Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'American depositary receipts'

This study uses the tools of accounting research in an exploratory examination of American Depositary Receipts (ADRs). ADRs are registered certificates that represent specified amounts of foreign stocks held in trust by the banks issuing the ADRs. They are used to avoid the day-to-day problems created by international securities transactions. The empirical portion of this study considers three research areas linking ADRs and accounting. The first question considers whether ADR firms show financial accounting information that is characteristically different from that for non-ADR firms. The major conclusion is that corporate size is the predominant distinguishing factor. The second question is whether the portion of the periodic returns on ADR investments caused by foreign currency exchange effects is significant. The major conclusion to this section is that foreign exchange effects can significantly affect ADR returns, but not in a consistent manner. The third area examines whether ADR returns are more closely correlated with the American markets on which they trade or with the foreign markets on which their underlying shares trade. This portion of the study shows that every possible correlation combination exists among the sample ADRs. In addition to considering these empirical questions, this study includes a thorough historical investigation of the origin and evolution of the ADR as a financial instrument.
Ph. D.

I.1 Motivation Exchange rates are a key issue in international economics and politics. While the determinants of exchange rates have been extensively studied in previous works, this dissertation contributes to the literature by deriving exchange rate expectations from stock market (ADR) data and analyzing their determinants. This exercise is done for three cases where one has to resort to exchange rate expectations since the national exchange rate is either manipulated by the central bank (the first paper in Chapter II), fixed in pegged exchange rate regimes (the second paper in Chapter III), or not existent as the considered country is part of a currency union and therefore has no national currency (the third paper in Chapter IV). The first paper presented in Chapter II analyzes exchange rate expectations for the case of China in the period 1998-2009 in order to test standard exchange rate theories. American officials repeatedly accused China of systematically undervaluing its currency against the U.S. dollar , which produces political tensions between both countries. A recent climax in this dispute was reached on September 28, 2010, when the House of Representatives passed the Currency Reform for Fair Trade Act, which would allow the imposition of import duties for countries with undervalued currencies, namely China. Although this bill did not pass the Senate, Chinese officials clearly opposed the bill arguing against significant undervaluation of the yuan and in favor of political opportunism of U.S. officials. As the assessments of a fair exchange rate significantly differ among officials of both countries, the Chinese-American exchange rate dispute continues. Measuring the development of market determined exchange rate expectations may help to find a compromise in this international political dispute and knowing the determinants of these expectations may help to identify macroeconomic policies necessary to influence future exchange rates. The second paper presented in Chapter III investigates the development of exchange rate expectations and their determinants for the currency crisis episodes in Argentina (2001-2002), Malaysia (1998-1999), and Venezuela (1994-1996 and 2003-2007). Large devaluations of Southeast Asian and Latin American currencies were to be observed during the currency crises in the 1990’s and at the beginning of the last decade. Due to an appreciation of foreign currency denominated debt, capital withdrawals, and bank runs, for example, currency crises typically lead to significant output losses in the affected economies (Hutchison and Noy, 2002). Avoiding currency crisis outbreaks has therefore become one of the major policy goals in many developing countries, which may explain the rapid accumulation of foreign exchange reserves aimed to fend off speculative attacks in these countries. The costs of this currency crisis prevention policy are however often overseen. Since foreign exchange reserves are typically invested in U.S. Treasuries, they yield a relatively low return compared to the high cost of domestic capital in these countries. Moreover, foreign exchange reserves may lose in value as the domestic currency appreciates against the U.S. dollar (Rodrik, 2006). An alternative way to avoid the outbreak of currency crises may be to regularly adjust the official exchange rate (typically managed by the domestic central bank) to levels in line with market expectations. Knowing market-based exchange rate expectations and their determinants may therefore be a cheaper way to avoid currency crises than holding excess amounts of foreign exchange reserves. The third paper presented in Chapter IV uses daily ADR data to analyze the determinants of the risk of withdrawals from the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) for the five vulnerable member countries Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain for the period 2007-2009. The subprime lending crisis has triggered significant financial turmoil in the EMU. Banking systems were destabilized and the governments of Greece, Ireland, and Portugal had to be bailed out. Reasserting national authority over monetary policy may help domestic policymakers to address the problems caused by banking and sovereign debt crises or an overvalued euro at national discretion. While the abandonment of fixed exchange rate regimes has so far been analyzed for countries with national currencies, the financial vulnerabilities in the EMU offer a new case to study the possibility of withdrawals from a monetary union. Although a country’s membership in the EMU is typically considered irreversible, many authors agree that sovereign states can choose to leave the EMU (Cohen, 1993; Scott, 1998; Buiter, 1999; Eichengreen, 2007). The new Treaty of Lisbon now includes a provision outlining voluntary withdrawal from the Union, which may cause the members to re-think the pros and cons of remaining in the EMU. Although the European Central Bank (ECB) has implemented measures meant to support the banking sectors and governments in the EMU, autonomous national central banks would probably pursue more expansionary monetary policies. By analyzing the determinants of exchange rate expectations in the monetary union one may therefore analyze the drivers of the risk of withdrawal from the EMU. I.2 Deriving exchange rate expectations from prices of American Depositary Receipts Measuring movements in exchange rate expectations is a relatively easy task for currencies in which a liquid and free forward exchange market exists. For the cases considered in this dissertation, however, the forward exchange market either produces bad forecasts or does not even exist. For the case of China, the yuan/U.S. dollar forward exchange rate is most likely managed by the Chinese central bank in the course of its foreign exchange market intervention policies, which hampers its ability to provide good signals for the future spot market exchange rate (see, for example, Wang, 2010). For the considered member countries of the EMU, no national currencies exist and consequently forward exchange rates cannot be used. For the case of the currency crisis episodes studied in this dissertation, one could use regression-based forecasting models that employ data on macroeconomic variables in order to produce currency crisis signals (see, among others, Eichengreen et al., 1995; Frankel and Rose, 1996; Kaminsky et al., 1998; Kaminsky and Reinhart, 1999; Karmann et al., 2002). The drawback of these approaches is the nature of macroeconomic data used, which enables one to create only monthly or quarterly crisis signals based on backward-looking data. In this dissertation I use stock market data to derive exchange rate expectations, which has several advantages compared to existing approaches. First of all, the prices of the considered stocks are most probably not manipulated by central bank interventions since these stocks are traded in the United States, which enables the derivation of exchange rate expectations formed under free market conditions (also for China). The used stock market data is available for the considered EMU member countries, which facilitates the analysis of the risk of withdrawals from the EMU. Moreover, stock market data is forward-looking and available on a daily basis, which enables the derivation of more accurate and up-to-date currency crisis signals for the considered crisis episodes. In order to derive exchange rate expectations I use data on a particular type of stock called American Depositary Receipt (ADR). An ADR is a financial instrument for foreign companies to list their shares at stock exchanges in the Unites States. An ADR represents the ownership of a specific number of underlying shares of a company in the home market on which the ADR is written. While the underlying stock is denominated in the currency and traded at the stock exchange of the home market, the ADR is denominated in U.S. dollars and traded at a U.S. stock exchange. Since both types of stocks of the same company generate identical cash flows and incorporate equivalent rights and dividend claims, cross-border arbitrage implies that the ADR and its underlying stock have the same price when adjusted for the current exchange rate. When capital controls or ownership restrictions are implemented, cross-border arbitrage is not possible and the law of one price is not binding. In such an environment, information efficiency suggests that the relative prices of ADRs and their underlying stocks – which only differ with respect to the currency they are denominated in – will signal exchange rate expectations of stock market investors. Using data on relative prices (or returns) of ADRs and their underlying stocks and the current exchange rate I can calculate measures for exchange rate expectations of stock market investors. Although the papers presented in this dissertation differ with respect to the considered companies, countries, and time periods, each paper uses the same kind of data and a similar methodology to derive exchange rate expectations – relative prices or returns of ADRs and their corresponding underlying stocks. In each paper I use a panel regression framework in order to analyze the determinants of exchange rate expectations. Each of the included papers focuses on a distinct facet of exchange rate expectations. The first paper focuses on standard exchange rate theories such as the relative purchasing power parity or the uncovered interest rate parity in order to analyze the factors that drive exchange rate expectations in general. The second paper studies the determinants of currency crisis expectations. The third paper analyzes the determinants of the risk of withdrawals from the EMU as expected by ADR market investors. I.3 Contribution to the literature This dissertation adds to two strands of the literature. First, it contributes to a literature that studies the determinants of exchange rates, currency crisis outbreaks, and risk of withdrawal from the EMU. The first paper (Chapter II) contributes to a vast literature on the determinants of exchange rates. An incomplete list of exchange rate determinants analyzed in the literature includes: labor productivity (Chinn, 2000; Cheung et al., 2007); inflation rates (Lothian and Taylor, 1996; Taylor et al., 2001); interest rates (Froot and Thaler, 1990; Chinn, 2006); overvaluation of the domestic currency (Glick and Rose, 1999; Corsetti et al., 2000); or export growth (Williamson, 1994; Isard, 2007). I study the impact of these macroeconomic fundamentals on ADR investors’ exchange rate expectations for China. China makes a good case to study standard exchange rate theories since the Chinese central bank manages the official yuan/U.S. dollar exchange rate, which therefore reacts much less to changes in macroeconomic fundamentals than is suggested by theory. Using ADR market data, I can test exchange rate theories for the Chinese peg/managed float regime under free market conditions. The second paper (Chapter III) contributes to a literature, which analyzes the determinants of currency crisis outbreaks (Eichengreen et al., 1995; Kaminsky and Reinhart, 1999; Karmann et al., 2002). Existing papers employ low-frequent and backward-looking macroeconomic data to forecast currency crises. This dissertation uses ADR market data to derive more accurate and up-to-date currency crisis signals on a daily basis. Moreover, the determinants of currency crisis expectations, such as banking or sovereign debt crisis risk, can be studied using daily market-based risk proxies. The third paper (Chapter IV) contributes to a literature on the sustainability of the EMU. Several papers discuss the possibility of withdrawal from the EMU (Cohen, 1993; Scott, 1998; Buiter, 1999; Eichengreen, 2007). I present empirical evidence that daily ADR market data reflects the risk that vulnerable member countries may leave the EMU and analyzes which determinants drive this withdrawal risk perceived by ADR investors. Second, this dissertation contributes to the literature on the pricing of ADRs. A common finding in the literature is that the outbreak of a currency crisis negatively affects the returns of U.S. dollar-denominated ADRs as the devaluation of the local currency depresses the dollar value of the underlying stock (see, for example, Bailey et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2000; Bin et al., 2004). Several papers find that the introduction of capital controls (typically meant to prevent a currency crisis outbreak) can lead to a permanent violation of the law of one price between ADRs and their underlying stocks since cross-border arbitrage cannot take place (Melvin, 2003; Levy Yeyati et al., 2004, 2009; Auguste et al., 2006). Arquette et al. (2008) and Burdekin and Redfern (2009) find that the price spreads of Chinese cross-listed stocks are significantly driven by market-traded forward exchange rates. This dissertation builds on these findings and uses the relative prices (or returns) of ADRs and their underlying stocks to derive exchange rate expectations. I present empirical evidence that ADR investors’ exchange rate expectations are driven by theory-based determinants of exchange rates, currency crisis outbreaks, or the risk of withdrawal from the EMU. This analysis therefore provides new insights into the price (return) determinants of ADRs. I.4 Main findings and policy implications The findings of this dissertation may broaden the understanding of exchanger rate expectations. The results of the first paper (Chapter II) suggest that stock market investors form their exchange rate expectations in accordance with standard exchange rate theories. Based on a monthly panel data set comprised of 22 ADR/underlying stock pairs and 52 H-share/underlying stock pairs from December 1998 to February 2009 I find that stock market investors expect more yuan appreciation against the U.S. dollar: if the yuan’s overvaluation decreases (the incentive of competitive devaluation); if the inflation differential vis-à-vis the United States falls (relative purchasing power parity); if the productivity growth in China accelerates relative to the United States (the Harrod-Balassa-Samuelson effect); if the Chinese interest rate differential vis-à-vis the United States decreases (uncovered interest rate parity); when Chinese domestic credit relative to GDP decreases (lower risk of a twin banking and currency crisis); or, if Chinese sovereign bond yields fall (lower risk of a twin sovereign debt and currency crisis), ceteris paribus. These findings suggest that the theoretical links between macroeconomic variables and exchange rates in most cases also apply to exchange rate expectations. In this way, the results support the validity of many exchange rate theories and substantiate the rationality of stock market investors’ expectations. This approach (based on stock prices formed under free market conditions) provides an opportunity to test exchange rate theories in managed floating regimes, where the official exchange rate is manipulated by the central bank and does therefore not necessarily respond to changes in macroeconomic fundamentals. Moreover, I use a rolling regressions forecasting framework in order to evaluate the quality of exchange rate expectations. I find that exchange rate expectations drawn from the ADR and H-share market have a better ability to predict changes in the yuan/U.S. dollar exchange rate than the random walk or forward exchange rates, at least at forecast horizons longer than one year. The People’s Bank of China may take advantage of ADR and H-share based exchange rate expectations in order to determine possible misalignments of the yuan/U.S. dollar exchange rate. In this way, the Chinese central bank may improve the timing and intensity of foreign exchange market interventions meant to manipulate the yuan/U.S. dollar exchange rate. The second paper (Chapter III) focuses on the derivation and determination of currency crisis signals formed by ADR market investors. Using daily data on 17 ADR/underlying stock pairs for the capital control episodes in Argentina (2001-2002), Malaysia (1998-1999), and Venezuela (1994-1996 and 2003-2007) we find that ADR investors anticipate currency crises or realignments well before they actually occur. Policymakers could use ADR investors’ up-to-date assessment of the peg’s sustainability in order to identify currency crisis risk earlier and to take the necessary steps to realign an (unsustainable) peg rate before a crisis breaks out. In this way, they could prevent the outbreaks of damaging currency crises without holding excess amounts of costly foreign exchange reserves. Using panel regressions we find that ADR investors anticipate a higher currency crisis risk when export commodity prices fall, the currencies of trading partners depreciate, sovereign bonds yield spreads rise, and interest rate spreads increase. These findings suggest that ADR investors’ currency crisis expectations are based on currency crisis theories even on a daily basis underlining the validity of these theories. The third paper (Chapter IV) studies a particular form of currency crisis risk: the risk that vulnerable member countries could leave the EMU. I use a multifactor pricing model to test whether the financial vulnerability measures assumed to reflect the incentives of national governments to withdraw from the EMU (banking crisis risk, sovereign debt crisis risk, and overvaluation of the euro) are priced in ADR returns. Using daily data on 22 ADR/underlying stock pairs of Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain in the period January 2007 to March 2009 I find that ADR investors perceive a higher risk of withdrawal (priced in ADR returns) when the risk of banking and sovereign debt crisis and the overvaluation of the euro increase. Policymakers could use ADR market data in order to assess the stability of the EMU. Higher correlations between ADR returns and currency crisis risk factors would suggest a higher risk of withdrawals from the EMU. In such a case, financial vulnerabilities may be addressed within the EMU in order to preserve the integrity of the eurozone. However, time will show how long the policymakers in the EMU will continue with the implementation of even more anti-crisis measures. Growing controversies on the ECB’s sovereign bond purchases and the bailouts for Greece, Ireland and Portugal cast doubt on the sustainability of the EMU in its current form.

In the course of eurozone exit, the underlying stocks of American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) would be redenominated from euros into the new national currency. We exploit ADR investors’ exposure to currency redenomination losses to derive a novel measure of eurozone exit risk. We find that while domestic bank stocks are not significantly affected by domestic exit risk, there is a negative exposure to exit risk of other countries that is channeled through bilateral credit risk. For the real sector, exposure to eurozone exit risk is heterogeneous among industries and is less negative for more indebted companies.

En los últimos años las emisiones de ADRs por parte de compañías localizadas fuera de EE.UU han tenido un incremento importante, a inicios de la década 2000 existían aproximadamente 1500 programas de ADRs negociando en EE.UU., en un informe, de JP Morgan, actualizado a septiembre del 2017 existen 3629 programas de ADRs de 89 diferentes países. Este crecimiento se explica también por el incremento en la demanda por parte de los inversionistas quienes ven a estos instrumentos como una oportunidad para diversificar sus portafolios de inversión. A diferencia de otros trabajos, este trabajo está enfocado desde el punto de vista del inversionista quien debe entender claramente que es un ADR, un instrumento que no es una acción y el impacto importante que ha significado la decisión de la Corte Suprema Americana en el caso de Morrison (2010) con la aplicación del test transaccional y la aplicación extraterritorial de las leyes de EE.UU. a diferencia del test de conducta efecto aplicado tradicionalmente para la toma de decisiones en casos de controversias de posibles fraudes por parte de los emisores del instrumento, y el impacto que Morrison ha tenido en la protección legal que pueden tener los inversionistas en ADRs .
Trabajo de investigación

El creciente dinamismo de las actividades mercan­tiles y la globalización de la economía han motiva­ do la creación de nuevos mecanismos para finan­ciar a las empresas. Entre esos mecanismos mere­ cen especial atención los que permiten captar capi­tales en el mercado externo mediante .los denomi­ nados Recibos de Depósito o Depositary Receipts, títulos o certificados negociables que representan acciones o títulos de deudas de una empresa ubica­ da fuera del mercado local del inversionista. Los Depositary Receipts se presentan bajo dos mo­dalidades: los GDR (Global Depositary Receipts) que pueden negociarse en cualquier mercado del mundo, y las ADR (American Depositary Receipts) que se transan en el mercado norteamericano y son el objeto del presente artículo. El doctor Albert Forsyth desarrlla el concepto de ADR, sus modalidades de aplicación y su utilización por las empresas peruanas. Especial atención merece el régimen tributario de las ADR, pues tal como explica el autor las ganancias de capital en estas transacciones se encuentran exoneradas del Impuesto a la Renta hasta el año 2000. THEMIS - Revista de Derecho considera de especial importancia la difusión de las nuevas figuras jurídicas, para permitir su mejor conocimiento y faci­ litar así su aplicación por los operadores jurídicos nacionales.

O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar os efeitos do anúncio da dupla-listagem sobre o comportamento das ações no mercado doméstico das empresas que promoveram a listagem de ADRs. Os aspectos do comportamento analisados são os retornos anormais, os padrões de liquidez e volatilidade de preços. Foram analisados 22 programas de ADRs. Para cada uma das características analisadas foi utilizada uma diferente técnica empírica. A análise dos retornos anormais foi realizada através de um estudo de eventos para 5 diferentes janelas de estudos. A segunda técnica empírica utiliza-se do Índice de Negociabilidade, uma métrica desenvolvida pela Economática envolvendo o número de negócios diários e o volume diário transacionado da ação para medir potenciais alterações na liquidez das ações e, por fim, a terceira técnica utilizada utiliza a variância dos retornos como medida relevante de alteração de volatilidade dos mesmos. Embora com limitações, o estudo apresentou resultados em linha com parte da literatura de referência, demonstrando, excetuando-se pela janela de 5 dias pré e pós evento, que não é possível afirmar que os retornos das ações estudadas após o anúncio da emissão das ADRs são diferentes dos retornos apresentados pelas ações antes do anúncio. Com relação à análise de impacto sobre a liquidez das ações (INM 50d), foi possível rejeitar a hipótese de que o programa não causa impacto na liquidez com um nível de significância de 10% após comparar a liquidez das ações das empresas que emitiram ADRs com a liquidez das ações das empresas que compunham as carteiras dos grupos de controle. Finalmente, ao estudar a volatilidade das ações, foi possível observar que, para os testes-F realizados, das 22 ações testadas, 11 apresentaram resultados que permitem rejeitar a hipótese nula e, portanto, inferir que, para essas companhias, a variância dos retornos durante o período de 50 dias pós-evento foi diferente da variância dos retornos durante o período de 50 dias pré-evento dentro de um nível de significância de 5%. Para as outras 11 empresas testadas, não foi possível rejeitar a hipótese nula e, portanto, não foi possível concluir, para essas empresas, que o evento do anúncio da emissão de ADRs exerceu qualquer influência sobre a volatilidade dos retornos das ações subjacentes. Essa dissertação contribui para o entendimento mais aprofundado das consequências da emissão de ADRs. Tal processo, caro e demandante, expõe as companhias a diferentes níveis de regulação e exige um nível mais elevado de governança e, portanto, deve ser bem entendido por gestores, bancos e consultores.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of the cross-listing announcement on the behavior of the shares of Brazilian companies that enroll in ADR programs. The analyzed aspects of the domestic shares’ behavior are the abnormal returns, the liquidity levels and the volatility of the returns measured by their variance. 22 ADR programs were analyzed. For each of the characteristic studied, a different empirical technique was utilized. The abnormal returns analysis was conducted through an event study for 5 different study windows. The second empirical technique rely on the “Indice de Negociabilidade”, a metric developed by Economatica which involves the number of daily trades of the market and of the shares to measure potential changes in the liquidity levels of the shares. Finally, the third method used analyzes the variance of the returns of the domestic shares as relevant measure of volatility of returns. Although with limitations, the study presented results aligned with part of the reference studies and bibliography, demonstrating, except for the window of 5 days pre and post event, that it is not possible to assert that the returns of the shares analyzed after the announcement of the issuance of the ADRs are different from the returns presented by the shares before the announcement. With regard to the analysis of the impact on shares’ liquidity (INM 50d), it was possible to reject the hypothesis that the program does not impact liquidity with a significance level of 10% after comparing the liquidity of the shares of the companies that issued ADRs with the liquidity companies’ shares that composed the portfolios of the control groups. Finally, in studying volatility of the shares, it was possible to observe that for the F-tests performed, of the 22 shares tested, 11 presented results that allow the rejection of the null hypothesis and, therefore, infer that for these companies, the variance of returns during the 50-day period postevent was different from the variance of returns over the 50-day period previous to the event within a significance level of 5%. For the 11 other companies tested, it was not possible to reject the null hypothesis and therefore it was not possible to conclude, for these companies, that the event of the announcement of the issuance of ADRs had any influence on the volatility of the returns of the underlying shares. This dissertation contributes to a more in-depth understanding of the consequences of issuing ADRs. Such an expensive and demanding process exposes companies to different levels of regulation and requires a higher level of governance and therefore must be well understood by managers, banks and consultants.

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Neste trabalho são examinados os efeitos da emissão de ADRs-American Depositary Receipts, das empresas da América do Sul, nas modalidades Nível-Ill e Regra 144/A. Utilizou-se de dados de todas as 24 empresas que captaram US$ 4,8 bilhões até o ano de 1993. Os estudos sugerem que houve um aumento de retorno anormal, com um CAR-Cumulative Average Return de 17,6%, ao redor da data-zero, mês de lançamento dos ADRs. Desse percentual, 14,9% verificou-se somente nos 6 primeiros meses antes do lançamento, incluindo a data-zero. Este trabalho foi suportado pelo teste-t ao nível de significância de 0,10, pelo teste de médias iguais e variância desconhecida, ao nível de 0,01 e pelo teste de médias desiguais e variância desconhecida, ao nível de 0,02. Os resultados sugerem que o mercado é eficiente, pois antecipa aos fatos e nos preços estão refletidas as informações publicamente avaliáveis. Também calculou-se a influência do lançamento dos ADRs sobre o risco sistemático, através do coeficiente, no modelo CAPM-Capital Asset Pricing Model, a partir do 6 mês antes do lançamento comparado com o anterior, tendo os resultados evidenciado um aumento no prêmio pelo risco no retorno esperado.

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Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho, estudar os efeitos da convergência às normas internacionais de contabilidade (IFRS), da cobertura de analistas financeiros e da emissão de American Depositary Receipts - ADR, sobre o disclosure voluntário das empresas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA. Partindo-se da análise de 14 trabalhos acadêmicos, desenvolveu-se um índice de disclosure voluntário contendo um total de 38 itens, sendo 25 itens de natureza financeira, econômica e organizacional e 13 itens de natureza social e ambiental. O check list do índice desenvolvido foi aplicado sobre 1.406 documentos (notas explicativas e relatórios da administração, contendo 58,2 mil páginas), de uma amostra com 703 observações - ano, obtidas durante os anos de 2006 a 2013. Utilizando-se do teste de Wilcoxon, os resultados apontam incrementos estatisticamente significantes nos níveis de disclosure voluntário durante o período de convergência ao padrão IFRS no Brasil, sendo mais significativos elementos de natureza econômica, financeira e organizacional do que os de natureza social e ambiental. Utilizando-se de modelos OLS robustos, aplicados sobre dados em painel desbalanceado, os resultados dos testes econométricos confirmaram parcialmente a hipótese de que o padrão IFRS contribuiu no desenvolvimento do disclosure voluntário das empresas com maior acompanhamento de analistas financeiros, porém, significativamente para as empresas que emitiram American Depositary Receipts (ADR) durante o período de convergência às normas internacionais de contabilidade. Os resultados são robustos e significativos quando controlados por variáveis representativas do tamanho (TAM), da rentabilidade (RENT), do endividamento (ALAV) e de auditoria de uma big – four (AUDI) como determinantes do disclosure voluntário durante o período de convergência ao padrão IFRS no Brasil.
We aim in this paper to study the effects of the International Account Standards, the cover of financial analysts and the emission of American Depositary Receipts (ADR), on the voluntary disclosure of BM&FBOVESPA companies, during the period of convergence to IFRS standards. From the analyses of 14 papers, we developed a check list with 38 items of voluntary disclosure, being 25 financial, economic and organizational items and 13 environmental and social items. The developed check list was applied to 1,406 documents (foot notes and director’s reports, with 58.2 thousand pages) of a sample of 703 firm–year observations, between 2006 and 2013. By using Wilcoxon test, the results show significant augmentation in the voluntary disclosure levels during the period of IFRS adoption in Brazil, being economic, financial and organizational elements more significant than social and environmental elements. By using robust OLS models for unbalanced panel data, the results for the econometric tests partially confirmed the hypothesis that IFRS has contributed for the development of voluntary disclosure of firms with higher financial analysts’ coverage. Besides, we found significant evidence that firms which emitted ADRs has enhanced their levels of voluntary disclosure during the convergence period to IFRS. The results are robust and significant when controlled by size (TAM), profitability (RENT), leverage (ALAV) and being audited by a Big Four company (AUDI) as determinants of voluntary disclosure over the period of convergence to IFRS.

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Em maio de 2005, 34 empresas brasileiras negociavam American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) na Bolsa de Valores de Nova Iorque (New York Stock Exchange - NYSE), Estados Unidos. Diante da obrigatoriedade de adequar-se ?? Lei Sarbanes-Oxley de 2002, o objetivo geral deste trabalho ?? investigar, na percep????o dos gestores, se o Comit?? de Auditoria ou ??rg??o equivalente das empresas brasileiras contribuiu para minimizar as fraudes, aumentar a transpar??ncia na divulga????o das informa????es cont??beis e melhorar os controles internos. Obtiveram-se 25 respostas de 17 empresas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a grande relev??ncia do Comit?? de Auditoria, apesar da obrigatoriedade: 56% dos respondentes afirmaram que o comit?? participou ativamente com recomenda????es relacionadas com a avalia????o do sistema de controles internos; 68% consideram-no de grande import??ncia para o bom desempenho da empresa e 71% o manteriam em funcionamento mesmo se, no futuro, sua exist??ncia fosse facultativa.
Em maio de 2005, 34 empresas brasileiras negociavam American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) na Bolsa de Valores de Nova Iorque (New York Stock Exchange - NYSE), Estados Unidos. Diante da obrigatoriedade de adequar-se ?? Lei Sarbanes-Oxley de 2002, o objetivo geral deste trabalho ?? investigar, na percep????o dos gestores, se o Comit?? de Auditoria ou ??rg??o equivalente das empresas brasileiras contribuiu para minimizar as fraudes, aumentar a transpar??ncia na divulga????o das informa????es cont??beis e melhorar os controles internos. Obtiveram-se 25 respostas de 17 empresas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a grande relev??ncia do Comit?? de Auditoria, apesar da obrigatoriedade: 56% dos respondentes afirmaram que o comit?? participou ativamente com recomenda????es relacionadas com a avalia????o do sistema de controles internos; 68% consideram-no de grande import??ncia para o bom desempenho da empresa e 71% o manteriam em funcionamento mesmo se, no futuro, sua exist??ncia fosse facultativa.

In this thesis, we analyze premium relationship of American depositary receipts (ADR) and their underlying shares. Several researchers have previously identified the main variables influencing the construction of ADR premium of cross-listed companies. The aim of this study is to investigate to what extent the main variables affect differently the construction of ADR premium in crisis period. For the purpose of the study, two periods are defined. The period from June 2006 to October 2007 represents the non-crisis period whereas the period from October 2007 to March 2009 represents the crisis period. Our cross-listing sample consists of companies that have level II and level III ADR listed on the NYSE and the NASDAQ over the two periods. The tested variables influencing the premium are the liquidity, the currency exchange rate, the home and US market and the volatility. The liquidity is measured according to two ratios, the Amihud ratio and the turnover ratio. The currency exchange rate is the current exchange rate denominated in US dollar. The home markets are the reference indexes of the home country to which the underlying share of the ADR belong. The S&P 500 Index is used as a proxy for the US market. Finally, the US market volatility is analyzed with the CBOE VIX volatility Index. Multiple and simple OLS regressions are used to analyze the impacts of variables on ADR premium. The T-statistic is chosen to test the explanatory power of variables. The regressions are divided in three main parts. The first one is dedicated to the liquidity variables, then the second one to the home and US market, currency exchange rate and CBOE VIX volatility Index. Finally the last part keeps only the variables with the stronger explanatory power in order to define two equations of the factor influencing mostly the premium. We have found that crisis strongly modifies the relationship between ADR premium and the main variables. In crisis period, the regressions show that liquidity becomes a factor with a greater explanatory power of ADR premium. However the other main variables experience the opposite effect with a much lower T-test in times of crisis. It seems that the currency exchange rate, the home and US market as well as the volatility lose their explanatory power in times of crisis to the benefit of liquidity variables.

The basic asset pricing model is developed under the presumption of homogeneous beliefs; However, Miller (1977) puts forward heterogeneous beliefs along with other early studies. His appealing theoretical verbal model suggests that rather than reflecting the average expectation of all market participants, stock prices reflect the valuation set by the most optimistic investors due to the differences of opinion and short-sales constraints. He predicts the convergence of divergent opinions over time "primarily because the passage of time often resolves certain uncertainties about the future of a company" (Miller 1977, p. 1155). Among the prior empirical studies which provide mixed evidence of Miller hypothesis, the most recent study by Berkman et al. (2009) endeavors to document the negative relationship between excess returns and differences of opinion in a three-day window around earnings announcements when there are binding short-sales constraints.

Yet to date there has been little empirical research investigating how divergent opinions affect asset prices of foreign stocks. This dissertation takes a step in this direction. Using the American Depositary Receipts sample, we adopt an event study methodology and use multivariate regressions to examine the host-market response in divergent opinions to the earnings announcements. Overlooked by prior literature, asymmetric reactions to good and bad earnings surprises are allowed in the study. Country-level factors from home market are introduced with firms-characteristic factors to capture the cross-sectional excess returns in the presence of belief dispersion and host-market short-sales constraints.

Our sample contains 553 ADRs with 13378 firm-quarter observations from 52 countries. Results from regression analysis show that consistent with Miller hypothesis, quarterly earnings announcements indeed help reduce opinion divergence in ADRs by documenting the negative relation between differences of opinions and excess quarterly earnings announcement returns. Our findings are robust when controlling the financial leverage, illiquidity, analyst forecasts, post-earnings announcement drift and price momentum. Moreover, we find investors do process information asymmetrically based on good and bad earnings shocks when use TURN as the DIVOPN proxy. We observe the price divergence when good earnings are released. Non-news group and bad news group experience the same price convergence. However, we do not find the positive relation between host-market short-sales constraints and excess earnings announcement period returns, even conditioning on home-market short-sales restriction. Last, we include the enforcement of insider trading law, legal origin, investor protection, rating on accounting standard and short-selling feasibility from home market into our baseline model. These home-market country-level factors do not account for our findings.

The focus of this thesis is on the emerging markets. It assesses intra- and inter-market mean and volatility spillover, investigates the impact of the Mexican currency crisis on international portfolio diversification, and employ international asset pricing to test the integration of the emerging markets.

The number of dividend paying firms has been on the decline since the popularity of stock repurchases in the 1980s, and the recent financial crisis has brought about a wave of dividend reductions and omissions. This dissertation examined the U.S. firms and American Depository Receipts that are listed on the U.S. equity exchanges according to their dividend paying history in the previous twelve quarters. While accounting for the state of the economy, the firm’s size, profitability, earned equity, and growth opportunities, it determines whether or not the firm will pay a dividend in the next quarter. It also examined the likelihood of a dividend change. Further, returns of firms were examined according to their dividend paying history and the state of the economy using the Fama-French three-factor model. Using forward, backward, and step-wise selection logistic regressions, the results show that firms with a history of regular and uninterrupted dividend payments are likely to continue to pay dividends, while firms that do not have a history of regular dividend payments are not likely to begin to pay dividends or continue to do so. The results of a set of generalized polytomous logistic regressions imply that dividend paying firms are more likely to reduce dividend payments during economic expansions, as opposed to recessions. Also the analysis of returns using the Fama-French three factor model reveals that dividend paying firms are earning significant abnormal positive returns. As a special case, a similar analysis of dividend payment and dividend change was applied to American Depository Receipts that trade on the NYSE, NASDAQ, and AMEX exchanges and are issued by the Bank of New York Mellon. Returns of American Depository Receipts were examined using the Fama-French two-factor model for international firms. The results of the generalized polytomous logistic regression analyses indicate that dividend paying status and economic conditions are also important for dividend level change of American Depository Receipts, and Fama-French two-factor regressions alone do not adequately explain returns for these securities.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2002.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 137 p.; also contains graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: René M. Stulz, Dept. of Business Administration. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-95).

American Depository Receipts (ADRs) represent shares of foreign firms that are issued and traded in the U.S. Since an ADR and its underlying shares represent ownership interest of the same firm, they should be perfect substitutes in a perfect market. However, market imperfections such as differences in information environment, liquidity, investment and trading restrictions, taxes, control right, corporate governance might make them less-than-perfect substitutes. These imperfections, on the other hand, also present opportunities for research. This dissertation consists of two essays on ADRs, both related to the effects of less-thanperfect information. Specifically, the first essay examines the return and volatility transfers between ADRs and their underlying home shares. Our investigation differs from the previous studies in that we cover substantially more countries and that we attempt to explain the variations in the extents of transfer effects both across firms and across countries. Various hypotheses are developed, based on the premise that barriers associated with trading, investments, and corporate governance would lower the extent or effectiveness of transfers. Overall, our empirical results support these hypotheses. The second essay takes the viewpoint of the issuing firms. Supposedly, an issuer's timing and dollar amount raised depend on the conditions of three markets: its home equity market, the U.S. equity market, and the currency market. From purely the standpoint of information accessibility, ADR issuers are likely to time their issues or set their amounts with respect to the conditions of the home equity market and/or currency market, with which they are more familiar. On the other hand, issuers typically employ the assistance of U.S. investment banks, and therefore they may be well-informed about the U.S. equity market. This is largely an empirical issue. Generally, our empirical results are mixed, but there is somewhat stronger evidence for the U.S. equity market being more important when setting the issue amount. There is also evidence that suggests regulations having influences on such activities.

L'étude comparée de l'émission d'ADR en tant qu'alternative à la cotation directe d'actions domestiques sur le marché américain permet de mettre en évidence les mécanismes économiques et financiers qui expliquent le choix des entreprises et la réponse des marchés internationaux de capitaux. La globalisation des marchés de capitaux expose la formation des prix des actifs financiers à des facteurs exogènes. Dans un contexte de segmentation des marchés, ces phénomènes d'externalité se traduisent par l'ajustement des relations d'équilibre à la suite d'une double cotation. Nous avons étudié la chute de rentabilité qui en résultait ainsi que l'apparition d'une prime de risque dans la composition du prix de l'actif considéré, laquelle va dépendre de la covariance des rendements, de la capitalisation boursière et de l'aversion pour le risque sur le marché étranger. La même démarche empirique appliquée aux ADR révèle un excès de rendement du titre sous-jacent sur le marché domestique, ce qui expliquerait la préférence des firmes pour le listing d'ADR. Ce résultat doit être nuancé par la considération d'une volatilité accrue, conformément à la théorie du noise trading. Alternativement, la modélisation du prix d'équilibre des ADR souligne le rôle des fluctuations des taux de change dans la différence des rendements observés entre l'ADR et le titre sous-jacent. A cet égard, il semble que ce soient les variations de change qui, en atténuent ou aggravant les effets importes du marché domestique, donnent naissance à des disparités de rendements et donc à des possibilités d'arbitrage. L'étude statistique renforce nos conclusions : elle fait apparaître une corrélation positive des rendements des ADR avec le marché domestique du titre sous-jacent et corrobore de ce fait la théorie de l'utilisation des ADR en tant qu'outils de diversification dans une gestion internationale de portefeuille,

Non-arbitrage asset pricing has been an avenue of unending interest to financial academics and practitioners alike. With increased capital outflow being permitted by developing economies, investors now have easy access to securities issued by foreign firms. The issue investigated in this research is concerned with the persistent presence of arbitrage opportunities between depository receipts and domestic stocks of Indian firms during the recent financial crisis. Instead of being priced in parity with one another during the crisis, ADRs of Indian firms were overpriced by as much as 70% for months on end. This thesis investigates the reasons giving rise to this premium by analyzing causes like benefits from diversification and liquidity.

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Accepting the countries to harmonize international accounting standards with IFRS, it changed the way of calculating the results of corporations worldwide. The convergence process transcended the accounting technical limits and required the companies, changes and adaptations that somehow changed the structure of the business and often the business management. The objective of this study is to analyze the changes and adaptations that have occurred in ADR issuers in the IFRS implementation process, identifying the financial, cultural and behavioral technical impacts in these companies. The search strategy was conducted by a multiple case study which analyzed in depth, four large corporations that are part of the ADR issuance program on the New York Stock Exchange and which went through the process of alignment with the international accounting standards. To this end, interviews were used, document analysis and participant observation was found that the process of convergence to IFRS improved the quality in the calculation of the results of companies and facilitated the comparison of the results with competitors. Existing systems before harmonization were adapted to receive the new accounting model. It was noticed also better positioning the counter on the companies command structure and an improved understanding of the importance of accounting for other areas of the companies, being supported by the employees of behavior change at all levels of the companies with greater interaction the departments. However there were no significant changes in the culture of corporations with the accounting harmonization process. Finally, in future studies it is recommended that a new search will be made to update the data and perception of cultural changes that take longer to happen
A aceitação dos países para a harmonização das normas contábeis internacionais com o padrão IFRS mudou a forma de apuração dos resultados das corporações em âmbito mundial. O processo de convergência transcendeu os limites técnicos contábeis e exigiu das empresas mudanças e adaptações que, de certa forma, modificaram a estrutura dos negócios e muitas vezes a gestão empresarial. O objetivo desse estudo é analisar as mudanças e adaptações ocorridas nas empresas emissoras de ADR no processo de implementação do IFRS, identificando os impactos técnicos contábeis, culturais e comportamentais nessas empresas. A estratégia de pesquisa foi conduzida por um estudo de caso múltiplo no qual foram analisadas, em profundidade, quatro grandes corporações que integram o programa de emissão de ADR na bolsa de Nova Iorque e que passaram pelo processo de harmonização com as normas internacionais de contabilidade. Para esse objetivo, foram realizadas entrevistas, análise documental e observações participantes. Foi possível constatar que o processo de convergência ao IFRS melhorou a qualidade na apuração dos resultados das empresas e facilitou a comparação dos resultados com os concorrentes. Os sistemas existentes antes da harmonização sofreram adaptações para receber o novo modelo contábil. Percebeu-se, também um melhor posicionamento do Contador na estrutura de comando das empresas e um aprimoramento no entendimento da importância da contabilidade por outras áreas das companhias, sendo respaldado pela mudança de comportamento dos colaboradores em todos os níveis das empresas com uma maior interação entre os departamentos. Contudo, não foram encontradas mudanças expressivas na cultura das corporações a partir do processo de harmonização contábil. Por fim, para estudos futuros recomenda-se a elaboração de uma nova pesquisa para atualizar os dados e perceber as mudanças culturais que demandam mais tempo para ser implantadas

This thesis studies the trading of the Chinese American Depositories Receipts (ADRs) and their respective underlying H shares issued in Hong Kong. The primary intention of this work is to investigate the arbitrage opportunity between the Chinese ADRs and their underlying H shares. This intention is motivated by the market observation that hedge funds are often in the top 10 shareholders of these Chinese ADRs. We start our study from the origin place of the Chinese ADRs, China’s stock market. We pay particular attention to the ownership structure of the Chinese listed firms, because part of the Chinese ADRs also listed A shares (exclusively owned by the Chinese citizens) in Shanghai. We also pay attention to the market microstructures and trading costs of the three China-related stock exchanges. We then proceed to empirical study on the Chinese ADRs arbitrage possibility by comparing the return distribution of two securities; we find these two securities are different in their return distributions, and which is due to the inequality in the higher moments, such as skewness, and kurtosis. Based on the law of one price and the weak-form efficient markets, the prices of identical securities that are traded in different markets should be similar, as any deviation in their prices will be arbitraged away. Given the intrinsic property of the ADRs that a convenient transferable mechanism exists between the ADRs and their underlying shares which makes arbitrage easy; the different return distributions of the ADRs and the underlying shares address the question that if arbitrage is costly that the equilibrium price of the security achieved in each market is affected mainly by its local market where the Chinese ADRs/the underlying Hong Kong shares are traded, such as the demand for and the supply of the stock in each market, the different market microstructures and market mechanisms which produce different trading costs in each market, and different noise trading arose from asymmetric information across multi-markets. And because of these trading costs, noise trading risk, and liquidity risk, the arbitrage opportunity between the two markets would not be exploited promptly. This concern then leads to the second intention of this work that how noise trading and trading cost comes into playing the role of determining asset prices, which makes us to empirically investigate the comovement effect, as well as liquidity risk. With regards to these issues, we progress into two strands, firstly, we test the relationship between the price differentials of the Chinese ADRs and the market return of the US and Hong Kong market. This test is to examine the comovement effect which is caused by asynchronous noise trading. We find the US market impact dominant over Hong Kong market impact, though both markets display significant impact on the ADRs’ price differentials. Secondly, we analyze the liquidity effect on the Chinese ADRs and their underlying Hong Kong shares by using two proxies to measure illiquidity cost and liquidity risk. We find significant positive relation between return and trading volume which is used to capture liquidity risk. This finding leads to a deeper study on the relationship between trading volume and return volatility from market microstructure perspective. In order to verify a proper model to describe return volatility, we carry out test to examine the heteroscedasticity condition, and proceed to use two asymmetric GARCH models to capture leverage effect. We find the Chinese ADRs and their underlying Hong Kong shares have different patterns in the leverage effect as modeled by these two asymmetric GARCH models, and this finding from another angle explains why these two securities are unequal in the higher moments of their return distribution. We then test two opposite hypotheses about volume-volatility relation. The Mixture of Distributions Hypothesis suggests a positive relation between contemporaneous volume and volatility, while the Sequential Information Arrival Hypothesis indicates a causality relationship between lead-lag volume and volatility. We find supportive evidence for the Sequential Information Arrival Hypothesis but not for the Mixture of Distributions Hypothesis.

碩士
長庚大學
工商管理學系
99
This paper investigates the relationship between analysts prediction behavior and American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) . In particular, we further to examine whether the analysts forecast revise in the recession period. We use pair-t technique to test the existence of optimistic analyst forecast and use multiple linear regression to identify the relationship between analysts forecast and ADRs return. We show analysts forecast bias usually exist over-optimistic prediction and the scale effect does not affect the ADRs regardless of the economic expansion or recession period. Therefore, we are unable to use the anomalies effect to defeat market. We also find that analyst usually more focus on the trend for future business growth than the price of securities has occurred. These finding doesn’t suggest that investors can capture the ADRs price market and obtain excess returns by analysts forecast. In general, while the analyst announce to their forecast will consider the other analysts report, but hold a more conservative attitude in the recession period.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
財務金融學研究所
92
The main objective of this study is to examine the relation between ADRs and Taiwanese stocks is independency, contemporaneous relation, unidirectional relation, or feedback relation, which is defined by Granger (1969). Chen and Lee (1990) provided nested causality tests which apply multiple hypotheses testing procedure to identify the nature of the relationship between two financial series. There are three findings in our study. First, the final result of nested causality tests, feedback relations exist in Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., United Microelectronics Corporation, AU Optronics Corporation, and Advanced Semiconductor Engineering Inc as well as unidirectional relations from ADRs to original shares in Macronix International Company Limited and Siliconware Precision Ind., Co. Ltd. as a result of different infrastructure in the NYSE and Nasdaq stock market. Second, in the cases of Macronix International Company Limited, and Siliconware Precision Ind., Co. Ltd. shows a unidirectional relation from ADRs to Taiwanese stocks. It’s plausible that different level of legal restriction, corporate governance, and requirement of foreign exchange, force companies engaged in cross-border listing to keep information transparency. The last is that past return of ADRs, are always significantly positive related to current return of Taiwanese stocks, then we can take this as a investment guide for buying Taiwanese stock by watching past performance of ADRs.

I.1 Motivation Exchange rates are a key issue in international economics and politics. While the determinants of exchange rates have been extensively studied in previous works, this dissertation contributes to the literature by deriving exchange rate expectations from stock market (ADR) data and analyzing their determinants. This exercise is done for three cases where one has to resort to exchange rate expectations since the national exchange rate is either manipulated by the central bank (the first paper in Chapter II), fixed in pegged exchange rate regimes (the second paper in Chapter III), or not existent as the considered country is part of a currency union and therefore has no national currency (the third paper in Chapter IV). The first paper presented in Chapter II analyzes exchange rate expectations for the case of China in the period 1998-2009 in order to test standard exchange rate theories. American officials repeatedly accused China of systematically undervaluing its currency against the U.S. dollar , which produces political tensions between both countries. A recent climax in this dispute was reached on September 28, 2010, when the House of Representatives passed the Currency Reform for Fair Trade Act, which would allow the imposition of import duties for countries with undervalued currencies, namely China. Although this bill did not pass the Senate, Chinese officials clearly opposed the bill arguing against significant undervaluation of the yuan and in favor of political opportunism of U.S. officials. As the assessments of a fair exchange rate significantly differ among officials of both countries, the Chinese-American exchange rate dispute continues. Measuring the development of market determined exchange rate expectations may help to find a compromise in this international political dispute and knowing the determinants of these expectations may help to identify macroeconomic policies necessary to influence future exchange rates. The second paper presented in Chapter III investigates the development of exchange rate expectations and their determinants for the currency crisis episodes in Argentina (2001-2002), Malaysia (1998-1999), and Venezuela (1994-1996 and 2003-2007). Large devaluations of Southeast Asian and Latin American currencies were to be observed during the currency crises in the 1990’s and at the beginning of the last decade. Due to an appreciation of foreign currency denominated debt, capital withdrawals, and bank runs, for example, currency crises typically lead to significant output losses in the affected economies (Hutchison and Noy, 2002). Avoiding currency crisis outbreaks has therefore become one of the major policy goals in many developing countries, which may explain the rapid accumulation of foreign exchange reserves aimed to fend off speculative attacks in these countries. The costs of this currency crisis prevention policy are however often overseen. Since foreign exchange reserves are typically invested in U.S. Treasuries, they yield a relatively low return compared to the high cost of domestic capital in these countries. Moreover, foreign exchange reserves may lose in value as the domestic currency appreciates against the U.S. dollar (Rodrik, 2006). An alternative way to avoid the outbreak of currency crises may be to regularly adjust the official exchange rate (typically managed by the domestic central bank) to levels in line with market expectations. Knowing market-based exchange rate expectations and their determinants may therefore be a cheaper way to avoid currency crises than holding excess amounts of foreign exchange reserves. The third paper presented in Chapter IV uses daily ADR data to analyze the determinants of the risk of withdrawals from the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) for the five vulnerable member countries Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain for the period 2007-2009. The subprime lending crisis has triggered significant financial turmoil in the EMU. Banking systems were destabilized and the governments of Greece, Ireland, and Portugal had to be bailed out. Reasserting national authority over monetary policy may help domestic policymakers to address the problems caused by banking and sovereign debt crises or an overvalued euro at national discretion. While the abandonment of fixed exchange rate regimes has so far been analyzed for countries with national currencies, the financial vulnerabilities in the EMU offer a new case to study the possibility of withdrawals from a monetary union. Although a country’s membership in the EMU is typically considered irreversible, many authors agree that sovereign states can choose to leave the EMU (Cohen, 1993; Scott, 1998; Buiter, 1999; Eichengreen, 2007). The new Treaty of Lisbon now includes a provision outlining voluntary withdrawal from the Union, which may cause the members to re-think the pros and cons of remaining in the EMU. Although the European Central Bank (ECB) has implemented measures meant to support the banking sectors and governments in the EMU, autonomous national central banks would probably pursue more expansionary monetary policies. By analyzing the determinants of exchange rate expectations in the monetary union one may therefore analyze the drivers of the risk of withdrawal from the EMU. I.2 Deriving exchange rate expectations from prices of American Depositary Receipts Measuring movements in exchange rate expectations is a relatively easy task for currencies in which a liquid and free forward exchange market exists. For the cases considered in this dissertation, however, the forward exchange market either produces bad forecasts or does not even exist. For the case of China, the yuan/U.S. dollar forward exchange rate is most likely managed by the Chinese central bank in the course of its foreign exchange market intervention policies, which hampers its ability to provide good signals for the future spot market exchange rate (see, for example, Wang, 2010). For the considered member countries of the EMU, no national currencies exist and consequently forward exchange rates cannot be used. For the case of the currency crisis episodes studied in this dissertation, one could use regression-based forecasting models that employ data on macroeconomic variables in order to produce currency crisis signals (see, among others, Eichengreen et al., 1995; Frankel and Rose, 1996; Kaminsky et al., 1998; Kaminsky and Reinhart, 1999; Karmann et al., 2002). The drawback of these approaches is the nature of macroeconomic data used, which enables one to create only monthly or quarterly crisis signals based on backward-looking data. In this dissertation I use stock market data to derive exchange rate expectations, which has several advantages compared to existing approaches. First of all, the prices of the considered stocks are most probably not manipulated by central bank interventions since these stocks are traded in the United States, which enables the derivation of exchange rate expectations formed under free market conditions (also for China). The used stock market data is available for the considered EMU member countries, which facilitates the analysis of the risk of withdrawals from the EMU. Moreover, stock market data is forward-looking and available on a daily basis, which enables the derivation of more accurate and up-to-date currency crisis signals for the considered crisis episodes. In order to derive exchange rate expectations I use data on a particular type of stock called American Depositary Receipt (ADR). An ADR is a financial instrument for foreign companies to list their shares at stock exchanges in the Unites States. An ADR represents the ownership of a specific number of underlying shares of a company in the home market on which the ADR is written. While the underlying stock is denominated in the currency and traded at the stock exchange of the home market, the ADR is denominated in U.S. dollars and traded at a U.S. stock exchange. Since both types of stocks of the same company generate identical cash flows and incorporate equivalent rights and dividend claims, cross-border arbitrage implies that the ADR and its underlying stock have the same price when adjusted for the current exchange rate. When capital controls or ownership restrictions are implemented, cross-border arbitrage is not possible and the law of one price is not binding. In such an environment, information efficiency suggests that the relative prices of ADRs and their underlying stocks – which only differ with respect to the currency they are denominated in – will signal exchange rate expectations of stock market investors. Using data on relative prices (or returns) of ADRs and their underlying stocks and the current exchange rate I can calculate measures for exchange rate expectations of stock market investors. Although the papers presented in this dissertation differ with respect to the considered companies, countries, and time periods, each paper uses the same kind of data and a similar methodology to derive exchange rate expectations – relative prices or returns of ADRs and their corresponding underlying stocks. In each paper I use a panel regression framework in order to analyze the determinants of exchange rate expectations. Each of the included papers focuses on a distinct facet of exchange rate expectations. The first paper focuses on standard exchange rate theories such as the relative purchasing power parity or the uncovered interest rate parity in order to analyze the factors that drive exchange rate expectations in general. The second paper studies the determinants of currency crisis expectations. The third paper analyzes the determinants of the risk of withdrawals from the EMU as expected by ADR market investors. I.3 Contribution to the literature This dissertation adds to two strands of the literature. First, it contributes to a literature that studies the determinants of exchange rates, currency crisis outbreaks, and risk of withdrawal from the EMU. The first paper (Chapter II) contributes to a vast literature on the determinants of exchange rates. An incomplete list of exchange rate determinants analyzed in the literature includes: labor productivity (Chinn, 2000; Cheung et al., 2007); inflation rates (Lothian and Taylor, 1996; Taylor et al., 2001); interest rates (Froot and Thaler, 1990; Chinn, 2006); overvaluation of the domestic currency (Glick and Rose, 1999; Corsetti et al., 2000); or export growth (Williamson, 1994; Isard, 2007). I study the impact of these macroeconomic fundamentals on ADR investors’ exchange rate expectations for China. China makes a good case to study standard exchange rate theories since the Chinese central bank manages the official yuan/U.S. dollar exchange rate, which therefore reacts much less to changes in macroeconomic fundamentals than is suggested by theory. Using ADR market data, I can test exchange rate theories for the Chinese peg/managed float regime under free market conditions. The second paper (Chapter III) contributes to a literature, which analyzes the determinants of currency crisis outbreaks (Eichengreen et al., 1995; Kaminsky and Reinhart, 1999; Karmann et al., 2002). Existing papers employ low-frequent and backward-looking macroeconomic data to forecast currency crises. This dissertation uses ADR market data to derive more accurate and up-to-date currency crisis signals on a daily basis. Moreover, the determinants of currency crisis expectations, such as banking or sovereign debt crisis risk, can be studied using daily market-based risk proxies. The third paper (Chapter IV) contributes to a literature on the sustainability of the EMU. Several papers discuss the possibility of withdrawal from the EMU (Cohen, 1993; Scott, 1998; Buiter, 1999; Eichengreen, 2007). I present empirical evidence that daily ADR market data reflects the risk that vulnerable member countries may leave the EMU and analyzes which determinants drive this withdrawal risk perceived by ADR investors. Second, this dissertation contributes to the literature on the pricing of ADRs. A common finding in the literature is that the outbreak of a currency crisis negatively affects the returns of U.S. dollar-denominated ADRs as the devaluation of the local currency depresses the dollar value of the underlying stock (see, for example, Bailey et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2000; Bin et al., 2004). Several papers find that the introduction of capital controls (typically meant to prevent a currency crisis outbreak) can lead to a permanent violation of the law of one price between ADRs and their underlying stocks since cross-border arbitrage cannot take place (Melvin, 2003; Levy Yeyati et al., 2004, 2009; Auguste et al., 2006). Arquette et al. (2008) and Burdekin and Redfern (2009) find that the price spreads of Chinese cross-listed stocks are significantly driven by market-traded forward exchange rates. This dissertation builds on these findings and uses the relative prices (or returns) of ADRs and their underlying stocks to derive exchange rate expectations. I present empirical evidence that ADR investors’ exchange rate expectations are driven by theory-based determinants of exchange rates, currency crisis outbreaks, or the risk of withdrawal from the EMU. This analysis therefore provides new insights into the price (return) determinants of ADRs. I.4 Main findings and policy implications The findings of this dissertation may broaden the understanding of exchanger rate expectations. The results of the first paper (Chapter II) suggest that stock market investors form their exchange rate expectations in accordance with standard exchange rate theories. Based on a monthly panel data set comprised of 22 ADR/underlying stock pairs and 52 H-share/underlying stock pairs from December 1998 to February 2009 I find that stock market investors expect more yuan appreciation against the U.S. dollar: if the yuan’s overvaluation decreases (the incentive of competitive devaluation); if the inflation differential vis-à-vis the United States falls (relative purchasing power parity); if the productivity growth in China accelerates relative to the United States (the Harrod-Balassa-Samuelson effect); if the Chinese interest rate differential vis-à-vis the United States decreases (uncovered interest rate parity); when Chinese domestic credit relative to GDP decreases (lower risk of a twin banking and currency crisis); or, if Chinese sovereign bond yields fall (lower risk of a twin sovereign debt and currency crisis), ceteris paribus. These findings suggest that the theoretical links between macroeconomic variables and exchange rates in most cases also apply to exchange rate expectations. In this way, the results support the validity of many exchange rate theories and substantiate the rationality of stock market investors’ expectations. This approach (based on stock prices formed under free market conditions) provides an opportunity to test exchange rate theories in managed floating regimes, where the official exchange rate is manipulated by the central bank and does therefore not necessarily respond to changes in macroeconomic fundamentals. Moreover, I use a rolling regressions forecasting framework in order to evaluate the quality of exchange rate expectations. I find that exchange rate expectations drawn from the ADR and H-share market have a better ability to predict changes in the yuan/U.S. dollar exchange rate than the random walk or forward exchange rates, at least at forecast horizons longer than one year. The People’s Bank of China may take advantage of ADR and H-share based exchange rate expectations in order to determine possible misalignments of the yuan/U.S. dollar exchange rate. In this way, the Chinese central bank may improve the timing and intensity of foreign exchange market interventions meant to manipulate the yuan/U.S. dollar exchange rate. The second paper (Chapter III) focuses on the derivation and determination of currency crisis signals formed by ADR market investors. Using daily data on 17 ADR/underlying stock pairs for the capital control episodes in Argentina (2001-2002), Malaysia (1998-1999), and Venezuela (1994-1996 and 2003-2007) we find that ADR investors anticipate currency crises or realignments well before they actually occur. Policymakers could use ADR investors’ up-to-date assessment of the peg’s sustainability in order to identify currency crisis risk earlier and to take the necessary steps to realign an (unsustainable) peg rate before a crisis breaks out. In this way, they could prevent the outbreaks of damaging currency crises without holding excess amounts of costly foreign exchange reserves. Using panel regressions we find that ADR investors anticipate a higher currency crisis risk when export commodity prices fall, the currencies of trading partners depreciate, sovereign bonds yield spreads rise, and interest rate spreads increase. These findings suggest that ADR investors’ currency crisis expectations are based on currency crisis theories even on a daily basis underlining the validity of these theories. The third paper (Chapter IV) studies a particular form of currency crisis risk: the risk that vulnerable member countries could leave the EMU. I use a multifactor pricing model to test whether the financial vulnerability measures assumed to reflect the incentives of national governments to withdraw from the EMU (banking crisis risk, sovereign debt crisis risk, and overvaluation of the euro) are priced in ADR returns. Using daily data on 22 ADR/underlying stock pairs of Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain in the period January 2007 to March 2009 I find that ADR investors perceive a higher risk of withdrawal (priced in ADR returns) when the risk of banking and sovereign debt crisis and the overvaluation of the euro increase. Policymakers could use ADR market data in order to assess the stability of the EMU. Higher correlations between ADR returns and currency crisis risk factors would suggest a higher risk of withdrawals from the EMU. In such a case, financial vulnerabilities may be addressed within the EMU in order to preserve the integrity of the eurozone. However, time will show how long the policymakers in the EMU will continue with the implementation of even more anti-crisis measures. Growing controversies on the ECB’s sovereign bond purchases and the bailouts for Greece, Ireland and Portugal cast doubt on the sustainability of the EMU in its current form.

碩士
國立政治大學
會計學系
104
The main purpose of this study is to examine whether the overconfident managers tend to issue American Depositary Receipts (ADRs), and whether the firms issuing ADRs tend to conduct earnings management. In this paper, I employ the rate of asset growth as the proxy to measure overconfidence of managers, and follow the methods by Zang (2012) to measure earnings management including real earnings management and accrual earnings management. In addition, single variables and combined variables are used to test real earnings management. The research samples consist of Chinese firms which released ADRs for the period 1993 - 2015. The empirical results show that Chinese firms with overconfident managers tend to issue ADRs, indicating they are willing to enter the competitive market. The results also show that Chinese firms which issue ADRs are less likely to conduct real earnings management and accrual earnings management.

碩士
淡江大學
財務金融學系碩士班
94
This study investigates the interactive relationships between American depositary receipts (ADRs) and underlying stocks of companies in BRICs by employing the asymmetric threshold co-integration model. The empirical results indicate that there are co-integration relationships between ADRs and their underlying stocks of all examples, and it shows that they have co-movement trends in the long term. When there are threshold effects in the co-integration relationships, the adjustment speed of deviations will be faster with radical variations of long-run equilibrium deviations. Furthermore, most return ratios of ADRs or stocks also have asymmetric error correction effects. Quicker error correction processes will operate as the variations of error correction terms are in the extreme regime. We conclude from the findings that when the transaction costs or other expenses are considered, more arbitrage profits will attract the market investors to participate in the security trade when there are radical variations of long-run equilibrium deviations, and that will shorten the persistent time of deviations. Finally, both ADRs and underlying stocks have bidirectional shock spillover effects and volatility spillover ones. It also shows that long-run and short-run feedback causality relationships exist between ADRs and underlying stocks which reveal the insignificant phenomenon of market segmentation.

This thesis consists of empirical studies on various aspects of international corporate finance, a series of long-run event studies examining the abnormal stock return performance of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), American Depositary Receipts (ADRs), and stock analyst recommendations. The first two of these, presented in Chapters 2 and 3, investigate the key issues relating to Initial Public Offerings (IPOs). The next, in Chapter 4, examines the performance of new American Depositary Receipt issues from emerging markets and its determinants. The final study, presented in Chapter 5, assesses the value of stock analysts? recommendations in emerging markets. It is essentially a series of empirical studies adopting a tried and tested methodology, involving benchmarks, for measuring returns over time in emerging markets, a subject that has not been sufficiently investigated. The long-run event study approach is designed to identify anomalies in these markets, which may be much more pronounced than in developed markets. This thesis makes substantive contributions to the existing knowledge on measuring, documenting and determining various issues in international corporate finance, and provides methodological improvements over previous studies. Chapter 2 presents an examination of the stock return performance of the IPO stocks listed on the Growth Enterprise Market (GEM) in Hong Kong, finding that the return performance is sensitive to the benchmark employed. Two main factors contributing to the underperformance of GEM stocks are the ?technology boom? and ?IPO effects?. Moreover, the results of cross-sectional analyses suggest that the Hong Kong GEM is a unique market; since at least 70 percent of the IPO stocks listed on the GEM are technology stocks, the ?technology? factor outweighs previous hypotheses advocated by previous researchers to explain the poor performance of newly listed stocks. Chapter 3 extends this analysis by turning attention to the post-issue stock price performance of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) in Asian markets, using a comparative assessment of the stock performance of Asian IPOs motivated by the ongoing discovery of biases in event studies involving long horizon returns. Various methods were used to remove such biases, while examining the robustness of the long run performance of the IPOs. The results of this examination show that the existence of long run underperformance for the Asian IPOs depends on the methodology used. The study also assesses the ?Market Timing? theory with regard to Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), adding to the growing literature that suggests that Asian firms time their issuance of equity securities. Chapter 4 presents a comparative study of the post-issue stock performance and operating performance of the Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) of American Depositary Receipts (ADR) in emerging markets. The results of this study suggest that ADR IPOs are underpriced, though not to the same extent as regular IPOs. In the aftermarket, ADR IPOs underperform the Emerging Market Index. However, after controlling for differences in size and industry, underperformance of ADR IPOs compared with both home market IPOs and US IPOs could not be demonstrated. The analysis of stock and operating performance yields consistent results; aside from the ?window dressing? effect, this also demonstrates that stock price performance is a reflection of operating performance over the long run. Chapter 5 presents the first study to examine post-recommendation abnormal returns in emerging markets, based on the Emerging Market Index adjusted model and the Controlling Firm approach, demonstrating that stock prices react significantly to recommendation revisions, both on the revision day and subsequently. In this cross-sectional analysis, it appears that the Market-to-Book ratio is the primary indicator for Buy and Strong Buy recommendations. This indicates that stock analysts in emerging markets prefer high growth stocks with their attractive characteristics.

碩士
國立臺北大學
國際企業研究所
97
This paper examines the speed of price adjustment in Taiwan, China stock market and American Depositary Receipts. We use a VAR model to show the interaction for stocks and American Depositary Receipts of Taiwan and China. The sample period of this study is from January, 2002 to December, 2008. The empirical results prove that two-way feedback relationship between stocks and ADRs of Taiwan, and we find the positive relationship between stocks and ADRs of China. Our analysis of firm characteristics suggests that the speed of stock price adjustment for Taiwan market is related to market value, while that for American market is related to turnover ratio. We also find asymmetric effects of returns on the speed of adjustment. Investors in Taiwan react more quickly to good news, while investors in America react identically to good news and bad news.

碩士
銘傳大學
財務金融學系碩士班
94
In this study, we apply Threshold Error Correction Models to analyze the relationships between the American Depositary Receipts and their underlying stocks. We also evaluate the forecasting performance of comparitve models by bootstraping simulation. All ADRs included in this study are ASX, AUO, MXICY, SPIL, TSM and UMC over the period from the issuing date to Dec. 31, 2004. The results of this study show that all variables are interarted of degree one (I(1)) and those ADRs are integrated with this underlying securities. Since many financial and economic variables have non-linear characteristics, we utalize SupLM test to investigate the possibility that a threshold model provide a better explanation. We find that some data are suitable for TVECM. However, the same unknown cointegrating parameter vector in different regims for TVECM is an unnesserry assumption. Therefore, LTVECM model wich has regime-specific conintegarion vectors may be more suitable. Based on simulation and RMSFE evaluation measure, we find that some forcasting performances of LTVECM are better than TVECM and VECM. Finally, we estimate and analyze the data according to the model that is suitable for. We find evidences of regime-specific long-term relationships and asymmetric adjustments in some ADRs and their underlying stocks.

碩士
僑光科技大學
全球運籌管理研究所
98
The main purpose of this study is to explore the corporate governance impact upon earnings quality and financial performance with ADR listed companies of Taiwan and Hong Kong in Chinese community from 2004 to 2009, thus to verify the relationship of governance to earnings quality and financial performance. Examples’ data are collected from companies annual reports , CMONEY and TEJ(Taiwan Economical Journal). 81 companies’ data are sampled and analyzed to verify corporate governance impact upon earnings quality and financial performance. The empirical results are as follows: 1. corporate governance: The number of independent directors and board structure have a significantly positive correlation which means that the more are directors, the better is the board structure . Net cash flow of investment and the board structure also have a significantly positive correlation. Nevertheless, Net cash flow of financing and the board have a significantly negative correlation. These show that the investment and financing during sample period were significantly related to corporate governance. 2. earnings quality: Net cash flow of operation and financial performance have a non-significantly positive correlation during sample period. On the contrary, net cash flow of investment and net cash flow of financing are significantly related. 3. financial performance: The Board structure and directors’ shareholding ratio have a significantly positive correlation with the financial performance. The Board structure and asset returns have a significantly positive correlation. The better is the Board structure and the higher is directors’ shareholding ratio, the more is earnings per share.

碩士
大葉大學
管理學院碩士在職專班
100
This study focuses on the mutual relationship between the risk factors such as the United States interest rates, exchange rates, inflation, unemployment and the American Depositary Receipts of the emerging industrial countries (Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, South Korea, Singapore, India, Brazil, Mexico, Greece, and South Africa). To analyze the results, the researcher hopes to provide investors a reference when making investment decisions impact assessment, and also, enrich an academic research reference. The empirical results of this study are as follows: First, through causality test, the interest rate and South Korea's American Depositary Receipts are mutal interactive and the interaction has a very significant impact on the American Depositary Receipts between Taiwan and India. Furhtermore, through the co-integration test, the results indicate the existence of long-run equilibrium relationship and in the error correction model, the rate has negative impact on the American Depositary Receipts. Second, through causality test, the exchange rate leading Mexico's American depositary receipts, showing the exchange rate for the American Depositary Receipts in the emerging industrial countries has a certain influence on the American Depositary Receipts. Third, the inflation rate and the emerging industrial countries of the American Depositary Receipts has most leading trend or a two-way feedback relationship. It provides an effective forecast trends, and a long-run equilibrium relationship also exists. Therefore, this study provides a suggestion when investing the American Depositary Receipts, the rate of inflation could be put into a consideration. Besides, there is not a co-integration relationship between the inflation and the American Depositary Receipts in the emerging industrial countries in co-integration test. And in the error correction model, there remains a mostly negative impact between them. Fourth, the unemployment rate has a leading relationship on the India's American Depository Receipts, while in the co-integration test, these two factors acquire a long-run equilibrium relationship. Accordingly, the unemployment rate will lead to the impact of the American Depositary Receipts. Also,the unemployment rate has a postive correlation on the American Depositary Receipts in the emerging industrial countries in the error correction model.

博士
國立雲林科技大學
管理研究所博士班
94
This dissertation consists of an introduction, two essays, and conclusions. It focuses on the impact of seasoned equity offerings (SEO) on the returns of the American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) of emerging Latin American (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico) and Asian nations (China, Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan). The first essay examines firm’s SEO announcement effects on ADRs. The author evaluate possible co-movement between ADRs, their parent stocks, local and US investor sentiments, as well its implications. It is found that investor sentiments and domestic stock co-move more with ADR post- than pre-SEO. Asian findings demonstrate that ADR price remarkably co-moves with domestic stock and local investor sentiment in full period. The Latin American results show that ADR price co-moves with local and US investor sentiment primarily post- rather than pre-SEO. Domestic stock SEO shock shows limited short-term dynamic interaction with a rapidly diminishing effect from financial innovation. To eliminate possible estimation errors, the second essay applies analysis for panel data—a random effects model to explore ADR accounting communication plus investors’ sentiments in the home and the host countries in influencing ADR return. It is found that domestic stock return plays a vital role in explaining ADR return in Latin American markets; whereas US investor sentiment plays a pivotal role in explaining ADR return in Asian markets. The dissertation finds that ADR EPS adjusted to US GAAP and local GAAP provide little information content in explaining ADR return in Latin American and Asian emerging market samples, both pre- and post-SEO. Thus, it may be preferable that accounting communication be replaced by accounting convergence.

碩士
國立中興大學
財務金融學系所
102
Management of current assets in a company is an important issue for a company; therefore, the control of cash holding is a meaningful topic. Because it influences many aspects, it can become a company’s pros or cons seriously. Moreover, the problem derived from the agency problems is also an important issue in the corporate governance. Besides, after cross-listing in other countries, for a company, it is naturally considered to increase its international reputation and its information transparency; then, the company’s market value could be enhanced indirectly. Based on the previous points, this study examines whether a company issue its America depositary receipt or not can affect its value of cash holding and value of excess cash. In this study, we use the data of global companies which issued Level II and Level III’s America depositary receipt and their competitors as our samples. The results show that the relationship of whether a company is cross-listed and its proportion of cash holdings is negative, while market investors give discounts to company’s excess cash; however, discount rates of cross-listed companies are more than their competitors.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
應用經濟學系研究所
97
Volatility of the stock returns of American Depositary Receipt is lager than stock return of underlying security in Taiwan during financial tsunami. In order to discuss the dependence of stock returns between the company in Taiwan and its ADR for high-tech industrial firms, this paper uses many different Copula models (including Mixture Copula) to execute the empirical analysis. According to empirical results, Student’s t Copula is the best model to represent the dynamic relationship between two markets in TSM, SPIL, and UMC, indicating that two markets will not have high dependence under an extreme situation (Bull market or Bear market). Gumbel Copula is the best model to represent the dynamic relationship between two markets in ASX and AUO, showing that two markets will have high dependence under Bull market. In addition, the time-varying dynamics dependence is also examined. After financial tsunami, it seems to show structure changes. While, in previous studies, it shows that the correlation of the two markets rises substantially during financial crisis, we will see that the dependence decreases substantially in this article. It may be attributed to the stock market intervention, and reduction the range of stock price limits. According to the result of decreasing dependence, it seems to be useful in diversifying portfolio risk by using underlying security and its ADR during financial tsunami.

碩士
國立交通大學
財務金融研究所
107
This study explores the issue between one company’s stock price in the local market and the price of the American depositary receipts in the United States (ADR), as well as the correlation among the local market price, ADR’s price and investor’s attention (measured by Search Volume Index, SVI) in Taiwan, Hong Kong and American markets, if there is lead-lag among these three issue factor. We find that: First, there is a strong positive relationship between the stock prices of companies listed in Taiwan or Hong Kong and their ADR prices. Second, SVI usually leads the response to the company's special events with the possibility of disclosure in advance, while investors usually lag behind the response to market events. Third, for the companies we studied, trading volume and volatility have a more significant impact on SVI. Especially, larger the company is and higher its reputation, the more concentrated its influence will be within four or five days after the event. Smaller the company size, lower the international visibility of the company, the more concentrated the impact in the first two days; Fourth, the attention of American investor has an impact on the attention of local investor.

博士
國立中興大學
財務金融學系所
102
This dissertation works on two issues related to American Depositary Receipts (ADRs): (1). Government policies or Investor sentiment? An reexamination of pricing dynamics of discounts between Chinese cross-listed stocks, and (2). American depositary receipts and merger activities. The first issue mainly explores price discounts of Chinese public listed companies which have issued ADRs (overseas shares in the U.S. market), H-shares (shares traded in the Hong Kong market) and A-shares (shares traded in the China market). We use time-varied panel data models to investigate the effect of different market share prices are influenced by China''s gradual economic transformation from a planned economy to a free market economy. We also conclude the price discounts dwindle due to the gradual transformation of the economic systems. Furthermore, the share price deviations in different markets should be deeply affected by the long-term centrally planned economy and financial policies of the Chinese government, and not like other countries, share prices are much influenced by share liquidity, investors sentiment and other factors. On the second issue, we finds that after ADRs were issued, the companies average abnormal return increased significantly, and the average abnormal returns generated through cross-border merger activities increased from 2.3% to 2.9% compared to before the issuance of ADRs. This is because the issuance of ADRs not only strengthens the level of supervision, and reduces the directors’ motives for their own self-interest during merger activities; it also reduces the costs caused by market segmentation and information asymmetry. The increase of abnormal return during merger activities will increase in sync with merger activities.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
商學研究所
89
In semiconductor industry, Taiwan companies have been the top leaders that most of them take OEM production. Consequently, more and more firms are seeking to issue ADR to raise funds. American investors thought that this event would bring large amount of foreign capital into Taiwan stock market. This article hopes to investigate the cross-listing impact on the volatility of Taiwan stock market and the effect of information transmission by using GARCH (1,1)- MA (1) model. Because the cross-listing impact is an abstract concept, this article uses the proxy that is relevant to foreign stock investment to represent this impact. The results are as follows: 1. Volatility spillover of stock market : (1) The GARCH models show that the price volatility of the stock market of the three firms increased under the cross-listing impact. (2) The GARCH models using the stock return rate of foreign stock market as proxy show that this proxy was positive correlated with the price volatility of TSMC. (3) The GARCH models using the variability of the stock return rate of foreign stock market as proxy show that the relationship between those two variables of MXIC and ASETEST was inconclusive. 2. Mean spillover of stock market : (1) The GARCH (1,1)- MA (1) models using the stock return rate of American or Taiwan stock market as proxy show the same results as previous models of TSMC. (2) The GARCH (1,1)- MA (1) models using the stock return rate of foreign stock market as proxy show that the cross-listing impact has little effect on the information transmission of MXIC and ASETEST.

碩士
南臺科技大學
財經法律研究所
104
Depositary receipts system as an indirect cross-border securities issued in recent years, many enterprises in order to raise funds as well as the trend toward international development, and carry out a fund-raising method, this method allows the enterprise itself has its international visibility. You can also reduce the cost of capital on a lot of uncertainty, investors can be purchase depositary receipts ways to overcome barriers to investment, therefore GDR in recent years by investors and distribution companies alike. Early Taiwan because of the need to raise in order to issue listed overseas to raise the required funds, Taiwan for the past few years of economic deregulation decree, open on both sides, making Taiwan one after another foreign issuer or send Taiwan listed, the issuer deposit depository receipts, but its lack of transparency and corporate information Depositary receipts happen many drawbacks, leading the TDR in stock prices, it is not ideal circulation, and even many companies apply for Depositary receipts under the city. National American Depositary Receipts issued for the world's first, as well as its economic freedom is more open, and in the Corporate Information legislation to expose part of the more progressive than other rule of law and transparency, it issued Depositary receipts to be safeguarded. Although Taiwan's reference ADRs regulations and system to regulate its regulations TDR, but the two countries develop backgrounds, different economic level, which led to US regulations norms and regulations can not be applied in our country, resulting in circulation less than ideal, and finally reuse Tingyi (Cayman Islands) Holding Corporation issued TSMC companies to compare their different Depositary receipts.

Dissertação de mestrado em Finanças
The impact of the decision to cross-list in the US on corporate cash holdings is a subject that has not deserved much attention by researchers. In this study, I analyse the changes in cash holdings post-cross-listing. Using a sample of 1954 American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) issued between 2000 and 2015 in the US by firms from 40 countries I obtain results that allow me to conclude that cash holdings increase after cross-listing for ADRs issued in a stock exchange. This result supports the bonding hypothesis, one of the theories that explains why firms decide to crosslist, which says that foreign firms are willing to adhere to strict legal and financial regulations in the US in order to benefit from higher visibility, a better financial and legal environment and improved market conditions in general. Since exchange-traded ADRs have stricter regulations in order to be issued, my results suggest that firms are indeed willing to commit to tighter rules so they can benefit from the access to the US market. In addition to this, I test if the effects of cross-listing are more noticeable in firms that come from countries with lower standards of corporate governance and development than the US, measured by investor protection, accounting standards, legal system and economic development. My results support the literature in this matter, since I find that firms that come from countries with worse conditions than the US benefit more from crosslisting, in particular in terms of cash holdings, the object of my study.
O impacto nas reservas de caixa da decisão das empresas de se listarem nos Estados Unidos da América é um tópico que até ao momento não mereceu grande atenção por parte dos investigadores. Neste estudo eu analiso as mudanças ocorridas em caixa e equivalentes após o cross-listing. Recorrendo a uma amostra de 1954 American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) emitidos entre 2000 e 2015 nos EUA por empresas de 40 países diferentes, eu obtenho resultados que me permitem concluir que as reservas de caixa aumentam após o cross-listing para empresas que emitiram ADRs numa das bolsas de valores americanas. Este resultado apoia a bonding hypothesis (hipótese de vinculação), uma das teorias que explica a decisão das empresas em se listarem nos EUA, e que postula que as empresas estrangeiras estão dispostas a aderir a exigentes regulamentos legais e financeiros de forma a poderem beneficiar de maior visibilidade, de um melhor ambiente económico, financeiro e legal e mais vantajosas condições de mercado no geral. Tendo em conta que os ADRs emitidos em bolsas de valores possuem regulamentações mais rigorosas, os meus resultados sugerem que as empresas estão efetivamente dispostas a comprometer-se com regras mais austeras de modo a beneficiar do acesso ao mercado dos EUA. Para além disto, eu testo se os efeitos do cross-listing são mais notórios em empresas que provêm de países com piores padrões de administração empresarial e desenvolvimento que os EUA, aspetos medidos através da proteção de investidores, padrões contabilísticos, sistema legal e desenvolvimento económico. Os meus resultados comprovam a literatura neste tema, uma vez que eu constato que empresas originárias de países com condições de mercado piores que os EUA beneficiam mais do cross-listing, em particular em termos de reservas de caixa, o objeto do meu estudo.

碩士
中原大學
國際貿易研究所
94
This study examines the effects of pre-IPO banking relationships on a firm’s IPO. I test whether banking relationships established before the firm’s IPO ameliorate asymmetric information problems behind high IPO underpricing. In this study, underwriter type can be divided into two types – commercial bank and security company. And which underwriter type can lower the level of underpricing. Besides, we also examines the relationship between the underwriter reputation and IPO underpricing. We calculate the underwriter reputation developed by Megginson and Weiss (1991). This is calculated as the gross proceeds for an underwriter divided by total gross proceeds for the sample. Many papers about IPO underpricing, asymmetric information play an important role. Most of these papers think that asymmetric information exist among underwriter、issuing firms and investors. And this phenomenon induces the IPO underpricing. The level of underpricing is depend on the level of asymmetric information. The relationship between the level of underpricing and the degree of asymmetric information is positive.