction and the differences between them are still unknown. Herein, an untargeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) was determined. The serum metabolomics and dynamic feces metabolomics revealed significant metabolic distinction between American ginseng and Asian ginseng in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. The results show that American ginseng and Asian ginseng alleviate glucose and lipid metabolism disorder in DIO mice. A total of 45 differential metabolites were confirmed between the drug-naïve and American ginseng group, and 32 metabolites were confirmed between the drug-naïve and Asian ginseng group. Metabolic pathways analysis shows that these two ginsengs treatment dynamic rectifies metabolic disorder in DIO mice mainly via regulating linoleic acids metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid. Moreover, American ginseng’s specific function in monitoring the carnitines and taurine/hypotaurine metabolism might make it more effective in meliorating lipids metabolism disorder than Asian ginseng.
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Liu, Zhihao, Roderick Moore, Ying Gao, Pei Chen, Liangli Yu, Mengliang Zhang, and Jianghao Sun. "Comparison of Phytochemical Profiles of Wild and Cultivated American Ginseng Using Metabolomics by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry." Molecules 28, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010009.
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American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) has been recognized as a valuable herb medicine, and ginsenosides are the most important components responsible for the health-beneficial effects. This study investigated the secondary metabolites responsible for the differentiation of wild and cultivated American ginsengs with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS)-based metabolomic approach. An in-house ginsenoside library was developed to facilitate data processing and metabolite identification. Data visualization methods, such as heatmaps and volcano plots, were utilized to extract discriminated ion features. The results suggested that the ginsenoside profiles of wild and cultivated ginsengs were significantly different. The octillol (OT)-type ginsenosides were present in greater abundance and diversity in wild American ginsengs; however, a wider distribution of the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-and oleanolic acid (OA)-type ginsenosides were found in cultivated American ginseng. Based on the tentative identification and semi-quantification, the amounts of five ginsenosides (i.e., notoginsenoside H, glucoginsenoside Rf, notoginsenoside R1, pseudoginsenoside RT2, and ginsenoside Rc) were 2.3–54.5 fold greater in wild ginseng in comparison to those in their cultivated counterparts, and the content of six ginsenosides (chicusetsusaponin IVa, malonylginsenoside Rd, pseudoginsenoside Rc1, malonylfloralginsenoside Rd6, Ginsenoside Rd, and malonylginsenoside Rb1) was 2.6–14.4 fold greater in cultivated ginseng compared to wild ginseng. The results suggested that the in-house metabolite library can significantly reduce the complexity of the data processing for ginseng samples, and UHPLC-HRMS is effective and robust for identifying characteristic components (marker compounds) for distinguishing wild and cultivated American ginseng.
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Wu, Tao, Osafo Raymond Kwaku, Hai-Zhou Li, Chong-Ren Yang, Long-Jiao Ge, and Min Xu. "Sense Ginsenosides From Ginsengs: Structure-Activity Relationship in Autophagy." Natural Product Communications 14, no. 6 (June 2019): 1934578X1985822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x19858223.
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The term ginseng refers to the dried roots of several plants belonging to the genus Panax of the Araliaceae family. The 3 major commercial ginsengs are Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen (Notoginseng), P. ginseng C.A. Meyer (Ginseng), and P. quinquefolius L. (American ginseng), which have been used as herbal medicines. Over 18,000 papers on ginsengs have been published on the basis of their structural diversity and biological activities. Many reviews have summarized the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical use of ginsengs, but the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of ginsenosides from ginsengs in autophagy is unavailable. Herein, we review the structural diversity of ginsenosides, especially the ones in notoginseng, and the SAR in autophagic activity is discussed in detail.
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Luo, John Zeqi, and Luguang Luo. "Ginseng on Hyperglycemia: Effects and Mechanisms." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 6, no. 4 (2009): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nem178.
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It has been reported that American ginseng attenuates hyperglycemia and may present itself as a supplement to diabetes therapy. However, the lack of standardization in the usage of ginseng root leads to inconclusive results when applied to diabetes treatment. The mechanisms of American ginseng root in the treatment of diabetes remains a mystery. This greatly limits the effective utilization of American ginseng in facilitating diabetic therapy. Initiating studies have shown that American ginseng increases insulin production and reduces cell death in pancreatic β-cells. Also, studies have revealed American ginseng's ability to decrease blood glucose in type II diabetes patients as well as in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals (STZ-diabetic mice). These data suggest that effects of ginseng in improving hyperglycemia may alter mitochondrial function as well as apoptosis cascades to ensure cell viability in pancreatic islet cells. This review briefly summarizes current knowledge of ginseng components and clinical studies related to diabetes. Further research will be needed to explore and identify the component(s) of ginseng, which may be responsible for the beneficial effects observed in animal studies which could then be extrapolated to human islets.
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Chen, Wei, Prabhu Balan, and David G. Popovich. "Comparison of Ginsenoside Components of Various Tissues of New Zealand Forest-Grown Asian Ginseng (Panax Ginseng) and American Ginseng (Panax Quinquefolium L.)." Biomolecules 10, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10030372.
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Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) are the two most important ginseng species for their medicinal properties. Ginseng is not only popular to consume, but is also increasingly popular to cultivate. In the North Island of New Zealand, Asian ginseng and American ginseng have been grown in Taupo and Rotorua for more than 15 years. There are no publications comparing the chemical constituents between New Zealand-grown Asian ginseng (NZPG) and New Zealand-grown American ginseng (NZPQ). In this study, fourteen ginsenoside reference standards and LC–MS2 technology were employed to analyze the ginsenoside components of various parts (fine root, rhizome, main root, stem, and leaf) from NZPG and NZPQ. Fifty and 43 ginsenosides were identified from various parts of NZPG and NZPQ, respectively, and 29 ginsenosides were found in both ginseng species. Ginsenoside concentrations in different parts of ginsengs were varied. Compared to other tissues, the fine roots contained the most abundant ginsenosides, not only in NZPG (142.49 ± 1.14 mg/g) but also in NZPQ (115.69 ± 3.51 mg/g). For the individual ginsenosides of both NZPG and NZPQ, concentration of Rb1 was highest in the underground parts (fine root, rhizome, and main root), and ginsenoside Re was highest in the aboveground parts (stem and leaf).
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Belanger, Danyka, Michele D. Calder, Alessandra Gianetto-Berruti, Edmund M. Lui, Andrew J. Watson, and Valter Feyles. "Effects of American Ginseng on Preimplantation Development and Pregnancy in Mice." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 44, no. 05 (January 2016): 981–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x16500543.
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In North America, a high proportion of pregnant women use herbal medications including North American ginseng. This medicinal plant contains high amounts of triterpene saponins (ginsenosides), which are the main bioactive compounds. It is important to assess ginseng’s impact on all reproductive functions to ensure the safety of pregnant women and fetuses. In this study, we defined the concentration-responsive effects of North American alcoholic and aqueous ginseng extracts on preimplantation development in vitro and on pregnancy and post-partum development in the mouse. Two-cell mouse embryos were cultured with 5 different concentrations of whole ginseng root extracts, or ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1 and Re alone, a combinatorial ginsenoside solution and a crude polysaccharide fraction solution. Embryonic development and recovery from each treatment was assessed. To investigate the in vivo effects of ginseng extracts, female mice were gavaged with 50[Formula: see text]mg/kg/day, 500[Formula: see text]mg/kg/day or 2000[Formula: see text]mg/kg/day of either extract (treatment) or water (sham) for 2 weeks prior to mating and throughout gestation. Gestation period, litter size, pup growth and pup sex ratio were evaluated. Oral ginseng consumption did not significantly affect fertility or pregnancy in the mouse. High doses of ginseng (2000[Formula: see text]mg/kg/day) decreased maternal weight gain. Direct treatment of preimplantation embryos in vitro demonstrated that ALC and AQ extract treatment reduced development in a concentration responsive manner, while only ALC extract effects were largely reversible. Treatments with individual or combinatorial ginsenosides, or the polysaccharide fraction solution alone did not impair preimplantation development, in vitro. In conclusion, maternal oral consumption of ginseng has little negative impact on pregnancy in the mouse, however, direct exposure to ginseng extract during mouse preimplantation development in vitro is detrimental.
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Dong, Tai Thi Ngoc, Chih-Hsiung Lin, and Ming-Tsai Liang. "The Application of Simulated Moving-Bed Chromatography for the Separation of Ginsenosides in Sanchi Ginseng and American Ginseng." Natural Product Communications 15, no. 10 (October 2020): 1934578X2096467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x20964671.
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In this study, the separation of ginsenosides from the crude extract of Sanchi ginseng and American ginseng, obtained by aqueous ethanol extraction, was conducted in a simulated moving bed (SMB) with cleaning in place (CIP) design. Concentrated products with 86.2%, w/w, and 91.5%, w/w, of ginsenosides were obtained by the utilization of CIP-SMB for Sanchi and American ginseng, respectively. This study reveals that CIP-SMB could enrich ginsenosides by removing the retained impurities, which were initially extracted by aqueous ethanol and not removed by either the antisolvent precipitation for Sanchi ginseng or the ethyl acetate extraction for American ginseng. Although the ginsenosides in both ginsengs are similar, the difficulty in applying chromatography to the crude extract differs. A natural crude extract normally contains compounds with significant difference in retention. A traditional SMB with 4 sections will be, consequently, unable to continuously separate the natural products. This study develops methods for pretreating the crude extract and demonstrates the feasibility of continuously separating ginsenosides by using SMB. SMB is an effective technology for large-scale chromatography and can generally resolve solvent and energy consumption problems. This is expected to promote the industrial use of SMB for the production of concentrated ginsenosides as active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Wang, Chong-Zhi, and Chun-Su Yuan. "Potential Role of Ginseng in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 36, no. 06 (January 2008): 1019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x08006545.
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Colorectal cancer remains one of the most prevalent cancer and a leading cause of cancer related death in the US. Many currently used chemotherapeutic agents are derived from botanicals. Identifying herbal sources, including those from ginseng family, to develop better anti-cancer therapies remains an essential step in advancing the treatment of the cancer. In this article, potential roles of ginseng herbs, especially American ginseng and notoginseng, in colorectal cancer therapeutics are presented. The major pharmacologically active constituents of ginsengs are ginsenosides, which can be mainly classified as protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol groups. Structure-activity relationship between their chemical structures and pharmacological activities are discussed. In addition, various steaming temperature and time treatment of the ginseng herbs can change ginsenoside profiles, and enhance their anti-cancer activities. This heat treatment process may increase the role of ginseng in treating colorectal cancer.
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Park, Eun-Young, Mi-Hwi Kim, Eung-Hwi Kim, Eun-Kyu Lee, In-Sun Park, Duck-Choon Yang, and Hee-Sook Jun. "Efficacy Comparison of Korean Ginseng and American Ginseng on Body Temperature and Metabolic Parameters." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 42, no. 01 (January 2014): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x14500128.
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Ginseng has beneficial effects in cancer, diabetes and aging. There are two main varieties of ginseng: Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng) and Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng). There are anecdotal reports that American ginseng helps reduce body temperature, whereas Korean ginseng improves blood circulation and increases body temperature; however, their respective effects on body temperature and metabolic parameters have not been studied. We investigated body temperature and metabolic parameters in mice using a metabolic cage. After administering ginseng extracts acutely (single dose of 1000 mg/kg) or chronically (200 mg/kg/day for four weeks), core body temperature, food intake, oxygen consumption and activity were measured, as well as serum levels of pyrogen-related factors and mRNA expression of metabolic genes. Acute treatment with American ginseng reduced body temperature compared with PBS-treated mice during the night; however, there was no significant effect of ginseng treatment on body temperature after four weeks of treatment. VO 2, VCO 2, food intake, activity and energy expenditure were unchanged after both acute and chronic ginseng treatment compared with PBS treatment. In acutely treated mice, serum thyroxin levels were reduced by red and American ginseng, and the serum prostaglandin E2 level was reduced by American ginseng. In chronically treated mice, red and white ginseng reduced thyroxin levels. We conclude that Korean ginseng does not stimulate metabolism in mice, whereas a high dose of American ginseng may reduce night-time body temperature and pyrogen-related factors.
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Proctor, John T. A., Tie-Sheng Wang, and William G. Bailey. "East Meets West: Cultivation of American Ginseng in China." HortScience 23, no. 6 (December 1988): 968–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.6.968.
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Abstract Oriental ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) to the Chinese “… is the medicine par excellence: the dernier resort when all other drugs fail; reserved for the use of the Emperor and his household, and conferred by Imperial favour upon high and useful officials whenever they have a serious breakdown that does not yield to ordinary treatment, and which threatens to put a period to their lives and usefulness” (14). Although written in 1578, these claims are still held by traditional Chinese healers. Westerners do not hold ginseng in such high esteem (9). However, the discovery of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) growing in Canada in the early 1700s lead to the establishment of trade in ginseng between North America and the Orient, which continues today (3, 4, 8).
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Sheban, Karam C., David J. Woodbury, and Marlyse C. Duguid. "Importance of environmental factors on plantings of wild-simulated American Ginseng." Agroforestry Systems 96, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00705-8.
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AbstractAmerican ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is an herbaceous perennial plant native to the forests of eastern North America with a long history of use and harvest, and with a significant international market. To supply international demand, the plant is grown in the USA and Canada under artificial shade cloth. However, wild and wild-appearing ginseng roots command prices up to 100 times greater than roots cultivated in a field: $550–2200 (US$ dry kg) vs. $20–70 (US$ dry kg). Growing ginseng in a forested environment using a “wild-simulated” forest farming approach, where growers introduce ginseng into a forested environment and then let it grow with little to no intervention, allows forest farmers to access these higher prices and meet international demand. As climate change shifts growing conditions globally, there will be increasing opportunities for the forest farming of American ginseng internationally. In this study, we examined the main drivers of ginseng growth and development in a wild-simulated ginseng forest farm. We measured the range of environmental conditions and built statistical models to examine which factors were most important for ginseng vigor. We found that the amount of sunlight, even under highly shaded conditions, was the most important driver of ginseng establishment on the landscape, as well as ginseng plant size and development. Prior research indicates that additional factors including soil nutrient levels, moisture, and texture are important for the survival, growth, and development of wild and planted American ginseng, but our study did not show significant patterns of importance at this site. Our findings suggest that integrating silvicultural techniques such as forest thinning may enhance the productivity of wild-simulated ginseng operations while providing additional forest-based income with minimal impact on natural forest ecosystems.
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Wang, Xianchang, Xu Guo, Lijuan Hou, Jiaohong Zhang, Jing Hu, Feng Zhang, Jilei Mao, et al. "A comparative study of bacterial diversity based on effects of three different shade shed types in the rhizosphere of Panax quiquefolium L." PeerJ 10 (February 9, 2022): e12807. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12807.
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Background Shading is an important factor affecting the cultivation of American ginseng, as it influences crop quality and yield. Rhizosphere microorganisms are also crucial for normal plant growth and development. However, whether different shade types significantly change American ginseng rhizosphere microorganisms is unknown. Methods This study evaluated the rhizosphere soils of American ginseng under traditional, high flag and high arch shade sheds. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing determined the change of rhizosphere bacterial communities. Results The microbial diversity in rhizosphere soils of American ginseng significantly changed under different shading conditions. The bacteria diversity was more abundant in the high arch shade than flat and traditional shades. Different bacterial genera, including Bradyrhizobium, Rhizobium, Sphingomonas, Streptomyces and Nitrospira, showed significantly different abundances. Different shading conditions changed the microbial metabolic function in the American ginseng rhizosphere soils. The three types of shade sheds had specific enriched functional groups. The abundance of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters consistently increased in the bacterial microbiota. These results help understand the influence of shading systems on the rhizosphere microecology of American ginseng, and contribute to the American ginseng cultivation.
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Zuo, Yue, Le Yin, Baorui Wei, Ping Fang, and Yonghua Xu. "Physiological changes of American ginseng seeds during cold stratification." Seed Science and Technology 49, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2021.49.3.05.
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As an important medicinal plant, American ginseng has high value. However, its deep dormancy makes it difficult to propagate from seeds. Previous studies on American ginseng seeds mostly focused on morphophysiological dormancy: the under-developed embryo in the seeds has physiological dormancy. GA3 was used to accelerate the process of breaking physiological dormancy of American ginseng seeds in this study. Through the observation of seed morphology and the detection of various physiological indexes during cold stratification, the mechanism of American ginseng seeds breaking physiological dormancy was studied. After 100 days cold stratification, the germination of GA3-treated split seeds was 76.67%, which was significantly higher than that of the control group (10.67%). The peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase content of GA3-treated American ginseng seeds decreased significantly, but showed an upward trend during cold stratification. It is speculated that GA3 promotes the release of physiological dormancy by changing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in American ginseng seeds.
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Suits, Stephanie A., Rebecca M. Corbit, and Andrew J. Wood. "American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.), the “Other” Ginseng." Economic Botany 57, no. 1 (January 2003): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0143:agpqlt]2.0.co;2.
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Li, Thomas S. C. "Asian and American Ginseng—A Review." HortTechnology 5, no. 1 (January 1995): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.5.1.27.
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The ginseng industry has expanded rapidly in recent years. Asian and American ginseng are cultivated around the world. Ginseng products in various forms are increasingly popular, and its consumers are no longer limited to Asians. More knowledge is needed about the horticultural characteristics, cultural methods, disease control, drying and storage procedures, and technology for value-added products. Once-secretive information about ginseng and its culture is gradually becoming available, especially from the orient. Growers and researchers are eager to know more about Asian and American species of this high-value crop.
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Kim, Yejin, Jung-Woo Lee, Ick-Hyun Jo, Nayeong Kwon, Donghwi Kim, Jong-Wook Chung, Kyong-Hwan Bang, and Jeehye Sung. "Volatile Compositions of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquifolium Grown for Different Cultivation Years." Foods 12, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12010136.
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The present study examined the volatile profiles of Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng) and Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng) grown for different cultivation years by using HS-SPME/GC-MS and determined the key discriminant volatile compounds by chemometric analysis including principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and partial least squares-discrimination analysis (PLS-DA). Fifty-six compounds, including forty terpenes, eight alcohols, one alkane, one ketone, and one furan, were identified in the ginseng roots. The chemometric results identified two major clusters of American ginseng and Korean ginseng cultivars with distinct volatile compositions. The volatile compounds in fresh white ginseng roots were affected by the species, but the influence of different cultivation ages was ambiguous. The major volatile components of ginseng roots are terpenes, including monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. In particular, panaginsene, ginsinsene, α-isocomene, and caryophyllene were predominant in Korean ginseng cultivars, whereas β-farnesene levels were higher in American ginseng. The difference in volatile patterns between Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium could be attributed to the composition of sesquiterpenes such as β-panaginsene, ginsinsene, caryophyllene, and β-farnesene.
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Lewis, Walter H. "American ginseng: Green gold." Economic Botany 41, no. 1 (January 1987): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02859341.
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Dasgupta, Amitava, Edward Kang, Margaret Olsen, Jeffrey K. Actor, and Pradip Datta. "Interference of Asian, American, and Indian (Ashwagandha) Ginsengs in Serum Digoxin Measurements by a Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay Can Be Minimized by Using a New Enzyme-Linked Chemiluminescent Immunosorbent or Turbidimetric Assay." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 131, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 619–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2007-131-619-ioaaai.
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Abstract Context.—Ginsengs are widely used by the general population. These herbs interfere with serum digoxin measurement using the fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Objective.—To assess potential interference of different ginsengs (Asian, American, and Indian, also known as Ashwagandha) in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model by using a new enzyme-linked chemiluminescent immunosorbent digoxin assay and an existing turbidimetric assay. Comparisons were made with the fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Design.—Aliquots of drug-free serum pools were supplemented with ginseng and apparent digoxin concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked chemiluminescent immunosorbent digoxin assay, turbidimetric assay, and fluorescence polarization immunoassay digoxin assays. Mice were fed with different ginseng preparations and apparent digoxin concentrations were measured 1 and 3 hours later. In a separate experiment, aliquots of serum digoxin pools were further supplemented with ginsengs and the serum digoxin concentrations were measured again. Results.—A significant apparent digoxin concentration was observed both in vitro and in vivo using the fluorescence polarization immunoassay, but no apparent digoxin concentration was observed using enzyme-linked chemiluminescent immunosorbent digoxin assay and turbidimetric assay. No interference was observed with enzyme-linked chemiluminescent immunosorbent digoxin assay and turbidimetric assay when digoxin serum pools were further supplemented with various ginsengs. Conclusions.—It was concluded that both enzyme-linked chemiluminescent immunosorbent and turbidimetric digoxin assays are free from ginseng interferences.
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Yang, Shanshan, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Ximei Zhang, Yanmeng Bi, and Weiwei Gao. "A bZIP transcription factor, PqbZIP1, is involved in the plant defense response of American ginseng." PeerJ 10 (March 8, 2022): e12939. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12939.
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American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is a perennial medicinal plant that has a long usage history in China. However, root rot, which is mainly caused by Fusarium solani can severely reduce the yield and quality of American ginseng, but no disease-resistant variety of American ginseng exists, and the resistance against this disease is not yet well understood. Thus, it is very urgent to analyze the interaction mechanism regulating the interactions between American ginseng and F. solani to mine disease resistance genes. Using transcriptome data and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), we screened the transcription factor PqbZIP1 in response to induction by chitin. Yeast self-activation and subcellular localization experiments proved that PqbZIP1 showed transcriptional activity and was localized in the plant nucleus. In addition, qPCR showed that the highest relative expression level was in the roots, wherein chitin and F. solani inhibited and activated the expression of PqbZIP1, respectively, in American ginseng. Additionally, PqbZIP1 significantly inhibited the growth of the Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato D36E strain in Nicotiana benthamiana, where expressing PqbZIP1 in N. benthamiana increased the jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid content. Furthermore, PqbZIP1 expression was continually increased upon inoculation with F. solani. Hence, this study revealed that the PqbZIP1 transcription factor might mediate multiple hormonal signaling pathway to modulate root rot disease resistance in American ginseng, and provided important information to breed disease-resistant American ginseng.
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Kochan, Ewa, and Aleksander Chmiel. "Callus of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) as a source of ginsenosides – medicinal secondary metabolites." Biological Letters 50, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/biolet-2013-0002.
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Abstract:Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (P. quinquefolius) are valuable medicinal herbs whose roots have been used for ages in traditional medicine in China and North America as vitalizing and stimulating agents. The roots are obtained mainly from field cultivation, which is a slow (5-7 years long), laborious, and troublesome process; so in vitro methods started to be used to produce ginseng biomass. In our study, non-organogenic callus of P. quinquefolius synthesized the same active substances like field roots, for more than 6 years. The ginsenosides are derivatives of protopanaxadiol (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd) or protopanaxatriol (Rg1, Re). The synthesis of Rg1and Re metabolites is preferred in calli cultured in the dark and with ageing of culture.
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Wang, Lijun, Yang Huang, Guo Yin, Jue Wang, Ping Wang, Zhen‐Yu Chen, Tiejie Wang, and Guixing Ren. "Antimicrobial activities of Asian ginseng, American ginseng, and notoginseng." Phytotherapy Research 34, no. 6 (December 29, 2019): 1226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6605.
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Li, Lele, Yang Wang, Yang Xiu, and Shuying Liu. "Chemical Differentiation and Quantitative Analysis of Different Types of Panax Genus Stem-Leaf Based on a UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analysis Approach." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2018 (2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9598672.
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Two quantitative methods (−ESI full scan and −ESI PRM MS) were developed to analyze ginsenosides in ginseng stem-leaf by using UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS. By means of −ESI PRM MS method, the contents of eighteen ginsenosides in Asian ginseng stem-leaf (ASGSL) and American ginseng stem-leaf (AMGSL) were analyzed. The principal component analysis (PCA) model was built to discriminate Asian ginseng stem-leaf (ASGSL) from American ginseng stem-leaf (AMGSL) based on −ESI PRM MS data, and six ginsenosides (F11, Rf, R2, F1, Rb1, and Rb3) were obtained as the markers. To further explore the differences between cultivated ginseng stem-leaf and forest ginseng stem-leaf, the partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model was built based on −ESI full scan data. And twenty-six markers were selected to discriminate cultivated ginseng stem-leaf (CGSL) from forest ginseng stem-leaf (FGSL). This study provides reliable and effective methods to quantify and discriminate among different types of ginseng stem-leaf in the commercial market.
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Ji, Li, Lei Tian, Fahad Nasir, Jingjing Chang, Chunling Chang, Jianfeng Zhang, Xiujun Li, and Chunjie Tian. "Impacts of replanting American ginseng on fungal assembly and abundance in response to disease outbreaks." Archives of Microbiology 203, no. 5 (February 22, 2021): 2157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00203-021-02196-8.
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AbstractSoil physicochemical properties and fungal communities are pivotal factors for continuous cropping of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.). However, the response of soil physicochemical properties and fungal communities to replant disease of American ginseng has not yet been studied. High-throughput sequencing and soil physicochemical analyses were undertaken to investigate the difference of soil fungal communities and environmental driver factors in new and old ginseng fields; the extent of replant disease in old ginseng fields closely related to changes in soil properties and fungal communities was also determined. Results indicated that fungal communities in an old ginseng field were more sensitive to the soil environment than those in a new ginseng field, and fungal communities were mainly driven by soil organic matter (SOM), soil available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK). Notably, healthy ginseng plants in new and old ginseng fields may influence fungal communities by actively recruiting potential disease suppressive fungal agents such as Amphinema, Cladophialophora, Cadophora, Mortierella, and Wilcoxina. When these key groups and members were depleted, suppressive agents in the soil possibly declined, increasing the abundance of pathogens. Soil used to grow American ginseng in the old ginseng field contained a variety of fungal pathogens, including Alternaria, Armillaria, Aphanoascus, Aspergillus, Setophoma, and Rhexocercosporidium. Additionally, micro-ecological factors affecting disease outbreaks in the old ginseng field included a strengthening in competition relationships, a weakening in cooperation relationships, and a change of trophic strategies among fungal communities.
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Qi, Hongyu, Zepeng Zhang, Jiaqi Liu, Zhaoqiang Chen, Qingxia Huang, Jing Li, Jinjin Chen, et al. "Comparisons of Isolation Methods, Structural Features, and Bioactivities of the Polysaccharides from Three Common Panax Species: A Review of Recent Progress." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 4997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164997.
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Panax spp. (Araliaceae family) are widely used medicinal plants and they mainly include Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng), and Panax notoginseng (notoginseng). Polysaccharides are the main active ingredients in these plants and have demonstrated diverse pharmacological functions, but comparisons of isolation methods, structural features, and bioactivities of these polysaccharides have not yet been reported. This review summarizes recent advances associated with 112 polysaccharides from ginseng, 25 polysaccharides from American ginseng, and 36 polysaccharides from notoginseng and it compares the differences in extraction, purification, structural features, and bioactivities. Most studies focus on ginseng polysaccharides and comparisons are typically made with the polysaccharides from American ginseng and notoginseng. For the extraction, purification, and structural analysis, the processes are similar for the polysaccharides from the three Panax species. Previous studies determined that 55 polysaccharides from ginseng, 18 polysaccharides from American ginseng, and 9 polysaccharides from notoginseng exhibited anti-tumor activity, immunoregulatory effects, anti-oxidant activity, and other pharmacological functions, which are mediated by multiple signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor kappa B, or redox balance pathways. This review can provide new insights into the similarities and differences among the polysaccharides from the three Panax species, which can facilitate and guide further studies to explore the medicinal properties of the Araliaceae family used in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Wang, X., J. T. A. Proctor, S. Krishna Raj, and P. K. Saxena. "119 Rapid Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration in American Ginseng (Panax quiquefolium L.)." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 462B—462. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.462b.
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Ginseng is a very valuable agricultural species grown for its root, which contains pharmacologically active constituents. One limiting factor for expansion of ginseng production is an efficient method for mass propagation. Currently, seeding is the principal method of propagating ginseng, but the embryo of ginseng seeds at harvest is immature. A stratification schedule consisting of a cool-warm-cool temperature treatment over 18-22 months is required for embryo development and seed germination. An alternative for the efficient production of ginseng is mass propagation through the use of in vitro culture techniques. The objective of this work was to develop a highly efficient system for regeneration of ginseng. The efficacy of three auxins, viz. 2,4-D, NAA and dicamba, were compared for the induction of somatic embryogenesis in American ginseng. Somatic embryos formed on ginseng cotyledonary, zygotic embryo, and shoot explants after 8 weeks of induction by the auxins. Significantly more somatic embryos were induced by culture of any of the ginseng explants on media supplemented with 5 μmol·L-1 2,4-D than any other auxin treatment. Histological and SEM studies confirmed that the regenerants were somatic embryos. Somatic embryos germinated and developed into normal plants in 3-6 months. The development of a regeneration system for ginseng using somatic embryogenesis is a necessary first step for mass propagation and the improvement of American ginseng.
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Yu, Jingping, Tong Xu, Haiyan Lin, Ying Lin, Jie Zhou, and Yongqing Zhang. "Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of American Ginseng for Different Parts and Abnormal Trait Based on the Major Ginsenoside Contents and Morphological Characteristics." BioMed Research International 2021 (March 24, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8831080.
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The demand for American ginseng, a famous traditional medicine and high-grade healthy food, has increased dramatically over recent years. However, only the main root is popular among consumers, whereas other parts of American ginseng are rarely available in the market. In this study, the contents of 5 major ginsenosides (Re, Rc, Rg1, Rd, and Rb1) were determined through high-performance liquid chromatography. Our study showed that all these 5 major ginsenosides are found in different parts of American ginseng plants, and the total content in different parts varied significantly in the following order: fibrous root > flower > branch root > main root > leaf > stem . Interestingly, the total content in the fibrous root was approximately 2.24 times higher than that in the main root. Further research indicated that the ginsenoside content in American ginseng with abnormal characteristics (physical deformity caused by disease and discolouration) is similar to that in the normal plant. Interestingly, a positive correlation was observed between the main root diameter and total ginsenoside content, whereas a negative correlation was observed between the main root length and total ginsenoside content. Our comprehensive study revealed that all parts of American ginseng, including the main root with abnormal characteristics, possess medicinal or economic value. Therefore, our results provide feasible evidence to further explore the potential application of American ginseng.
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Seida, Jennifer Krebs, Tamara Durec, and Stefan Kuhle. "North American(Panax quinquefolius)and Asian Ginseng(Panax ginseng)Preparations for Prevention of the Common Cold in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep068.
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Background: Standardized ginseng extract has become the best-selling cold and flu remedy in Canada, yet much controversy regarding the efficacy of ginseng in preventing common colds remains. Objective: To assess the efficacy of ginseng preparations for the prevention of common colds in healthy adults. Methods: Comprehensive bibliographic database, trial registry and grey literature searches were conducted up to December 2007. Randomized controlled trials or controlled clinical trials comparing North American (Panax quinquefolius) or Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) root extract to placebo or no treatment in healthy adults were included. Two reviewers independently applied the study selection criteria and assessed methodological quality. Results: Five trials involving 747 participants were included. All five trials examined North American ginseng. The methodological quality of the trials varied widely. Ginseng preparations significantly reduced the total number of common colds by 25% compared to placebo (one trial; 95% CI: 5–45). There was a tendency toward a lower incidence of having at least one common cold or other acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the ginseng group compared to the placebo group (five trials; relative risk: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.48–1.02). Compared to placebo, ginseng significantly shortened the duration of colds or ARIs by 6.2 days (two trials; 95% CI: 3.4–9.0). Conclusions: There is insufficient evidence to conclude that ginseng reduces the incidence or severity of common colds. North American ginseng appears to be effective in shortening the duration of colds or ARIs in healthy adults when taken preventatively for durations of 8–16 weeks.
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Awang, Dennis VC. "Study on North American ginseng." Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 11, no. 2 (June 2006): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/fact.11.2.0079.
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Boon, H. "American ginseng attenuates postprandial glycaemia." Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 5, no. 4 (2000): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/fact.2000.00211.
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Walsh, Nancy. "American Ginseng for Respiratory Illness." Family Practice News 37, no. 18 (September 2007): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(07)71147-7.
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HELWICK, CAROLINE. "American Ginseng Improves Working Memory." Clinical Psychiatry News 39, no. 1 (January 2011): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0270-6644(11)70062-5.
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Shende, Shrikrishna S., Kalbhairav M. Shinde, Abhijit V. Tilak, Bhalachandra T. Rane, Siddhi Raveendran, and Sanjay A. Dabhade. "A comparative study of American ginseng (spp. Panax quinquefolius) and Donepezil on working memory in rats using scopolamine induced disruption of memory." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 3 (February 24, 2017): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20170519.
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Background: Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) includes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors like Donepezil. American ginseng has been postulated to enhance learning and memory owing to its antiapoptotic activity as well as inhibition of formation of β amyloid plaque. Scarce data is available on effect of combination of these two drugs. Hence, we have conducted this study to evaluate the same. Aim and objectives of the study were to evaluate the role of American ginseng on working memory in rats and to compare the effect of American ginseng with Donepezil on working memory in rats.Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats of either sex, weighing 150-200g were used and obtained from animal house of Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune. To study the effects of the drugs on working memory in rats, they were trained for conditioned avoidance response (CAR) using Cook's pole climbing apparatus. The method of Fellow and Cook was used.Results: In the group C (i.e. the control group), 50% of rats showed the retention of CAR. In the group S (i.e. only scopolamine group), only 20% of rats showed the retention of CAR. In the group S+AG (i.e. scopolamine and American ginseng), 60% of rats showed the retention of CAR. In the group S+ D (i.e. scopolamine and Donepezil) 70% of rats showed retention of CAR. In the group S+D+AG (i.e. the combination group of scopolamine, Donepezil and American ginseng), 80% of rats showed the retention of CAR.Conclusions: From this study we can conclude that American ginseng and Donepezil have comparable effects in retention of working memory. The combination of American ginseng and Donepezil can have additive effect on the retention of working memory.
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Nadeau, I., H. Desilets, S. Gagne, S. Parent, P. Moutoglis, and D. Robitaille. "315 Effect of Mycorrhizal Inoculation with Two Glomus spp. on Growth and Development of American Ginseng Plantlets in Greenhouse." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 497B—497. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.497b.
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American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is a native plant of the deciduous forests of eastern North America. This highly valuable medicinal plant has been grown commercially for nearly a century in the field, under artificial shade sources, or in forests under mature trees. Wood-grown ginseng roots are highly similar to the wild ones, which increases their value. However, the time required to produce a marketable root is two to three times longer in the forest than in the field. In an attempt to reduce this time, a new technique has been developed to produce ginseng transplants destined for forest culture. Ginseng seedlings pre-treated with giberellic acid were sown in forest plots in a peat base culture medium ammended with an inoculum of the arbuscular fungi Glomus intraradices or G. etunicatum. The plantlets were grown for 18 weeks in greenhouse under shade cloth. The two Glomus spp. suceeded in colonizing the ginseng rootlets, developing the `Paris' mycorrhizal type, as previously reported for this plant. In addition, plantlets inoculated with G. etunicatum weighed 15% more than the control and were significantly more branched. The amount of P, K, and Mg in the roots was significantly higher in mycorrhizal ginseng plantlets.
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Boehm, C. L., H. C. Harrison, G. Jung, and J. Nienhuis. "Organization of American and Asian Ginseng Germplasm Using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Markers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 124, no. 3 (May 1999): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.124.3.252.
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Genetic differences among eleven cultivated and eight wild-type populations of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) and four cultivated populations of South Korean ginseng (P. ginseng C.A. Meyer) were estimated using RAPD markers. Cultivated P. ginseng population samples were collected from four regions of S. Korea. Cultivated P. quinquefolium population samples were collected from three regions in North America: Wisconsin, the Southeastern Appalachian region of the United States, and Canada. Wild-type P. quinquefolium was collected from three states in the United States: Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Wisconsin. Evaluation of germplasm with 10 decamer primers resulted in 100 polymorphic bands. Genetic differences among populations indicate heterogeneity. The genetic distance among individuals was estimated using the ratio of discordant bands to total bands scored. Multidimensional scaling of the relationship matrix showed independent clusters corresponding to the distinction of species, geographical region, and wild versus cultivated types. The integrity of the clusters was confirmed using pooled chi-square tests for fragment homogeneity.
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Li, Hongyu, Yuan Li, Shiquan Xu, Yingping Wang, and Hao Zhang. "Removing the endosperm of ginseng and American ginseng seeds results in embryos developing into normal seedlings." Seed Science and Technology 48, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2020.48.2.16.
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Both ginseng and American ginseng are world-famous traditional medicines with multiple bioactivities. The deep dormancy of their seeds causes serious problems in artificial cultivation. However, little is known about the physiological mechanism of seed dormancy and how to shorten the seed dormancy period for these two plant species. An experiment was conducted to determine whether endosperm removal would promote embryo development in ginseng and American ginseng and if in vitro embryos would suffer nutrient deficiency during seedling establishment. The results show that excised embryos developed radicles longer than 2 mm, using any culture method, whereas no germination was observed for intact seeds. Excised embryos, without the endosperm nutrient-supply have the ability of developing into a normal seedling, but in vitro embryos grown on MS medium have greater fresh weight, seedling height and radicle length than those grown on filter paper and pure agar medium. In summary, removing endosperm can overcome physiological dormancy of ginseng and American ginseng seeds, and nutrient level determines the development and growth rate of the embryo.
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Harnly, James, Pei Chen, and Peter de B. Harrington. "Probability of Identification: Adulteration of American Ginseng with Asian Ginseng." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 96, no. 6 (November 1, 2013): 1258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.13-290.
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Abstract The AOAC INTERNATIONAL guidelines for validation of botanical identification methods were applied to the detection of Asian Ginseng [Panax ginseng (PG)] as an adulterant for American Ginseng [P. quinquefolius (PQ)] using spectral fingerprints obtained by flow injection mass spectrometry (FIMS). Samples of 100% PQ and 100% PG were physically mixed to provide 90, 80, and 50% PQ. The multivariate FIMS fingerprint data were analyzed using soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) based on 100% PQ. The Q statistic, a measure of the degree of non-fit of the test samples with the calibration model, was used as the analytical parameter. FIMS was able to discriminate between 100% PQ and 100% PG, and between 100% PQ and 90, 80, and 50% PQ. The probability of identification (POI) curve was estimated based on the SD of 90% PQ. A digital model of adulteration, obtained by mathematically summing the experimentally acquired spectra of 100% PQ and 100% PG in the desired ratios, agreed well with the physical data and provided an easy and more accurate method for constructing the POI curve. Two chemometric modeling methods, SIMCA and fuzzy optimal associative memories, and two classification methods, partial least squares-discriminant analysis and fuzzy rule-building expert systems, were applied to the data. The modeling methods correctly identified the adulterated samples; the classification methods did not.
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Quayyum, H. A., K. F. Dobinson, and J. A. Traquair. "Conidial morphology, virulence, molecular characterization, and host–parasite interactions of selected Alternaria panax isolates on American ginseng." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 9 (October 2005): 1133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-086.
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The fungus Alternaria panax Whetzel causes leaf and stem blight of American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius L.). Six isolates of A. panax, collected from widely separated ginseng-growing areas in North America, were characterized on the basis of their colony and conidial morphology, molecular characteristics, and virulence. Colony morphology on standard media and conidial morphology based on light microscopy showed some variation with geographic locality: Wisconsin isolates were slightly different from Ontario and British Columbia isolates. Isolates from each locality were equally virulent on American ginseng. Ginseng phytotoxin was present in the conidial germination fluid of all isolates. Sequences of the β-tubulin gene from all six isolates were identical as were the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA gene. The ITS1 and ITS2 gene sequences of the six isolates were also identical to those of American and Korean isolates of A. panax deposited in GenBank. Cellulase and pectinase were detected by agar biodiffusion assays of a representative isolate. Germination of conidia of this isolate on ginseng leaflets began within 2 h of application to leaf surfaces, and over 80% of conidia germinated within 12 h of application. Conidia produced one to several germ tubes that grew in all directions over the leaflet surface. The germ tubes formed terminal appressoria over stomatal openings, epidermal cells, and epidermal cell junctions. The frequency of direct penetration into ginseng leaflets was greater than penetration through stomata. Both retraction of plasma membrane and disruption of chloroplast membranes were observed 12 h after leaflet inoculation. At 24 h after inoculation, hyphae were present in both intercellular spaces and inside mesophyll cells. Severe disruption of plasma membrane, chloroplasts, and mitochondria was observed between 24 and 48 h after inoculation.
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Luo, John Zeqi, and Luguang Luo. "American Ginseng Stimulates Insulin Production and Prevents Apoptosis through Regulation of Uncoupling Protein-2 in Cultured β Cells." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3, no. 3 (2006): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nel026.
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American ginseng root displays the ability to achieve glucose homeostasis both experimentally and clinically but the unknown mechanism used by ginseng to achieve its therapeutic effects on diabetes limits its application. Disruption in the insulin secretion of pancreatic β cells is considered the major cause of diabetes. A mitochondrial protein, uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2) has been found to play a critical role in insulin synthesis and β cell survival. Our preliminary studies found that the extracts of American ginseng inhibit UCP-2 expression which may contribute to the ability of ginseng protecting β cell death and improving insulin synthesis. Therefore, we hypothesized that ginseng extracts suppress UCP-2 in the mitochondria of pancreatic β cells, promoting insulin synthesis and anti-apoptosis (a programmed cell-death mechanism). To test the hypothesis, the serum-deprived quiescent β cells were cultured with or without interleukin-1β (IL-1β), (200 pg ml−1, a cytokine to induce β cell apoptosis) and water extracts of American ginseng (25 μg per 5 μl administered to wells of 0.5 ml culture) for 24 h. We evaluated effects of ginseng on UCP-2 expression, insulin production, anti-/pro-apoptotic factors Bcl-2/caspase-9 expression and cellular ATP levels. We found that ginseng suppresses UCP-2, down-regulates caspase-9 while increasing ATP and insulin production/secretion and up-regulates Bcl-2, reducing apoptosis. These findings suggest that stimulation of insulin production and prevention of β cell loss by American ginseng extracts can occur via the inhibition of mitochondrial UCP-2, resulting in increase in the ATP level and the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2, while down-regulation of pro-apoptotic factor caspase-9 occurs, lowering the occurrence of apoptosis, which support the hypothesis.
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Zhu, Lei, Ji Li, Nannan Xing, Dongwei Han, Haixue Kuang, and Pengling Ge. "American Ginseng Regulates Gene Expression to Protect against Premature Ovarian Failure in Rats." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/767124.
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Premature ovarian failure (POF) is defined as lost ovarian functions before the age of 40. Three possible molecular markers (PLA2G4A,miR-29a, andmiR-144) have been identified in our previous study by integrated analysis of mRNA and miRNA expression profiles. The present study aimed to evaluate American ginseng root’s protective potential against POF by studying transcriptional and protein variations between American ginseng treatments and controls in rats. 4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) was administered to rats for 14 days to induce POF. Additionally, American ginseng was administered to POF rats for one month, andPLA2G4A,miR-29a, andmiR-144expressions were measured in rat ovaries by qRT-PCR. PLA2G4A protein expression was examined by Western Blot, and PGE2, LH, FSH, and E2 serum levels were detected by ELISA.PLA2G4AmRNA and protein were downregulated in American ginseng-treated rats,miR-29aandmiR-144levels increased, and PGE2serum levels decreased, while LH, FSH, and E2 increased compared to POF induction alone. Analysis of transcriptional and protein variations suggested that American ginseng protects the ovary against POF by regulating prostaglandin biosynthesis, ovulation, and preventing ovarian aging. High hormone levels (PGE2, FSH, and LH) were reduced, and E2 secretion approached normal levels, leading to improved POF symptoms and abnormal ovulation.
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Estaki, Mehrbod, and Earl G. Noble. "North American ginseng protects against muscle damage and reduces neutrophil infiltration after an acute bout of downhill running in rats." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 40, no. 2 (February 2015): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2014-0331.
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Eccentric muscle contractions such as those experienced during downhill running are associated with inflammation, delayed-onset of muscle soreness, myofiber damage, and various functional deficits. North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties and thus may offset some of this exercise-induced damage. Hence, we tested the hypothesis that intervention with North American ginseng would reduce eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation. Male Wistar rats were fed (300 mg/(kg·day)–1) of either an alcohol (AL) or aqueous (AQ) extract of North American ginseng for 14 days before a single bout of downhill running and were compared with matching nonexercised (C) groups. Plasma creatine kinase levels were significantly reduced in both ginseng treated groups compared with the C group that received a water placebo (p < 0.002). Further, the AQ but not AL group also showed attenuated morphological signs of damage (hemotoxylin and eosin) as well as reduced levels of infiltrating neutrophils (HIS48) in the soleus muscle (p < 0.001). In summary, supplementation with an AQ but not AL extract of North American ginseng was able to reduce eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation.
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Sloley, Brian Duff, Yi-Chan James Lin, Douglas Ridgway, Hugh Alexander Semple, Yun Kau Tam, Ronald Thomson Coutts, Raimar Löbenberg, and Nuzhat Tam-Zaman. "A Method for the Analysis of Ginsenosides, Malonyl Ginsenosides, and Hydrolyzed Ginsenosides Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet and PositiveMode Electrospray IonizationMass Spectrometric Detection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.1.16.
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Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic separation coupled to diode array absorbance and positive mode electrospraymass spectrometric detection has been developed for the analysis of ginsenosides, malonyl ginsenosides, and hydrolyzed ginsenosides in extracts of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (P. quinquefolius). The method is capable of separating, identifying, and quantifying the predominant ginsenosides found in heated alcoholic extracts of Asian and American ginseng roots routinely sold as nutraceuticals. It also separates and identifies the malonyl ginsenosides often found in cold alcoholic extracts of ginseng root and has the potential to quantify these compounds if pure standards are available. Furthermore, it can separate and identify ginsenoside hydrolysis products such as those readily produced in situations mimicking gastric situations, including those used for dissolution studies (i.e., 0.1 N HCl, 37C).
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Quayyum, H. A., M. Gijzen, and J. A. Traquair. "Purification of a Necrosis-Inducing, Host-Specific Protein Toxin from Spore Germination Fluid of Alternaria panax." Phytopathology® 93, no. 3 (March 2003): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.3.323.
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Spore germination fluid of Alternaria panax, the causal agent of Alternaria blight of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), collected from water droplets or aqueous ginseng leaf extracts produced visible water-soaked lesions on wounded, detached leaflets after incubation for 48 h. Maximum development of brown, necrotic spots occurred 4 to 5 days after inoculation on attached and detached ginseng leaflets. Of 15 plant species tested, only American ginseng was susceptible to applications of spore inoculum or spore germination fluid. The phytotoxic activity of the spore germination fluid was destroyed by heat and treatment with proteinase A. The phytotoxic factor was retained by an ultrafiltration membrane with a 30-kDa molecular mass cut-off. Purification of the phytotoxic protein, named AP-toxin, was performed by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Bioactive fractions eluted as a single peak. By comparison with protein standards, a molecular mass of 35 kDa was estimated for the native protein. The denatured protein toxin also had a mass of 35 kDa as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. Production of the protein toxin was induced on American ginseng leaflets and water extracts of ginseng leaves but not on leaves of other nonhost plants and their water extracts. The results show that A. panax produces a host-specific, proteinaceous toxin during colonization and pathogenesis of ginseng leaves.
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Wang, Chong-Zhi, Samantha Anderson, and Chun-Su Yuan. "Phytochemistry and Anticancer Potential of Notoginseng." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 44, no. 01 (January 2016): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x16500026.
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Asian ginseng, American ginseng, and notoginseng are three major species in the ginseng family. Notoginseng is a Chinese herbal medicine with a long history of use in many Oriental countries. This botanical has a distinct ginsenoside profile compared to other ginseng herbs. As a saponin-rich plant, notoginseng could be a good candidate for cancer chemoprevention. However, to date, only relatively limited anticancer studies have been conducted on notoginseng. In this paper, after reviewing its anticancer data, phytochemical isolation and analysis of notoginseng is presented in comparison with Asian ginseng and American ginseng. Over 80 dammarane saponins have been isolated and elucidated from different plant parts of notoginseng, most of them belonging to protopanaxadiol or protopanaxatriol groups. The role of the enteric microbiome in mediating notoginseng metabolism, bioavailability, and pharmacological actions are discussed. Emphasis has been placed on the identification and isolation of enteric microbiome-generated notoginseng metabolites. Future investigations should provide key insights into notoginseng’s bioactive metabolites as clinically valuable anticancer compounds.
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Chang, Young, Joshua Smith, Diane G. Portman, Ritika Oberoi-Jassal, Sahana Rajasekhara, and Mellar P. Davis. "The combination therapy with methylphenidate and American ginseng in cancer-related fatigue." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 26_suppl (October 9, 2016): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.26_suppl.215.
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215 Background: Fatigue is one of common symptoms among patients with cancer. However, little is known about the pathophysiology and effective pharmacologic intervention. Methylphenidate and American Ginseng were recognized for promising results and safe to use as a single therapy. Psycho-stimulants are commonly used and are effective in moderate to severe fatigue. The mechanism behind the evidence for methylphenidate is rebalancing dopamine neurotransmission which is altered in fatigue. The mechanism behind ginseng benefits appears to be improvement in muscle metabolism and reduction in inflammatory responses thought to cause fatigue in cancer. We hypothesized that combination therapy with methylphenidate and American ginseng is superior to single therapy and safe. Methods: We conducted retrospective chart review in the supportive care medicine outpatient clinic between Feb 01, 2015 and Dec 31, 2015. 28 patients were prescribed methylphenidate and American ginseng for 4 weeks. Methylphenidate dosage was between 10-20mg/day. American ginseng dosage was fixed at 2000mg/day (no control of sources). We investigated compliance rate, positive rate and change of fatigue score on ESAS. We also obtained the data for adverse effect ratio and severity as a safety measure. Results: We identified 28 patients (M: F 14/14, Age 50.4) who were prescribed combination therapy with methylphenidate and American ginseng for at least 4 weeks. 18 patients were compliant to combination therapy (Compliance rate 64%). 2 patients (11%) reported Grade 2 adverse effect while on therapy. One patient (5%) became non-compliant during the study period. 15 patients (84%) successfully completed the therapy the average fatigue score of pre and post intervention was 6.93 and 4.13 respectively (mean reduction -2.80, p-Value < 0.0002). 12 patients (80%) showed significant improvement of fatigue (reduced ≥ 2). There was no association between gender and age. Conclusions: Combination therapy with standard dose of methylphenidate and American ginseng were a safe and effective way of treatment for cancer-related fatigue. Further studies to confirm its safety and efficacy are justified.
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Lee, Jin Wook, and Kenneth W. Mudge. "GYPSUM AFFECTS AMERICAN GINSENG'S GROWTH, NUTRITION, AND GINSENOSIDES." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 492C—492. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.492c.
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In the Northeast, wild American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) is typically found growing in the dense shade provided by deciduous hardwood tree species such as a sugar maple, in slightly acidic soils with relatively high calcium content. Woods cultivated ginseng is often grown in forest farming agroforestry systems under similar conditions. Supplemental calcium by soil incorporation of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) is often recommended for woods cultivated ginseng. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of this practice on soil chemical properties, plant growth and quality of American ginseng. In a greenhouse pot culture experiment, 2-year-old seedlings were treated with 0, 2, 4, 8, or 16 Mt·ha–1 gypsum and grown for 12 weeks. Gypsum application decreased soil pH slightly, elevated soil electrical conductivity and increased available soil Ca and sulfate concentrations. Tissue calcium concentration was increased with by gypsum treatment, but shoot and root growth was reduced. HPLC analysis of root ginsenosides revealed that Re, Rb1, Rc, and Rb2, PT ginsenoside (sum of ginsenoside Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd) and total ginsenoside concentration increased by gypsum soil amendment.
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Bai, Dapeng, J. Brandle, and R. Reeleder. "Genetic diversity in North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) grown in Ontario detected by RAPD analysis." Genome 40, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-015.
Full textAbstract:
Genetic diversity within North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) grown in Ontario was investigated at the DNA level using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 420 random decamers were initially screened against DNA from four ginseng plants and 78.8% of them generated RAPD fragments. Thirty-six of the decamers that generated highly repeatable polymorphic RAPD markers were selected for further RAPD analysis of the ginseng population. With these primers, 352 discernible DNA fragments were produced from DNA of 48 ginseng plants, corresponding to an average of 9.8 fragments per primer, of which over 45% were polymorphic. The similarity coefficients among the DNA of ginseng plants analyzed were low, ranging from 0.149 to 0.605 with a mean of 0.412, indicating that a high degree of genetic diversity exists in the ginseng population. Lower levels of genetic diversity were detected among 3-year-old ginseng plants selected on the basis of greater plant height than among the plants randomly selected from the same subpopulation or over the whole population, suggesting that genetic factors at least partly contribute to morphological variation within the ginseng population and that visual selection can be effective in identifying the genetic differences. The significance of a high degree of genetic variation in the ginseng population on its potential for improvement by breeding is also discussed.Key words: Panax quinquefolius, ginseng, RAPD, genetic diversity.
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Dou, De-Qiang, Wen-Bin Hou, and Ying-Jie Chen. "Studies of the Characteristic Constituents of Chinese Ginseng and American Ginseng." Planta Medica 64, no. 06 (August 1998): 585–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957526.
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Kitts, DD, and C. Hu. "Efficacy and safety of ginseng." Public Health Nutrition 3, no. 4a (December 2000): 473–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980000000550.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractGinseng (Panax ginseng, C.A. Meyer) has been a popular herbal remedy used in eastern Asian cultures for thousands of years. In North America, the ginseng species indigenous to both Canada and the United States (Panax quinquefolium) represents an important industry for both domestic and export markets. There are numerous theories and claims describing the efficacy of ginseng, which can combat stress, enhance both the central and immune systems and contribute towards maintaining optimal oxidative status against certain chronic disease states and aging. Risk issues concerning the safety of ginseng at recommended dosages are less prominent and scientifically based. While some epidemiological or clinical studies have reported indications of efficacy for specific health benefits or potential toxicity, there are an equal number of studies that provide contradictory evidence. This situation has led to questionable conclusions concerning specific health benefits or risks associated with ginseng. Recent advances in the development of standardized extracts for both Panax ginseng (G-115) and Panax quinquefolius (CNT-2000) have and will continue to assist in the assessment of efficacy and safety standards for ginseng products. This paper reviews the scientific literature and evidence for ginseng efficacy and safety derived mostly from in vitro and animal studies and places emphasis on the need for more randomized, double-blinded, placebo clinical studies that can provide unequivocal conclusions. An example of the efficacy and safety of ginseng is provided with the description of biological activity of a North American ginseng extract (NAGE), which includes illustrating mechanisms for antioxidant activity without prooxidant properties.
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Nadeau, I., R. R. Simard, and A. Olivier. "The impact of lime and organic fertilization on the growth of wild-simulated American ginseng." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-044.
Full textAbstract:
A 5-yr experiment was undertaken in a red maple forest to evaluate the effects of lime and organic fertilizer application on the growth parameters of wild-simulated American ginseng growing on a very acidi c soil. The application of lime had a positive impact on ginseng emergence and survival rate; it also significantly increased soil Ca, as compared to no application (control). During the last years of the experiment, adding lime also increased leaf area, a s well as shoot and root mass of ginseng. Adding lime and organic fertilizer together positively affected ginseng survival rate and root mass, as compared to adding lime alone. These results indicate that liming can improve the growth and survival of Amer ican ginseng during the first 5 yr of its development in this very acidic maple forest soil. The improvement could be due, at least partly, to increased Ca content in the soil. Addition of organic fertilizer would be beneficial as long as sufficient Ca2+is provided to alleviate the Al toxicity of this soil. Thus, using such cultural practices, wild-cultivation of American ginseng, even in red maple forests, could constitute a valuable alternative to field-cultivation. Key words:
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Kołodziej, Barbara. "The effect of foliar fertilization with Alkalin PK in American ginseng culture." Agronomy Science 63, no. 1 (March 21, 2008): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/as.2008.1.10.
Full textAbstract:
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) is a famous medicinal plant with adaptogenic, immunostimulating and anti-aging properties. In four-year-lasting field experiment located on light loamy sand soil the effect of foliar fertilization with 0.33% Alkalin PK 10:20 (foliar fertil-izer with very high pH-11.5) as well as Alkalin with fungicides on American ginseng yields and morphological parameters were examined.Twice a year Alkaline PK application as well as Alkalin with fungicides positively affected American ginseng root, stem, laeves quality parameters as well as the weight of fruits and seeds. Alkalin also limited plant disease infestation and as a consenquence increased plant population in four consecutive years of vegetation. The applications were connected with higher accumulation of phosphorus and potassium in plant tissues.