Journal articles on the topic 'Amendments'
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1
Fisher, Ingrid E., and Margaret R. Garnsey. "The Semantics of Change as Revealed Through an Examination of Financial Accounting Standards Amendments." Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jeta.2006.3.1.41.
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Financial accounting standards (FASs) are frequently changed by formal amendment. Frequent amendment imposes costs upon the users of these standards. Research into amendments and the amendment process is strikingly absent. A better understanding of what is amended and how often such amendments occur may facilitate a reduction in the frequency of such amendments enabling a corresponding reduction in the associated costs. This study examines a sample of 567 amendments to FASs. Classical information retrieval techniques are applied to establish whether meaningfully related clusters of amendments can be identified. Identified clusters are compared to a descriptive taxonomy of change (FAS amendments) proposed by Fisher (2004) to determine whether the clusters fit within the framework of the taxonomy, thereby lending it support. The results demonstrate the ability of classical information retrieval techniques to identify significant clusters of amendments and extend the applicability of the techniques into the FAS domain. In addition, the identified clusters provide preliminary support for the proposed taxonomy of change. We propose future research using amendments inserted into the original pronouncements in order to provide the context for the amendments. The additional context should enhance the ability of latent semantic indexing to identify meaningful clusters and may provide stronger support for the taxonomy.
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Lebrun, Manhattan, Sylvain Bourgerie, and Domenico Morabito. "The Potential of Clover Green Amendment, Associated with Biochar, Activated Carbon or Ochre, for the Phytoremediation, Using Populus x. canescens, of a Former Mine Technosol." Plants 10, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071374.
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Metal(loid) soil pollution resulting from past and present mine activities is a serious environmental and health issues worldwide. Therefore, the remediation of those polluted areas has been a growing research interest over the last decades, especially the assisted phytoremediation. In this study, a pot experiment was set up, using a former mine technosol, highly polluted by As and Pb, to which biochar, activated carbon, or ochre was applied, alone or in combination to clover green amendment. Following amendment application, Populus x. canescens cuttings were planted. Results showed that all four amendments reduced soil acidity. However only the first three amendments immobilized As and Pb, while the green amendment drastically mobilized those two pollutants and none of the amendments improved plant growth. In conclusion, the association of clover green amendment to biochar, activated carbon, or ochre did not appear as an efficient remediation strategy in this case; although the aging of the amendments and degradation of the green amendment in the soil with time could have positive outcomes.
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Lucic, Sonja. "The power of the European Parliament in cooperation legislative procedure." Medjunarodni problemi 56, no. 2-3 (2004): 249–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0403249l.
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The author explores the power of the European Parliament (EP) in the co-operation procedure, using health and safety Directives as a sample. The measure of power is success of the amendment. Each amendment proposed by the EP was traced through the legislative process, coded according to its type proportion adopted and its reading was introduced in. The results demonstrate that the EP is an influential legislator, as a large proportion of EP amendments is incorporated into the final legislative text. As for the factors affecting the success of amendments the analysis finds that the role of the Commission is considerable, that less politically controversial amendments are more often accepted, but non-technical amendments have a high acceptance rate as well, and that amendments introduced in the second reading have a lesser chance of success than those proposed in the first reading.
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Collison, Ben R., Patrick A. Reid, Hannah Dvorski, Mauricio J. Lopez, Alana R. Westwood, and Nikki Skuce. "Undermining environmental assessment laws: post-assessment amendments for mines in British Columbia, Canada, and potential impacts on water resources." FACETS 7 (January 1, 2022): 611–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2021-0106.
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In British Columbia (BC), Canada, there is increased attention on mines and their impacts on water resources. In BC, many proposed mines undergo provincial environmental assessment (EA), which predicts a mine’s risks and involves government oversight and public engagement. After approval, mines can apply for amendments that alter the project’s undertakings, including in ways that may harm water resources. We examined all amendment documents for mines undergoing provincial EA in BC from 2002 to 2020. Of the 23 approved mines, 15 (65%) requested a total of 49 amendments, of which 98% were approved. Most mines applied for their first amendment within 3 years of approval. We deemed 20 of the approved amendments (associated with 10 projects) likely to have negative impacts on water resources, including changes to effluent discharge, increased volume of water extraction, or degradation of fish habitat. Amendment applications and approval documents lacked specific, quantitative information to reinforce claims or decisions. We present the first known summary of EA amendments in any jurisdiction. Given that most mines in BC receive amendments, and many are related to water, we express concern that amendment processes increase risk to water resources without meeting standards of evidence and public scrutiny required by the regular EA process.
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Abraha, Tesfamariam, and Truter. "Can a Blend of Amendments be an Important Component of a Rehabilitation Strategy for Surface Coal Mined Soils?" Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 8, 2019): 4297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164297.
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Soil compaction impedes plant growth by negatively affecting water infiltration, soil aeration, access to soil water and nutrients, and consequently restricts root development. Previous studies to alleviate such problems in rehabilitated mine soils using a single amendment material did not provide a long lasting solution. The aim of the study was to quantify the role of different amendments in alleviating selected soil hydraulic properties. Five single amendment materials and three different blends of amendments were mixed thoroughly with degraded mine soil in a 1:3 (amendment:soil) ratio and packed in columns. Two additional unamended soils with different bulk densities were included as benchmarks. In general, the application of amendments reduced bulk density (BD) by 4–20%, enhanced infiltration rate by 15–70%, increased porosity by 5–35% and increased plant available water (PAW) by 9–33% compared with the unamended soils. Between amendments, the blends of amendments reduced BD by 9–16%, enhanced infiltration rate by 17–59%, increased porosity by 6–32%, and PAW by 4–28% compared with single amendments. The study showed that a blend of amendments have better soil restoration capacity through improving porosity, infiltration rate and plant available water. A blend of amendments therefore has the potential to be a sustainable and an important component of a rehabilitation strategy for surface coal mined soils.
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Bautista, Inmaculada, Joana Oliver, Antonio Lidón, Jose María Osca, and Neus Sanjuán. "Improving the Chemical Properties of Acid Sulphate Soils from the Casamance River Basin." Land 12, no. 9 (August 29, 2023): 1693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12091693.
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The anoxic conditions produced after the reflooding of acid sulphate soil (ASS) can reduce sulphate and/or Fe(III) with a consequent rise in pH. This study aimed to compare the effect of different amendments on ASS remediation and to analyse the effect on soil pH and exchangeable aluminium. Two mid-term incubation experiments were carried out to analyse the effect of amendments and water management on ASS. Soil samples were taken in the Santak Valley from four agricultural plots. During the first experiment, each soil sample was subject to two water management systems (flooded and non-flooded) and three amendment types (rice straw, manure, and lime). During the second experiment, the flooded condition was performed with three organic amendments (rice straw, manure, and biochar). In the first experiment, the amendments with organic matter (rice straw, and manure) increased the pH more under the flooded conditions, and manure was effective in reducing exchangeable aluminium (Alex) to 45% in the control soil. In the second experiment, all the organic amendments reduced soluble Al, but whereas straw increased soluble Fe, biochar diminished it. The amendment addition increased the soil pH and reduced Alex. The Alex reduction was greater for the stabler organic amendments: manure and biochar.
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Chaturvedi, Neilan S. "Filling the Amendment Tree: Majority Party Control, Procedures, and Polarization in the U.S. Senate." American Politics Research 46, no. 4 (December 5, 2017): 724–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x17744173.
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Harry Reid is often lauded by fellow Democrats as one of the most powerful Senate Majority leaders in modern history. One tactic that he used to usher in legislation was a parliamentary procedure known as “Filling the Amendment Tree.” Amendment trees are diagrams that demonstrate the amendment process for legislation, but Reid often limited the number of amendments that could be offered on a piece of legislation using this procedure. From the majority’s perspective, this procedure helps usher in legislation and protects vulnerable moderates from having to vote on controversial legislation. Still, others argue that the restrictive procedure limited the ability of moderate Democrats to distinguish themselves from their party leadership, making them vulnerable to attacks. In this article, I find that filling the amendment tree did not limit moderate Democrats from proposing amendments. In fact, although moderate Republicans shied away from the process of filing amendments in protest, there was no statistical relationship between ideology and the number of amendments filed for Democrats. Still, upon examination of voting data, the use of the procedure homogenized the voting records of moderate Democrats in the 112th and 113th Congresses. Furthermore, it forced moderate Republicans to vote more often with the Democrats in each of the Congresses in which Reid employed the procedure.
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Golat, Rafał. "OVERVIEW OF 2018 AMENDMENTS TO THE ACT ON ORGANIZING AND RUNNING CULTURAL ACTIVITY AND THE ACT ON MUSEUMS." Muzealnictwo 60 (March 4, 2019): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0765.
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The year 2018 did not yield any breakthrough amendments to the Act on Museums. Those adopted were essentially meant to either adjust or complement the existing acts, and were adopted as the consequence of the amendments to other laws. However, the Act on Organizing and Running Cultural Activity, which actually stands as the systemic reference, particularly when it comes to museums operating as cultural institutions, was amended in 2018 to a greater extent. The widest range of the above amendments related to the organizational aspects of the operation of Polish cultural institutions. Firstly, the option of establishing cultural institutions with their seat on the territory of Poland was introduced; this on the grounds of contracts concluded by ministers and managers of central government offices with the organizations active within the area of the protection of national heritage and established in compliance with foreign law (Amendment of 12 April 2018 to the Law on Organizing and Running Cultural Activity). Additionally, the provisions defining competition for the appointment of the director of a cultural institution in compliance with the Amendment of 6 December 2018 to the above Act were substantially extended. The adjusting character in this context can be seen in the amendment to Article 16.4.3 of the Act on Organizing and Running Cultural Activity resulting from the new provisions on the representative trade union organization in the Trade Unions Act, resulting from the Act’s amendment of 5 July 2018. The second scope of the discussed amendments include those of financial character. This can be said both of the amendment of 12 April 2018, related to designated fund and foreseeing allocating them for tasks under state patronage, as well as of the Amendments of 8 April 2017 to the Act on Organizing and Running Cultural Activity in relation to awarding state aid from Norway Funds and EEA. As far as amendments to the Act on Museums in 2018 are concerned, these were reduced to two of very limitedrange ones, so-called terminology amendments of 3 August 2018 within the framework of the regulations introducing the Act on Higher Education and Science, limited to the new phrasing of Articles 10.3.1 and 10.3.2 of the Act on Museums, these dealing currently with postgraduate students, and the amendment of 28 January 2018 consisting in incorporating new Par. 6b in the Act on Museums opening the option for the Medal of the “Guardian of National Memorial Sites”.
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Marmier, Vincent, Jacynthe Dessureault-Rompré, Emmanuel Frossard, and Jean Caron. "Impact of Plant-Based Amendments on Water-Soluble Nitrogen Release Dynamics in Cultivated Peatlands." Nitrogen 3, no. 3 (July 23, 2022): 426–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3030028.
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Drained cultivated peatlands have been an essential agricultural resource for many years. To slow and reduce the degradation of these soils, which increases with drainage, the use of plant-based amendments (straw, wood chips, and biochar) has been proposed. Literature on the effects of such amendments in cultivated peatlands is scarce, and questions have been raised regarding the impact of this practice on nutrient cycling, particularly nitrogen (N) dynamics. By means of a six-month incubation experiment, this study assessed the effects of four plant-based amendments (biochar, a forest mix, willow, and miscanthus) on the release kinetics of water-soluble N pools (mineral and organic) in two histosols of differing degrees of decomposition (Haplosaprist and Haplohemist). The amendment rate was set at 15 Mg ha−1 on a dry weight basis. The N release kinetics were significantly impacted by soil type and amendment. Miscanthus and willow were the amendments that most reduced the release of soluble organic N (SON) and mineral N (minN). The addition of plant-based amendments reduced the total amount of released N pools during the incubation (cumulative N pools) by 50.3 to 355.2 mg kg−1, depending on the soil type, the N pool, and the type of amendment. A significant relationship was found between microbial biomass N, urease activity, and the cumulative N at the end of the incubation. The results showed that the input of plant-based amendments in cultivated peatland decreases N release, which could have a beneficial impact by decreasing N leaching; however, it could also restrict crop growth. Further research is needed to fully assess the impact of such amendments used in cultivated peatlands on N and on C fluxes at the soil–plant and soil–atmosphere interfaces to determine if they constitute a long-term solution for more sustainable agriculture.
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YAP, PO JEN. "The conundrum of unconstitutional constitutional amendments." Global Constitutionalism 4, no. 1 (January 30, 2015): 114–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045381714000100.
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AbstractNational courts, largely in South Asia and Latin America, have deemed unconstitutional certain constitutional amendments that have been enacted into law in their respective jurisdictions. In the article, this author explores the normative arguments for and against the judicial enforcement of implicit substantive constraints on formal constitutional changes. In essence, the author argues that, in determining whether judges should render the substance of constitutional amendments unconstitutional, one must examine how the impugned constitutional amendment was passed. In jurisdictions where a constitutional amendment can be passed by a dominant party/coalition without bipartisan support or the general support of the people, the courts may intervene, but only where the constitutional amendment(s) in question is/are so manifestly unreasonable that such a revision is akin to a substantial destruction of the pre-existing constitution. But no constitutional amendment should ever be judicially invalidated for violating any implied ‘basic features’ of the constitution when the amendment process is particularly cumbersome and requires significant bipartisan support and the general public’s express or implicit endorsement for the amendment to pass.
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Rastogi, Mausmi, Shikhar Verma, Sushant Kumar, Saurabh Bharti, Gaurav Kumar, Kamaran Azam, and Vikash Singh. "Soil Health and Sustainability in the Age of Organic Amendments: A Review." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 10 (September 4, 2023): 2088–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i102870.
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Organic amendments have emerged as a pivotal component in the trajectory of sustainable agriculture, given their multifaceted contributions to soil health, crop yield, and environmental conservation. This comprehensive review delves into the intricacies of organic amendments, spanning their historical context, types, sources, nutrient profiles, and their interplay with soil and plant health. Special emphasis is laid on the integration of modern technological advancements with traditional amendment practices, exploring the synergistic potential of digital agriculture and precision farming in enhancing the efficacy of organic inputs. The review also sheds light on the economic, social, and environmental ramifications, emphasizing the role of organic amendments in smallholder versus large-scale agricultural systems and their influence on farmer resilience and consumer perceptions. Crucially, this review addresses the challenges and limitations inherent in organic amendment practices, including concerns related to quality variation, scalability, over-application, and regulatory nuances. Concomitantly, the work culminates with a forward-looking perspective, highlighting emergent trends and innovations that portend the future of organic amendments in global agriculture. The findings underscore the significance of organic amendments not merely as soil additives but as integral elements in the blueprint for a sustainable, resilient, and food-secure future.
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Wilkerson, John D. "“Killer” Amendments in Congress." American Political Science Review 93, no. 3 (September 1999): 535–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2585573.
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For more than three decades, social choice theorists and legislative scholars have studied how legislative outcomes in Congress can be manipulated through strategic amendments and voting. I address the central limitation of this research, a virtual absence of systematic empirical work, by examining 76 “killer” amendments considered during the 103d and 104th congresses. I trace the effects of these amendments on their related bills using archival sources, test for strategic voting using NOMINATE as the baseline measure of legislator preferences across a range of issues, and explore with OLS regression why some killer amendments are more strategically important than others. The findings indicate that successful killer amendments and identifiable strategic voting are extremely rare. In none of the cases examined could the defeat of a bill be attributed to adoption of an alleged killer amendment.
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Matisic, Manuel, Ivan Dugan, and Igor Bogunovic. "Challenges in Sustainable Agriculture—The Role of Organic Amendments." Agriculture 14, no. 4 (April 22, 2024): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14040643.
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Soil degradation threatens global food security and environmental sustainability, necessitating effective soil management strategies. This review comprehensively examines the impact of organic soil amendments on soil quality and productivity across various soil types and climatic conditions. A review of significant research related to organic amendments was performed using encompassed data from online search engines for studies published up until 31 December 2023. Despite their heterogeneity and use of varying methodologies, the data were narratively synthesized, providing a comprehensive understanding of amendment-induced changes in the chemical and physical properties of soil and the effectiveness of restoration on soil degradation. Organic amendments, including compost, vermicompost, biochar, and pomace, are pivotal in enhancing soil quality by increasing soil organic matter content, fostering aggregate formation, and improving soil structure in the short term. They positively influence water retention capacity, pH levels, nutrient availability, and carbon sequestration. In several studies, amendment-induced changes were absent, indicating that the effects of amendments vary depending on soil texture, application rates, and cropping systems, which emphasizes the need for tailored, sustainable soil management practices. This study concludes that organic amendments are a promising option for structure improvement and organic matter accumulation. It further suggests that an approach that integrates various methods is essential in order to meet desirable soil quality and retain agricultural productivity and offers valuable insights and recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers. Organic amendments can improve soil ecosystem services and contribute to climate change adaptation. In the future, more attention should be directed to tillage management and soil amendment interaction, as well as their effectiveness over specific periods of time.
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Bisht, Mamta, Chitra Pande, Geeta Tewari, and Sonal Tripathi. "Influence of Copper Amendments on Soil Properties, Growth and Metal Accumulation by Mentha arvensis L." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 19, no. 4 (July 26, 2022): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw220053.
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A polyhouse study was conducted to assess the influence of copper amendments on the soil properties, plant growth parameters (fresh weight and plant height) and metal accumulation in Mentha arvensis L. The amendments of copper were 270, 500, 700 and 900 mg kg-1 in triplicate along with an unamended control. After 90 days of plant growth, the aerial parts of the plant were harvested and the physicochemical properties of the soil such as pH, EC, %OC, %OM and metal content in plant and soil were recorded. The pH and EC values were higher for the amendments as compared to the control. The pH (8.22) and EC (0.80 dS m-1) values were the highest for Cu270 mg kg-1 and Cu500 mg kg-1 amendments, respectively. The percentage of OC and OM was the highest (1.16%, 2.00%) for Cu500 mg kg-1. The plant height was maximum (36.30 cm) for the control plant while the fresh weight was maximum for Cu700 mg kg-1 amendment. The copper accumulation was observed to be the highest (19.3 mg kg-1) for the Cu500 mg kg-1 amendment and least (13.7 mg kg-1) for the higher amendment (Cu900 mg kg-1) showing that for all the amendments along with control, copper accumulation was within the permissible limit. Thus, growing medicinal and aromatic plants in the metal-rich soils can be a sustainable and environment-friendly approach to obtaining metal-free commercially important end products.
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Larney, Francis J., H. Henry Janzen, and Andrew F. Olson. "Residual effects of one-time manure, crop residue and fertilizer amendments on a desurfaced soil." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 91, no. 6 (November 2011): 1029–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss10065.
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Larney, F.J., Janzen, H.H. and Olson, A.F. 2011. Residual effectsof one-time manure, crop residue and fertilizer amendments on a desurfaced soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 1029–1043. Organic amendments are often used to mitigate the effects of soil degradation caused by erosion. In spring 1992, a desurfaced soil (∼15 cm depth mechanically removed to simulate erosion) received one-time applications of amendments (20 Mg ha−1dry wt), and was subsequently seeded annually to spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). By 2009, six treatments (fresh and old cattle manure, hog and poultry manure, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay and straw+200 kg P ha−1) had cumulative yields which were not significantly different (−6.5 to −19.5%) from the topsoil check treatment (no topsoil removed, no amendment). Most (8 of 13) amendment treatments showed significant power function relationships between cumulative grain yield (expressed as a percent of topsoil check) and time while two (hog and poultry manure) were quadratic. Soil organic carbon (SOC) accrued on all treatments over time, increasing significantly from an average of 12.2 g kg−1in 1992 to 13.2 g kg−1(0–15 cm depth) in 2003. Residual amendment effects on total nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were apparent 11.5 yr after application. Results demonstrated that while drastically disturbed soils may recover productivity in the absence of organic amendments (e.g., eroded check treatment), organic amendments play a residual role in their ongoing maintenance.
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Bigelow, Cale A., Daniel C. Bowman, and D. Keith Cassel. "Nitrogen Leaching in Sand-based Rootzones Amended with Inorganic Soil Amendments and Sphagnum Peat." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 126, no. 1 (January 2001): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.126.1.151.
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sand-based rootzones are specified for golf course putting greens because they resist compaction and maintain drainage, even under heavy traffic. Although sands provide favorable physical properties, nutrient retention is generally poor and soluble nutrients like nitrogen (N) are prone to leaching. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate several inorganic soil amendments (clinoptilolite zeolite (CZ), diatomaceous earth, and two porous ceramics), which varied in cation exchange capacity (CEC), and sphagnum peat for their ability to limit N leaching. Columns (35 cm tall × 7.6 cm diameter) were filled with 30 cm of sand-amendment mixtures (8:2 v/v) and NH4NO3 was applied in solution at a N rate of 50 kg·ha-1. Leaching was initiated immediately using 2.5 pore volumes of distilled water in a continuous pulse. Leachate was collected in 0.1 pore volume aliquots and analyzed for NH4+-N and NO3--N. All amendments significantly decreased NH4+ leaching from 27% to 88% which was directly proportional to the CEC of the amendments. By contrast, NO3- losses were consistently high, and no amendment effectively decreased loss compared to nonamended sand. Two amendments with the highest CECs, CZ and a porous ceramic, were selected to further study the effects of amendment incorporation rate, depth, and incubation time on N leaching. Ammonium but not NO3- leaching was decreased with increasing amendment rate of both products. At 10% amendment (v/v) addition, only 17% to 33% of applied NH4+ leached from the amended sands. Depth of amendment incorporation significantly affected NH4+ leaching, with uniform distribution through the entire 30 cm tall column being more effective than placement within the upper 2.5 or 15 cm. Allowing the NH4NO3 to incubate for 12 or 24 hours following application generally did not affect the amount leached. These results suggest NH4+-N leaching is inversely related to CEC of the root-zone mixture and that uniform distribution of these CEC enhancing amendments in the root-zone mixtures reduced N leaching to a greater extent than nonuniform distribution.
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Warjiati, Sri. "Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia Pasca Amandemen UUD 1945." al-Daulah: Jurnal Hukum dan Perundangan Islam 2, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 185–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/ad.2012.2.2.185-207.
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Abstract: The article discuss the changes of indonesian political system in indonesia after the amendment of Indonesian Constitution of 1945 with the focus of the amendments of legislative, eecutive and judicative bodies. Legislative amendments is located in the emergence of a new body called DPD (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah of Regional Representative Assembly) as a part of MPR (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or People’s Consulatation Assembly) alongside DPR (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or House of Representative). Such amendment is basically a modifictaion of bicameral system as that of the United States’ political system. Executive body amendments lies on direct election of president, limitation of presidential tenure up to two tenures of five years, and likeliness of presidential impeachment in case of breaking law and constitution. Amendment on judicative body is obviously apparent in the creation of Constitutional Court alongside the Supreme Court and Judicial comission which is in charge of safeguarding the judgeship profession.Kata Kunci: Amandemen, UUD, dan System Ketatanegaraan
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Schnackenberg, Ashley, Géraldine Bidar, Valérie Bert, Patrice Cannavo, Sébastien Détriché, Francis Douay, René Guenon, et al. "Effects of Inorganic and Organic Amendments on the Predicted Bioavailability of As, Cd, Pb and Zn in Kitchen Garden Soils." Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research 3, no. 1 (November 11, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2201004.
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Moderately contaminated garden soils can benefit from gentle remediation options such as soil amendments, which improve soil functions and agronomic potentialities while decreasing environmental and human risk. This study aimed to analyze the effects of doses of various common soil amendments generally applied by gardeners on the predicted bioavailability (i.e., extractability) of metal(loid)s (i.e., As, Cd, Pb, and Zn) in contaminated kitchen garden soils. Fourteen different amendment mixes (i.e., a green waste compost with two degrees of maturity used alone and in combination with zeolite, three organic fertilizers, two calcareous amendments, two natural siliceous or alumino-silicate amendments, and one potting soil) were tested on three different garden soils with diverse sources of contamination and physico-chemical characteristics. Chemically extractable metal(loid)s were analyzed using 0.05 M EDTA extraction and 1 M NH4NO3 extraction. In one soil sample, potting soil showed significant potential to reduce the availability of As, as analyzed by both extractants. This amendment also effectively reduced the Pb extractability in the geogenic-contaminated soil, as did other high-organic matter amendments such as various application rates of composts. Zeolite and zeolite-compost mixes demonstrated success on various metal(loid)s and therefore could be a promising emerging amendment mix. Other efficient amendments include crushed horn, which effectively reduced available Zn in all soils, as well as available Pb. The application of bone meal similarly reduced the extractable As, Pb, and Zn in various soils. The two applications of limes were effective against Cd, As, Pb, and Zn in the different soils studied. This study provided evidence that it is possible to reduce the extractability and thus the environmental availability of the metal(loid)s applied with available and affordable amendments. The results depended on the physico-chemical soil parameters and metal(loid)s considered. There is no single solution, which implies that tests must be carried out before any implementation activities on the kitchen gardens.
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Clocchiatti, Anna, Silja Emilia Hannula, Muhammad Syamsu Rizaludin, Maria P. J. Hundscheid, Paulien J. A. klein Gunnewiek, Mirjam T. Schilder, Joeke Postma, and Wietse de Boer. "Impact of Cellulose-Rich Organic Soil Amendments on Growth Dynamics and Pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani." Microorganisms 9, no. 6 (June 12, 2021): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061285.
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Cellulose-rich amendments stimulate saprotrophic fungi in arable soils. This may increase competitive and antagonistic interactions with root-infecting pathogenic fungi, resulting in lower disease incidence. However, cellulose-rich amendments may also stimulate pathogenic fungi with saprotrophic abilities, thereby increasing plant disease severity. The current study explores these scenarios, with a focus on the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. Saprotrophic growth of R. solani on cellulose-rich materials was tested in vitro. This confirmed paper pulp as a highly suitable substrate for R. solani, whereas its performance on wood sawdusts varied with tree species. In two pot experiments, the effects of amendment of R. solani-infected soil with cellulose-rich materials on performance of beetroot seedlings were tested. All deciduous sawdusts and paper pulp stimulated soil fungal biomass, but only oak, elder and beech sawdusts reduced damping-off of beetroot. Oak sawdust amendment gave a consistent stimulation of saprotrophic Sordariomycetes fungi and of seedling performance, independently of the time between amendment and sowing. In contrast, paper pulp caused a short-term increase in R. solani abundance, coinciding with increased disease severity for beet seedlings sown immediately after amendment. However, damping-off of beetroot was reduced if plants were sown two or four weeks after paper pulp amendment. Cellulolytic bacteria, including Cytophagaceae, responded to paper pulp during the first two weeks and may have counteracted further spread of R. solani. The results showed that fungus-stimulating, cellulose-rich amendments have potential to be used for suppression of R. solani. However, such amendments require a careful consideration of material choice and application strategy.
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Richman, Laura D., David S. Bakst, Robert F. Gray, Michael L. Hermsen, Anna T. Pinedo, and David A. Schuette. "SEC adopts rules to modernize and simplify disclosure." Journal of Investment Compliance 20, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-04-2019-0022.
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Purpose To describe the modernization and simplification amendments of certain disclosure requirements of Regulation S-K and related rules and forms recently adopted by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Design/methodology/approach This article provides an overview of the amendments, their effective dates and related practical considerations for companies. Findings The amendments cover many provisions within Regulation S-K and affect various forms that rely on the integrated disclosure requirements of Regulation S-K. The amendments are designed to enhance the readability and navigability of SEC filings, to discourage repetition and disclosure of immaterial information and to reduce the burdens on registrants, all while still providing material information to investors. The amendments contain several changes relating to confidential information contained in exhibits. For consistency, parallel amendments have been adopted to rules other than Regulation S-K, as well as to forms for registration statements and reports. Practical implications Most of the amendments are effective May 2, 2019. The amendments relating to the redaction of confidential information in certain exhibits became effective April 2, 2019. Given these dates, companies should review the rule changes implemented by the amendment now and consider how they will impact their disclosure in upcoming SEC filings. Originality/value Practical guidance from experienced lawyers in the Corporate & Securities practice.
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Barak, Aharon. "Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments." Israel Law Review 44, no. 3 (2011): 321–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700018082.
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This paper deals with the question of an amendment to the constitution that has been made pursuant to the formal requirements of the constitution but deviates from its basic structure. The paper explores different views regarding this question in comparative law. It also examines the applicability ofthe doctrine of unconstitutional constitutional amendments in Israel.
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Adil, Muhammad, and Manzoor Khan Afridi. "Constitutional Amendments in PPP's Government (2008-2013): Role of the Parliamentary Opposition." Global Legal Studies Review V, no. III (September 30, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2020(v-iii).01.
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The research paper investigates the role of the Parliamentary opposition in the constitutional amendments adopted during PPP's government (2018-2013). The role of the classic or loyal opposition is that it offers different alternatives against government policies. It not only opposes the government policies but also maintained political competition by forwarding its own policies. It does not make any obstruction in the way of the government, however, presented its own alternatives in the constitutional limit. Therefore, the opposition during PPP's government was also classic or loyal opposition. It did not make hurdles for the government to pass these constitutional amendments, nonetheless, presented its own alternatives and amendments in eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth constitutional amendment bills. Almost, all the opposition parties have participated in the debate in the National Assembly as well as Senate, and have presented their amendments and suggestions in these constitutional amendments.
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Adil, Muhammad, and Manzoor Khan Afridi. "Constitutional Amendments in PPP's Government (2008-2013): Role of the Parliamentary Opposition." Global Legal Studies Review V, no. III (September 30, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2020(v-iii).01.
Full textAbstract:
The research paper investigates the role of the Parliamentary opposition in the constitutional amendments adopted during PPP's government (2018-2013). The role of the classic or loyal opposition is that it offers different alternatives against government policies. It not only opposes the government policies but also maintained political competition by forwarding its own policies. It does not make any obstruction in the way of the government, however, presented its own alternatives in the constitutional limit. Therefore, the opposition during PPP's government was also classic or loyal opposition. It did not make hurdles for the government to pass these constitutional amendments, nonetheless, presented its own alternatives and amendments in eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth constitutional amendment bills. Almost, all the opposition parties have participated in the debate in the National Assembly as well as Senate, and have presented their amendments and suggestions in these constitutional amendments.
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Kim, Min-Suk, Sang-Hwan Lee, Hyun Park, and Jeong-Gyu Kim. "Evaluation of Two Amendments (Biochar and Acid Mine Drainage Sludge) on Arsenic Contaminated Soil Using Chemical, Biological, and Ecological Assessments." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 4111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154111.
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Various types of organic and inorganic materials are widely examined and applied into the arsenic (As) contaminated soil to stabilize As bioavailability and to enhance soil quality as an amendment. This study deals with two types of amendments: biochar for organic amendment and acid mine drainage sludge (AMDS) for inorganic amendment. Each amendment was applied in two types of As contaminated soils: one showed low contaminated concentration and acid property and the other showed high contaminated concentration and alkali property. In order to comprehensively evaluate the effect of amendments on As contaminated soil, chemical (As bioavailability), biological phytotoxicity (Lactuca sativa), soil respiration activity, dehydrogenase activity, urease activity, ß-glucosidase activity, and acid/alkali phosphomonoesterase activity, an ecological (total bacterial cells and total metagenomics DNA at the phylum level) assessment was conducted. Both amendments increased soil pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which changes the bioavailability of As. In reducing phytotoxicity to As, the AMDS was the most effective regardless of soil types. Although soil enzyme activity results were not consistent with amendments types and soil types, bacterial diversity was increased after amendment application in acid soil. In acid soil, the results of principal component analysis represented that AMDS contributes to improve soil quality through the reduction in As bioavailability and the correction of soil pH from acidic to neutral condition, despite the increases in DOC. However, soil DOC had a negative effect on As bioavailability, phytotoxicity and some enzyme activity in alkali soil. Taken together, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate the interaction of chemical, biological, and ecological properties according to soil pH in the decision-making stages for the selection of appropriate soil restoration material.
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Li, Dianpeng, Jianqin Zhou, Yuxin Zhang, Tao Sun, Shuqing An, and Hongtao Jia. "Effects of Amendments on Physicochemical Properties and Respiration Rate of Soil from the Arid Region of Northwest China." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 5332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105332.
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In arid regions, decreased soil fertility has adversely affected agricultural sustainability. The effects of different amendments in alleviating these issues and increasing soil fertility remain unclear. Herein, a two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the properties of grey desert soil and soil respiration (SR) dynamics under six different treatment groups: biochar (BC), leonardite (LD), anionic polyacrylamide (PAM−), cationic polyacrylamide (PAM+) powder, anionic polyacrylamide solution in water (PAM−W), and control (CK). We observed that the BC and LD amendments significantly altered soil pH, organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, cation exchange capacity, and SR. PAM amendment increased the SR as compared to the control, except in autumn, but PAM did not affect the soil properties. SR under different amendments showed strong seasonal patterns, the highest and lowest SR rates were observed in June and January, respectively. Amendments and seasonal dynamics significantly affected SR, but no interaction was observed between these factors. Temporal variation of SR was substantially influenced by soil temperature at 15 cm of soil depth. Temperature sensitivity of SR (Q10) increased with soil depth and decreased with amendment addition. SR was significantly affected by soil temperature, moisture, air temperature, and their interactions. The outcomes of this study suggested that the BC and LD amendments improved soil fertility and negated the net carbon accumulation by increasing the SR and Q10 in arid agriculture soil.
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Hoque, Md Najmol, Shahin Imran, Afsana Hannan, Newton Chandra Paul, Md Asif Mahamud, Jotirmoy Chakrobortty, Prosenjit Sarker, Israt Jahan Irin, Marian Brestic, and Mohammad Saidur Rhaman. "Organic Amendments for Mitigation of Salinity Stress in Plants: A Review." Life 12, no. 10 (October 18, 2022): 1632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12101632.
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Natural and/or human-caused salinization of soils has become a growing problem in the world, and salinization endangers agro-ecosystems by causing salt stress in most cultivated plants, which has a direct effect on food quality and quantity. Several techniques, as well as numerous strategies, have been developed in recent years to help plants cope with the negative consequences of salt stress and mitigate the impacts of salt stress on agricultural plants. Some of them are not environmentally friendly. In this regard, it is crucial to develop long-term solutions that boost saline soil productivity while also protecting the ecosystem. Organic amendments, such as vermicompost (VC), vermiwash (VW), biochar (BC), bio-fertilizer (BF), and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are gaining attention in research. The organic amendment reduces salt stress and improves crops growth, development and yield. The literature shows that organic amendment enhances salinity tolerance and improves the growth and yield of plants by modifying ionic homeostasis, photosynthetic apparatus, antioxidant machineries, and reducing oxidative damages. However, the positive regulatory role of organic amendments in plants and their stress mitigation mechanisms is not reviewed adequately. Therefore, the present review discusses the recent reports of organic amendments in plants under salt stress and how stress is mitigated by organic amendments. The current assessment also analyzes the limitations of applying organic amendments and their future potential.
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Bogucki, Olgierd. "Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments and the Stratification of Powers." Teka Komisji Prawniczej PAN Oddział w Lublinie 14, no. 2 (July 19, 2022): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32084/tekapr.2021.14.2-5.
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The subject of the article is the idea of unconstitutional constitutional amendments. The essay does not concern any specific legal order but takes the perspective of a general theory/philosophy of law. The study is divided into two parts. The first part briefly describes the theory and practice of applying the idea of unconstitutional constitutional amendments. The second part reveals and analyzes the basic assumptions of the theory of unconstitutional constitutional amendments: “the assumption of the stratification of powers” and “the essentialist assumption.” As a result of the analysis, it is concluded that on the grounds of democracy and constitutionalism the inadmissibility of amendments to the constitution should be linked not to the difference between the establishment of the constitution and its amendment, but to the difference between the degree of democratic legitimacy of the indicated law-making activities. Therefore, the article also formulates a postulate that the admissibility of declaring the unconstitutionality of constitutional amendments should be limited to cases where the amendments were adopted in a procedure with an evidently lower degree of democratic legitimacy.
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Li, Zhigang, Kaiyang Qiu, Rebecca L. Schneider, Stephen J. Morreale, and Yingzhong Xie. "Comparison of microbial community structures in soils with woody organic amendments and soils with traditional local organic amendments in Ningxia of Northern China." PeerJ 7 (May 8, 2019): e6854. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6854.
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Background Addition of organic amendments has been commonly adopted as a means to restore degraded soils globally. More recently, the use of woody organic amendments has been recognized as a viable method of capturing and retaining water and restoring degraded and desertified soil, especially in semi-arid regions. However, the impacts of woody amendments on soil microbial community structure, versus other traditional organic supplements is less understood. Methods Three locally available natural organic materials of different qualities, i.e., cow manure (CM), corn straw (CS), and chipped poplar branches (PB) were selected as treatments in Ningxia, Northern China and compared with control soils. Four microcosms served as replicates for each treatment. All treatments contained desertified soil; treatments with amendments were mixed with 3% (w/w) of one of the above organic materials. After 7 and 15 months from the start of the experiment, soil samples were analyzed for chemical and physical properties, along with biological properties, which included microbial α-diversity, community structure, and relative abundance of microbial phyla. Results Both bacterial and fungal α-diversity indices were weakly affected by amendments throughout the experimental period. All amendments yielded different microbial community compositions than the Control soils. The microbial community composition in the CS and PB treatments also were different from the CM treatment. After 15 months of the experiment, CS and PB exhibited similar microbial community composition, which was consistent with their similar soil physical and chemical properties. Moreover, CS and PB also appeared to exert similar effects on the abundance of some microbial taxa, and both of these treatments yield different abundances of microbial taxa than the CM treatment. Conclusion New local organic amendment with PB tended to affect the microbial community in a similar way to the traditional local organic amendment with CS, but different from the most traditional local organic amendment with CM in Ningxia, Northern China. Moreover, the high C/N-sensitive, and lignin and cellulose decompose-related microbial phyla increased in CS and PB have benefits in decomposing those incorporated organic materials and improving soil properties. Therefore, we recommend that PB should also be considered as a viable soil organic amendment for future not in Ningxia, but also in other places.
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Talal J. Al khanfous, Nihad Sh. Al-Wally, and Sadiq J. Muhsin. "The Effect of Adding Soil Amendments on Some Soil Physical Properties and the Growth of Sunflower Crop in Clay Soil." University of Thi-Qar Journal of agricultural research 12, no. 2 (November 30, 2023): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54174/utjagr.v12i2.306.
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The experiment was conducted in clay soil at the Agricultural Research Station affiliated with the College of Agriculture, University of Basra, during the spring of 2021. Research aimed to study the effect of soil amendments on soil physical properties such as (bulk density, total porosity, and electrical conductivity) and some growth and yield of sunflowers such as (plant height and dry weight). The soil amendments used in the experiment were cattle manure and synthetic polymer. The amendments were added to the surface layer of the soil at a depth of 15 cm, using individual and mixed application treatments with six levels of addition (Cont, P4, O4, P3O1, O3P1, and P2O2). The field was divided into plots measuring 2.5 m in length and 1.5 m in width, and then the plots were planted with sunflower seeds. The results showed that all the amendment treatments outperformed the treatment without amendments, improving the soil's physical properties by reducing bulk density, increasing total porosity, and decreasing electrical conductivity. Additionally, the amendment treatments showed improvement in growth and yield characteristics, indicated by increased plant height and dry weight of the plants.
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kumar, Sonu, and Kshitij Parmar. "Effect of biofertilizers and manures on growth, yield, and quality of cabbage (Brassica oleracea)." BIO Web of Conferences 110 (2024): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202411004003.
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“Effect of biofertilizers and manures on growth, yield and quality of cabbage.” Examining, identifying, and summarising the key results and conclusions of a study on the impact of different organic amendments on the development and production of cabbage crops was the aim of the current investigation. Investigating the effects of various organic additions on soil characteristics, plant development, and cabbage production was the goal of the study. These amendments included compost, manure, and biochar. Plant growth, nutrient availability, and soil fertility may all be considerably enhanced by adding organic amendments, according to the study’s findings. While biochar amendment had a negligible influence on soil fertility, compost and manure additions were shown to be the most efficient in enhancing soil characteristics. Cabbage production was further increased by the application of organic amendments; the plots treated with compost yielded the best yields. The study comes to the conclusion that using organic amendments to improve soil fertility and crop output in cabbage farming can be a sustainable and successful strategy.
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Pump, Christina, Katharina M. Keiblinger, Elisabeth Scheiblauer, Simone Johnen, Niklas J. Lehto, Gerhard Soja, and Franz Zehetner. "Temporal Changes in the Efficiency of Biochar- and Compost-Based Amendments on Copper Immobilization in Vineyard Soils." Soil Systems 3, no. 4 (November 27, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3040078.
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Copper (Cu)-based fungicides have been an important tool against disease in viticulture since the 19th century. However, their prolonged use can lead to Cu accumulation in the soil and negatively affect soil microbiology and plant growth. The application of biochar (BC)-based amendments is a promising mitigation strategy, due to BC’s longevity in the soil and its potential to complex Cu. This study investigated temporal changes in the efficiency of various compost- and BC-based amendments to immobilize Cu in a calcareous and a slightly acidic Austrian vineyard soil. The immobilization of both historically accumulated Cu and freshly spiked Cu (250 mg kg−1) was studied. The soils were treated with six combinations of amendments containing compost and BC, with and without surface modification, as well as an additional lime treatment for the acidic soil. After treatment, the soils were incubated for 6 weeks and 3 years, after which the 0.01 M CaCl2-extractable Cu was measured. The amendments were not effective in reducing the mobility of the historically accumulated Cu in the calcareous soil, with pure compost doubling the soluble Cu. Pure wood-chip BC was the only organic amendment that led to a reduction (by 20%) of soluble Cu after 6 weeks in the acidic soil; however, after 3 years, the same amendment reduced soluble Cu by 40% and all other tested amendments were also effective in reducing the mobility of the historically accumulated Cu. The lime treatment achieved the greatest reduction in Cu mobility (56%). Freshly spiked Cu was strongly immobilized in both unamended soils, with 0.06% and 0.39% extractable after 6 weeks in the calcareous and slightly acidic soil, respectively. The amendments did not effectuate additional Cu immobilization in the calcareous soil, but in the acidic soil, the soluble Cu was further reduced to between 25% and 50% of the unamended control by the tested organic amendments and to 6% by the lime treatment after 6 weeks of incubation. Overall, the acidic soil exhibited a stronger response to the amendments than did the calcareous soil, suggesting the amendments’ effect on the soil pH was an important factor for Cu immobilization in this study. These results show the importance of developing site-specific remediation strategies for Cu accumulation in agricultural soils.
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Drs Nasrul, Muhammad Amrullah, Nurin Athirah Mohd Alam Shah, Rahmawati Mohd Yusoff, and Muhamad Helmi Md Said. "SMALL ESTATES (DISTRIBUTION) ACT 1955: ANALYSIS ON THE 2022 AMENDMENT AND ITS EFFECTS OVER THE INHERITANCE MANAGEMENT." IIUM Law Journal 31, no. 2 (December 11, 2023): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v31i2.862.
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This study aims to analyse the amendments to the Small Estates (Distribution) Act 1955 by looking at each amendment and identifying its impact on other relevant administrative bodies. This qualitative study involved library-based research in which the authors reviewed relevant literature for the purpose of data collection, namely newspapers, textbooks, conference proceedings, case laws, seminar papers, and journal articles. The amendment shows some overlap with the jurisdiction of other administrative bodies, specifically the Amanah Raya Berhad (ARB). The paper suggested that further amendments be made to other administrative bodies, namely the Civil High Court and ARB in order to prevent such overlapping.
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Janceva, Sarmite, Anna Andersone, Natalija Zaharova, Vizma Nikolajeva, and Agrita Svarta. "SOIL AMENDMENTS BASED ON FOREST LOGGING RESIDUES ON DILL (ANETHUM GRAVEOLENS L.) PRODUCTIVITY AND COMPOSITION." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 22, 2024): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2024vol1.7983.
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The purpose of this work was to evaluate the impact of low rates of application of environmentally friendly organo-mineral soil amendments on grown under organic farming conditions dill’s green mass yield and it’s composition, including the content of polyphenolic compounds. Soil amendments were obtained based on forest logging residues – lignocellulosic biomass, after isolation of polyphenols by water-ethanol extraction and enrichment with silicon (Si)-containing inorganic oligomer in various mass ratios. Lignocellulosic biomass is rich in polyphenols which can damage the functionality of the bacterial cell membranes thus inhibiting the growth of soil microorganisms. Polyphenols can be isolated from the lignocellulosic substrate and evaluated in further studies for their potential to protect plants from pathogenic microorganisms. The influence of the prepared soil amendments on soil microorganisms was tested. Field experiments were carried out in a certified biological field intended for scientific purposes. It was shown that soil amendments have a beneficial effect on the yield (42%) and a slight influence on the composition of dill at low amendment application rates. The addition of soil amendments also contributed to insignificant changes in the amount of polyphenols. The soil amendments didn’t influence the soil microorganisms under study. The results confirmed the ability of the soil amendments based on the forest logging residues to activate dill growth.
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Liu, K., A. M. Hammermeister, D. G. Patriquin, and R. C. Martin. "Assessing organic potato cropping systems at the end of the first cycle of four-year rotations using principal component analysis." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 88, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss07019.
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A single or a few variables may not be sufficient to evaluate management practice effects in a complicated cropping system, so six plant and 13 soil variables were integrated using principal component analysis (PCA) to examine nine 4-yr organic potato rotations. The rotations were combinations of three forage levels (0, 1, and 2 yr of forages) with three soil amendments (monogastric compost, ruminant compost, and alfalfa meal). Quantities of amendments were estimated by soil test recommendations and amendment nutrient availabilities. In the 4th potato year, one half of each original plot was not amended ("the 4th year unamended plots"), while the other half received soil amendments ("4th year amended plots"). The first three principal components explained 67 and 63% of the overall variation for the 4th-yr amended and unamended plots, respectively. PCA ordination plots indicated that, overall, the type of soil amendments had larger effects on soil and plant variables, but forage frequencies were influential for the amendments showing weaker effects. PCA loading plots indicated that plant nutrient uptake and potato total tuber weight would be the best single variables for characterizing the current cropping systems. Plant variables, except for potato petiole nitrate, were closely displayed, but they were not strongly correlated with soil variables, which may reflect the high background fertility of this site. Applications of soil amendments in the 4th yr affected the relationships among variables, most notably the strength of relationships between soil pH and soil N variables. The results suggest that PCA provides an effective way to compare complex cropping systems, especially in situations with high site heterogeneity. Key words: Principal component analysis, soil amendment, livestock system, forage, potato, organic crop rotation
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Aspani, Budi. "PERGESERAN HAK PREROGATIF PRESIDEN PASCA AMANDEMEN UNDANG-UNDANG DASAR 1945." Solusi 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.36546/solusi.v18i1.259.
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The President as the Head of State has prerogative rights besides having authority in outgoing relations contained in the 1945 Constitution. In the case of the formation, amendment and dissolution of state ministries after the 1945 Constitution Amendments do not become the full authority of the President, but are based on the law (Article 17 paragraph (4) of the 1945 Constitution), so that there will be no more unilateral dissolution of a state ministry by the President. The issues to be discussed are as follows: What has been changed in the amendment to the 1945 Constitution regarding the President's Prerogative Rights, and how the amendments to the 1945 Constitution on the President's Prerogative Rights on the government system in Indonesia. With the amendment of the 1945 Constitution four times, it has an influence on the position of the President in exercising his prerogative rights. The President's prerogative right before the amendment is not fully implemented to carry out the President's Constitutional obligations, but is related to political content. After the amendment to the 1945 Constitution there was a shift in the application of the President's prerogative rights, namely by including other state institutions in the implementation of the prerogative. Amendments to the 1945 Constitution on the President's Prerogative Rights did not result in a change in the Indonesian government system.
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Liu, Hui Jun, Jing Hui Liu, Jian Yu, and Sheng Tao Xu. "Effects of Soil Amendment on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in Oat Field." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2937–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2937.
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The effect of different soil amendment (potassium polyacrylate; polyacrylamide;potassium humate; potassium polyacrylate+ potassium humate; polyacrylamide+ potassium humate) on soil physical and chemical properties in oat field was studied. The results showed that different soil amendments increase significantly the soil organic matter, available N, available P and available K content by 8.24%-30.22%, 7.60%-19.29%, 5.15%-29.45% and 27.86%-68.86% respectively. Soil water content at 0-60 cm depth is higher with soil amendment. But soil amendment has no effect on the soil water content at 60-100 cm soil depth. At the same time, soil amendments reduce the soil bulk density at 0-10 cm,10-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm depths, and they produce no obvious effect on soil bulk density at 60-100 cm depth. The proportion of > 0.25 mm soil aggregate at 0-10 cm,10-20 cm and 20-40 cm depth is increased significantly by applying soil amendment. Among five aggregate sizes (> 2 mm; 2-1 mm; 1-0.5 mm; 0.5-0.25 mm; 2 mm and 2-1 mm soil aggregates are the most. In conclusion, the mixing use of two kinds of soil amendments(potassium polyacrylate+ potassium humate and polyacrylamide+ potassium humate) is more effective for improving soil physical and chemical properties.
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Luyima, Deogratius, Michael Egyir, Yeo-Uk Yun, Seong-Jin Park, and Taek-Keun Oh. "Nutrient Dynamics in Sandy Soil and Leaf Lettuce Following the Application of Urea and Urea-Hydrogen Peroxide Impregnated Co-Pyrolyzed Animal Manure and Bone Meal." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081664.
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There is a paucity of data regarding the effect of nutrient-enriched biochar amendments on nutrient dynamics in both soil and crops. This is important because unlike pristine biochar, nutrient-enriched biochar is applied to the soil in minute quantities as large amounts may led to over application of the nutrients loaded in it. The current study examined the effects of both phosphorus- and nitrogen-enriched biochars on the dynamics of both macro and micronutrients in the sandy soil and leaf lettuce grown thereon. The phosphorus enrichment followed co-pyrolysis of animal manure (cow dung) with 25% and 50% bone meal (w/w), while the nitrogen enrichment was achieved by soaking the co-pyrolyzed biochar into urea and urea-hydrogen peroxide. The performances of the nutrient-enriched biochar were compared with the conventional amendment of urea and triple superphosphate (TSP) in the production of leaf lettuce over a period of two seasons in a pot experiment. The nutrient-enriched biochar amendments resulted into higher microbial biomass carbon and carbon to nitrogen ratios than the conventional amendment. The conventional amendment caused more phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium accumulations in the leaf lettuce than the nutrient-enriched biochar amendments. The nutrient-enriched biochar amendments led to more accumulations of nitrogen, calcium, and micronutrient elements in the leaf lettuce and availabilities of all the nutrient elements in the soil and thus, nutrient-enriched biochar acted as a reservoir that could provide nutrients to the growing lettuce beyond a single growing season.
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Al-Toobi, Manar, Rhonda R. Janke, Muhammad Mumtaz Khan, Mushtaque Ahmed, Waleed M. Al-Busaidi, and Abdul Rehman. "Silica and Biochar Amendments Improve Cucumber Growth under Saline Conditions." Soil Systems 7, no. 1 (March 12, 2023): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7010026.
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Rapidly increasing salinization of arable land is a major threat to crop production globally, and the soil of regions with arid environments, such as Oman, are more prone to this menace. In this work, two complementary studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of soil amendments on soil physicochemical properties and growth of cucumber seedlings. In the first study, high- and low-saline soils were used with or without perlite. The amendments tested included mango wood biochar, silica, and biochar + silica, while no amendment was taken as the control. The second study included two cucumber cultivars and irrigation water with two salinity treatments, along with the same four soil amendments. The results showed that soil amendment with biochar alone or with silica enhanced the soil organic matter and NO3, P, and K concentration, while silica amendment substantially enhanced the soil Si level in both studies. Saline soil and irrigation water inhibited seedling emergence and plant growth in both experiments. However, the addition of biochar and silica alone or in combination increased the cucumber seedling dry weight from 39.5 to 77.3% under salt stress compared to the control. Likewise, silica and biochar + silica reduced the sap Na accumulation by 29–31.1% under high salinity. Application of biochar under high salinity resulted in 87.2% increase in sap K. Soil amendments with biochar and silica or their combination have the potential to reduce the adverse effect of salt stress on cucumber.
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Karbout, Nissaf, Houda Beser, Latifa Dhaouidi, Mohamad Wahba, and Mohamed Moussa. "Evolution of nitrogen mineralization dynamics and bean production with three different organic amendments in the arid soil of south Tunisia." Italus Hortus 28, no. 1 (May 13, 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26353/j.itahort/2021.1.7487.
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Although the importance of organic amendments on arid soils of semi-arid and arid lands in improving long-term soil fertility, the excessive use of these amendments may induce the mineralization of the soil’s native organic components. Thus, this study focused on the examination of the impact of the use of three different amendments, sewage sludge, compost, and horse manure on nitrogen soil dynamics as well on the physico-chemical characteristics (soil texture, nitrogen cycle, and carbon concentration) and plant characteristics (morphology and production). In this context, the present work discusses one of the major issues challenging sustainable agriculture development related to increasing land degradation, soil salinization, and fertility loss. The three amendments were applied on the soil collected at the Institute of Arid Regions of Gabes. The findings of these experimental trials indicated that compost seems to be the most valuable organic amendment that may be used for an adequate supply of nitrogen and optimal benefits for plant growth. The highest mineral nitrogen content was found in the treatment with sludge. The manure-based treatment had the highest carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N=25). The effects of the amendments were well reflected in the growth and production of bean plants after one year from the amendment. An increase in biomass was observed in the amended pots. The highest increase in pods biomass was obtained in the pots amended with sewage sludge and vegetable compost followed by household manure treatment
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Yunus, Nur Rohim, Ida Susilowati, Muhammad Sholeh, and Yan Kahnovich. "Amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation as Putin's Political Communication Force." ETTISAL : Journal of Communication 8, no. 1 (June 29, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21111/ejoc.v8i1.9945.
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This article aims at discussing Vladimir Putin's use of constitutional amendments as a political communication tool. The 2020 amendments to the Russian Constitution have significant implications for Putin's political powers and communication strategies. This research explores Putin's role in the constitutional amendments using a qualitative methodology, a literature-based approach, and an analysis of laws and regulations. The study results indicate that Putin uses constitutional amendments to increase his authority and extend the President's term. One of the communication strategies employed is effectively utilizing media and communication channels to create a narrative supporting the amendment. Putin also uses nationalist rhetoric and Russian identity to legitimize his decisions. In addition, Putin controls state media and prioritizes messages that influence public opinion. Putin's political communication strategy includes manipulating propaganda and information to enhance his position, maintain public opinion, and obtain support.
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Xin, Yu, Min Liu, Lanchun Wei, Yu Gao, Yunze Ruan, Qing Wang, and Zhijun Zhang. "Changes in Soil Chemical Properties and Rhizosphere Bacterial Community Induced by Soil Amendments Associated with Reduction in Cadmium Accumulation by Rice." Agronomy 13, no. 12 (December 13, 2023): 3051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13123051.
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Soil amendments have been extensively employed for the purpose of remediating soils contaminated with cadmium (Cd). However, the potential impacts of soil amendments on soil chemical properties, soil Cd bioavailability, total Cd accumulation by rice, and rhizosphere bacterial community in Cd-contaminated paddy fields located in a tropical region is still at its infancy. In this study, a commercial MgO-CaO-SiO2 conditioner (A), biochar (B), and a combination of the commercial MgO-CaO-SiO2 conditioner and biochar with a ratio of 1:1 (C) were applied at two different doses [2250 kg ha−1 (A150, B150, C150), 4500 kg ha−1 (A300, B300, C300)] to investigate their impacts on soil Cd stabilization and total Cd uptake of rice straw and grain in a Cd-contaminated remediation field experiment. Rhizosphere bacterial community diversity and composition were also assessed using high-throughput sequencing based on 16S rRNA genes. Compared with non-amendment treatment (CK), soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), and nitrate (NO3−) concentrations were significantly elevated, whereas ammonium (NH4+) and soil available Cd concentrations were reduced by soil amendment treatments. Meanwhile, soil amendments significantly decreased concentrations of total Cd in both rice straw and grain, with the lowest Cd concentration in the C300 treatment. Soil pH and CEC were significantly and negatively associated with soil Cd availability and rice straw and grain Cd concentrations, while NH4+ concentration was positively correlated with soil available Cd concentration, and OM, TN, and NO3− concentrations were positively linked with rice grain Cd concentration. Soil amendments significantly increased bacterial Chao 1 and Shannon indexes and altered bacterial community composition in rhizosphere soil, due to changes in the composition of the community primarily influenced by variations in soil pH, CEC, and soil available Cd, NH4+, available phosphorous (AP) and available Potassium (AK) concentrations. Furthermore, the abundant bacterial species (Pseudomonas) and rare bacterial species (Bacillus, Candidatus_Solibacter and Streptomyces) have been up-regulated by different soil amendments, which might be in favour of soil Cd immobilization. A structural equation model also showed that soil amendments could improve bacterial diversity and change soil pH and CEC, which were conducive to hindering the removal and conversion of Cd. Overall, these results indicate that biochar-(MgO-CaO-SiO2) mixed amendments at high dosage exerted better performance compared with single application soil amendment A and B. The changes in soil chemical properties, available Cd content, and rhizosphere bacterial community assembly induced by soil amendments are closely correlated with the decrease in rice’s ability to accumulate Cd.
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Hao, Jianjun, and Katherine Ashley. "Irreplaceable Role of Amendment-Based Strategies to Enhance Soil Health and Disease Suppression in Potato Production." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 1660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081660.
Full textAbstract:
Soilborne diseases are a major constraining factor to soil health and plant health in potato production. In the toolbox of crop management, soil amendments have shown benefits to control these diseases and improve soil quality. Most amendments provide nutrients to plants and suppress multiple soilborne pathogens. Soil amendments are naturally derived materials and products and can be classified into fresh or living plants, organic or inorganic matters, and microbial supplements. Fresh plants have unique functions and continuously exude chemicals to interact with soil microbes. Organic and inorganic matter contain high levels of nutrients, including nitrogen and carbon that plants and soil microorganisms need. Soil microorganisms, whether being artificially added or indigenously existing, are a key factor in plant health. Microbial communities can be considered as a biological reactor in an ecosystem, which suppress soilborne pathogens in various mechanisms and turn soil organic matter into absorbable forms for plants, regardless of amendment types. Therefore, soil amendments serve as an energy input, nutrient source, and a driving force of microbial activities. Advanced technologies, such as microbiome analyses, make it possible to analyze soil microbial communities and soil health. As research advances on mechanisms and functions, amendment-based strategies will play an important role in enhancing soil health and disease suppression for better potato production.
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Duddigan, Sarah, Paul D. Alexander, Liz J. Shaw, and Chris D. Collins. "Effects of Repeated Application of Organic Soil Amendments on Horticultural Soil Physicochemical Properties, Nitrogen Budget and Yield." Horticulturae 7, no. 10 (October 7, 2021): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7100371.
Full textAbstract:
Application of organic amendments to soil is commonplace in domestic gardening. However, a vast array of materials could be labelled as ‘compost’ by retailers and suppliers. We investigated six different amendments currently used, or available for use, in horticulture: composted bark, composted bracken, spent mushroom compost, composted horse manure, garden waste compost (at two different application rates), and peat. Using a controlled field experiment, we examined the physicochemical differences between the amendments, the subsequent effects on soil characteristics, and resultant yield and biometrics of Lavatera trimiestris. Amended soils resulted in a significantly different multivariate soil environment and N budget when compared to the unamended control. However, the effect on yield and plant biometrics (number of flowers, plant height, etc.) depended on the amendment used. Application of garden compost resulted in up to a five-fold increase in yield. However, there was no significant difference in yields in soils amended with composted bark or peat, when compared to the unamended control. This has implications, as there is increasing pressure to remove peat from products available to domestic gardeners. The variability in the different amendments investigated in our research, in addition to the variable effects on plant growth parameters, suggests that repeated use of a single amendment may not be best practise for gardeners.
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Sansom, J. J., M. A. Naeth, D. S. Chanasyk, and J. C. Bateman. "In situ amelioration of sodic minespoil with chemical amendments and crop management. I. Soil chemical properties." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-006.
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Sodic minespoils, which often have undesirable properties that limit plant growth, may be ameliorated by chemical amendments. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of sulfur and gypsum amendments in conjunction with crop management (summerfallow/barley rotation and continuous forage) in reducing the sodicity of a calcareous, sodic, sandy loam minespoil at the Highvale coal mine, west of Edmonton, Alberta. Amendments were added in chemically equivalent amounts to theoretically ameliorate the uppermost 35 cm of the spoil. Topsoil (20 cm) overlay both the amended and unamended spoil. Soil chemical parameters were measured to determine amendment effectiveness in an upper amended (20–35 cm depth interval from the surface), a lower amended (40–55 cm) and an upper unamended layer (55–70 cm), all within minespoil.Both sulfur and gypsum effectively reduced minespoil sodicity. The ameliorative effect on SAR occurred within 3 mo with gypsum amendment, but was slower with sulfur. Both amendments significantly lowered Sat% and pH but significantly elevated concentrations of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+and SO42− in the upper amended layer of the minespoil. Crop management had no significant effect on SAR; however, solute concentrations were lower at all depths under fallow/barley than under continuous forage treatments. Key words: Reclamation, sodicity, sulfur, gypsum, amelioration
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Zasada, I. A., H. Ferris, C. L. Elmore, J. A. Roncoroni, J. D. MacDonald, L. R. Bolkan, and L. E. Yakabe. "Field Application of Brassicaceous Amendments for Control of Soilborne Pests and Pathogens." Plant Health Progress 4, no. 1 (January 2003): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2003-1120-01-rs.
Full textAbstract:
Field studies were conducted to evaluate brassicaceous amendments in combination with solarization against diverse soilborne organisms in cut-flower production systems. Across a diversity of California climates, the application of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) did not consistently reduce populations of Fusarium spp., citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans), or weeds. Solarization in combination with broccoli amendments did not consistently improve pest suppression in cool coastal regions, whereas solarization was an important component of suppression in the hot central valley. When the biomass of broccoli was increased from 4 to 8.4 dry tons/ha, there was a decrease in survival of weeds and citrus nematode but the effect on Fusarium spp. survival was not consistent. A horseradish (Armoracia lapathifolia) amendment reduced nematode populations compared to broccoli, but increased field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.). Our research demonstrates that soilborne organisms vary greatly in their susceptibility to brassicaceous amendments. The citrus nematode was consistently suppressed by brassicaceous amendments, while the effect on Fusarium spp. and weeds was variable. To achieve consistent and reliable pest suppression in amendment-based management systems, it is essential to determine and understand the component mechanisms active against specific soilborne organisms. Accepted for publication 10 October 2003. Published 20 November 2003.
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Ma, Xiang, Qingqing Zhang, Haibing Wu, and Jing Liang. "Deciphering the Effects of Waste Amendments on Particulate Organic Carbon and Soil C-Mineralization Dynamics." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 3790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073790.
Full textAbstract:
It is important to understand the dynamics of soil carbon to study the effects of waste amendment inputs on soil organic carbon decomposition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of waste amendment carbon input on the soil organic carbon (SOC) content, soil particulate organic carbon (POC) content and soil organic carbon mineralization rate dynamics. A 60-day experiment was carried out in the laboratory. The following treatments were compared: (1) CK: soil without amendments; (2) FW1: soil with food waste compost (soil/food waste compost = 100:1); (3) FW2: soil with food waste compost (soil/food waste compost = 100:2); (4) GW1: soil with garden waste compost (soil/garden waste compost = 100:0.84); (5) GW2: soil with garden waste compost (soil/garden waste compost = 100:1.67); (6) FGW1: soil amendments mixture (soil/food waste compost/garden waste compost = 100:0.5:0.42); (7) FGW2: soil amendments mixture (soil/food waste compost/garden waste compost = 100:1:0.84); the inputs of amendment carbon to FW1, GW1 and FGW1 were 2.92 g kg−1, the inputs of amendment carbon to FW2, GW2 and FGW2 were 5.84 g kg−1. The results showed that the addition of waste amendments increased the amount of cumulative mineralization from 95% to 262% and accelerated the rate of soil mineralization. After adding organic materials, the change in the soil organic carbon mineralization rate could be divided into two stages: the fast stage and the slow stage. The dividing point of the two stages was approximately 10 days. When equal amounts of waste amendment carbon were input to the soil, there was no significant difference in SOC between food waste and garden waste. However, SOC increased with the amount of amendment addition. However, for POC, there was no significant difference between the different amounts of carbon input to the garden waste compost treatments. SOC and POC were significantly correlated with the cumulative emissions of CO2.
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Larney, Francis J., and Denis A. Angers. "The role of organic amendments in soil reclamation: A review." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 92, no. 1 (January 2012): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2010-064.
Full textAbstract:
Larney, F. J. and Angers, D. A. 2012. The role of organic amendments in soil reclamation: A review. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 19–38. A basic tenet of sustainable soil management is that current human activities are not detrimental to future generations. Soils are degraded by natural events (erosion) or industrial activity. A prevalent feature of degraded or disturbed soils is lack of organic matter compared with adjacent undisturbed areas. Organic amendments, such as livestock manure, biosolids, pulp and paper mill by-products, wood residuals and crop residues, are produced in abundance in Canada and could be widely used in soil reclamation. Biosolids production is ∼0.5 Tg yr−1(dry wt.); paper mill sludge generated in the province of Quebec was ∼2 Tg (wet wt.) in 2002. This review paper examines mechanisms through which organic amendments affect soil properties (physical, chemical, biological) and describes the role of organic amendments in reclamation, with emphasis on amendment types and application rates for soil amelioration and biomass production. Single large applications of organic amendments can accelerate initial reclamation and lead to self-sustaining net primary productivity. Readily decomposable organic amendments may provide immediate, but transient, effects, whereas stable, less decomposable materials may provide longer-lasting effects. Using organic amendments for reclamation is mutually beneficial wherein waste products from agriculture, forestry and urban areas help other sectors meet their land reclamation goals.
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Sritongon, Natthawat, Sophon Boonlue, Wiyada Mongkolthanaruk, Sanun Jogloy, and Nuntavun Riddech. "Impact of Rhizobacterial Inoculants and Organic Amendment on Bacterial Communities of Jerusalem artichoke Tissue and Rhizosphere by using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis." Chiang Mai Journal of Science 50, no. 5 (September 29, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/cmjs.2023.051.
Full textAbstract:
The application of organic amendments can improve soil quality and influence bacterial communities, contributing to enhanced soil health in agricultural systems. This study investigated the effect of using rain tree leaf, corn husk, and peat moss as soil amendments, supplemented with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on communities of bacteria in the tissue and rhizosphere of Jerusalem artichoke. The plants were observed for 120 days after transplanting. Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) technique was used to investigate the impact of both organic amendments and bacterial consortium with comparative profiles. Comparison DGGE profile by clustering analysis did not clearly separate each organic amendment and bacterial inoculation, but principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that plant age had an influence on tissue and rhizosphere bacterial communities. The results indicated that soil amendments and bacterial inoculation had no effect on bacterial community shifts. Interestingly, the genera of bacteria able to most colonize in the tissue and rhizosphere were the uncultured bacteria. Thus, we provide promising data for boosting Jerusalem artichoke growth and soil quality with potential organic amendments to improve soil with sustainable strategies.
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Dempster, Daniel N., Davey L. Jones, and Daniel V. Murphy. "Clay and biochar amendments decreased inorganic but not dissolved organic nitrogen leaching in soil." Soil Research 50, no. 3 (2012): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11316.
Full textAbstract:
Nitrogen (N) leaching from coarse-textured soils frequently leads to productivity losses and negative environmental consequences. Historically, clay amendment has been used on coarse-textured soils to decrease water repellence and nutrient leaching. More recently, biochar has been proposed as an alternative soil amendment to decrease N leaching while simultaneously storing carbon. As biochar has a greater nutrient-retention capacity, we hypothesised that biochar derived from Eucalyptus marginata would be a more effective amendment than clay at minimising N leaching. The soil used was a coarse-textured agricultural sand with the following treatments: (1) biochar incorporated homogenously into the 0–10 cm soil layer, (2) clay incorporated similarly, (3) biochar added as a layer at 10 cm depth, (4) clay added similarly, or (5) a control. Amendments were added at 25 t/ha and watered periodically over 21 days and watered with the equivalent to 30 mm. Clay and biochar amendments significantly decreased cumulative NH4+ leaching by ~20% and NO3– leaching by 25%. Biochar decreased NO3– leaching significantly more than clay, possibly due to decreased nitrification. Dissolved organic N leaching was not influenced by any treatment. Leaching of N was unaffected by amendment application method. We conclude that to decrease N leaching, land managers should apply the most readily available of the amendments in the most convenient manner.
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Khong, Dennis W. K. "The Copyright (Amendment) Act 2021 of Malaysia." Asian Journal of Law and Policy 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33093/ajlp.2022.3.
Full textAbstract:
On the last days of 2021, the Malaysian Parliament passed amendments to the Copyright Act 1987 and the Patents Act 1983. In addition, the Geographical Indications Act 2000 was repealed and replaced by a new Geographical Indications Act 2021. This legislative update looks at the amendments made by the Copyright (Amendment) Act 2021. Generally, five areas in the Copyright Act are affected: Collective management organization, Marrakesh Treaty, voluntary notification, streaming technology and enforcement power.