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Academic literature on the topic 'American Abrasive Metals Co'

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Published: 26 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "American Abrasive Metals Co"

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Li, Zhijie, Fei Ma, Dongshan Li, Shanhong Wan, Gewen Yi, Guofang Geng, and Lingyan Guo. "Enhanced Mechanical and Tribological Capabilities of a Silicon Aluminum Alloy with an Electroplated Ni–Co–P/Si3N4 Composite Coating." Metals 12, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12010120.

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Ni–Co–P/Si3N4 composite coatings were fabricated over an aluminum–silicon (Al–Si) substrate using a pulse-current electroplating process, in which the rapid deposition of an intermediate nickel–cobalt layer was used to improve coating adhesion. The microstructure, mechanical, and tribological behaviors of the electroplated Ni–Co–P/Si3N4 composite coating were characterized and evaluated. The results revealed that the electroplated Ni–Co–P/Si3N4 composite coating primarily consisted of highly crystalline Ni–Co sosoloid and P, and a volumetric concentration of 7.65% Si3N4. The electroplated Ni–Co–P/Si3N4 composite coating exhibited hardness values almost two times higher than the uncoated Al–Si substrate, which was comparable to hard chrome coatings. Under lubricated and dry sliding conditions, the electroplated Ni–Co–P/Si3N4 composite coating showed excellent anti-wear performance. Whether dry or lubricated with PAO and engine oil, the composite coating showed minimum abrasive wear compared to the severe adhesive wear and abrasive wear observed in the Al–Si substrate.
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Krakhmalev, P. V. "Abrasion of ultrafine WC-Co by fine abrasive particles." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 17, no. 6 (December 2007): 1287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(07)60264-7.

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Baek, Min-Seok, Ji-Won Kim, Bae-Gun Park, Hee-Sub Park, and Kee-Ahn Lee. "Effect of Co Leaching on the Vertical Turning Lathe Wear Properties of Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Manufactured by High Temperature and High Pressure Sintering Process." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 58, no. 7 (July 5, 2020): 480–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2020.58.7.480.

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Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) has excellent wear resistance, high impact resistance, superior fatigue properties, and has been used in the oil and gas drilling industries. This study investigated the effect of Co leaching on the microstructure, vertical turning lathe (VTL) wear properties of PDCs manufactured by high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) sintering. The VTL wear test has the advantage of simulating the actual oil drilling environment by using granite as the workpiece. PDC sintered material that did not receive Co leaching was named HTHP sintered PDC-A, and the material subjected to Co leaching was called Co-leached PDC-B in this study. As a result of XRD analysis of both PDCs, diamond and WC peaks were detected, and only the HTHP sintered PDC-A exhibited some Co peaks. In the HTHP sintered PDC-A, the binder WC and Co were evenly distributed at the diamond interface. However, in the Co-leached PDC-B, some empty spaces were observed at the diamond interface. The HTHP sintered PDCA exhibited a similar or slightly higher VTL wear resistance than the Co-leached PDC-B, but only in the short sliding distance. In the long sliding distance after 9 km, Co-leached PDC-B showed significantly superior wear resistance compared to the HTHP sintered PDC-A. The HTHP sintered PDC-A exhibited both abrasive and adhesive wear behaviors, while the Co-leached PDC-B showed only abrasive wear. Based on the above results, the VTL wear mechanism of PDCs, and ways of improving wear resistance were also discussed.
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Formisano, A., F. Capece Minutolo, A. Caraviello, L. Carrino, M. Durante, and A. Langella. "Influence of Eta-Phase on Wear Behavior of WC-Co Carbides." Advances in Tribology 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5063274.

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Cemented carbides, also known as Widia, are hard metals produced by sintering process and widely used in mechanical machining. They show high cutting capacity and good wear resistance; consequently, they result to be excellent materials for manufacturing cutting tools and sandblast nozzles. In this work, the wear resistance of WC-Co carbides containing Eta-phase, a secondary phase present in the hard metals when a carbon content deficiency occurs, is analyzed. Different mixtures of carbide are prepared and sintered, with different weight percentages of carbon, in order to form Eta-phase and then analyze how the carbon content influences the wear resistance of the material. This characterization is carried out by abrasive wear tests. The test parameters are chosen considering the working conditions of sandblast nozzles. Additional information is gathered through microscopic observations and the evaluation of hardness and microhardness of the different mixtures. The analyses highlight that there is a limit of carbon content below which bad sintering occurs. Considering the mixtures without these sintering problems, they show a wear resistance depending on the size and distribution of the Eta-phase; moreover, the one with high carbon content deficiency shows the best performance.
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Sedlaček, Marko, Katja Zupančič, Barbara Šetina Batič, Borut Kosec, Matija Zorc, and Aleš Nagode. "Influence of Precipitation Hardening on the Mechanical Properties of Co-Cr-Mo and Co-Cr-W-Mo Dental Alloys." Metals 13, no. 3 (March 22, 2023): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13030637.

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Co-Cr alloys have good mechanical properties such as high hardness, excellent magnetic properties and good corrosion resistance. For this reason, they are most commonly used as dental and orthopaedic implants. Generally, cast Co-Cr-Mo alloys and forged Co-Ni-Cr-Mo alloys are used for the production of implants. In this study, we investigated two dental alloys, namely, Co-Cr-Mo and Co-Cr-W-Mo alloys. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of heat treatment on the development of the microstructure and to evaluate its influence on the alloys’ mechanical and tribological properties. The samples were first solution-annealed at 1200 °C in an argon atmosphere for 2 h, then quenched in water and subsequently aged at 900 °C in an argon atmosphere for 1, 3 and 12 h. A microstructural analysis was performed using SEM, with EDS for microchemical analysis and EBSD for phase identification. In addition, the Vickers hardness and wear resistance of the two alloys were analysed before and after heat treatment. The Co-Cr-Mo alloy showed better wear resistance and also a generally higher hardness than the Co-Cr-W-Mo alloy. Both alloys showed signs of abrasive and adhesive wear, with carbide particles detaching from the Co-Cr-W-Mo alloy due to the lower hardness of the matrix. The Co-Cr-Mo alloy showed the best abrasion resistance after the longest aging time (12 h), while the Co-Cr-W-Mo alloy showed the best as-cast abrasion resistance. With ageing, the wear resistance of both alloys increased.
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Wege, Frank vom, Birgit Skrotzki, and Erhard Hornbogen. "Abrasivverschleiß einer schmelzgesponnenen und nachfolgend angelassenen Co-Basis-Legierung / Abrasive Wear of a Meltspun and Subsequently Annealed Co-Base Alloy." International Journal of Materials Research 79, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-1988-790802.

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González-Pociño, Alejandro, María A. García-García, Florentino Alvarez-Antolin, and E. Segurado-Frutos. "Effect of Shot Peening and Nitriding on Toughness and Abrasive Wear Resistance of Powder Metallurgic Steels Highly Alloyed with Vanadium." Metals 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2023): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14010022.

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Böhler K390 steel is used for cold work tools, with 9% of V, made by using powder metallurgy. In this work, it has been studied the effect of shot peening and nitriding surface treatments on wear resistance and impact toughness of this type of steel. For this purpose, previous changes in several thermal processing factors related to quenching and tempering were carried out. The results allow for an increase in the hardness, impact toughness, and abrasive wear resistance of these steels. An austenitizing treatment at 1100 °C with air cooling and 3 tempering processes at 550 °C is suggested. These conditions foster a lower weight percentage of retained austenite, up to 3%, a higher carbide percentage, up to 15–16% in weight, and a greater impact toughness with no notch, of above 40 J/cm2. If this treatment is combined with further ion nitriding, the maximum level of abrasive wear resistance is reached. The only carbide type present in the microstructure is the MC type. Most of the V, Cr, and Mo contents are present in said carbides. The Co and the W tend to remain in solid solution in the matrix constituent. Both the shot peening treatment as well as ion nitriding offer a considerable increase in hardness, with values of up to 1500–1600 HV. Nevertheless, it has been confirmed that shot peening does not offer any abrasive wear resistance improvement. Such resistance may only be considerably improved by the application of an ionic nitriding treatment. The thickness of the nitrided layer fluctuates between 150 and 175 µm. The carbides are affected by nitriding, reaching levels that are higher than the atomic 10%, at an intermediate depth of the nitrided layer. These values are higher in the matrix constituent, as they are even higher than the atomic 20% in N.
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Somunkiran, I., M. Nursoy, and H. Çelik. "Effect of Cr content on microstructure and abrasive wear behaviour of Co-based alloys." Powder Metallurgy 54, no. 3 (July 2011): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329009x442735.

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Qu, Jun, Albert J. Shih, Ronald O. Scattergood, and Jie Luo. "Abrasive micro-blasting to improve surface integrity of electrical discharge machined WC–Co composite." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 166, no. 3 (August 2005): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.09.075.

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Imak, Anil, Musa Kilic, and Ihsan Kirik. "Production of Ni-Co-bronze composites with different tic composition by hot pressing." Science of Sintering, no. 00 (2023): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos220404007i.

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Improving microstructural, mechanical, and thermal properties of Ni-Co-Bronze composites is crucial for various applications. In this study, five Ni-Co-Bronze (CuSn) + XTiC (0, 3, 7, 10, and 15 wt.%) composites were produced by using the hot pressing method. The effect of TiC reinforcement rate on each of their microstructure, wear, hardness, and thermal properties was investigated. Within the scope of microstructure analysis, the scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and XRD analysis were employed. Thermal analyses were carried out for thermal differences between the samples. Furthermore, microhardness, impact, and wear tests were run to estimate mechanical behaviors of Ni-Co Bronze + XTiC composite. Experimental results indicated that TiC rate had an important effect on the microstructure, wear-resistance and microhardness of Ni-Co bronze composite. As the TiC reinforcement rate increased, the hardness of Ni-Co Bronze + XTiC composites varied between 180 HV and 450 HV. Consequently, microstructure analysis revealed that there was a serious interaction between reinforcement and matrix. Wear resistance increased with a TiC (7-10) wt. % rate but decreased at high TiC rates. It was clearly seen that the wear pattern was both oxidative and abrasive.
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Books on the topic "American Abrasive Metals Co"

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Conference on Modeling of Casting and Welding Processes. (4th 1988 Palm Coast, Fla.). Modeling and control of casting and welding processes IV: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Modeling of Casting and Welding Processes, sponsored by the Engineering Foundation and co-sponsored by The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, The American Society for Metals and the American Welding Society, held in Palm Coast, Florida April 17-22, 1988. Warrendale, PA: Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 1988.

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FISCHBACH, HYMAN I., and GEORGE S. LEISURE. Harvey Aluminum, Inc., and Harvey Machine Co., Inc., Petitioners, v. American Cyanamid Company, Berbice Company Limited and Reynolds Metals Company. ... of Record with Supporting Pleadings. Gale, U.S. Supreme Court Records, 2011.

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Conference papers on the topic "American Abrasive Metals Co"

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Dabholkar, Anuj, and M. M. Sundaram. "Experimental Study of Micro Abrasive Tool Making by Electroplating." In ASME 2011 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2011-50113.

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Accurate and precise micro abrasive tools are essential for the micromachining of highly complex features in a wide variety of engineering materials including metals and ceramics. With existing abrasive coating techniques such as sol-gel method, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and composite electroforming, it is difficult to control the aggregation tendency of abrasive grains. This work evaluates the feasibility of implementing electroplating principles to fabricate a micro abrasive tool by co-deposition of nickel and micro diamond powder over a tungsten substrate. In this work, a tungsten rod of diameter 500 μm was deposited with 2–4 μm diamond abrasive grains using nickel as a binder. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) studies reveal that more uniform coating is obtained with multilayer coating of micro diamond abrasive by electroplating. The coating process mechanism is discussed.
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Wang, Yancheng, Bing Yan, and Albert J. Shih. "Nonwoven Wheel Polishing of Ti-6Al-4V and Co-Cr-Mo Alloys." In ASME 2014 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME 2014 International Conference on Materials and Processing and the 42nd North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2014-4060.

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This research investigates the nonwoven wheels polishing of Ti-6Al-4V and Co-Cr-Mo alloys, which are biocompatible materials for medical implants. The structure of the high porosity nonwoven wheels consisting of the nonwoven fibers and abrasive grains are characterized. The compressibility and stiffness of the wheel are measured. The stiffness of the wheel is nonlinear depending on the wheel surface speed and compression depth. Polishing tests at two levels of wheel surface speed and compression depth are conducted. Surface roughness and polishing forces are studied. Results demonstrated that polishing of Ti-6Al-4V is difficult, which has twice larger surface roughness than that of Co-Cr-Mo. The nonwoven wheel operating at lower surface speed and smaller compression depth is beneficial to generate a better surface roughness for Ti-6Al-4V and Co-Cr-Mo.
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Graziano, Arthur A., Vasishta Ganguly, J. Whittaker Bullard, Hitomi Yamaguchi, and Tony Schmitz. "Characteristics of Cobalt Chromium Alloy Surfaces Finished Using Magnetic Abrasive Finishing." In ASME 2012 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 40th North American Manufacturing Research Conference and in participation with the International Conference on Tribology Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2012-7367.

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Freeform surfaces, including the femoral components of knee prosthetics, present a significant challenge in manufacturing. The finishing process is often performed manually, leading to high variation in quality. This study proposes using Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) to finish the cobalt chromium (Co-Cr) alloy femoral components of knee prosthetics and varying the surface pattern to alter surface wettability, which influences the tribological properties of the surfaces. As a first step, flat workpieces of the same material were used in this paper. To obtain an understanding of the relationship between surface pattern and wettability, two sets of finishing conditions were developed to yield two different surface patterns while maintaining roughness values (2–5 nm Ra). One surface consists of long cutting marks exhibiting strong directionality, while the other consists of short, intermittent cutting marks. The surface with strong directionality resulted in an increased contact angle between the workpiece and de-ionized water (from 90.0°±1.5° to 93.8°±2.5°), thus a decrease in wettability. The other surface showed a decreased contact angle (from 98.7°±5.3° to 93.3°±3.7°), thus an increase in wettability. This study experimentally demonstrates the feasibility of MAF to alter surface pattern—and to potentially alter the wettability—while maintaining initial surface roughness at a nanometer scale.
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Deuerler, F., H. Gruner, M. Pohl, and L. Tikana. "Auswirkungen der Abscheidebedingungen auf das Kavitationsverhalten von Plasmajet-CVD-Diamantschichten (Effects of the Conditions of Diamond Synthesis on the Cavitation Behaviour of Plasma Jet CVD Diamond Coatings)." In ITSC 1999, edited by E. Lugscheider and P. A. Kammer. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1999p0163.

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Abstract Diamond films have been deposited on WC - 6% Co hard metal tools by the DC plasma jet CVD synthesis. The parameters of the process (gas composition, temperature of the gas phase and the substrate, process pressure) as well as of the substrate surface (material, pretreatment) are related to the diamond film growth. For machining abrasive materials the hard and wear resistant diamond coatings must adhere good to the substrate. The wear behaviour of thin diamond films on hard metals under cavitation treatment has been examined. Thus the conditions of diamond synthesis have been varied especially concerning the coating duration and the process pressure and engineering. The cavitation test reacts more sensitive to coating defects of pm size than the conventional testing methods (scratch test, indenter method) and considers the microstructure of the material. Paper text in German.
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Nguyen, Trung, Patrick Kwon, D. Kang, and Tom Bieler. "The Root Cause of Nose and Flank Wear and Their Behavior in Turning Ti-6Al-4V With Carbides and PCD Inserts." In ASME 2014 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME 2014 International Conference on Materials and Processing and the 42nd North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2014-4116.

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This paper addresses the root cause for flank and nose wear when machining Ti alloys. In machining ferrous metals, at least the cementite (Fe3C) phase is present as the abrasive contributing to the flank wear. However, most titanium alloys possesses no significant hard phase, which questions the root cause for those wear. In this study, a Ti-6Al-4V bar was turned under various conditions with few grades of uncoated carbide and PCD-insert type tools. The cutting tools were retrieved sporadically after stopping the tuning process in order to examine the wear patterns and their evolution on the tools. The nose and flank wear patterns on the tool inserts were investigated with a confocal microscope. The microstructure of the bar was characterized using Orientation Image Microscope with Electron-Backscattered Diffraction Scan (EBDS). Two distinct types of damages were identified, (a) Micro-fracture at the cutting edge and (b) Scoring markings. Based on the microstructure and the tool wear patterns, this paper claims that both types of damages were caused primarily by the hard orientation of the alpha (α or Hexagonal Closed Packed) crystalline phases and secondarily by the adhesion layer detaching parts of the tool material from the nose and flank surfaces.
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Shen, J., B. Grünenwald, and F. Dausinger. "Laser Surface Modification of a Low Carbon Steel with Tungsten Carbide and Carbon." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1991.pd37.

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For many industrial applications it is sufficient to have a small area of wear resistant surface. For this reason, cheap low carbon steel is chosen for the partial laser surface alloying. Laser alloying experiments of low carbon steel (16MnCrS5) were carried out by powder injection (WC/Co 88/12) and with graphite precoating for comparison. In addition, melt injection of tungsten carbide was used to produce a composite layer with hard tungsten carbide particles embedded in tough metal matrix. Detailed material investigations (metallographical, electromicroscopical and EDX-analyses) were undertaken on the samples obtained with these methods. The experimental results indicate that for the samples alloyed with carbon, the hardness increases due to martensitic transformation. In the case of alloying with tungsten carbide powder, the hardening mechanism can be subdivided into two regimes: for the low tungsten concentration in the alloyed layers the hardness is increasing due to the martensitic transformation, while for the high tungsten concentration the increase in hardness is mainly resulted from the higher carbide amount in the alloyed layers. Abrasive wear tests on layers alloyed with tungsten carbide indicate that the wear resistance of martensite hardened layers is comparable with that of conventional hardened 100Cr6 steel and the wear resistance of tungsten carbide composite layers is comparable with taht of sintered WC/Co hard metals. By these results a microstructure can be produced as required to suit different wearing situations.
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Farrell, Paul, and Philip R. LeGoy. "Using Plasma Pyrolysis Vitrification (PPV) to Enhance Incineration Waste Ash Reduction in Ireland." In 10th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec10-1028.

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Ireland has been called the Silicon Valley of Europe. Like the Silicon Valley in the U.S. it has a large amount of waste created by the Microchip Industry. Ireland is also an agricultural country. A large amount of bio-waste has been stockpiled in Ireland. This is the result of recent outbreaks/epidemics of animal diseases in the EU. The current growth industry of Ireland is the chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. Nine of the top ten pharmaceutical companies are manufacturing in Ireland. Wastes from these industries are often toxic and hazardous. They can contain large amounts of combustible organic compounds depending on their source. Since Ireland is an island it has special problems disposing of waste. Waste comes in as products as packaging and it doesn’t go out. The emerging solution is Incineration. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) can contain many forms of metal and chemistry under normal conditions. When a large amount of the primary industry of a region is chemistry based and agricultural based there is the probability of more than usual amount of toxic residue in the refuse. The ash from incineration contains items such as dioxins & heavy metals that are environmental toxins. Using a Plasma Pyrolysis Vitrification (PPV) process the volume of the resultant ash from incineration can be further reduced by as much as 30 to 1. A PPV process has an added advantage of giving an incineration facility the capability of rendering ash safe for reuse as construction material and as a side benefit reclaiming many valuable elemental components of the ash. The PPV plant can be used to destroy waste directly and economically as long as the gate fees are high. One byproduct of incinerator ash smelting/destruction using a PPV process is CO gas, a combustible fuel resource for power generation. Precious metals may also be reclaimed as an alloy material by-product.
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Abrams, Richard F., Kevin Toupin, John T. Costa, and Ned Popovic. "2,400 Tons Per Day Refuse Derived Fuel Facility With Advanced Boiler and Air Pollution Control Systems." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3549.

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A greenfield Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) facility in Alliance Ohio will process 2,400 Tons Per Day (TPD) of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and Construction & Demolition Debris (C&D). The Ohio EPA has issued the final air permit for the facility. There will be two equipment trains to handle the material each consisting of Riley Power’s Advanced Stoker™ boiler, Turbosorp® dry scrubber, and Regenerative Selective Catalytic Reduction (RSCR®) nitrogen oxides (NOx) control system. The key parts of the “chute to stack” equipment represent a significant advancement in technology when compared to past facilities, as demonstrated by the designation by the State of Ohio as an “Advanced Energy Project”. The Riley Advanced Stoker™ boiler has unique design features to ensure high efficiency, corrosion resistance, and fuel flexibility while at relatively low cost. The use of the Turbosorp will result in lower emissions of lead, other volatile heavy metals, and mercury than for a typical spray dryer/baghouse (SDA) system. Acid gas removal is also superior to an SDA system while utilizing less lime reagent and power. The RSCR follows the Turbosorp as a “low dust” SCR but with auxiliary energy consumption about 85% lower than a typical low dust, tail end SCR. The RSCR will reduce NOx and Carbon Monoxide (CO) emissions to low values when compared to other facilities producing energy from waste. This paper will describe the design basis for the system including fuels to be processed, steam flow and conditions, and emissions. A detailed description of the technologies will also be presented.
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Andrade, Luciano G. D., Ezequiel C. P. Pessoa, Alexandre Q. Bracarense, Weslley C. Dias, Leandro F. Ribeiro, and Stephen Liu. "The Effect of Base Metal and Core Rod Carbon Content on Underwater Wet Weld Porosity." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20877.

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Porosity is a common defect observed in underwater wet welding. Several research programs have been developed to understand how pores form in order to mitigate the problem. No superficial pores and a limited number of internal pores (based on size) are important requirements to classify underwater wet welds according to the American Welding Society – AWS D3.6M standard. The main objective of this work is to study the effect of base metal and core rod carbon content on weld metal porosity. A pressure chamber with 20 atmospheres capacity was used to simulate depth with fresh water. To perform the welds, a gravity feeding system able to open an electric arc and deposit the weld automatically was used. Beads-on-plate were made using Direct Current Electrode Negative (DCEN) configuration on two base metals with different carbon contents (C2 – 0.1 wt. pct. and C7 – 0.7 wt. pct.) at 50 meters water depth. Commercial E6013 grade electrodes were used to deposit the welds. These electrodes were produced with core rods with two different carbon content (E2 – 0.002 wt. pct. and E6 – 0.6 wt. pct.) and painted with varnish for waterproofing. Samples were removed from the beginning, middle and end of the BOP welds and prepared following metallographic techniques including macroetching and image analysis for weld porosity. A data acquisition system was used to record current, voltage and welding time at 1.0 kHz rate. The porosity measurements indicated an increase of about 85% and 70% when E6 electrodes were used instead of E2 electrode on C2 and C7 steel plates, respectively. Simultaneously, the increase in porosity was followed by an increase in short circuiting events, an increase in weld bead penetration and a decrease in welding voltage. These observations seem to confirm, a direct effect of carbon content of the core rod on weld metal porosity and that porosity is associated with the CO reaction that can occur during metal transfer in that molten droplets carry gas bubbles to the welding pool. On the other hand, the increase of carbon content in the base metal was seen to decrease the porosity in the weld metal. This result can be related with the decrease in penetration observed when changing C2 to C7 plates. The smaller participation of carbon from the base metal in the weld pool reactions should then reduce the CO formation and, consequently, the amount of pores in the weld.
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