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Journal articles on the topic "Amendment rates"
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Baldock, J. A., C. Creamer, S. Szarvas, J. McGowan, T. Carter, and M. Farrell. "Linking decomposition rates of soil organic amendments to their chemical composition." Soil Research 59, no. 6 (2021): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr20269.
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The stock of organic carbon contained within a soil represents the balance between inputs and losses. Inputs are defined by the ability of vegetation to capture and retain carbon dioxide, effects that management practices have on the proportion of captured carbon that is added to soil and the application organic amendments. The proportion of organic amendment carbon retained is defined by its rate of mineralisation. In this study, the rate of carbon mineralisation from 85 different potential soil organic amendments (composts, manures, plant residues and biosolids) was quantified under controlled environmental conditions over a 547 day incubation period. The composition of each organic amendment was quantified using nuclear magnetic resonance and mid- and near-infrared spectroscopies. Cumulative mineralisation of organic carbon from the amendments was fitted to a two-pool exponential model. Multivariate chemometric algorithms were derived to allow the size of the fast and slow cycling pools of carbon to be predicted from the acquired spectroscopic data. However, the fast and slow decomposition rate constants could not be predicted suggesting that prediction of the residence time of organic amendment carbon in soil would likely require additional information related to soil type, environmental conditions, and management practices in use at the site of application.
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Lutz, Donald S. "Toward a Theory of Constitutional Amendment." American Political Science Review 88, no. 2 (June 1994): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944709.
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Constitutional design proceeds under the assumption that institutions have predictable consequences, but modern political science has not pursued the empirical verification of these predicted consequences with much vigor. I shall attempt to link the theoretical premises underlying one important aspect of constitutional design, the amendment process, with the empirical patterns revealed by a systematic, comparative study of constitutions. An examination of all amendments in the 50 American states since 1776 reveals patterns that are then confirmed using data from 32 national constitutions. The interaction of the two key variables affecting amendment rate can be described by an equation that generates predicted amendment rates close to those found in the cross-national empirical analysis. A constitution's length measured in number of words, the difficulty of an amendment process, and the rate of amendment turn out to have interlocking consequences that illuminate principles of constitutional design.
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Worden, Christopher, George Elliott, Bernard Bible, Karl Guillard, and Thomas Morris. "Use of a Food-processing Residual Compost for Salad Green Production on Organic Farms: Soil Response and Crop Yields." HortScience 35, no. 5 (August 2000): 830B—830. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.5.830b.
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A composting facility in New Milford, Conn. (NMF), utilizes food-processing residuals, including spent tea leaves, coffee grounds, cocoa shell and cleanings, wastewater treatment sludge from a food ingredients manufacturing plant, and past-expiration processed vegetable products. Materials are composted in aerated, frequently turned windrows under cover. The range of inputs, combined with time constraints on the composting process, has resulted in a variable, immature compost product with a high rate of microbial activity. Users have expressed concern about potential phytotoxicity or nutrient immobilization from using NMF compost. Therefore, research was conducted to determine the influence of cured and uncured NMF compost amendments on potentially sensitive crops with high nutrient requirements. Arugula (Eruca vesicaria) and green bibb lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were grown on two Connecticut organic farm research sites in 1998 and 1999. Both sites have soils classified as coarse loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic, typic, Dystraudepts. Farms differed in the length of time under organic farm management. One farm has been an organic farm since 1988 and consequently has high soil fertility, while the other was a first-year organic farm in 1998, and had relatively low soil fertility. Three amendment types were applied: cured compost, uncured compost, and organic fertilizer (5N-3P2O5-4K2O). Amendment application rates were estimated to provide a comparable range of plant-available nutrients for the amendments and a control without fertilizer. Compost application rates were 3.4, 6.8, 20.2, 35.8, and 71.7 Mg·ha-1 (dry-weight basis) in 1998 and 11.2, 22.4, 44.8, and 89.6 Mg·ha-1 (dry-weight basis) in 1999. Organic fertilizer application rates were 1.34, 2.68, 5.36, 10.72, and 21.44 Mg·ha-1 in 1998 and 1.34, 2.68, 5.38, and 10.72 Mg·ha-1 in 1999. Soil organic matter and nutrients increased with amendment application rate at both locations. Crop yields increased with amendment rate at the new, lower-fertility farm, but yields did not respond to amendments at the older, higher-fertility farm. Yield differences were minor between the uncured and cured compost treatments at both locations. This indicates that either cured or uncured NMF food-processing residual compost can be successfully used as an organic soil amendment for salad green production.
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Duddigan, Sarah, Paul D. Alexander, Liz J. Shaw, Taru Sandén, and Chris D. Collins. "The Tea Bag Index—UK: Using Citizen/Community Science to Investigate Organic Matter Decomposition Rates in Domestic Gardens." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 25, 2020): 6895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176895.
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Gardening has the potential to influence several ecosystem services, including soil carbon dynamics, and shape progression towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals, (e.g., SDG 13). There are very few citizen/community science projects that have been set up to test an explicit hypothesis. However, citizen/community science allows collection of countrywide observations on ecosystem services in domestic gardens to inform us on the effects of gardening on SDGs. The geographical spread of samples that can be collected by citizen/community science would not be possible with a team of professional science researchers alone. Members of the general public across the UK submitted soil samples and buried standardised litter bags (tea bags) as part of the Tea Bag Index—UK citizen/community science project. Participants returned 511 samples from across the UK from areas in their garden where soil organic amendments were and were not applied. The project examined the effects of application of soil amendments on decomposition rates and stabilisation of litter, and in turn, effects on soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations. This was in response to a call for contributions to a global map of decomposition in the Teatime4Science campaign. Results suggested that application of amendments significantly increased decomposition rate and soil carbon, nitrogen, and carbon: nitrogen ratios within each garden. So much so that amendment application had more influence than geographic location. Furthermore, there were no significant interactions between location and amendment application. We therefore conclude that management in gardens has similar effects on soil carbon and decomposition, regardless of the location of the garden in question. Stabilisation factor was influenced more prominently by location than amendment application. Gardening management decisions can influence a number of SDGs and a citizen/community science project can aid in both the monitoring of SDGs, and involvement of the public in delivery of SDGs.
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Keilhauer, Mary G., Tiffany L. Messer, Aaron R. Mittelstet, Thomas G. Franti, and Jessica Corman. "Nitrate Removal by Floating Treatment Wetlands Amended with Spent Coffee: A Mesocosm-Scale Evaluation." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 6 (2019): 1619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13431.
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HighlightsA floating treatment wetland design was evaluated for water quality improvements.Nitrate-N removal rates were quantified using spent coffee grounds as a carbon source.Nitrate-N removal rates increased throughout the growing season Abstract. The Midwestern U.S. is vulnerable to eutrophic conditions from high nutrient concentrations. Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) are an innovative wetland design for nutrient removal from nonpoint sources and provide a unique treatment. The objectives of this project were to quantify nitrate removal in traditional and carbon-amended FTWs planted with Midwestern plant species during the establishment year. Three greenhouse experiments were conducted throughout the growing season using 18 mesocosms. Two vegetation designs were evaluated: rush species ( and ) and diverse species (, , , , , and ). Spent coffee grounds were applied to 9 of the 18 mesocosms as a carbon amendment. Nitrate-N removal increased during the establishment growing season in the FTW systems (Spring: 15.0% to 17.3%, Summer 1: 82.8% to 92.6%, Summer 2: 86.4% to 94.7%). Nitrate-N removal was also impacted by carbon amendments (FTW without amendment: 82.8% to 94.7%, FTW with amendment: 88.4% to 96.1%). Carbon additions were found to enhance denitrifying conditions even in the absence of FTWs (decreased dissolved oxygen, increased available organic carbon). Significant differences in nitrate-N removal were not observed between FTW vegetation designs. This study provides new insight on the impacts of the growing season, plant species, and carbon amendments on FTW nitrate-N removal performance during the establishment year. Keywords: Best management practices, Carbon amendment, Floating treatment wetlands, Nitrogen removal, Spent coffee grounds
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Kumarathilaka, Prasanna, and Meththika Vithanage. "Influence of Gliricidia sepium Biochar on Attenuate Perchlorate-Induced Heavy Metal Release in Serpentine Soil." Journal of Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6180636.
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Perchlorate (ClO4-) is a strong oxidizer, capable of accelerating heavy metal release into regolith/soil. Here, we assessed interactions between ClO4- and serpentine soil to simulate and understand the fate of Ni and Mn and their immobilization with the presence of biochar (BC). A soil incubation study (6 months) was performed using serpentine soil in combination with different ClO4- concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 wt.%) and three different amendment rates (1, 2.5, and 5 wt.%) of Gliricidia sepium BC. Bioavailable fraction of Ni and Mn was analyzed using CaCl2 extraction method. An increase of ClO4- concentrations enhanced bioavailability fraction of Ni and Mn. However, BC amendments reduced the bioavailability of Ni and Mn. In comparison, 5% BC amendment significantly immobilized the bioavailability of Ni (68–92%) and Mn (76–93%) compared to other BC amendment rates. Electrostatic attractions and surface diffusion could be postulated for Ni and Mn immobilization by BC. In addition, ClO4- may have adsorbed to BC via hydrogen bonding which may reduce the influence of ClO4- on Ni and Mn mobility. Overall, it is obvious that BC could be utilized as an effective amendment to immobilize Ni and Mn in heavy metal and ClO4- contaminated soil.
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Little, Neith G., Charles L. Mohler, Quirine M. Ketterings, and Antonio DiTommaso. "Effects of Organic Nutrient Amendments on Weed and Crop Growth." Weed Science 63, no. 3 (September 2015): 710–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-14-00151.1.
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Sufficient fertility is important for crop growth and yield but supplying a balanced amount of N, P, and K with compost and manure is a challenge and nutrient imbalances can benefit weeds more than crops. The goal of this study was to compare the aboveground growth responses of common northeastern U.S. crops and weeds to addition of composted poultry manure (CPM). A secondary goal was to test whether the observed growth responses to CPM could be attributed to the three macronutrients—N, P, and K—supplied in the CPM. Two field experiments were conducted over 2 yr. Species grown were corn, lettuce, kale, Powell amaranth, common lambsquarters, giant foxtail, and velvetleaf. Plants were grown in soil amended with CPM or single-nutrient organic N, P, and K fertility amendments. Single-nutrient P treatments with bone char did not adequately mimic P supply from CPM. In both years, biomass of all weeds studied increased with CPM amendment rate. Powell amaranth was the most responsive to CPM addition, increasing 1,775 and 159% from the control to the highest CPM rate in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Corn biomass increased by 22% with CPM rate in 2010 but did not increase with CPM rate in 2011. Lettuce biomass increased with CPM amendment rate (175% in 2010 and 109% in 2011), but due to the increased weed biomass at high CPM amendment rates, good weed control will be necessary to maintain this yield benefit. The increase in growth of Powell amaranth, common lambsquarters, and giant foxtail with CPM amendment was not due to N or K, and may have been influenced by P or another factor in the CPM. Velvetleaf was the only species that exhibited increased biomass with N addition (as blood meal), similarly to the increase with added CPM, suggesting the velvetleaf growth response to CPM was due to N in the CPM. The results show that nutrient ratios should be considered when applying organic amendments, because application rates of organic amendments that meet the crop's needs for one nutrient may oversupply other nutrients. Overfertilization will not benefit crop yield, but the results of this study show that high organic fertility application rates are likely to increase weed growth.
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McCray, J. Mabry, Shangning Ji, and Leslie E. Baucum. "Sugarcane Yield Response to Furrow-Applied Organic Amendments on Sand Soils." International Journal of Agronomy 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/426387.
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Organic amendments have been shown to increase sugarcane yield on sand soils in Florida. These soils have very low water and nutrient-holding capacities because of the low content of organic matter, silt, and clay. Because of high costs associated with broadcast application, this field study was conducted to determine sugarcane yield response to furrow application of two organic amendments on sand soils. One experiment compared broadcast application (226 m3 ha−1) of mill mud and yard waste compost, furrow application (14, 28, and 56 m3 ha−1) of these materials, and no amendment. Another experiment compared furrow applications (28 and 56 m3 ha−1) of mill mud and yard waste compost with no amendment. There were significant yield (t sucrose ha−1) responses to broadcast and furrow-applied mill mud but responses to furrow applications were not consistent across sites. There were no significant yield responses to yard waste compost suggesting that higher rates or repeated applications of this amendment will be required to achieve results comparable to mill mud. Results also suggest that enhancing water and nutrient availability in the entire volume of the root zone with broadcast incorporation of organic amendments is the more effective approach for low organic matter sands.
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Essien, OE. "Effect Of Varying Rates Of Organic Amendments On Porosity And Infiltration Rate Of Sandy Loam Soil." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 12 (February 5, 2013): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v12i0.7563.
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Infiltration rate and porosity of sandy loam soil amended separately with goatyard manure (GYM) and poultry waste at 30, 50 and 70 tonnes/hectare each were investigated and the results were statistically analyzed using SPSS ver 17 package. Infiltration rates under GYM amendment and poultry waste amendment showed significant difference (p?0.01), indicating that the variation of infiltration under GYM amendment was superior to the use of poultry waste. Infiltration rates under poultry waste amendment and those of the control soil correlated perfectly (r= 0.99, p?0 .01). The application of 70t/ha of GYM indicated no superior short-term effect on soil’s infiltration rate than its lower amendment rates. The constant infiltration rate of amended soil under 30T/ha of GYM was reduced to 1.60cm/min below the 2.28cm/min for its GYM counterpart and 1.69cm/min for the control soil; and is recommended for optimum irrigation water conservation in sandy loam soil. The change in porosity was less under GYM amendment than under poultry waste amendment. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:12, Jun.2011, Page 51-58 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v12i0.7563
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Gaulke, Linda S., Charles L. Henry, and Sally L. Brown. "Nitrogen fixation and growth response of Alnus rubra amended with low and high metal content biosolids." Scientia Agricola 63, no. 4 (August 2006): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162006000400006.
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Forest application of biosolids offers a potential environmentally friendly alternative to landfilling. This two-year investigation was designed to analyze the effects of elevated soil metal concentration resulting from the land application of biosolids on the symbiotic, nitrogen (N) fixing relationship between Alnus rubra Bong. (red alder) and Frankia. High metal biosolids and a modern-day composted biosolid applied at high loading rates of 250, 500, and 1000 Mg ha-1, were used to represent a worst-case scenario for metal contamination. The high metal biosolids were obtained before the current regulations were formulated and had been lagooned prior to use in this study. Total cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in the high metal biosolids were 45, 958, and 2623 mg kg-1 respectively. These metal concentrations are above current regulatory limits in the US. The compost was made using biosolids that are currently produced and had Cd, Pb and Zn of 0.8, 20 and 160 mg kg-1 respectively. Trees were harvested and analyzed for rate of N fixation (as measured by acetylene reduction activity), biomass, and foliar metals. Soils were analyzed for available N, total carbon and N, pH and total Cd, Pb and Zn. Rates of N fixation were not affected by soil amendment. In year 2, shoot biomass of trees grown in both the compost and high metal amendments were higher than the control. Shoot biomass increased with increasing amount of compost amendments, but decreased with increasing amount of high metal amendments. There was no relationship between soil metal concentration and plant biomass. Foliar Cd and Pb were below detection for all trees and foliar Zn increased with increasing amount of both compost and high metal amendment, with concentrations of 249 mg kg-1 for trees grown in the compost amendment and 279 mg kg-1 for the high metal amendment. The results from this study indicate that the growth of A. rubra benefited from both types of biosolids used in the study and that the Alnus/Frankia relationship was not negatively impacted by metal concentrations resulting from the high metal biosolids amendments.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Amendment rates"
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Kranabetter, John Marty. "Pulp fibre waste as a soil amendment : rates of net carbon mineralization." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29193.
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The potential for using RMP (refiner mechanical process) pulp mill fibre waste as a soil amendment was investigated by determining levels of net carbon mineralization. Under optimum conditions (laboratory incubation study), the pulp fibre waste, being a relatively homogeneous substrate, was found to mineralize at one rate of -0.0078 d⁻¹. In field applications the rate of net mineralization was slower, with rates of -0.0034 d⁻¹ and -0.0037 d⁻¹, as determined by soil respiration and litter bag trials, respectively. A loading effect was noted for this amendment, where increasing the levels of application was found to cause decreases in the mineralization rate.
Using pulp fibre waste in forest landing rehabilitation appears to increase the levels of microbial activity in the surface horizon. The higher levels of productivity should lead to improvements in soil structure, and would be a better alternative to only tilling and fertilizing the soil.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Kuchynková, Tereza. "Analýza vývoje DPH v ČR v letech 2004-2012 a jeho dopad na praxi." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-198272.
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The topic of this diploma thesis is to analyze the development of the VAT legislation in the Czech Republic in the years 2004 -- 2012 assessing the impact of changes in the legislation on practice. The diploma thesis is divided into four parts. The first part deals with theoretical background of the current VAT tax theory. The following part focuses on harmonization of VAT within the EU, and this part also includes insight on the Green Paper as the future of VAT setting in the EU. The third part shows the structure of the VAT before and after joining the European Union as well as the most important amendments of the Czech VAT law. The last part is devoted to practical problems associated with the changes of VAT, here is also included a review of all VAT forms. At the very end of the paper the topic of reverse charge in the construction industry is analyzed based on author's own work experience.
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Harper, John, Jack Watson, and Tom Doerge. "The Effect of Various Soil Amendments on the Yield of Alfalfa and Soil Infiltration Rates." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200479.
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Bergschneider, Cara Renee. "Determining an Appropriate Organic Matter Loading Rate for a Created Coastal Plain Forested Wetland." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34698.
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Past research indicates that created non-tidal wetlands in the mid-Atlantic region are considerably lower in soil organic matter than native forested hydric soils. However, optimal loading rates for created wetland soil reconstruction have not been rigorously established. Our objective was to determine appropriate organic amendment loading rates for a Coastal Plain mitigation wetland based on 1) soil properties reflective of hydric soil development, 2) the formation of redoximorphic features, and 3) the growth and vigor of hydrophytic vegetation. The study contained wet (CCW-Wet) and dry (CCW-Dry) experiments, each receiving 6 compost treatments (0 Mg/ha untilled and 0, 56, 112, 224, and 336 Mg/ha tilled). Over the 1.5-year monitoring period, redox potential decreased and redoximorphic feature formation increased with compost loadings up to 112 Mg/ha. Surface bulk density decreased with loadings up to 224 Mg/ha, while no treatment differences were noted in sub-surface bulk density. In the CCW-Dry experiment, soil moisture peaked in the 224 Mg/ha treatment, while soil moisture in CCW-Wet increased consistently across all loadings. Total biomass in CCW-Wet and Betula nigra L. growth in both experiments increased with loading rate. Total biomass in CCW-Dry and Quercus palustris Muench. growth in both experiments peaked at 112 Mg/ha, although differences were not significant. Collectively, these findings indicate that 112 Mg/ha of high quality organic amendment was optimal for inducing hydric soil conditions and positive hydrophytic vegetation response. Incorporating compost at rates exceeding 112 Mg/ha is challenging and leads to higher surface elevations and redox levels in the initial growing season.Master of Science
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Singer, Susan Sullivan. "Acid rain provisions of the 1990 clean air amendments : affects on residential electric customers /." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09192009-040223/.
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Harper, John, Jack Watson, and Tom Doerge. "The Effect of Gypsum and Sulfuric Acid Soil Amendments on the Yield of Alfalfa and Soil Infiltration Rates: A Progress Report." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203795.
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Vázquez, Rosa I. "Decomposition rates of organic amendments and soil organic matter fractions as indicators of soil quality : an on-farm study of organic and conventional dairy farms in Ohio /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488202678776313.
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Diniz, Vítor. "PEC do orçamento impositivo: um sonho que virou realidade?" Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-14032017-142110/.
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Este trabalho apresenta o processo de aprovação da PEC do Orçamento Impositivo. A proposta aprovada pelo Congresso institui a obrigatoriedade de pagamento de uma parcela das emendas individuais. Esse era um pleito antigo dos congressistas, mas só em 2015 a Emenda Constitucional foi promulgada. O intuito aqui foi mostrar as estratégias utilizadas pelos atores e o contexto institucional em que a aprovação ocorreu. Além disso, apresentamos os primeiros resultados sob a vigência do orçamento impositivo para as emendas individuais. A expectativa dos parlamentares ainda não se confirmou e as taxas de pagamento continuam baixas.This thesis focuses on the approval of PEC do Orçamento Impositivo, which changed the rules for budgetary amendments. Congress decided to stipulate a minimum mandatory amount allocated through amendments, even without the support of the Executiv branch, which tried to avoid the success of the Constitutional Amendment. Moreover, this dissertation introduces data about payment rates. The expectation of high payment rates has not been confirmed. Rates remained low.
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Le, Thi Huong Xuan. "Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater added to sand by wheat straw addition and wheat plants." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/124604.
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Wastewater irrigation can add nutrients to soils, but also increase nutrient leaching, particularly in sandy soils. For sustainable use of wastewater, nutrient leaching should be minimized. It is unclear how wheat straw amendment to sand or wheat growth on sandy soil influences removal of N and P from wastewater. This thesis aimed to investigate (1) the ability of wheat straw to remove inorganic N and P from wastewater collected from a sewage treatment plant when mixed into sand at different rates (Experiment 1) and decomposition stages of the straw (Experiment 2), and (2) the effect of wastewater irrigation at different early growth stages of wheat plants on nutrient uptake (Experiment 3). In the first experiment, wheat straw was mixed with sand at 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 g kg-1 in leaching columns before adding wastewater. The control was unamended sand. Leaching was conducted on 4, 8 and 16 days after wastewater addition. With straw amendment, nitrate in the sand-straw mixes was lower than in sand alone while ammonium was higher at 12.5 g straw kg- 1. Over 95 % of inorganic N from added wastewater was removed irrespective of straw rate. Straw amendment had no consistent effect on P leaching. In the second leaching column experiment, sand was mixed with wheat straw at 12.5 g straw kg-1 and incubated moist for 7 or 14 days or added just before adding wastewater (fresh straw). The control was unamended sand. Leaching was conducted 4, 8 or 16 days after wastewater addition. With straw amendment, available N in the sand-straw mixes was highest in fresh straw on day 16. Leachate inorganic N was much lower than in sand alone irrespective of straw decomposition stage. In both leaching column experiments, very little N2O was released, suggesting that denitrification was not an important process. Likely mechanisms for nutrient removal by straw are dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium and nutrient binding to straw. It was concluded that mixing wheat straw into sandy soil prior to wastewater application can substantially reduce inorganic N leaching. In a pot experiment, sandy soil was left unplanted (control) or planted with wheat, which was grown for 7, 14 or 21 days before wastewater addition. All pots received reverse osmosis (RO) water for 20 days. Half of the planted pots and unplanted pots were irrigated with wastewater from day 21 to 35, the other pots still received RO until day 35. Wastewater irrigation increased N uptake compared to RO irrigation only in plants that were 21 days old before wastewater addition but had little effect on plant growth and on inorganic N and P in soil. However, presence of wheat reduced available N and P in soil compared to unplanted soils which would reduce potential of nutrient leaching after wastewater irrigation. It can be concluded that inclusion of organic amendments and/ or suitable crops are the potential options for wastewater reuse on sandy soils. Field experiments should be carried out to confirm the applicability of these effects.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2019
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Laskosky, Jorden. "Productivity and greenhouse gas emissions from longterm stockpiled soils treated with organic amendments." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30846.
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Reclamation success is highly dependent upon final soil quality of stockpiled soils, such as those found Cold Lake Oil Sands Region. Stockpiled soils, however, are generally poor in quality. Soils were amended with, biochar (BC), humalite (HU), a sub-bituminous coal; and peat (PT), as well as 50:50 blends of biochar:humalite (BCH) and biochar:peat (BCP). These amendments were applied at rates of 0, 6.55, 13.1 and 26.2 g C kg-1 each. Biochar, PT, and BCP applied at the rate of 26.2 g C kg-1 were found to reduce N2O emissions by 34, 54, and 70%, respectively, relative to the control. Within the bioassay, BC and PT amendment resulted in a 38 and 40% increase in dry matter yield (DMY) respectively. Finally, amendment typically resulted in significant net decreases in Olsen P values, while nitrate and ammonium concentrations were high in PT amended soils. In general, PT had the best overall performance.October 2015
Books on the topic "Amendment rates"
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Britain, Great. The rates (amendment) (Northern Ireland) order 1986. [Belfast]: H.M.S.O., 1986.
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Ireland. Urban renewal act, 1986 (remission of rates) (amendment) scheme, 1998. Dublin: Stationery Office, 1998.
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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. First Standing Committee on Delegated Legislation. Draft rates(amendment)(Nortthern Ireland) order 2004: Monday 1 March 2004. London: The Stationery Office, 2004.
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Ireland. Urban renewal act, 1986 (remission of rates) (amendment) (no. 2) scheme, 1998. Dublin: Stationery Office, 1998.
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Ireland. Urban renewal act, 1986 (remission of rates) (amendment) (no. 3) scheme, 1998. Dublin: Stationery Office, 1998.
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Northern Ireland: Northern Ireland Assembly. Rates (Amendment) Bill : (as Introduced). Stationery Office, The, 2012.
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Northern Ireland: Northern Ireland Assembly. Rates (Amendment) Bill : (as Introduced). Stationery Office, The, 2009.
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Britain, Great. Rates (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 2004. Stationery Office, The, 2004.
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Britain, Great. Child Benefit (Rates) (Amendment) Regulations 2008. Stationery Office, The, 2008.
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Ireland, Northern. Rates (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2009. Stationery Office, The, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Amendment rates"
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Marmolejo-Rebellón, Luis Fernando, Edgar Ricardo Oviedo-Ocaña, and Patricia Torres-Lozada. "Organic Waste Composting at Versalles: An Alternative That Contributes to the Economic, Social and Environmental Well-Being of Stakeholders." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 147–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_7.
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AbstractComposting is one of the most widely used technologies for the recovery and use of organic waste from municipal solid waste (MSW); however, its implementation in some developing countries has mostly been ineffective. This chapter documents the experience of the composting of municipal organic waste in the urban area of the municipality of Versalles, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Within the locality, composting of organic waste occurs at an MSW management plant (SWMP), after being separated at the source and selectively collected. The information presented was generated through collaborative research projects, conducted with the cooperation of Camino Verde APC (a community-based organisation providing sanitation services) and Universidad del Valle (Cali, Colombia). The evaluations undertaken show that (i) within the locality, high rates of separation, at the source, in conjunction with selective collection and efficient waste sorting and classification processes in the SWMP, have significantly facilitated the composting process; (ii) the incorporation of locally available amendment or bulking materials (e.g. star grass and cane bagasse) improves the physicochemical quality of the processed organic waste and favours development (i.e. a reduction in process time), leading to an improvement in product quality; (iii) the operation, maintenance and monitoring of the composting process can be carried out by previously trained local human talent; and (iv) revenues from the sale of the final product (compost) are not sufficient to cover the operating costs of the composting process. Despite this current lack of financial viability, the application of technology entails environmental benefits (e.g. a reduction in the generation of greenhouse gases) and social benefits (e.g. employment opportunities), which, given the conditions in the municipality studied, highlight the relevance of this technological option.
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Tesfamichael, Brook, and Nebiyeleul Gessese. "Effect of Biochar Application Rate, Production (Pyrolysis) Temperature and Feedstock Type (Rice Husk/Maize Straw) on Amendment of Clay-Acidic Soil." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 135–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15357-1_11.
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Rosolem, Ciro A., Antonio P. Mallarino, and Thiago A. R. Nogueira. "Considerations for Unharvested Plant Potassium." In Improving Potassium Recommendations for Agricultural Crops, 147–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59197-7_6.
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AbstractPotassium (K) is found in plants as a free ion or in weak complexes. It is easily released from living or decomposing tissues, and it should be considered in fertilization programs. Several factors affect K cycling in agroecosystems, including soil and fertilizer K contributions, plant K content and exports, mineralization rates from residues, soil chemical reactions, rainfall, and time. Soil K+ ions can be leached, remain as exchangeable K, or migrate to non-exchangeable forms. Crop rotations that include vigorous, deep-rooted cover crops capable of exploring non-exchangeable K in soil are an effective strategy for recycling K and can prevent leaching below the rooting zone in light-textured soils. The amount of K released by cover crops depends on biomass production. Potassium recycled with non-harvested components of crops also varies greatly. Research with maize, soybean, and wheat has shown that 50–60% of K accumulated in vegetative tissues is released within 40–45 days. A better understanding of K cycling would greatly improve the efficacy of K management for crop production. When studying K cycling in agricultural systems, it is important to consider: (1) K addition from fertilizers and organic amendments; (2) K left in residues; (3) K partitioning differences among species; (4) soil texture; (5) soil pools that act as temporary sources or sinks for K. In this chapter, the role of cash and cover crops and organic residues on K cycling are explored to better understand how these factors could be integrated into making K fertilizer recommendations.
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Little, Karen, Michael Rose, Antonio Patti, Timothy Cavagnaro, and Roy Jackson. "Effect of Application Rate of Commercial Lignite Coal-Derived Amendments on Early-Stage Growth of Medicago sativa and Soil Health, in Acidic Soil Conditions." In Functions of Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment, 1085–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5634-2_201.
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Brown, Adam R. "Specificity and Amendments." In The Dead Hand's Grip, 49—C3.P71. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197655283.003.0003.
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Abstract Democratic constitutions must balance opposing ideals of democratic responsiveness and constitutional stability. State constitutions strike this balance with a diverse range of amendment procedures, from the simple to the byzantine. In this chapter’s analysis, burdensome amendment procedures do turn out to reduce amendment rates—but not as much as constitutional specificity raises them. Adding detail to a constitution launches a vicious cycle of amendment after amendment as new generations seek to keep diverse constitutional provisions current with changing circumstances. Specificity disrupts a democratic constitution’s balance between responsiveness and stability, leading to frequent constitutional amendment whether founders provide simple amendment procedures or not.
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Brown, Adam R. "Specificity and Prosperity." In The Dead Hand's Grip, 104—C5.P56. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197655283.003.0005.
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Abstract States with lengthier constitutions experience higher unemployment, reduced income per capita, greater income inequality, and reduced policy innovativeness generally. These effects arise among the American states even though so much economic and monetary policy comes out of the nation’s capital. Importantly, past constitution length predicts future performance, but past performance does not predict future constitution length. High constitutional amendment rates do not ameliorate these negative effects of constitution length on state performance. These findings constitute the book’s empirical core, demonstrating that constitutional specificity harms ordinary citizens by impairing the state’s ability to adapt to changing conditions. Lengthy constitutions bind states.
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Brown, Adam R. "Specificity and Judicial Review." In The Dead Hand's Grip, 75—C4.P85. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197655283.003.0004.
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Abstract Detailed constitutions restrict the range of institutional and policy options available to legislators, agencies, and local governors, and it falls to judges to enforce those constraints. As a result, state supreme courts invalidate more legislative and executive actions in states with lengthier constitutions. Frequent constitutional amendment to keep the constitution current with legislator preferences helps but does not overcome the effect of a lengthy constitution. Constitutional specificity explains more of the state-to-state variance in judicial invalidation rates than other plausible control variables, such as the ideological distance between a state’s legislature and its highest court, the court’s caseload, or the method of selecting state judges.
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Gueorguiev, Dimitar D. "Policy Stability and Avoiding Blunders." In Retrofitting Leninism, 131–46. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197555668.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 explores the downstream implications of controlled inclusion. In particular, if consultation is contributing policy-relevant information, it is reasonable to expect that those policies that are discussed in public prior to implementation are less prone to implementation blunders and avoid the mass discontent that often arises when policies are formulated in private. Comparing across matched laws and regulations at the sub-national level between 2004 and 2012, the analysis shows that no provincial policies adopted with consultation were repealed during that same period, and that their amendment rates are significantly lower than for policies adopted without consultation. Because most of the consultation was conducted online, it is further expected that consultation effects will be larger in regions with better telecommunications infrastructure. Consistent with that logic, the analysis confirms Internet connectivity acts as an amplifier in the estimates.
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Matto, Elizabeth C. "Connecting to politics: expectations and actions." In Citizen Now. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526105677.003.0003.
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With the demographics of the generation firmly established, this chapter pulls together various streams of data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the American National Election Studies, and the Harvard Public Opinion Project and provides a picture of the political participation of young adults. This picture includes the current voting behavior of young adults, longitudinal data on Millennial voting, and inter and intra-generational comparisons in voting rates. In addition, the political activities of young adults beyond voting are considered including participating in campaigns, following the news, and use of social media or “hashtag activism”. This portrait is juxtaposed with the history of the passage of the 26th Amendment lowering the voting age and the expectations surrounding this milestone. Although emerging forms of engagement offer promise, this chapter includes a warning that these methods are only promising if they produce results – a warning that extends to those studying youth engagement.
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Parker, Alison M. "Civil Rights and Partisan Politics, 1890–1932." In Unceasing Militant, 142–59. University of North Carolina Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469659381.003.0008.
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For many decades after the Civil War, the Republican Party claimed the majority of black votes. Its legacy as the party of Abraham Lincoln and its leadership in securing the Reconstruction Amendments outweighed its failure to enforce them, as well as its unwillingness to pass federal anti-lynching legislation. Robert Terrell was appointed a justice of the peace by the Republican President Theodore Roosevelt in 1901 and Mollie Terrell, a member of the National League of Republican Colored Women (NLRCW) secured campaign jobs from the RNC beginning in 1920, once women secured the right to vote with the 19th Amendment. Nor could Terrell forgive the Democrats’ role as the party of secession and its continued embrace of segregation and white supremacy. Terrell was a pro-peace member of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) and an anti-colonialist, advocating the self-determination of nations. Focusing on the status of what she termed the “darker races of the world,” Terrell approached race and equality from a transnational perspective.
Conference papers on the topic "Amendment rates"
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Achkir, Abdelmajid, Abdelhakim Aouragh, Mohammed El Mahi, El Mostapha Lotfi, Najoua Labjar, Taruvinga Badza, and Tawfik El Moussaoui. "Effects of Different Rates of Liquid Sewage Sludge Amendment on Nutrient Content of the Soil in Rabat, Morocco." In LAFOBA2. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016019.
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Larson, Steven, John Ballard, Christopher Griggs, J. Kent Newman, and Catherine Nestler. "An Innovative Non-Petroleum Rhizobium Tropici Biopolymer Salt for Soil Stabilization." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38933.
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Construction site soils are a significant source of sediment, and pollutants carried by sediment, to surface water runoff. Currently, silt fences/barriers, petroleum-derived polymers, and re-vegetation are the primary tools to prevent sediment loss from construction areas. Even with these methods in place, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that 20 to 150 tons of soil per acre is lost to storm water runoff from construction sites each year. A low-cost, environmentally friendly soil amendment that reduces erosion from construction sites would improve surface water quality. An extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) is produced naturally by the symbiotic soil bacterium Rhizobium tropici. A dry, easily transportable salt of this biopolymer, when mixed with soil at low levels (0.01 to 0.5% by mass) substantially increases the soil strength for load bearing, decreases surface erosion and suspended solids in surface water runoff. Re-vegetation is also assisted by biopolymer application, since drought resistance and seed germination rates can be increased by 30% to 40% using the biopolymer. Results of mesoscale rainfall lysimeter system demonstrations of soil amendment with biopolymer documents reduced soil erosion, reduced transport of suspended solids in surface water runoff, and increased establishment success of vegetative cover under simulated drought conditions in biopolymer amended soils.
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Wilson, J. Jeffrey, Douglas W. Lee, Brett M. Yeske, and Fred Kuipers. "Testing of In Situ and Ex Situ Bioremediation Approaches for an Oil-Contaminated Peat Bog Following a Pipeline Break." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-146.
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A biotreatability test was performed on oil-contaminated sphagnum peat moss from a 1985 pipeline spill of light Pembina Cardium crude oil at a bog near Violet Grove in central Alberta. Four tests were designed to simulate several field treatment approaches and to collect critical data on toxicity and leachability of this material. These tests included a bioslurry test, a soil microcosm test, an aerated water saturated peat column test, and a standard toxicity characteristic leachate potential (TCLP) test. In the saturated peat column tests, two nutrient amendment rates and a surfactant were tested to quantify biostimulation effects from an in-situ treatment design. An innovative aeration technology called the GLR (Gas-Liquid Reactor) was used to create a constant supply of hyperoxygenated water prior to column injection. The GLR continuously produces air bubbles of less than 50 microns in diameter, thereby maximizing air surface area and thereby increasing gas transfer rates. Crude oil biodegradation was quantified by the reduction in both extractable hydrocarbons and toxicity of the peat solids. The results confirmed that bioremediation of the residual crude oil to non-toxic levels in the peat bog at Violet Grove will be successful. All three tests — bioslurry, soil microcosm, and soil columns — gave similar results of at least 74% biodegradation of the residual crude oil on the peat solids. In situ bioremediation using the GLR aerated water injection system or an ex situ landfarming or biopile approach should achieve the 1000 mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbon criteria. Neither fertilizer nor surfactant amendments were necessary to enhance oil biodegradation in the in situ column tests. The TCLP test indicated that ex situ treatment would require an impermeable liner for leachate collection. The time required to achieve the final remediation goals will depend on climatic variable such as temperature and rainfall during active summer season bioremediation. It is anticipated that an in situ approach using recirculated aerated water would achieve the cleanup up criteria within one full field treatment season.
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Irwin, Benjamin, Antonio Rago, and Francesca Toni. "Forecasting Argumentation Frameworks." In 19th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2022}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2022/55.
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We introduce Forecasting Argumentation Frameworks (FAFs), a novel argumentation-based methodology for forecasting informed by recent judgmental forecasting research. FAFs comprise update frameworks which empower (human or artificial) agents to argue over time about the probability of outcomes, e.g. the winner of an election or a fluctuation in inflation rates, whilst flagging perceived irrationality in the agents' behaviour with a view to improving their forecasting accuracy. FAFs include five argument types, amounting to standard pro/con arguments, as in bipolar argumentation, as well as novel proposal arguments and increase/decrease amendment arguments. We adapt an existing gradual semantics for bipolar argumentation to determine the aggregated dialectical strength of proposal arguments and define irrational behaviour. We then give a simple aggregation function which produces a final group forecast from rational agents' individual forecasts. We identify and study properties of FAFs, and conduct an empirical evaluation which signals FAFs' potential to increase the forecasting accuracy of participants.
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LoRe, Anthony M., and Robert L. Hurdle. "Managing Food Waste With Anaerobic Digesters: Is This a Greener Technology Than Conventional WTE." In 2013 21st Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec21-2712.
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Recent attention in the North American market has focused on managing food waste biologically using anaerobic digestion (AD) technology, which produces a biogas that can be used to generate electricity and a digestate or residue that can be used as a fertilizer, or composted and used as a soil amendment. The increased focus on AD is driven by the desire to increase waste diversion rates and a perception that AD is a “greener” approach to managing food waste than landfilling or conventional waste-to-energy (WTE) technology. Policy makers in some cases have already concluded that AD of source separated organics is preferable to landfilling and WTE. While the environmental benefits of AD over landfilling are obvious, especially for landfill sites without active gas collection systems, the benefits are less clear when compared to conventional WTE technology since relatively little analysis has been performed to date. Two environmental considerations often associated with being a “green technology” are energy recovery potential and greenhouse gas generation. This paper examines the amount of energy that can be produced by treating food waste biologically using AD compared to treating the same material thermally using mass burn WTE, which is the most commonly used WTE technology. The impact on net greenhouse gas emissions, namely carbon dioxide generation, from each technology is also compared taking into account a variety of factors including differences in the percentage of the feedstock carbon converted to carbon dioxide, the amount of fossil fuel avoided as a result of power generation, and the amount of vehicle emissions associated with collection and transportation of source separated food waste. This paper also compares other important considerations such as capital and operating costs, residuals management, and odor control.
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Ghani, M., S. V. Slycken, E. Meers, F. M. G. Tack, F. Naz, and S. Ali. "Enhanced Phytoextraction of Cadmium and Zinc Using Rapeseed." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96362.
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In a green house pot experiment, the effects of three amendments, sulphur (S), ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) and ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) were tested for phytoextraction of Cd and Zn by rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Elemental sulphur was applied as 20.00, 60.00, and 120.00 mg.kg−1 soil. EDTA was tested at a dose of 585.00 mg.kg−1 soil, and (NH4)2SO4) at a rate of 0.23 mg.kg−1 soil. All treatments received a base fertilization (Hogland) before sowing. Plants were harvested after 51 days of growth and shoot dry matter and soil samples were analysed for metal contents. All amendments caused a significant increase in Cd and Zn contents in plant shoots of all treatments than control treatment. Further, EDTA was most effective for extraction metals concentrations in shoot biomass but the plants showed significant signs of toxicity and yield were severely depressed. The addition of sulfur favorably influenced plant biomass production. The fertilized ammonium sulfate treatment resulted in the highest phytoextraction of Cd and Zn and the amounts of these metals accumulated in plant shoot exceeded by a factor of 4 and 3 respectively. Finally, Brassica napus could be used for soil remediation keeping its other uses which will make the contaminated site income generating source for the farmers.
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Pakvilai, Nisa, and Sirinert Tuamkartok. "Sustainable Use of Compost from Grease Trap Waste and Water Hyacinth on the Growth Rate of Chinese Kale." In 7th GoGreen Summit 2021. Technoarete, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/978-93-92106-02-6.19.
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Grease trap waste and water hyacinth is a major problem of sewer clods and impedes water flow, a factor in flooding. Both of which can be proceeded for use as soil amendments. This research had two objectives: 1) to study the appropriate characteristics of the ratio between grease trap waste and water hyacinth for compost production and 2) to study the efficiency of compost from the growth rate of kale. The results of the analysis revealed that moisture, organic carbon, pH, conductivity, C/N ratio, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are conformed to organic fertilizer standards of the Announcement by the Department of Agriculture: Criteria for organic fertilizers 2014, Thailand. Comparison of compost quality from macronutrients revealed that the ratio between grease trap waste and water hyacinth (2:1) was of the highest quality. Comparing the average growth rate of kale by plant height, a number of leaves, leaf width, leaf length, and fresh weight, found that the efficiency of compost containing grease trap waste and water hyacinth (2:1) affected the maximum growth rate of kale. In conclusion, the study found that the utilization of residues can reduce costs for waste management and increase resource renewal, which contributes to sustainability in future.
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Krzysik, David. "Utilization of the MK Combustion Optimization System™ to Maximize Combustion Efficiency in an Environment-First Fashion." In ASME 2004 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2004-52182.
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Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions discharged into the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion prove to have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Contributing factors include the formation of acid rain, ozone, degradation of visibility, and inhalable fine particles. In addressing these problems, environmental regulations are becoming more stringent on electric utilities. Low NOx burner (LNB) technology was developed to provide a cost-effective means of complying with the NOx Reduction Program under Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990. Prior to LNB technology, standard burners were designed to rapidly mix the fuel and oxidant, producing high combustion efficiency and large quantities of NOx. Limiting the reaction rate at which the air and fuel mix, particularly during the early stages of combustion, can effectively control NOx formation; however, this rate limitation tends to diminish combustion efficiency and proves to be the compromise of LNB technology. Controlling one aspect or the other can be intuitively easy, but controlling both is challenging and trade-offs are necessary. Identifying a happy medium between the standards of yesterday and today is necessary in the optimization of coal-fired combustion. The ultimate effect will improve commercial availability in an environment-first fashion.
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Swanson, Brian. "A Cost Effective Advanced Emissions Monitoring Solution for Gas Turbines: Statistical Hybrid Predictive System That Accurately Measures Nitrogen Oxides, Carbon Monoxide, Sulfur Dioxide, Hydrocarbon and Carbon Dioxide Mass Emission Rates." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50401.
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U.S. Federal regulations under Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments promulgated in 1990 require continuous monitoring of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide emissions from large gas turbines. Local, regional, or State authorities may mandate continuous monitoring for carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds, and other specific pollutant parameters. U.S. regulations that require continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) also allow for the use of predictive approaches as an alternative providing the installed predictive emissions monitoring system (PEMS) meets rigorous performance specification criteria and the site performs ongoing quality assurance tasks such as periodic audits with portable analyzers and annual accuracy testing. A statistical hybrid predictive emission monitoring system (PEMS) has been deployed at numerous sites in the United States to meet EPA requirements for continuous monitoring of gas turbine pollutant emissions. This paper discusses specific implementations of a unique cost-effective statistical hybrid PEMS on various classes of gas turbines ranging in size from 60kW to 180 MW, both gas-fired and liquid-fired units, in simple cycle and combined cycle mode of operation. The turbines were equipped with a variety of NOx control strategies including dry low NOx, steam and water injection, solid post-combustion catalyst, SoLoNOx™, and selective catalytic reduction. In each instance the predictive engine operated on training data of at least three days and up to ninety days as required to develop a robust empirical model of the emissions. Each model was subsequently evaluated using standard U.S. EPA performance specification test methods. The results of PEMS performance testing on these gas turbines are presented along with additional information regarding the quality assurance and quality control procedures put in place and the costs to support the ongoing operation of the deployed compliance statistical hybrid PEMS.
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Kulkarni, Sukrut Shridhar, and Marliana Bt Mohammad. "Integrated Standpoint for Monetizing High CO2 Field with Deliberation of Technical Evaluation and Project Economics." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211342-ms.
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Abstract Monetization of high Carbon dioxide (CO2) field poses a major challenge for optimization either in terms of evacuation (long dedicated pipelines/system) or exotic offshore treatment for CO2 management in terms of CAPEX/OPEX. As the resilient field developer, it is significant to realize economic development of project feasibility is in the harmony with planned supply/demand balance, infrastructure requirement and value generation to the project. It is also noteworthy to comprehend that alignment is in place from appropriate field to intended customer. It's therefore imperious to the prudent operator to be further resilient, more agile, technologically stronger, and financially more robust dealing with the development options for upcoming sour fields. This paper deals with comprehensive analysis of two options for high CO2 field development to arrive at optimized way forward with technical evaluation and finest project economics. What if scenarios were appraised along with project economics to Profit to Investment Ratio (PIR), Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) to determine the best option for the project monetization. Among criteria considered were the cost phasing involved (CAPEX/OPEX), the potential first hydrocarbon date and related field sequence to overall gas distribution network infrastructure. Numerous assessments for strategic alignment were accomplished by leveraging on design, development and implementation of integrated network modeling that was commenced in syndication with appropriate stakeholders such as strategic, operational, projects and commercial. The developed hydraulic model based on first principle was intended that could perform the what-if scenarios in terms of technical aspect by identifying the system ullages, contaminant mapping provision, and pain points identification. Appropriate thermodynamic environment along with flow correlations & engineering details were assembled to represent situ conditions for infrastructure containing around 100+ feeders, ~4000 kms of pipeline with multiple demand centers in place. The model was validated with plant information (data) as part of history matching and validated model was deployed for robust prediction. Detailed diagnostic was performed to recognize the implications on the network for option of long pipeline selection against exotic treatment for contaminants. Project economics were more representative as model could increase the accuracy level by appending the exact sizing of facilities considering holistic view. Multiple tie-in opportunity was explored as best fit considering the optimization in CAPEX/OPEX based on system requirement. Amendment in the control philosophies, clustering of high contaminant feeders was also proposed in benefit of new field viability unlike current practice for going end to end new facility with high capex. The technical simulation is supported by the project's economics of the scenarios. The CAPEX phasing of the best fit option yields a higher Profit to Investment Ratio (PIR) compared to once off spent. Impact of each criterion to the chosen profitability indicators was analyzed and compared to business aspiration to ensure the recommendation corresponds with inclusive overview. With this approach the visibility was extended to overall network level to frame the big picture to the project advantage and the organization. Comprehensive technical and commercial analysis in wide spectrum of end-to-end gas business was the game changer in optimizing the project economics for field development. The Final Investment Decision (FID) could be achieved with lower levels of risk and uncertainty by leveraging on the data based on technical deliberation via network modelling and its impact on overall project economics.
Reports on the topic "Amendment rates"
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Busby, Ryan, H. Torbert, and Stephen Prior. Soil and vegetation responses to amendment with pulverized classified paper waste. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44202.
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The United States Army produces a significant amount of classified paper waste that is pulverized to a fine consistency unsuitable for recycling. However, cheap, high quality organic materials such as classified paper waste are useful as soil amendments. The objective of this research was to evaluate the utilization of pulverized classified paper waste as a soil amendment to improve soil health and increase establishment of desirable native grasses on degraded Army training lands. Paper was applied at rates of 9 to 72 Mg ha⁻¹ to two soil types at Fort Polk, LA: an alfisol (very fine sandy loam - Fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Vertic Hapludalfs) and an ultisol (loamy fine sandy - Loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Arenic Paleudults). These are common soil orders found on military training lands nationwide and represent fertile (alfisol) and unfertile (ulitsol) soils. Vegetation and soils were monitored over 2 growing seasons. No increase in heavy metals were observed in soils. Extensive analysis showed very low levels of regulated contaminants in the paper, but most were below detection limits. The ultisol site showed improved soil physical and chemical properties, while desirable vegetation benefitted from nutrient immobilization at the alfisol site. Based on the results of this study, applying pulverized paper waste to soil at a rate of 35.9 Mg ha⁻¹ is recommended. Application of paper waste to soils had no adverse environmental effects, improved soil physiochemical properties, and facilitated establishment of desirable native vegetation.
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Miyamoto, Seiichi, and Rami Keren. Improving Efficiency of Reclamation of Sodium-Affected Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570569.bard.
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Sodium affected soils, along with salt-affected soils, are distributed widely in irrigated areas of the arid and semi-arid region of the world. Some of these soils can and must be reclaimed to meet the increasing demand for food, and existing irrigated lands must be managed to reduce salinization and alkalization associated with deteriorating irrigation water quality. This project was conducted for examining ways to reduce the use of chemical amendments and large quantities of leaching water for reclaiming sodic soils or for preventing soil sodification, We hypothesized that sodicity of calcareous soils irrigated with moderately sodic irrigation water can be controlled by maximizing dissolution of soil CaCO3. The work performed in Israel has shown that dissolution of CaCO3 can be enhanced by elevating the CO2 partial pressure in soils, and by increasing pore water velocity. The concentration of Ca in pore water was at an order of 1.5 mmolc L-1 at a CO2 partial pressure of 5 kPa, which is sufficient to maintain SAR below 4 at salinity of irrigation water of 0.5 dS m-1 or less. Incorporation of crop residue at a flesh weight of 100 Mg ha-1 reduced the exchangeable Na percentage from 19 to 5%, while it remained 14% without crop residue application These findings indicate a possibility of preventing soil sodification with appropriate crop rotation and residue management without chemical amendments, provided that soils remain permeable. In the case of highly sodic soils, dissolution of CaCO3 alone is usually insufficient to maintain soil permeability during initial leaching. We examined the effect of salinity and sodicity on water infiltration, then developed a way to estimate the amendments required on the basis of water infiltration and drainage characteristics, rather than the traditional idea of reducing the exchangeable Na percentage to a pre-fixed value. Initial indications from soil column and lysimeter study are that the proposed method provides realistic estimates of amendment requirements. We further hypothesized that cultivation of salt-tolerant plants with water of elevated salinity can enhance reclamation of severely Na-affected soils primarily through improved water infiltration and increased dissolution of CaCO3 through respiration. An outdoor lysimeter experiment using two saline sodic Entisols sodded with saltgrass for two seasons did not necessarily support this hypothesis. While there was an evidence of increased removal of the exchangeable Na originally present in the soils, the final salinity and sodicity measured were lowest without sod, and highest when sodded. High transpiration rates, coupled with low permeability and/or inadequate leaching seemed to have offset the potential benefits of increased CaCO3 dissolution and subsequent removal of exchangeable Na. Although vegetative means of reclaiming sodic soils had been reported to be effective in sandy soils with sufficient permeability, additional study is needed for its use in saline sodic soils under the high evaporative demand. The use of cool season grass after initial salt leaching with CaCl2 should be explored. Results obtained from this project have several potential applications, which include the use of crop residues for maintaining sodium balance, the use of CaCl2 for initial leaching of poorly permeable clayey sodic soils, and appraisal of sodicity effects, and appropriate rates and types of amendments required for reclamation
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Tarpley, Danielle, and David Perkey. Impacts of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) on erosion behavior of muddy sediment. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44841.
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Recent policy changes regarding the placement of dredged material have encouraged the USACE to increase its beneficial use (BU) of the sediments dredged from the nation’s navigation channels. A good portion of this material is fine grained (<63 μm), which traditionally has limited use in BU applications, in part due to its dispersive nature. A need exists to evaluate the potential of stabilizing and using fine-grained sediment (FGS) in BU projects. Previous studies have shown the addition of granular sand to FGS reduces the mobility of the bed. The potential of using Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), an amendment commonly used in environmental capping involving FGS, as a similar bed stabilizing material was explored in this study. A series of laboratory erosion tests using Sedflume were performed on FGS-GAC mixtures that ranged from 5% to 20% GAC by mass. Results suggested that GAC content ≤10% had no influence on the stability of the bed while GAC content ≥15% appeared to reduce both critical shear stress (τcr) and erosion rate (n). However, when compared to control cores, those without GAC, clear evidence of bed stabilization of FGS from the addition of GAC was not observed.