Journal articles on the topic 'American essays – 19th century'
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1
Earle, Peter G., and Doris Meyer. "Rereading the Spanish American Essay. Translations of 19th and 20th Century Women's Essays." Hispanic Review 65, no. 2 (1997): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/474421.
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Forns-Broggi, Roberto, and Doris Meyer. "Rereading the Spanish American Essay. Translations of 19th and 20th Century Women's Essays." Chasqui 26, no. 2 (1997): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/29741377.
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Forns-Broggi, Roberto, and Doris Meyer. "Rereading the Spanish American Essay. Translations of 19th and 20th Century Women's Essays." Chasqui 27, no. 2 (1998): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/29741456.
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Cryle, Peter, and Elizabeth Stephens. "Normality: A collection of essays." History of the Human Sciences 34, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695120984074.
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This article introduces a collection of articles written in response to a recently published intellectual and cultural history of normality by Peter Cryle and Elizabeth Stephens. It points to the fact that this special issue considerably extends and enriches the topical range of the book. The articles that follow discuss, in order, schooling in France at the time of the Revolution, phrenology in Europe and the US from 1840 to 1940, relations between commercial practice and scientific craniometry in 19th-century Britain and France, psychology in late 19th-century France, case studies in sexology and psychoanalysis in Central Europe, and biotypology in Southern Europe and Latin America.
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Morozova, Irina V. "Humanistic Traditions of American Literature. (Osipova, Elvira P. The American Accent. Essays of the 19th–20th Century US Writers. Saint-Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya Publ., 2023. 216 p.)." Literature of the Americas, no. 15 (2023): 346–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2023-15-346-355.
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A book by a well-known Russian scholar and literary critic Elvira P. Osipova is a collection of essays written by the author at different times and dedicated to the works of the most significant American writers of the 19–20th centuries. The researcher focuses on the problems of philosophical and social views of writers, the connection of their works with the sociocultural context, and their sense of the tradition of American Romanticism and its humanistic emphasis. The essays are presented in chronological order — from Edgar Allan Poe to the writers of the late 20th century, the principle that allows to trace the humanistic emphasis of American literature throughout its two century history.
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Pluta, Nina. "The New Man in Spanish American Essay and Literature at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Century." Politeja 17, no. 1(64) (February 26, 2020): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.17.2020.64.13.
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This paper aims to show how the “New Man” was defined in different literary and political conceptions that abounded in Spanish American culture at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. Although both Americas were perceived through the stereotype of newness from the very beginning of the colonial era, it is at the end of the 19th century when the necessity to integrate the extremely heteregenous Spanish American societies brought forth a variety of renewal propositions. Focused on the spiritual or economic aspects of a given social or ethnic group (the elites, implicitly white, for Rodó or the working classes, mostly Indian, for the Indigenistas), those conceptions were not able to provide overall solutions for the Spanish American republics, struggling with a deepening neocolonial dependency. Nevertheless, many tendencies and formulas defined in that period – idealistic or politically subversive – have survived through the 20th century and resurfaced in new forms (e.g. the nuevo hombre bolivariano in Venezuela at the beginning of 21st century).
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Verstraete, Ginette. "Railroading America." Theory, Culture & Society 19, no. 5-6 (December 2002): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026327602761899192.
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This article studies the material production and consumption of the national community in 19th-century America. More particularly, it concentrates on the intersection between particular technologies of transportation, representation and dissemination in the spatial and imaginary formation of the American nation in the 1860s. Through an analysis of the contradictory mechanism of placement and displacement, identity and difference at the heart of a particular state-sanctioned field of national production the construction of America's first transcontinental railroad in 19th-century California the essay highlights what tends to remain hidden in narrowly defined `cultural' (textual) approaches to nationhood: its involvement in racial, gendered and class-related divisions between private and public space, home and travel, labour and capital, technology and nature.
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ΘΑΝΑΗΛΑΚΗ, ΠΟΛΛΗ. "ΟΙ ΠΡΟΤΕΣΤΑΝΤΙΚΕΣ ΙΔΕΕΣ, Ο MARK TWAIN ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΠΡΟΤΥΠΟ TOΥ ΠΑΙΔΙΚΟΥ ΧΑΡΑΚΤΗΡΑ ΣΤΟ ΜΙΣΣΙΟΝΑΡΙΚΟ ΒΙΒΛΙΟ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ (19ΟΣ ΑΙ.)." Μνήμων 27 (January 1, 2005): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mnimon.813.
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<p>Polly Thanailaki, The protestant ideas, Mark Twain and the model of the child's character in the missionary books in Greece in the 19th century</p><p>This essay explores the historical evolution which was observed in the shaping of the child's model of character in the American literature books of the 19th century within the frame of the protestant ideas and values. It also studies the impact of this development in the missionary books for children in Greece in the same century. We particularly focus on Mark Twain's revolutionary presence in the American children's literature by, firstly, placing emphasis on the change that the great American author made to the strict puritan model with the shaping of a more liberal and «innocent» children's character and, secondly, by analyzing the response which Twain's books met from the Greek 19th century readers. In this paper we argue that Twain's writing, known for realism, biting social satire and memorable children's characters, influenced the Greek children's literature in the end of the 19th century. The translations of his works started taking the lead in the end of this century in Greece. Moreover, this essay studies the re-shaping of the child's character in the missionary books published in Greece in the mid 19th century. The missionaries also followed the new trend for the children's character. The missionary stories appeared less didactic and strict.</p>
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Raverty, Dennis. "Art Theory and Psychological Thought in Mid-19th-Century America: The Case of The Crayon." Prospects 24 (October 1999): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300000387.
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Associationism as a school of 19th-century psychological thought has been mentioned as an important influence on American landscape painters of that period by several authors, yet little systematic investigation of the influence of contemporaneous psychological theories on 19th-century artistic thought has been attempted. This essay explores these psychological dimensions in the writings of Henry James Sr., Justin Winsor, and John B. Brown, regular contributors to the Crayon: A Journal Devoted to the Graphic Arts and the Literature Related to Them. Published in New York from 1855 to 1861, the Crayon was unique among art publications in its theoretical emphasis. Among the philosophical problems the Crayon took up were questions that today would have been identified as psychological. The ideas of these three authors concerning perception, creativity, and reception are among the clearest and most articulate of the essays in the Crayon in terms of displaying a coherent psychology. Their psychological thought will be extracted from the texts and reconstituted within the contending psychological debates of the time. It will be shown that although associationism was an important influence on artists and critics, other psychological theories stemming from different premises were of equal or even greater importance.
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O. Osovsky. "Е. OSIPOVA. American Novel from Cooper to London. Essays on the History of American Novel of the 19th Century." Social Sciences 47, no. 004 (December 31, 2016): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/ssc.48032578.
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Morgan, David. "The Visual Culture of American Protestantism in the 19th Century." Caminhando 25, no. 2 (September 29, 2020): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15603/2176-3828/caminhando.v25n2p143-165.
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The study of Protestant visual culture requires a number of correctives since many scholars and Protestants themselves presume images have played no role in religious practice. This essay begins by identifying misleading assumptions, proposes the importance of a visual culture paradigm for the study of Protestantism, and then traces the history of image use among American Protestants over the course of the nineteenth century. The aim is to show how the traditional association of image and text, tasked to evangelization and education, evolved steadily toward pictorial imagery and sacred portraiture. Eventually, text was all but eliminated in these visual formats, which allowed imagery to focus on the personhood of Jesus, replacing the idea of image as information with image as formation.
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de Sousa Santos, Maria Irene Ramalho. "American Exceptionalism and the Naturalization of “America”." Prospects 19 (October 1994): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300005044.
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American exceptionalism, Joyce Appleby has recently reminded us, is “America's peculiar form of Eurocentrism.” Now that the multicultural history of the United States is finally being written, nothing would justify another look at American exceptionalism, except perhaps the need to examine the intellectual ways that have hidden American historical and social diversity for so long. In this essay I basically argue that a certain appropriation of the 18th-Century conception of nature as “what is” played a role also in the development of American exceptionalism. The naturalist rhetoric in American discourse in the 19th Century, I further argue, ran parallel to the most savage depredations of nature ever performed by humankind. I am particularly interested in foregrounding the discrepancy between the steady construction of that greatest of modern artifacts, the American nation, and its concomitant self-justification as a thing of nature. The other side of the commodification of America is its naturalization, an idea that I find is supported, whether critically or uncritically, by many American poets and artists. In recent times we have witnessed a number of ecological attempts at the social recovery of nature in the most advanced capitalist countries, including, of course, the United States. I am not concerned here with these developments, of which ecofeminism is arguably one of the most interesting ones.
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Abdurakhmanova-Pavlova, Daria V. "John Woolman’s image in the English non-fiction in the 1850–1940s: Hagiographical motives." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Philology. Journalism 22, no. 2 (May 23, 2022): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2022-22-2-177-185.
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John Woolman, an 18th century Quaker preacher, is known in the history of American literature for his spiritual autobiography titled The Journal (1774). The 1850–1940s is a period when Woolman’s autobiographical character attracts the attention of British and American critics and essay writers. They publish a significant number of non-fiction texts, which contain numerous elements of hagiography in Woolman’s portraiture, depicting him as a saintly proto-abolitionist figure. According to recent studies, the pioneering role in Woolman’s literary “sanctification” belonged to the 19th century American poet John Greenleaf Whittier, and it was his essays about Woolman that established the “hagiographical” tradition. The paper suggests, however, that the poet followed the tradition which had started earlier. The following “hagiographical” elements may be distinguished in the analyzed non-fiction texts: 1) (semi-) anonymity of several texts; 2) frequent use of the adjective “saint” in reference to Woolman; 3) overestimation of Woolman’s historical significance as “the first abolitionist”; comparisons with famous saints; 4) the motif of being born in “a pious family” and “eulogizing on the birthplace of the saint”; 5) historically inaccurate portrayal of Woolman as a poor and semiliterate person; 6) emphasizing such psychological traits as childlikeness and absolute truthfulness. The conclusion is that Woolman’s sanctification was promoted by the historical situation in the USA of the 1850–1940s as well as by The Journal itself and a certain “flexibility” inherent in Woolman’s autobiographical text.
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Gemme, Paola. "Domesticating Foreign Struggles: American Narratives of Italian Revolutions and the Debate on Slavery in the Antebellum Era." Prospects 27 (October 2002): 77–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300001149.
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Reporting on the Roman revolution of 1848 as the foreign correspondent of theNew-York Daily Tribune, Margaret Fuller observed that Americans used the same arguments against the political emancipation of Italy that they employed against the social emancipation of blacks in the United States. “Americans in Italy,” she wrote, “talk about the corrupt and degenerate state of Italy as they do about that of our slaves at home.” “They come ready trained,” she explained, “to that mode of reasoning which affirms that, because men are degraded by bad institutions, they are not fit for better.” This essay builds upon Fuller's comment. It examines American accounts of the Italians' mid-19th-century struggle to free their country from its colonial bond to the Austrian empire and substitute local absolutist monarchies with more enlightened forms of government, and demonstrates that the discourse on revolutionary Italy became the site of a reenactment on foreign grounds of the domestic controversy over slavery. The discussion on whether Italians could become republican subjects was liable to become a mediated debate over emancipation and the future of the African bondsmen in the American republic because of the alleged similarities, both historical and “racial,” between the populations of Italy and blacks in antebellum America. Like the slaves in the United States, Italians had been subjected to brutal despotism for centuries, which, within the 19th-century environmental conception of political virtue, was believed to have negatively affected their aptitude for freedom. Like the black slaves, moreover, Italians were placed by racist ideology outside the pale of the dominant Anglo-Saxon racial category, a political as well as a “biological” class marked by the exclusive capacity for self-government.
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Camacho, Jorge. "The Power of the Archive in El negro Francisco by Antonio Zambrana." Catedral Tomada. Revista de crítica literaria latinoamericana 6, no. 10 (July 31, 2018): 189–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ct/2018.278.
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During most of the 19th century, an important body of literary works appeared outside of Cuba criticizing the institution of slavery on the island, the system’s inherent violence, its sexual practices, and its repercussions on the white population. Among the most famous works published at the time were Sab (1841), by Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, and Cecilia Valdés ([1839] 1882), by Cirilo Villaverde. In this essay, I would like to explore a lesser known novel that was published by a Cuban writer of the following generation—El negro Francisco (1875), by Antonio Zambrana y Vazquez—in order to understand the principal role of the legal and anthropological archives in the novel, as well as the author’s use of newspaper reports and advertisements. How are these texts and styles intertwined in the novel to criticize institutional slavery on the Island? How does the authorial voice appear in the novel when we consider a tradition present since the beginning of the Spanish Conquest of the Americas—which reached the 20th century with novels such as Los pasos perdidos (1958) by Alejo Carpentier? I would base my arguments on Roberto González Echevarría’s interpretation of Latin American novel in Mito y Archivo, una teoría de la narrativa latinoamericana, in which he employs basic concepts of US critical anthropology in order to re-interpret various aspects of 19th century Latin American history.
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Martin, Craig. "Jesus’ Empire or the Empire’s Jesus?" Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 26, no. 2 (May 6, 2014): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700682-12341275.
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Abstract In response to Burton Mack’s argument in “A Secular Bible?” that a Christian myth or “Christian mentality” drives American empire, this essay suggests that Christian myths should be seen as products of empire. As we can see by looking at 19th and 20th century racist and anti-racist versions of Jesus, base determines superstructure at least some of the time.
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Sidoní López and Hanane Belali. "Native American Theater: A Concise History." Miscelánea: A Journal of English and American Studies 54 (December 15, 2016): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_misc/mj.20166882.
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This paper provides a concise and brief history of Native American theater from its beginnings in indigenous oral traditions to its consolidation in the 21st century. To start with, the essay will deal with the origins of American Indian theater in Native oral traditions through storytelling and its performance. The paper will then explore the dark period of Native American drama during the emergence of Native American writing in the 18th and 19th centuries. In like manner, the essay will deal with the emergence of contemporary Native American theater as a genre during the second part of the 20th century through the numerous and multiple Native theater companies and plays. Finally, the paper will conclude with the path towards the consolidation of contemporary indigenous theater during the new millennium and will attempt to shed light on the collections and anthologies of Native American plays, a considerable body of scholarship which has just started to gain momentum, and the promotion of the genre through different institutions, companies and festivals across the country. As will be demonstrated, although Native drama is a relatively new phenomenon in the American literary landscape, the history of its development is long, complex and still developing.
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Morris, K. R. "The Puritan Roots of American Universalism." Scottish Journal of Theology 44, no. 4 (November 1991): 457–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930600025965.
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If the Calvinism of America's Puritan forefathers is anything in relation to a belief in universal salvation, it is its opposite. The Calvinist's belief that Christ's atonement is restricted to effecting the salvation of a limited number of preordained saints is about as far as one can go in the opposite direction from universalism and still retain an aspect of grace and redemption for humanity. But in this essay I will argue that there was a direct link between the Puritan Calvinism of 17th century New England and the widespread movement toward universalism within New England churches in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
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Detsi-Diamanti, Zoe. "The Drama of Colonialism: National Identity and the Construction of theIndian/Otherin Early-19th-Century American Plays." Prospects 30 (October 2005): 87–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s036123330000199x.
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This essay offers insights into the American nation's persistent denial and deep-seated fears of its own inextricably multicultural identity at the time of the American Revolution and the first half of the 19th century. American imperialism, and perhaps this is true of all imperialisms, was founded upon a stable hierarchical relationship between “civilized” and “savage.” Rhetorically, indigenous tribespeople seem to have fitted Frantz Fanon's description of “the realotherwhom the white man perceived on the level of the body image, absolutely as the non-self – that is, the unidentifiable, the unassimilable” (161 n.). On the one hand, the imperialistic drive across the continent in the name of Manifest Destiny, and, on the other, the nation's wishful thinking to constrict the boundaries ofAmerican identityinto a fixed, pure and homogeneous body of values, unleashed the forces of cultural exclusion. In this essay, I try to show how the dominant white society's narcissistic view of itself as an empire operating under the auspices of Divine Providence actually resulted in a series of political acts of nativist violence. I have deliberately chosen to focus on the dramatic literature of the 19th century as a still largely unexplored territory of American literature in order to trace and expose the contradictory representations of the Native American as both historically absent and integral to the nation's conception of its own identity as the “center.”The palefaces are all around us, and they tread in blood. The blaze of our burning wigwams flashes awfully in the darkness of their path. We are destroyed — not vanquished; we are no more, yet we are forever.
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Schelkshorn, Hans. "José Enrique Rodó: The Birth of Latin America Out of Spiritual Revolt." Interdisciplinary Journal for Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Society 5, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 182–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/23642807-00501010.
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Abstract In the second half of the 19th century positivism became the official state doctrine of many countries in southern America. Around 1900, however, the authoritarian positivistic regimes were increasingly criticized due to their cultural imitation on the Anglo-Saxon world and the atheistic ideology. In this context, José Enrique Rodó, a poet and philosopher of Uruguay, called for a critical and creative re-adoption of the “Latin” roots of southern America, specifically Greek culture and early Christianity. In his essay “Ariel” (1900), Rodó sparked a spiritual revolt that especially affected the youth of the whole continent. In contrast to Nietzsche but on the basis of secular reason, Rodó defended a religion of love, which inspired important philosophies in the 20th century, from José Vasconcelos and Antonio Caso to the theologies and philosophies of liberation. Thus, “Latin America” as a self-designation of the South American peoples was essentially inaugurated through the spiritual revolt initiated by José Enrique Rodó.
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Madinabeitia Medrano, Monika. "Basques in the West: Euskara Jalgi Hadi Mundura." Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses, no. 88 (2024): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.recaesin.2024.88.12.
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Thousands of individuals have left the Basque Country, Euskal Herria, throughout its history. In the US West they encountered a language barrier, which had an effect on their relationships and ability to settle in the host nation. Conversely, their educated children spoke English fluently, which accelerated their integration into mainstream America. Euskara, the Basque language, disappeared from many households as an outcome of this assimilation. This essay explores the history of Basque emigration and settlement in the region, the relationship between Euskara and the American West since the 19th century, and highlights some of the ongoing initiatives to advance Euskara and its usage in the region.
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Kuntz-Ficker, Sandra. "LATIN AMERICAN FOREIGN TRADE STATISTICS FOR THE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 36, no. 1 (February 6, 2018): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610917000179.
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AbstractThis essay aims to introduce an issue of the RHE-JILAEH dedicated to the reconstruction of historical trade statistics of Latin American countries. It comments on the early perceptions of the quality and utility of historical trade statistics and on the way in which more recent analyses have overcome the distrust that prevailed until the last third of the 20th century. It then summarises the different criteria and methodologies that have been used to assess the accuracy and reliability of trade statistics in order to make them useful for the purpose of reconstructing new, more complete and precise trade series or re-estimating those available. The introduction ends with a brief description of the contents of this volume.
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Myazin, Nikolay. "The spread of Pentecostalism in Latin America." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 9 (2022): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0017752-6.
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This article presents an essay on the emergence and spread of Pentecostalism in Latin America and forecasts the further spread of Pentecostalism on the continent. The scientific novelty is due to the lack of research literature on the issue when the Pentecostal movement grew significantly in a region traditionally dominated by Catholicism. The 19th century saw the separation of church and state in most countries and the opening of borders to immigrants from Protestant countries, and at the end of the 20th century the largest Protestant Pentecostal churches became widespread. The role of international churches in Latin American Pentecostalism is analyzed, as well as regional characteristics of Protestantism development; the place of Pentecostalism in the Protestant movement is outlined. In the last decade the growth of Pentecostalism has slowed due to the secularization of society. It concludes that most of Latin America will remain Catholic, with many in the region viewing Catholicism solely as part of a cultural tradition.
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Rakitin, Pavel. "R.W. Emerson's Views on the Nature of Historical Knowledge." Philosophy. Journal of the Higher School of Economics IV, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 79–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2587-8719-2020-4-79-112.
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In his moral philosophy of transcendentalism the American essayist, lecturer and poet R.W. Emerson (1803–1882) reflected the quest of a whole generation of American intellectuals for a new spirituality in the first half of the 19th century. Rooted in the heritage of Protestant faith and culture, like many of his ancestors for two centuries, Emerson received spiritual training and education and began his ministry as a pastor of one of the oldest parishes in Boston. However, later, in the course of spiritual and philosophical inquiries, he changed both his worldview and the nature of his creative activity. Emerson evolved from being a pastor for a local community to a popular lecturer to mass audiences across America's cities and states. Considering this change, the paper traces the genesis of R.W. Emerson's historical epistemology as it developed from his early writings (sermons and notebooks, including correspondence) towards his lectures and essays. We start by discussing the interest of Nietzsche in historical ideas of Emerson, identify the points at which their concepts diverge in their attitude towards doctrines of Christianity. We immerse Emerson's perceptions of history in the context of covenant theology, the meaning of Lord's Supper and the nature of Christ as expressed in the opinions of the ministers of Congregational and Unitarian Churches in Massachusetts. Special attention is paid to Emerson's concept of history denying Gospel events as the centre of the world's history and implying a possibility for an authentic and credible reenactment of historical events within the subjective experience of an individual. The analysis involves the essay History, Sermons No.5 and No.162, the Lectures on the Gospels and on the Philosophy of History.
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Kallenberg, Vera. "Die Pionierinnen der Pionierin. Zu Gerda Lerners »The Grimké Sisters from South Carolina. Pioneers for Women’s Rights and Abolition« (1967/2004)." Aschkenas 33, no. 2 (November 28, 2023): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asch-2023-2016.
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Abstract This article traces the history of the double biography »The Grimké Sisters« (1967/2004) by Gerda Lerner, an American Jewish historian who, as a Viennese Jew, escaped Nazi Europe for the United States in 1939. Focusing on the history of the making of »The Grimké Sisters«, the essay analyzes Lerner’s book as ›life writing‹. It demonstrates Gerda Lerner‘s (1920–2013) becoming scholarly persona in the context of her self-interpretation of the Grimké Sisters as her own figures of identification and role model. By showing the nexus of African Americans’ rights and women’s rights in the Grimké sisters’ engagement, Gerda Lerner processed the own in the foreign. In doing so, Lerner’s interest in white abolitionism and the women’s rights movement in the 19th century U.S. echoes her multiple outsider and persecution experiences as a Jewish emigrant, left-wing feminist, and pioneer in Women’s history in the 20th century.
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Newman, Richard. "Early Black Thought Leaders and the Reframing of American Intellectual History." Journal of the Early Republic 43, no. 4 (December 2023): 631–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915166.
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Abstract: This essay examines the broad impact of African American thought leadership on early American intellectual history. Though marginalized in many mainstream histories of American intellectual life–which often focus on the emergence of Black philosophers and Black professional historians later in the 19th century -- early national Black thinkers helped shape public understanding of critical ideas in American society and politics, including the meaning of citizenship and civil rights, emancipation and equality, and racial justice. African Americans also influenced public discourses on other key topics in American intellectual life, including the nature of human dignity and spiritual redemption in the Second Great Awakening, the meaning of Romanticism and Transcendentalism in American reform culture, and the authority of science and technology in antebellum society. Using the concept of thought leadership as a framing device to understand the power and impact of early Black ideas, I follow recent trends in the field of African American intellectual history that focus on that way that African American men and women became public authorities on key ideas and issues in American culture between the American Revolution and Civil War. Though they did not often occupy positions of educational, institutional, or legal power (the main provinces of intellectual leadership), Black thought leaders had a significant impact on early American intellectual history.
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Augst, Thomas. "The Commerce of Thought: Professional Authority and Business Ethics in 19th-Century America." Prospects 27 (October 2002): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300001137.
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This essay explores the ways that professions seek to claim social distinction by investing particular ways of knowing with moral authority. Through close analysis of popular representations of merchants in conduct books, business manuals, periodicals such asHunt's Merchant's Magazine, and biographical sketches, it describes a pervasive campaign to define business as a form of mental work. Representing the marketplace as a distinctively American school for character, merchants and their advocates sought to appropriate the moral authority traditionally associated with the learned professions of the ministry, the law, and medicine. Developing a critique of elitist pedagogy based on solitary reading, this campaign sought to identity expert knowledge with the practical experience of business. Redefining the relation between study and professional authority, the rhetoric of business helped to alter the symbolic value of education and to transform the nature of ethical reflection for liberal capitalism.
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CAHAN, DAVID. "Helmholtz and the shaping of the American physics elite in the Gilded Age." Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 35, no. 1 (September 1, 2004): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsps.2004.35.1.1.
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ABSTRACT: This essay concerns Helmholtz's relationships with American physics students and colleagues, and with his general image in Gilded Age America. His person, his teaching style, his views on the nature and function of science and its role within culture at large, and his institutional facilities played an important part in shaping the views of young American scientists and the institutional structures that they developed. The essay samples Helmholtz's reputation among American men of science and letters, and surveys the American physics students and postdocs who studied with him in Berlin or worked in or simply visited him and his institute there. It points to the leadership roles that several of these men played in their own academic institutions and their new emerging discipline. It provides an analysis of Helmholtz as a teacher and mentor of American physics students, and considers the special case of Henry Rowland's relationship with Helmholtz and his Berlin institute. Finally, it suggests that Helmholtz played a role, as inspirer, in the emergence of four key institutions of American physics——The physical review, The astrophysical journal, the American Physical Society, and the National Bureau of Standards. American physics students and postdocs in the Gilded Age idolized and lionized Helmholtz as a hero of pure science and research, as the embodiment of what it meant to be a physicist. As such, he helped shape the professional ideals and reality of the American physics elite that emerged during the late-19th century.
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Kniaź-Hunek, Lidia. "The (R)evolution of Music Video in American Music Industry." New Horizons in English Studies 8 (December 23, 2023): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/nh.2023.8.163-176.
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The essay offers a concise historical examination of the evolution of music videos and places this medium within the broader context of the popular music industry, which is influenced by the principles of late capitalism. The study highlights the significance of music videos in the popular music industry and media studies, underscoring their role as both promotional and artistic products. It traces the medium's development, from its early days as "illustrated songs" in the late 19th century to the MTV era's explosion, marked by groundbreaking music video directors and the digital turn in the 21st century, which has reshaped the landscape of music video production, distribution, and reception. The article also addresses emerging trends, such as visual albums and changes in video length and format, reflecting shifts in music consumption and technology. In conclusion, it asserts that music videos continue to evolve, challenging conventions and fostering a multisensory, intermedial relationship with audiences.
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Chafe, William H. "History Matters." American Studies in Scandinavia 50, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v50i1.5691.
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This essay surveys the degree to which racism has been a dominant theme – indeed, often the single most important theme – of all American history. It shaped the Constitution, dominated Congressional and judicial controversies during the first six decades of the 19th century, and then continued to shape the country’s politics, economy, and social structure all the way through the present. This essay also emphasizes the degree to which black resistance of racism was a constant, taking on different forms depending on the politics and culture of the times, but always present. It discusses the emergence of the modern civil rights movement in the years after World War II, but argues that, notwithstanding the legislative and judicial gains made as a result of that movement, racism remains a central and structural reality in America to this day, most notably visible in the mass incarceration of blacks, and the economic and social inequalities that continue to be pervasive in contemporary America.
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Langer, Erick D. "The Eastern Andean Frontier (Bolivia and Argentina) and Latin American Frontiers: Comparative Contexts (19th and 20th Centuries)." Americas 59, no. 1 (July 2002): 33–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2002.0077.
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The epic struggles between Mexicans and the Apaches and Comanches in the far northern reaches of the Spanish empire and the conflict between gauchos and Araucanians in the pampas in the far south are the images the mind conjures up when thinking of Latin American frontiers. We must now add for the twentieth century the dense Amazon jungle as one of the last frontiers in popular (and scholarly) minds. However, these images ignore the eastern Andean and Chaco frontier area, one of the most vital and important frontier regions in Latin America since colonial times, today divided up into three different countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay) in the heart of the South American continent. This frontier region has not received sufficient attention from scholars despite its importance in at least three different aspects: First, the indigenous peoples were able to remain independent of the Creole states much longer than elsewhere other than the Amazon. Secondly, indigenous labor proved to be vitally important to the economic development along the fringes, and thirdly, a disastrous war was fought over the region in the 1930s by Bolivia and Paraguay. This essay provides an overview based on primary and secondary sources of the history of the eastern Andean frontier and compares it to other frontiers in Latin America. It thus endeavors to contribute to frontier studies by creating categories of analysis that make possible the comparisons between different frontiers in Latin America and placing within the scholarly discussion the eastern Andean region during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
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Ritchie, David. "Reclaiming a unified American narrative." Metaphor and the Social World 9, no. 2 (November 5, 2019): 242–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.18019.rit.
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Abstract As part of an on-going project to apply metaphor analysis to understanding the cultural polarization that has recently obstructed discourse about political and cultural issues in both the United States and Europe, this essay examines the lexical, grammatical, and story metaphors in a recent editorial column, by conservative columnist Ross Douthat, that also focuses on this topic. In a key section of the essay, Douthat uses a blend of complex grammatical and lexical metaphors to highlight the contrast between the traditional American identity narrative of settlement and conquest and a recently emerged liberal counter-narrative, which Douthat epitomizes by quoting former President Obama’s repeated insistence that “That’s not who we are.” Douthat’s argument is contextualized by the reproduction of an image with the title “Engraving of a massacre of Indian women and children in Idaho by 19th century white settlers,” which strengthens the contrasts and implied ironies embedded in his complex combination of grammatical and lexical metaphors. These relationships are brought into sharp focus through the metaphor-led analysis of the text and its interaction with the image, demonstrating the value of this approach to discourse analysis.
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Maillo-Pozo, Sharina. "Resisting Colonial Ghosts." Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 23, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07990537-7703368.
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Through a discussion of Dixa Ramírez’s Colonial Phantoms: Belonging and Refusal in the Dominican Americas, from the 19th Century to the Present (2018), this essay highlights and expands on the ways Dominican and Dominican American women have negotiated, resisted, and refused their historical obliteration in Western imaginaries. Three questions guide the commentary: How have Afro-Dominican women been ghosted from national building projects in both the Dominican Republic and the United States? How have Afro-Dominican women writers and performers refused traditional understandings of gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, and nationality? How do the works of these women remind us that silences, omissions, and exclusions from dominant narratives are irresolute forms of violence executed and perpetuated by Western powers and constantly replicated by the Dominican intellectual and economic elite?
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Zanin, Marcela. "Call to Julián del Casal. The poet’s life in José Lezama Lima and Antonio José Ponte." Anclajes 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/anclajes-2021-2518.
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The article deals with biographical mediation in Latin America. It examines the process of construction and deconstruction of the life of an emblematic 19th century Cuban poet: Julián del Casal. The poem “Oda a Julián del Casal” (1963) by José Lezama Lima, written for the centenary of Casal’s death, reflects on the possibility of building a vital poetic life as an alternative to the Cuban literary and cultural system. This question about the meaning of life, made by one poet to another, underlines the disruptive mode of creation that the Lezamian position enables, from “Julián del Casal” (1941) and “Oda a Julián del Casal” (1963), to the essays on Casal by Antonio José Ponte in El libro perdido de los origenistas (2004).
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Murphy, Peter. "Naturalism from Forest to Village in William Gilmore Simms's “The Arm-chair of Tustenuggee”." Prospects 28 (October 2004): 73–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300001435.
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William Gilmore Simms's “The Arm-chair of Tustenuggee: A Legend of the Catawba” (1840) frames the lives of colonial Catawba Indians in a naturalistic environment extending from the wild to the domestic; nonetheless, Simms also manages to incorporate elements of realism and romanticism in the tale to provide a blend of perspectives that complement one another. Perhaps most importantly in the context of 19th-century Native American literary studies, the story humanizes the native, providing a tale that realistically and humorously points out aspects of human conflict to which all people are susceptible. This work, among others by Simms dealing with the Native American that are discussed in this essay, effectively counters the generalization that colonial works invariably stereotype the native as noble savage.
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Nattiez, Jean-Jacques. "Can One Speak of Narrativity in Music?" Journal of the Royal Musical Association 115, no. 2 (1990): 240–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrma/115.2.240.
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The question of musical narrativity, while by no means new, is making a comeback as the order of the day in the field of musicological thought. In May 1988 a conference on the theme ‘Music and the Verbal Arts: Interactions’ was held at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire. A fortnight later, a group of musicologists and literary theorists was invited to the Universities of Berkeley and Stanford to assess, in the course of four intense round-table discussions, whether it is legitimate to recognize a narrative dimension in music. In November of the same year, the annual conference of the American Musicological Society in Baltimore presented a session entitled ‘Text and Narrative’, chaired by Carolyn Abbate, and, at the instigation of Joseph Kerman, a session devoted to Edward T. Cone's The Composer's Voice. A number of articles deal with the subject in our specialized periodicals: I am thinking in particular of the studies published in 19th-Century Music by Anthony Newcomb – ‘Once More “Between Absolute and Programme Music”: Schumann's Second Symphony’ and ‘Schumann and Late Eighteenth-Century Narrative Strategies’ – or, on the French-speaking side of musicology, of Marta Grabocz's article ‘La sonate en si mineur de Liszt: une stratégie narrative complexe’ and the essays of the Finnish semiologist Eero Tarasti. No doubt a good many articles will emerge from the above conferences. And we are awaiting the appearance of Carolyn Abbate's book Unsung Voices: Narrative in Nineteenth-Century Music.
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Podlecka, Natalia. "Individualism in the United States in the 19th Century in Terms of Sociolinguistics on the Example of Works by R. W. Emerson and H. D. Thoreau." Forum Filologiczne Ateneum, no. 1(8)2020 (November 1, 2020): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36575/2353-2912/1(8)2020.273.
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Individualism is today a part of the American identity. Due to the short history of the U.S. the American people were in need to create their own customs and traditions. That is why there are manifold philosophical and political writings involving the characteristics of an American and views on ideal versions of the young country. However different those views may be, there are motifs that repeatedly occur over time and individualism is one of the most popular themes. This research discusses the involvement of two representatives of the Transcendental Movement in the U.S., Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, in the formation of American ethos. The study is based on the analysis of the essay "Self-Reliance" by Emerson and fragments of Thoreau's book Walden and his essay "Civil Disobedience". Not only is the substance of the texts is analysed, but also the vocabulary choices and their possible consequences.
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Levander, Caroline. "Pauline Hopkins and Psychologies of Race." Prospects 28 (October 2004): 203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300001484.
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Over the last decade, scholars of American cultural studies have taken as one of its central tasks identification of the ways in which Anglo-American writing is bound up in the African American tradition against which it had historically tended to distinguish itself. This project has involved, on the one hand, deconstructing distinctions between Afro-American and Anglo-American literary traditions and, on the other, affirming the distinctiveness of an Afro-American literary tradition by reclaiming lesser-known African American literary texts, such as Pauline Hopkins's Of One Blood; Or, The Hidden Self. Indeed, the wealth of recent critical analyses of Pauline Hopkins's now almost canonical 1902 serial novel has engaged these two distinct lines of inquiry. By using the second half of her title as a way of understanding the first — that is, by assessing how William James's popular 1892 essay for Scribner's Monthly, entitled “The Hidden Self,” operates as an organizing principle for Hopkins's fictional account of bloodlines — scholars have charted a series of interconnections between Afro-American and Anglo-American traditions even as they have made a case for the value of Hopkins's sensation novel. Familiar with James's contention that there is a “hidden self” within the individual, Hopkins, in these accounts, appropriates James's term to express the social condition of the African American after Reconstruction. Just as James's student, W. E. B. DuBois, declares in an 1897 essay for the Atlantic Monthly that the African American experiences an inevitable “double-consciousness” proceeding from “two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body,” so too does Pauline Hopkins, in these accounts, use James's description of a “consciousness split into parts which coexist” as a way of expressing the psychosocial condition of late-19th-century African Americans.
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Funda, Evelyn I. "“With Scalpel and Microscope in Hand”: The Influence of Professor Lucius Sherman's 19th-Century Literary Pedagogy on Willa Cather's Developing Aesthetic." Prospects 29 (October 2005): 289–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300001770.
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Today few, if any, scholars of American literature have heard of University of Nebraska English Professor Lucius Adelno Sherman (Figure 1), and if they know of him at all, it is likely through his antagonistic association with a young Willa Cather, who had been his student in Nebraska in the 1890s (more on that relationship in the latter part of this essay). During that last decade of the 19th century, however, this Yaleeducated professor was becoming well known in his own right as a soughtafter educator and literary critic who, during his more than fifty-year career, wrote seven books on the study of literature and education and edited several others.
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Fang, Renee. "An Analysis of the Causes of Alienation in Edward Hoppers Works." Communications in Humanities Research 10, no. 1 (October 31, 2023): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/10/20231343.
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Known as a representative of the school of American Realism, Edward Hopper has made a substantial impact on American art and pop culture, including the film industry. The works of Edward Hopper are known to demonstrate a sense of alienation among subjects. His subjects usually appear with a sense of loneliness, even when they are not physically alone. This essay attempts to explore the causes behind the sense of alienation conveyed in Hoppers paintings. The study of alienation has a long history, and this analysis focuses on a more modern context. Thus, alienation will be discussed as a product of urbanization and industrialization. Alienation results from both external and internal causes; external causes emerge from the social milieu of the late 19th and 20th century, while internal causes originate from Hoppers life experiences. Additionally, this essay also analyzes the different manifestations of alienation in the works of Edward Hopper through selected works, such as Soir Bleu, Room in New York, Office in a Small City, etc.
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Millner, Marlon. "One, One, One… One Way to God? A review essay of "In Jesus Name": The History and Beliefs of Oneness Pentecostals." Pneuma 31, no. 2 (2009): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/027209609x12470371387967.
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Abstract"In Jesus' Name" is a groundbreaking work on Oneness Pentecostalism. It seeks to be an exhaustive study, which historically situates OP culturally and theologically within a long tradition of Pietism dating back hundreds of years in Europe, and Christocentrism found in American Evangelicalism of the 19th century. However, in lifting up an African-American as the exemplar of Oneness Pentecostalism, the book introduces the person's "black heritage" as an interpretive key, but then fails to follow through on this insight, despite several works around Oneness Pentecostalism, in particular, and race. This leaves open the possibility that there is a significant hole in an otherwise comprehensive monograph. Indeed, closer attention to social location and the theological problem of race, would have paid off with material that indeed moves the tradition from so-called heterodoxy to a more robust, if contested, conversation with the dogmatic tradition, which the author seeks.
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Sambo, Elisabetta. "1. Michele Lazzaroni (1863-1934), tra contraffazione e restauro." Studiolo 11, no. 1 (2014): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/studi.2014.957.
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A Fake Renaissance ? Research on the history of the art market and collecting in the 18th and 19th century often evoke, albeit until now in passing, the singular figure of an amateur dealer : Baron Michele Angelo Lazzaroni (1863-1934). These essays explore the dealing and collecting activities of Michele Lazzaroni, a great mind and financier at the time of the Italian unification. I. Michele Lazzaroni, between Counterfeiting and Restauration The first essay uses hitherto unpublished documents to shed light on Baron Lazzaroni’s activities as a dealer, carried out, often shamelessly, between Rome, Paris and Nice. In order to feed continuously the high demand – coming in particular from the American art market – for Italian “masterpieces” of the High Renaissance, he regularly had damaged or inferior works extensively over painted to create works of art in a Renaissance style that was as showy as it was implausible. These could in fact be called authentic fakes. II. Baron Michele Lazzaroni and Sculpture. Through the review of the unpublished correspondence with Adolfo Venturi and the discovery of a series of contemporary photographs, this essay sheds light on the strategies and cautious literary manoeuvres that aimed to consolidate Michele Lazzaroni’s status on the global art market. By disseminating works of art presented as authentic, whether presumed so or counterfeit, the Baron managed to position them on the market by endowing them with the aura of potential Renaissance masterpieces. With this in mind, it is interesting to examine Lazzaroni’s keen interest in sculpture and reconstruct the history of a few examples that once formed part of his collection, such as the Bust of the Emperor Palaeologus attributed to Filarete.
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Knight, Thomas Daniel. "Immigration, Identity, and Genealogy: A Case Study." Genealogy 3, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy3010001.
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This paper examines the life and experiences of a 19th-century immigrant from the British Isles to the United States and his family. It examines his reasons for immigrating, as well as his experiences after arrival. In this case, the immigrant chose to create a new identity for himself after immigration. Doing so both severed his ties with his birth family and left his American progeny without a clear sense of identity and heritage. The essay uses a variety of sources, including oral history and folklore, to investigate the immigrant’s origins and examine how this uncertainty shaped the family’s history in the 19th and 20th centuries. New methodologies centering on DNA analysis have recently offered insights into the family’s past. The essay ends by positing a birth identity for the family’s immigrant ancestor. Importantly, the family’s post-immigration experiences reveal that the immigrant and his descendants made a deliberate effort to retain aspects of their pre-immigration past across both time and distance. These actions underscore a growing body of literature on the limits of post-immigration assimilation by immigrants and their families, and indicate the value of genealogical study for analyzing the immigrant experience.
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Little, J. I. "The Methodistical way: Revivalism and popular resistance to the Wesleyan Church discipline in the Stanstead Circuit, Lower Canada, 1821-52." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 31, no. 2 (June 2002): 171–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000842980203100204.
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This essay examines the dynamic between the British Wesleyan missionaries and the American-origin population of the Stanstead Circuit within Lower Canada's Eastern Townships. It finds that early revivals were followed by years of slow church growth and stagnation as the missionaries were unable, or unwilling, to develop the lay leadership network that was a central feature of the Methodist system. By the middle of the 19th century, attempts to impose the church discipline on the local population had made relatively little progress in the face of the Rebellions of 1837-38, the Millerite religious revival, the incursion of radical Methodist splinter groups, and ongoing popular resistance to an externally dictated denominational exclusivism that posed a threat to local community bonds.
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Camacho Guzmán, Gustavo, and Karen Bonilla Corrales. "El pensamiento centroamericano del siglo XIX: política y educación (Central American Thought in the 19th Century: Politics and Education)." LETRAS 2, no. 62 (February 28, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rl.1-62.3.
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El siglo XIX marcó cambios en el accionar político y social de la región centroamericana. Mediante el ensayo, el pensamiento intelectual de los principales personajes del Istmo se manifestó de manera prolífica. Sus reflexiones se orientaban a la creación de propuestas sobre nuevos modos de vida de las antiguas colonias, a la vez que surgieron los proyectos de identidad nacional en los cinco países de la región, ahora independientes. Este artículo muestra un somero panorama de las principales posturas adoptadas en la educación y la religión como ejes transversales de la praxis política y cultural de estos intelectuales. Abstract The nineteenth century marked the political and social action of the Central American region. Through the essay, the intellectual thought of the outstanding figures of this isthmus became prolific. Their reflections were oriented towards the creation of proposals on new ways of life in the old colonies. At the same time projects for the national identity of the independent countries of the region also appeared. This article provides a brief overview of the main positions in education and religion cutting across the political and cultural praxis of these intellectuals.
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Joyce, Justin A. "“Deserve1093-4537S got [everything] to do with it”: Unforgiven, revenge, and the revival of the western." International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior 17, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijotb-17-02-2014-b005.
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This essay weds conceptions of justice within Public Administration to the theme of revenge in the Hollywood Western, arguing that the revival of the genre in the 1990s reflects changes in the public conception of due process and equality before the law. The Western genre’s evolution is illustrative of the way definitions of justice are socially, contextually specific. Unforgiven illustrates this shift because the violence in the film symbolizes the vengeance culture so anathema to American notions of procedural justice and explores shifting conceptions of justice through a 19th century allegory of injustice, the heart of which is the treatment of a person as property. This fantasy of the violent resolution of conflict is examined against Public Administration's insistence upon resolving competing conceptions of the good through peaceful, deliberative modalities.
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Elshakry, Marwa. "Introduction." International Journal of Middle East Studies 47, no. 3 (July 28, 2015): 555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743815000549.
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This roundtable brings together a diverse group of scholars to ask how a critical engagement with science studies, writ large, might allow us to rethink the modern history of the Middle East. They speak in the name of a number of disciplines, including: archaeology, agriculture, engineering, geography, medicine, natural philosophy, public health, psychology, sociology, and urban planning. And they cover a wide array of local, regional, and even international networks of expertise and experts. These included (to name a few) a British engineer who worked in colonial Egypt and India calculating the future demography of water supplies and sewage systems; American, Palestinian, and Zionist agricultural researchers and proponents of dry-land cultivation and colonization in Ottoman Palestine; Ottoman Arab and Turkish nationalists in Istanbul who debated the metaphysical and political implications of positivism; and, finally, the various experts and political actors who fought over the preservation (and destruction) of antique material artifacts and objects in Iraq and Egypt from the 19th century to the present. What we might claim they have in common, however, is a concern with the rise of the “modern state”—another broad category here encompassing a range of imperial, colonial, and national states in the region, and the multiple claims for legal and political sovereignty that they spawned. Of course, interlacing these questions of sovereignty, particularly in this context, as the essays show, is a further set of questions organized around the various forms of power that both these new states and these new sciences exercised. We could say, therefore, that collectively these essays reflect upon the coterminous rise of epistemic, material, and political orders in the region, and that, in the process, they contribute to our understanding of the ideas and practices claimed on behalf of both “science” and the “state.”
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Knadler, Stephen P. "Educating the “Immortal Pupil”: Emerson's Identity Politics and the Question of Freedom in the Age of Reform." Prospects 18 (October 1993): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300004853.
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An Emersonian notion of originality and autonomy has over the last century and a half evolved into an enduring part of our cultural heritage. In a nation fractured by racial or class barriers, this assertive individualism continues for many to hold forth the hope of a fundamental principle overlapping our cultural divisions. Of course, this self-reliance has not gone unquestioned in an age of postmodern skepticism. If once a defiance of history and society seemed the American Adam's heroic gesture, recent critics such as Frank Lentricchia and Donald Pease have pointed out the Emersonian self s inescapable ties to the overdeterminate world of discourse. Not only have recent critics dismissed the plausibility of Emerson's idealism, they have disavowed its ideology of solipsistic independence that repudiates collective life. What I would like to do is to pose the problem of Emersonian individualism differently, to frame the terms of the debate less according to false oppositions between authenticity and culture, self and society, or freedom or fate, than in terms of complex negotiations about social authority undertaken in response to the “age of reform's” blurring of traditional distinctions between the public and private. In the second quarter of the 19th Century, the push toward state-sponsored education, specifically, was refiguring power in terms of socialization. Within his essays, Emerson acknowledges that identity is, and could only be, a social construct. Rather than trying to elude the fate of circumstances, Emerson, it might better be argued, attempts to redefine the nature and limitations of freedom in a world where, as he says in his lecture on “Culture” (March, 1851), “education” has superseded politics.
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Cardinal, Bradley J. "Promoting Physical Activity Education Through General Education: Looking Back and Moving Forward." Kinesiology Review 9, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/kr.2020-0031.
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Concerns about college and university student health date back to at least the mid-19th century. These concerns were addressed through the development and implementation of required, service-based physical activity education programs. In the 1920s–1930s, 97% of American colleges and universities offered such programs. Today less than 40% do. However, student health issues persist. This essay asserts that kinesiology departments are best suited to address these needs by delivering physical activity education courses through their institution’s general education curriculum. General education courses are those that every student must take in order to develop the competencies necessary for living a full and complete life and contributing to society. Given the growing costs of higher education, any such requirement must be justifiable. Therefore, implementing and sustaining a physical activity education general education requirement is not for the faint of heart; it requires effort, resources, support, and time. This essay explores these issues.
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Brantly, Susan. "Nordic Modernism for Beginners." Humanities 7, no. 4 (September 20, 2018): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h7040090.
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This essay proposes a narrative of the Nordic countries’ relationship to modernism and other major literary trends of the late 19th and 20th centuries, that situates them in conjunction with the rest of Europe. “Masterpieces of Scandinavian Literature: the 20th Century” is a course that has been taught to American college students without expertise in literature or Scandinavia for three decades. This article describes the content and methodologies of the course and how Nordic modernisms are explained to this particular audience of beginners. Simple definitions of modernism and other related literary movements are provided. By focusing on this unified literary historical narrative and highlighting the pioneers of Scandinavian literature, the Nordic countries are presented as solid participants in European literary and cultural history. Further, the social realism of the Modern Breakthrough emerges as one of the Nordic countries distinct contributions to world literature.