Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Amendement organique du sol'
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Rémy, Mathieu. "Reconstitution de propriétés physiques d'un sol organique affaissé : essais de différents amendements." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66448.
Full textOrganic soils are very productive, and their physical and chemical properties allow for the cultivation of high quality, high-volume foodstuffs. Unfortunately, the quality of organic soils and the physical properties that make them so productive quickly deteriorate as soon as they are drained for cultivation. In order to preserve the agronomic potential of these soils, soil protection and conservation measures are being studied. Among these, the addition of crushed plant biomass is considered to help slow down or stabilize soil losses and maintain physical properties of these soils. This method was studied in a greenhouse experimental design. Two types of biomass (miscanthus and willow) at rates of 15 and 30 t/ha were applied to a collapsed organic soil. Four fibre length mixtures ranging from 5 to 45 mm were studied on three cycles of leafy vegetables (spinach, rocket, spinach). A significant reduction in crop yields with increasing biomass dose was noted for the first production cycle. No significant yield fluctuations were noted in the second cycle, in contrast to the third one, where yields increased significantly for treatments with an amendment rate of 30 t/ha. The various measurements taken at the end of the three production cycles to evaluate soil properties did not reveal any significant improvement in the physical or hydraulic properties of the soils following biomass applications. Significant variations were obtained for some chemical characteristics measured, with no clear results to help explain the yield variations obtained. Biomass amendment is a promising method that requires more studies in order to understand the processes involved.
Ngo, Thi Phuong. "Effets des amendements organiques exogènes sur la composition de la matière organique et le stockage du carbone d'un sol dégradé par l'érosion dans le Nord du Vietnam." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066152/document.
Full textIntensification of agricultural use of tropical soils in Northern Vietnam leads to acidification associated with organic matter loss, rapid decline of their fertility and high erosion rates. Such negative effects may be counteracted by exogenous organic amendments (EOMs). The application of buffalo manure, its compost and vermicompost and biochar alone or in mixture with other EOMs is promising to improve at low cost soil quality, plant growth and carbon sequestration. The aims of this study were to evaluate (1) the usefulness of the four EOM alone or in mixture to sequester carbon and (2) the effect of these amendments on quantity and quality of soil organic matter of a tropical soil degraded by erosion. To anwer to this objective we carried out incubations in the laboratory, in litterbags under field conditions and we monitored a mesocom experiment, where the EOM were added and subjected during three years to cultivation and natural rainfall conditions. Our results showed that composting in the presence of earthworms led to stronger transformation of buffalo manure than regular composting. Vermicompost was enriched in N-containing compounds and depleted in polysaccharides. It further contained stronger modified lignin compared to regular compost. Biological reactivity of these AOEs was related to their soluble organic matter content, which decreased in the order buffalo manure > compost > vermicompost, whereas their chemical reactivity was similar. Bamboo biochar was enriched in aromatic carbon and characterized by a high biological and chemical recalcitrance. The presence of biochar influenced the biological as well as chemical reactivity of the other organic amendments. It led to a protection of organic matter against chemical oxidation and changed their susceptibility to biological degradation. Our experience with mesocosmes during 3 year under the natural conditions showed that all organic amendments had a positive effect on soil carbon storage and significantly influences soil organic matter quality. Biochar could increase the soil carbon sequestration potential, when applied in mixture with vermicompost. The presence of biochar increased lignin derived compounds abundance as well as both plant and microbial sugar content of soil amended with vermicompost but it had no effect in the case of control soil. Compared to our litterbag experiment these results show that EOM have a strong contrasting effect on plant growth, in particular root litter input. In conclusion, the incorporation of biochar and vermicompost seems to be the best solution to improuve the quality of degraded soil in Northem Vietnam. More studies about the impacts of this amendment on soil physico-chemical and biological properties in long-term are needed to comfirm these results
Cooke, Joshua. "Étude et prédiction de l’impact des paramètres de digestion anaérobie sur la composition des digestats et leur effet sur la stabilité structurale des sols." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NSARB370.
Full textDemand for renewable energy is driving rapid growth in the agricultural anaerobic digestion (AD) sector. Digestates, by-products from AD, are used as organic fertilisers and soil amendments. Yet, our understanding of the effects of the wide array of digestates produced on soil biological, chemical and physical processes is limited. Our objective was to investigate the impact of digestate application on soil physical health, through study of the aggregate stability (AS), a key indicator of soil resistance to crust formation and erosion. Laboratory testing of digestates from agricultural AD sites revealed that their short-term impact on soil AS may vary considerably. A proposed typology of impact categorises the likely effect of different digestates according to AD process parameters, as an aid to agronomic decision-making and AD plant conception. We determined digestate characteristics linked to changes in soil AS, andconsidered the mechanisms involved, including direct interactions between soil and mineral or organic components, and indirect stimulation of microorganisms by "bioaccessible" organic matter. While the short-term effects of digestate on silt soil AS in field trials were limited compared to climateinduced variations, there were no negative effects. Digestate application may even lead to a very gradual improvement in AS of silt loam soils over time. However, certain mineral-rich digestates can induce transient negative effects on AS in other soil contexts. These findings provide insight into the short-termimpacts of digestate on soil processes leading to aggregate stabilisation. Nevertheless, going forward, an integrated approach accounting for many issues surrounding digestate use in agriculture is required to achieve sustainable soil management
Rizvi, Syed. "Amendements calco-magnésiens de bassins versants forestiers acidifiés : effets sur la dynamique de la matière organique et l'activité biologique du sol." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4796.
Full textThe main objective of this work is to assess the consequences of calco-magnesium liming on two acidified forested catchments in Vosges Mountain (sandstone and granite) on humus morphology, abundance and diversity of mesofauna, fungal biomass and carbon storage in organic horizons 5 and 7 years after liming. Moreover, we performed a study to verify under laboratories conditions by using microcosms filled with soil from acidified catchments lying on sandstone and granite in order to study the short-term effect of calco-magnesium liming. During the two field campaigns, we determined calcium and magnesium contents of OL horizon, pH, humus morphology, mesofauna abundance and diversity, fungal biomass, soil carbon storage of organic layers OL, OF and OH.Results indicated that calco-magnesium liming affects studied parameters in different ways according to elapsed time after liming and the geological substrate (sandstone and granite), the more acidic catchment (sandstone) showing the most remarkable reaction. Results of immediate effects of liming showed a decrease of mesofauna abundance and then gradually increasing tendencies in field campaigns after 5 years while no effect after 7 years after liming. The opposite or no effects were observed on granite substrate. Ca and Mg contents in OL horizon increased by liming but this effect were only significant on sandstone substrate. Soil fungal biomass was not affected by liming but was significantly higher on granite substrate than sandstone. Liming increased the OH horizon thickness on sandstone while decreased the OL horizon on granite, under the influence of biological activity (mesofauna vs microorganisms)
Fernandes, Paula. "Effets des modes de gestion des terres en zone sahélienne sur les termes et l'évolution de leur bilan organique et biologique : consequences pour une production céréalière soutenue : cas du Sénégal." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1999_FERNANDES_P.pdf.
Full textIn the sahelian zone, sail organic matter (SOM) and microbial biomass (MBc) are two essential components of soil fertility, SOM because of it's role in sail physical properties and stock of nutrients, and MBc as the key of most of the biological processes involved in SOM evolution. Our objective is (1) to evaluate the effects of organic inputs on sail fertility, using chemical and biological variables as well as yield components and (2) to determine the relationships between these variables so as to define types of soil behaviour that could explain the large variability of the response to manure in field conditions. We worked on medium-term and annual experiments as weil as a multilocal experiment in field conditions. Our variables are soil physico-chemical caracteristics, MBc, nitrification determined in situ (Nitn1) and in controlled conditions (Nitpot) as the biological variables, and plant prùductivity as an integrative variable. Our results confirm the fast degradation of SOM the first year of cultivation after 15 years of herbaceous fallow (-40% C the first year). This study also presents new results : (1) it validate, in field conditions, the increase of MBc during the cultivation period observed by other authors in agronomical station and precises the relationships between soil biological component (MBc and Nitm) and chemical ones (CEC, SOM) ; (3) it shows that the variability of the soil and plant reponse to manure is a function of it's composition and of the ecological zone; this variability is used to define types of sail behaviour; (4) it shows that residual effects of manure is still sensible, even after two years, on yield and MBc. This work also led to methodological studies. Controlled conditions are necessary for a better knowledge of biological mecanisms
Gunkel, Peggy. "Etude de la spéciation des elements traces metalliques dans un sol agricole pollue au sulfate de cuivre, influence des amendements en chaux et matiere organique. Evolution temporelle de la pollution cuprique et étude de son transfert du sol vers le mai͏̈s." Mulhouse, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MULH0643.
Full textSeck, Mamadou Amadou. "Le compostage des coques d'arachide : Une technique permettant d'améliorer la qualité des sols saheliens." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10035.
Full textForest-Drolet, Julie. "Répartition du carbone et de l’azote des fractions de la matière organique du sol sous différents types de rotations, de travail de sol et de sources fertilisantes dans le nord du Québec : effets à long terme." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66701.
Full textChaineau, Claude-Henri. "Devenir et effets des hydocarbures dans le cas de l'épandage extensif de déblais de forage en agrosystème." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL150N.
Full textBaccot, Camille. "Etude du potentiel de valorisation énergétique ou matière de composés organiques extraits de lixiviats de déchets ménagers." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0107/document.
Full textThe management of municipal solid waste leachates (MSWL) is technically and economically restrictive. It thus should be interesting to consider this effluent no more as a waste but rather as a partially valorizable “co-product”. The dissolved organic matter (DOM) is one of the major components of MSWL and presents a twofold interest: a high load and comparable processes of transformation to those of natural organic matter (NOM).This study thus aimed at extracting the DOM from MWSL according to its hydrophobic character and identifying ways of valorization. Only hydrophobic (HPO*) and transphilic (TPH*) fractions were considered because of their characteristics and reactivity. Two different ways of valorization were investigated: energetic valorization and enrichment of a soil with low content in organic carbon (Corg).The characterization of HPO* and TPH* fractions and their comparison with fractions of NOM confirmed their high valorizable potential. Indeed, they are physically and chemically comparable to NOM, they can be quantified at concentrations up to 1000 times higher than NOM (high extraction potential when compared to environmental matrices such as surface water), and they are more easily biodegradable than NOM without any phytotoxic character.An optimized BMP test was first developed by using an experimental design to adapt the experimental conditions to the digestion of MSWL. It was then applied in different conditions to highlight the impact of the hydrophobic character of the DOM of MSWL on the anaerobic digestion, and mainly on methane production. According to the results, the transphilic-like organic molecules improve the biogas production. Besides, the hydrophilic-like compounds with low aromatic character decrease the methane content of the produced biogas contrary to the hydrophobic fraction.Finally, organic fractions extracted from MSWL were relevant to enrich soil with low content in organic carbon. The HPO* fraction better improves the Corg content when compared to the TPH* fraction whereas transphilic-like molecules enhances the soil biological activity.With the results of this research study, the HPO* and TPH* fractions extracted from a MSWL can thus be considered both to produce biogas and particularly methane and to be amended on soils. Their extraction can thus be economically viable and their treatment no more highly costly
Kolbas, Aliaksandr. "Traits phénotypiques et développement de plantes exposées aux éléments traces; utilisation pour la phytoremédiation et l biosurveillance." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14590.
Full textThis work aimed at assessing sustainable phytoremediation options for trace element-contaminated soils. It includes both the assessment of initial and residual risks (biomonitoring) and long-term sustainable decontamination options using plants and associated microbes, especially aided phytoextraction with the secondary purposes of producing plant-based feedstock and restoring ecosystem services. Copper phytotoxicity, the improving role of soil conditioners, and plant tolerance were tested using a bioassay as well as a fading technique. The usefulness of a mutant line of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and a motherline of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) for the biomonitoring of Cu-contaminated soils was investigated. Biochemical parameters in relation to antioxidant status of plants and molecular responses to Cu excess generally showed a greater sensitivity than morphologic ones. Tobacco has a higher Cu tolerance than sunflower. Endophytic bacteria from various sources, notably from the seeds of metallicolous populations of grasses (Agrostis capillaris) can promote the growth of sunflower and tobacco exposed to Cu excess. For annual Cu-secondary accumulator plants with an excluder phenotype, increase in shoot Cu removal occurred primarily through increase in shoot biomass, rather than in shoot Cu concentration. Therefore, attention in field trials was paid to agricultural practices. Various improving options were tested in situ: application of soil amendments, the use of mutant lines and somaclonal variation, cultivars and crop rotation, bioaugmentation, fertilization, irrigation, etc. Two mutant lines and some commercial cultivars of sunflower as well as the motherline of tobacco showed a high potential for Cu phytoextraction as well as for plant-based feedstock. Ecological restoration options for Cu-contaminated soils based on phytoextraction using annual Cu-secondary accumulator plants with a high shoot biomass would (1) result in the progressive decontamination of Cu-contaminated soils during crop rotations, (2) provide a financial return through biomass valorization, and (3) promote ecosystem services
Tabarant, Perrine. "Effet d'apport de matières organiques sur le contrôle biologique des nématodes parasites du bananier en Guadeloupe." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01002831.
Full textDrozdova, Olga. "Minéralisation des colloïdes du sol par les bactéries hétérotrophes aérobies du sol." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30244.
Full textMultidisciplinary approach for the study of the biogeochemical cycles of the main elements in soils and waters controlled by the activity of microorganisms (by uptake/release of cells or in the process of degradation of dissolved organic matter) was used in the thesis. The innovation of this work is to study the effect of microbial activity (soil typical aerobic bacteria Pseudomonas) on the biogeochemical cycles of elements due to take place geochemical, physical, chemical and microbiological processes. The simultaneous study of the biogeochemical cycles of elements and parameters of biological activity will allow us to predict the response of natural systems to climate change and human-induced disturbance (organic or metallic contamination). Field studies were accompanied by detailed laboratory studies of the reaction mechanisms. The thesis considers to the study of physical and chemical processes using of experimental modeling of the degradation of organic matter in soil extracts and to the study of the quantitative relation between the degradation of organic matter by heterotrophic bacteria Pseudomonas and cycles elements
Dion, Pierre-Paul, and Pierre-Paul Dion. "Minéralisation et prélèvement direct de l'azote organique dans les cultures légumières biologiques en serre." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37893.
Full textDevant la complexité du cycle de l’azote (N) et la variété de ses formes disponibles dans le sol, la planification de la fertilisation de cet élément repose sur des calculs et considérations complexes. La fertilisation biologique a de particulier que l’N est apporté sous forme organique, alors que les plantes le prélèvent principalement sous forme minérale. La disponibilité de l’N repose donc sur une minéralisation efficace des amendements. Cette situation peut mener des producteurs à surfertiliser, entraînant des pertes financières et d’N dans l’environnement. Parvenir à une meilleure synchronisation de la minéralisation de l’N avec les besoins de la plante est donc crucial pour le développement de la serriculture biologique, où les besoins en azote des cultures sont de loin plus élevés qu’au champ. De plus, la capacité de certaines plantes à prélever directement l’N sous forme organique est souvent considérée négligeable en agriculture, mais pourrait être plus importante qu’on ne le croit, contribuant ainsi substantiellement au bilan d’N de la plante. Les objectifs généraux de ma thèse étaient de : (1) évaluer les taux de minéralisation de fertilisants biologiques couramment utilisés en culture légumière sous serre au Québec ; (2) étudier l’impact de différentes sources fertilisantes sur la biodiversité des bactéries du sol ; (3) étudier la capacité du concombre à prélever l’N directement sous forme organique ; et (4) développer et valider un outil de gestion de la fertilisation biologique azotée. Une expérience d’incubation de cinq fertilisants biologiques d’usage commun en serriculture biologique a été menée. La minéralisation de l’N a plafonné dans un sol minéral et un substrat tourbeux à, respectivement, 41 et 63 % de l’N appliqué pour le fumier de poule granulé, 56-93 % pour la farine de sang, 54-81 % pour la farine de plume, 34-43 % pour la farine de luzerne et 57-73 % pour la farine de crevette. Dans un sol minéral, la biodiversité bactérienne alpha (indice Shannon) a été augmentée par l’apport de farine de luzerne, alors que dans un substrat organique à base de tourbe, ce sont la farine de crevette et le fumier de poule granulé qui l’ont le plus augmentée. En se basant sur ces résultats, le modèle NLOS a été adapté à la serriculture biologique pour produire le nouveau modèle NLOS-OG. Cet outil a été validé en serres expérimentales et commerciales et a permis une prédiction satisfaisante de la disponibilité d’N minéral pour une culture en sol minéral, ainsi que de la minéralisation cumulative de fertilisants appliqués dans un sol ou un substrat tourbeux. Par contre, de la recherche spécifique à la dynamique de l’eau dans les cultures biologiques en contenants sera nécessaire afin de prédire adéquatement la disponibilité de l’azote dans ce système. Une interface web est disponible pour les agronomes et producteurs (https://exchange.iseesystems. com/public/pierrepauldion/nlos-og/). Le contenu en C et N solubles du substrat biologique d’une culture de concombre en serre biologique a été positivement corrélé au contenu en C et N organiques de la sève du xylème et aux solides solubles du fruit, suggérant un prélèvement et un transfert de C et N organiques vers les parties aériennes et les fruits. Dans une seconde expérience, en milieu contrôlé, de jeunes plants de concombre ont été exposés à une solution d’alanine enrichie en 13C et 15N. En combinant l’utilisation de molécules marquées à une position spécifique (Position-specific labelling) et l’analyse isotopique spécifique au composé (Compound-specific isotopic analysis), nous avons développé une approche innovatrice permettant de suivre le métabolisme de l’assimilation de l’N issu d’un acide aminé prélevé par les racines. Nous avons ainsi démontré que les racines peuvent prélever et assimiler l’N sous forme organique, surtout en situation de rareté de l’N. Elles ont toutefois une nette préférence pour les formes inorganiques (nitrate et ammonium). Les contributions scientifiques découlant de cette étude doctorale sont : (1) une meilleure connaissance de la minéralisation des fertilisants biologiques azotés ; (2) l’intégration de ces taux de minéralisation dans un outil de gestion de l’N applicable en serriculture biologique; et (3) une meilleure compréhension du prélèvement et de l’assimilation de l’azote organique par des plants de concombre. Ces connaissances permettront une meilleure planification de la fertilisation à base de matière organique, et par conséquent un accroissement de la durabilité de la serriculture biologique.
Because of the complexity of the nitrogen (N) cycle and the diversity of its molecule forms in the soil, N fertilization management is based on complex calculations and considerations. For organic farming, N is provided via organic amendments and biological fixation. However, lack of precise tools that predict the N mineralization rate of N sources leads some producers to over-fertilize, resulting in the buildup of salinity, N leaching and possible loss of profits. Consequently, better knowledge of N availability following organic fertilization, to improve synchronization of N supply with crop N demand, is crucial to advance sustainable organic horticulture. In addition, the capacity of plants to take up N directly as organic molecules is seldom considered in agriculture and could be higher than previously thought, contributing significantly to the plant’s N budget. The objectives of this thesis were to: (1) evaluate the mineralization rates from organic fertilizers commonly used in greenhouse vegetable horticulture in Quebec; (2) study the impact of different fertilizer sources on soil bacterial diversity; (3) study the capacity of cucumber plants to take up and assimilate N directly as organic molecules; and (4) develop and validate a N management tool for organic fertilization. An incubation experiment with five organic fertilizers commonly used in organic greenhouse horticulture was performed. Nitrogen mineralization plateaued for a mineral soil and a peat substrate at respectively 41 and 63% of applied N for pelleted poultry manure, 56-93% for blood meal, 54-81% for feather meal, 34-53% for alfalfa meal, and 57-73% for shrimp meal. Organic fertilizers supported markedly contrasted bacterial communities, closely linked to soil biochemical properties, especially mineral N, pH and soluble C. Alfalfa meal promoted the highest alpha diversity (Shannon index) in the mineral soil, whereas shrimp meal and pelleted poultry manure increased it in the peat-based growing medium. Based on those results, we adapted the NLOS model to organic greenhouse horticulture and developed the new model NLOS-OG. This tool was validated in commercial and experimental greenhouses. It yielded a satisfying prediction of mineral N availability in a greenhouse crop grown in native mineral soil, and for the cumulative mineralization of fertilizers applied in a soil or organic substrate. However, further research should focus on water dynamics in containerized organic crops in order to achieve a precise prediction of N availability in that cropping system. A free web interface for NLOS-OG is now available for agronomists and growers (https://exchange. iseesystems.com/public/pierrepauldion/nlos-og/).In a greenhouse experiment, the C and N content of soil solution was positively linked to the xylem sap C and N content of mature cucumber plants and appeared to contribute to the accumulation of soluble solids in cucumber fruits, suggesting uptake and transfer of soil soluble organic N and C to the shoot and fruits. In a second experiment, in a growth chamber, young cucumber plants were exposed to 13C- and 15N-labelled alanine. By combining two methods, i.e., the use of Position-specific labelling (PSL) of alanine and Compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) of free amino acids, we developed a novel approach allowing the study of the mechanism of the assimilatory metabolism of an amino acid taken up by the roots. We demonstrated that their roots can take up and assimilate N as organic molecules, although they showed a preference for inorganic N forms (nitrate and ammonium). The scientific contributions from this doctoral study are: (1) a better knowledge of the nitrogen release from nitrogen organic fertilizers; (2) the integration of mineralization rates into a N management tool adapted to organic greenhouse horticulture; and (3) a better understanding of the uptake and assimilation of organic N by cucumber plants. This knowledge will contribute to a better planning of N fertilization based on organic matter, thus increasing the sustainability of organic greenhouse horticulture.
Because of the complexity of the nitrogen (N) cycle and the diversity of its molecule forms in the soil, N fertilization management is based on complex calculations and considerations. For organic farming, N is provided via organic amendments and biological fixation. However, lack of precise tools that predict the N mineralization rate of N sources leads some producers to over-fertilize, resulting in the buildup of salinity, N leaching and possible loss of profits. Consequently, better knowledge of N availability following organic fertilization, to improve synchronization of N supply with crop N demand, is crucial to advance sustainable organic horticulture. In addition, the capacity of plants to take up N directly as organic molecules is seldom considered in agriculture and could be higher than previously thought, contributing significantly to the plant’s N budget. The objectives of this thesis were to: (1) evaluate the mineralization rates from organic fertilizers commonly used in greenhouse vegetable horticulture in Quebec; (2) study the impact of different fertilizer sources on soil bacterial diversity; (3) study the capacity of cucumber plants to take up and assimilate N directly as organic molecules; and (4) develop and validate a N management tool for organic fertilization. An incubation experiment with five organic fertilizers commonly used in organic greenhouse horticulture was performed. Nitrogen mineralization plateaued for a mineral soil and a peat substrate at respectively 41 and 63% of applied N for pelleted poultry manure, 56-93% for blood meal, 54-81% for feather meal, 34-53% for alfalfa meal, and 57-73% for shrimp meal. Organic fertilizers supported markedly contrasted bacterial communities, closely linked to soil biochemical properties, especially mineral N, pH and soluble C. Alfalfa meal promoted the highest alpha diversity (Shannon index) in the mineral soil, whereas shrimp meal and pelleted poultry manure increased it in the peat-based growing medium. Based on those results, we adapted the NLOS model to organic greenhouse horticulture and developed the new model NLOS-OG. This tool was validated in commercial and experimental greenhouses. It yielded a satisfying prediction of mineral N availability in a greenhouse crop grown in native mineral soil, and for the cumulative mineralization of fertilizers applied in a soil or organic substrate. However, further research should focus on water dynamics in containerized organic crops in order to achieve a precise prediction of N availability in that cropping system. A free web interface for NLOS-OG is now available for agronomists and growers (https://exchange. iseesystems.com/public/pierrepauldion/nlos-og/).In a greenhouse experiment, the C and N content of soil solution was positively linked to the xylem sap C and N content of mature cucumber plants and appeared to contribute to the accumulation of soluble solids in cucumber fruits, suggesting uptake and transfer of soil soluble organic N and C to the shoot and fruits. In a second experiment, in a growth chamber, young cucumber plants were exposed to 13C- and 15N-labelled alanine. By combining two methods, i.e., the use of Position-specific labelling (PSL) of alanine and Compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) of free amino acids, we developed a novel approach allowing the study of the mechanism of the assimilatory metabolism of an amino acid taken up by the roots. We demonstrated that their roots can take up and assimilate N as organic molecules, although they showed a preference for inorganic N forms (nitrate and ammonium). The scientific contributions from this doctoral study are: (1) a better knowledge of the nitrogen release from nitrogen organic fertilizers; (2) the integration of mineralization rates into a N management tool adapted to organic greenhouse horticulture; and (3) a better understanding of the uptake and assimilation of organic N by cucumber plants. This knowledge will contribute to a better planning of N fertilization based on organic matter, thus increasing the sustainability of organic greenhouse horticulture.
Périard, Larrivée Yann. "Irrigation spatio-temporelle de la laitue romaine en sol organique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29075/29075.pdf.
Full textDANTAS, DE MORAIS TONY. "Diodes electroluminescentes hybrides organique-inorganique elaborees par voie sol-gel." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EPXX0010.
Full textBelon, Cindy. "Synthèse de revêtements hybrides organique-inorganique par photopolymérisation sol-gel." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MULH3908.
Full textThe present work questioned the interest of sol-gel photopolymerization as a novel route to synthesize nanocomposite films from hybrid mono- and bis-silylated precursors. The potentialities of this process that is based on a catalysis promoted by photogenerated Bronsted superacids have been poorly investigated so far. Depending on the precursor nature, the sol-gel photopolymerization was possibly combined with an organic photopolymerization in a view to generate the dual crosslinking of the organic and inorganic networks in a single step. A first aspect of this work concemed the structural properties of the hybrid films: Fourier transformed IR spectroscopy, 29Si and 13C solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy and X-rays analysis were thus implemented. These experiments highlighted the numerous advantages of the photoinduced sol-gel process: its high reactivity, its living character, the absence of water or solvent and the local organization in the resulting films. Finally, the thermo-mechanical properties of the UV cured materials were assessed by using a wide range of characterization techniques: dynamic mechanical analysis, differentia!scanning calorimetry, nanoindentation, tribological and scratch tests. The effect of the organic moiety functionality of the precursors was thus evidenced and relationships between microstructure and properties ofthe hybrid films were established
Guérin, Julie. "Diagnostic agroenvironnemental de la fertilisation phosphatée des cultures maraîchères en sols organiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26520/26520.pdf.
Full textCabo, Alejandro Fierro. "Implications écologiques de la valorisation de résidus de désencrage du papier comme amendement organique sur la revégétation durable d'une sablière." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq26065.pdf.
Full textBouanani, Fatiha. "Etude en champ et en conditions controlées de la minéralisation de l'azote et des modifications de l'organisation du sol, après apport de matières organiques issues de déchets urbains et agricoles." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX11014.
Full textWongcharoen, Anan. "Biological activities of soils under rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) and interactions with trunk phloem necrosis." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00815330.
Full textLefèvre, Romain. "Matière organique stable du sol : dynamique et mécanismes de (dé)stabilisation." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066261/document.
Full textTo understand the fate of stable soil organic carbon (SOC) in a warmer world is a major challenge to be able to predict future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. To do so, it is of prime importance to understand what the stable SOC is exactly and how its mineralization rate is modulated by temperature. This thesis proposed to study (1) the temperature sensitivity of stable SOC mineralization; (2) the response of soil microbial communities to temperature and (3) to establish a link between SOC decomposability and its age. Soil samples from four long term bare fallow experiments were used for work. We incubated soils sampled at the beggining of each experiment and after several decades of bare fallow at different temperatures for 427 days and we regularly monitored soil respiration. At the end of the incubation, soil microbial communities were assessed using pyrosequencing techniques. Finally, we determined the age of soil organic carbon by radiocarbon dating in soil samples from the chrono-sequence located at Versailles, France. The results obtained brought evidence for a general relationship between the mineralization rate of soil organic carbon and its temperature sensitivity. We also found that microbial communities linked to stable organic carbon are more diverse but also more sensitive to a temperature increase. Some bacterial phyla were particularly impacted by the temperature increase and the organic resource rarefaction. Finally, this thesis highlighted the difficulties met with the radiocarbon dating technique
Shenoi, Perdoor Shridevi. "Nanoparticules fluorescentes cœur-coquille organique@silicates pour l'imagerie vasculaire in vivo." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAV063/document.
Full textThe aim of this work is the synthesis, optimization and functionalization of organic@inorganic core-shell nanoparticles (NPs), which constitute a novel class of nanoparticulate tracers, to be used for two-photon deep tissue imaging of tumor vascularization. These core-shell NPs, which comprise an organic dye nanocrystal core (ca 40-50 nm) surrounded by a silicate crust, are synthesized using an original spray-drying method developed in our group. This process is based on the confined nucleation and growth of an organic nanocrystal concomitantly with the formation of a silicate crust by fast drying of sprayed droplets containing silicate oligomers, organic dye and solvent under an air flux at 150-200 °C. This one-step synthesis is made possible thanks to the control of both the sol-gel chemistry (polycondensation) and the nanocrystallization process, which occur simultaneously. Alkoxide precursors, TMOS (tetramethoxysilane) and TMSE (1.2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane) are chosen to form the silicate shell. Additionally, an organosilane, (3-azidopropyl) triethoxysilane (AzPTES), is used to impart an azide functionality to the NPs for further functionalization with alkyne-modified moieties using the Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of organic azides to alkynes (CuAAC). The organic dyes for the nanocrystalline core are non-commercial and designed to exhibit high fluorescence intensity in the solid state under two-photon excitation in the near infrared (biological window) and the appropriate physico-chemical properties to enable their nanocrystallization. Spherical defect-free NPs were obtained. Colloidal NP suspensions were obtained after a basic partial dissolution of the shells of the NPs followed by acidic neutralization to pH 7.4, to match the pH of physiological media.In order to provide long circulation time of the NPs in the bloodstream to enable the use of these NPs as tracers for deep-tissue imaging, the synthesized NPs were derivatized with different moieties to improve their colloidal stability by charge/steric stabilization. The effects of the functionalization were studied using different characterization tools such as fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential under physiological conditions.Functionalization with different forms of alkyne-modified polyethylene glycol (PEG), differing in chain length and structure was done using CuAAC, to render them furtive and increase their circulation time in the bloodstream. The functionalized NPs, when compared with the initial core shell NPs (prior to functionalization) using IR spectroscopy, showed positive results, with reduction in the azide band intensity and appearance of bands corresponding to the C-H bonds of the PEG in the functionalized NPs. DLS performed on colloidal suspensions of the core-shell NPs functionalized with a long-chain (Mn :5000) PEG in two media, (a) water and (b) Simulated body fluid (SBF) solution, each tested at two different temperatures (i) 25 °C and (ii) 37 °C resulted in size distributions centered at less than 200 nm in all four cases, thereby indicating stability of the functionalized core-shell NP suspensions under physiological conditions. Fluorescence spectroscopy of the NP suspensions before and after functionalization also exhibited good results, with comparable brightness after functionalization, suggesting that no quenching occurred in the presence of Cu salts. The colloidal suspensions were found to have lost less than 10 % of the fluorescence signal, suggesting colloidal stability.The interactions of these core-shell NPs with different plasma proteins were also investigated, with minimal aggregation in the presence of high concentrations of proteins. Two-photon fluorescence imaging tests in mice are underway. In conclusion, bright, red-emitting core-shell NPs have been produced, which are promising for use in bio-imaging
Korboulewsky, Nathalie. "Valorisation d'un compost de boues urbaines dans un vignoble méditerranéen : conséquences sur le sol, le végétal, et la qualité du vin." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX11060.
Full textJanvier, Céline. "Recherche d'indicateurs de la santé des sols." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003443.
Full textOuoba, Samuel. "Adsorption et transport d'un Composé Organique Volatil (COV) dans un sol hygroscopique. Application aux pesticides dans un sol aride." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00731315.
Full textPlamondon-Duchesneau, Laurie. "Gestion de l'irrigation des laitues romaines (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivées en sol organique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27782/27782.pdf.
Full textNiane, Badiane Aminata. "Le statut organique d'un sol sableux de la zone Centre-Nord du Sénégal." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1993_NIANE_BADIANE_A.pdf.
Full textHechelski, Marie. "Intérêt des amendements phosphatés sur des sols fortement contaminés par les éléments métalliques en vue d’élaborer à partir de biomasses végétales des catalyseurs hétérogènes supportés utilisables en synthèse organique." Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R016.
Full textMany metal-contaminated soils result from human and industrial activities. To manage these soils, the phytomanagement has attracted scientists and managers of contaminated sites. While using plant engineering, this technique produces biomass that should be valued. Based on this approach, the present work describes this technic by using plant biomass (ryegrass and miscanthus) in combination with phosphocalcic amendments. These biomass, described as non-hyper-accumulators, were produced on garden soils and agricultural soils. The experiments were conducted in greenhouse, mesocosm and in situ near the former Metaleurop Nord smelter. The sustainable use of phosphocalcic compounds did not significantly affect the physicochemical and biological characteristics of soils. In contrast, some physiological parameters of plants were improved. In addition, the phosphocalcic compounds decreased the extractability and phytavailability of Cd and Pb in some cases while promoting the mobility and the transfer of other metallic elements from the soil to the aerial parts of the biomass studied. Metal-enriched biomass were transformed into ecocatalysts. After being characterized, these ecocatalysts were used in organic synthesis and their recyclability was demonstrated. Three examples have been detailed in the current thesis report. In view of using other biomass, metal concentrations in ruderal plants were determined
Graffion, Julien. "Modulation de la photoluminescence d'organosilices par l'intermédiaire de changements mineurs sur le fragment organique." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENCM0011.
Full textIn this thesis, the development of new organic-inorganic materials for two technological challenges is presented : (1) developing metal-free phosphors for solid state lighting ; (2) investigating the potential of lanthanide-containing materials as luminescent solar concentrators. Moreover, a fundamental objective is to understand the effect of minor modifications in the organic fragment of the hybrid materials (changing the regioisomer, using urea or thiourea crosslinks) and of the processing (from powders to films) to modulate their nanostructure and pholuminescence. This manuscript is divided in four parts : (I) a bibliographic introduction describing the basic concepts of this thesis : the luminescence mechanisms and the sol-gel reactions are first described. The photoluminescence of lanthanide salts is introduced ; finally, the organosilicas containing lanthanide salts are studied. (II) The synthesis, characterisations and potential applications of different bulk pristine and lanthanide-containing bridged silsesquioxanes derived from different n,n'-diureido-2,2'-bipyridine isomers are described. The properties of the material derived from the different isomers are compared to get insights into the coordination of the lanthanide ions. (III) The third part deals with the processing of the former sols to obtain the corresponding materials as thin films ; the properties of these coatings and of the formerly obtained powders are compared. (IV) The systematic substitution of urea by thiourea groups in the composition of well-known urea cross-linked bridged silsesquioxanes is performed. This fourth part is divided in two parts : (1) the structural features of simple thiourea-based materials synthesised under different conditions are investigated ; (2), the photoluminescence properties of n,n'-dithioureido-2,2'-bypiridine isomers are studied
Lavaud, Aurélien. "Extraction et caractérisation de la matière organique soluble des horizons profonds d'un sol arable." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Lavaud-Aurelien/2010-Lavaud-Aurelien-These.pdf.
Full textThe increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration due to the combustion of the fossil resources and deforestation is the major environmental problems today. To store carbon and thus to decrease the concentration of CO2 emitted by human activity in the atmosphere, it would be necessary to be able to operate the carbon sinks located in the continental biosphere. The largest carbon surface reservoir of the continental biosphere is the soil, which stores 1500 Mt carbon. The potential of French soil to store carbon is currently being evaluated for the plowed horizon, i. E the first 30 cm. However, recent studies showed that a significant proportion of soil carbon is stored in horizons B and C. The precise role of soluble organic carbon or DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon) in the stabilization and / or destabilization of carbon deep horizons is indispensable to adapt the methods of land management and cropping systems to increase the stock of carbon in soils. Despite abundant literature, studies on DOC are mainly limited to soils of forest ecosystems and especially in laboratory scale. The results were never confirmed on the ground. The overall objective of this thesis is to better define the proportion of soluble organic matter of different horizons of arable soil and indicate their main structural features. This work takes into account the importance of the mode of cultural practice and the impact of prolonged drought particularly in deep horizons. Different analytical techniques (spectrofluorimetry, chromatography size exclusion, pyrolysis GC / MS, 13C NMR) were used on waters collected at the lysimeter plates and porous candles but also HPO, TPH and HPI extracts, for characterizing the OM of deep horizons, while being based on existing work on surface water. The work showed that the OM of the deep horizons was characterized by low aromaticity, a lower molecular weight and by the presence of compound lignins types and terpenoids
Ruamps, Léo. "Localisation de la décomposition de la matière organique dans le système poral au sol." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066108.
Full textCellier, Antoine. "Amendement d'un compost de boues de station d'épuration dans un écosystème méditerranéen après incendie : effets sur le sol, les micro-organismes et la végétation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4729/document.
Full textIn Mediterranean region, forest fires are a major problem leading to the desertification of the environment. Use of composts is considered as a solution for soil and vegetation rehabilitation.First, we observed the effects of three urban composts and their mode of application (laid on the soil surface or mixed into the soil) on soil restoration after fire: a municipal waste compost (MWC), a compost of sewage sludge (SSC) and a green waste compost (GWC) under laboratory conditions. Input of composts increased organic matter and soil nutrient content, and enhanced carbon and nitrogen mineralisation and total microbial biomass throughout the incubations. MWC induced the highest improvement while GWC input had no significant effect compared to the control. Composts mixed with soil weakly limited runoff whereas composts laid at the soil surface significantly reduced runoff and increased percolation and retention, particularly with the MWC.Then, we studied in situ the effects of a SSC on soil and vegetation regeneration after fire. The first months after amendment, this input increased grass species biomass. Although no significant effect was observed on other studied plants, plant biomass was more heterogeneous on amended plots while plant biodiversity was more homogeneous. The use of compost increased rapidly soil nutrient content and soil water content but plant nutrition was improved more or less durably depending species. Compost effects on microbial activities were low and only sporadic. Moreover, no negative effect was observed during the two years of experimentation
Quénéa, Katell. "Etude structurale et dynamique des fractions lipidiques et organiques réfractaires de sols d'une chronoséquence forêt/maïs (Cestas, sud ouest de la France)." Paris 6, 2004. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001071.
Full textBackov, Rénal. "Matière Organisée Hybride Organique-Inorganique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00593471.
Full textTaverne, Justine. "Innovative waste treatment by composting with minerals and worms : effects on carbon storage, soil properties and plant growth." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066370/document.
Full textDue to bio-oxidative mechanisms, composting and vermicomposting produce a large amount of CO2 emissions. Therefore, in this study we aimed to assess (1) the potential stabilization of carbon of fresh organic matter due to mineral presence, with and without worms, and (2) the influence of minerals on maturity and quality of the finished products. The first experiment was based on a laboratory incubation of fresh organic matter, which allowed to obtain composts and vermicomposts, with and without minerals, to monitor carbon emissions and to analyse the final products. A second incubation was carried out to investigate the effect of these products as organic amendment on an arenic cambisol. Finally, the last experiment was carried out to assess the use of co-composts and co-vermicomposts as potting media, by following the growth of. A.Thaliana. The presence of minerals during composting induced a decrease of carbon emission, likely due to the formation of organo-mineral associations or shift of microbial communities. Moreover, the use of co-compost as soil conditioner may allow to increase soil carbon storage, compared to a regular compost. Although the physico-chemical characteristics of the end-products were optimum for its use as potting media, no beneficial aspects on A.Thaliana growth has been observed. In presence of worms during co-composting, the carbon emissions were increased due to worm activities but the positive effect of minerals was still observed. In addition, worms improved the nutrient availability in the end products. Therefore, co-vermicompost tended to improve soil properties and to enhance plant growth compared to a regular (vermi)compost
Gobé, Valérie. "Matière organique complexe du sol ; structure et rôle dans les processus d'humification du carbone xénobiotique." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2316.
Full textMoni, Christophe. "Stabilisation physique et physico-chimique de la matière organique dans les horizons profonds du sol." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066196.
Full textGriesmar, Pascal. "Proprietes optiques non lineaires de materiaux hybrides organique-inorganique elabores par le procedes sol-gel." Paris 6, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA066161.
Full textSuhardi. "Importance du soufre organique du sol dans la nutrition soufrée du blé (Triticum Aestivum L. )." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPL104N.
Full textGanaye-Dugard, Virginie. "Rôle de la matière organique des sols sur la biodégradation par Rhodanobacter lindaniclasticus d'un composé organo-chloré hydrophobe." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10354.
Full textSemaoune, Priscillia. "Dynamique de l'azote à l'interface sol-plante, relation avec la matière organique des sols : apport de la géochimie organique et de la biogéochimie isotopique." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066122.
Full textThe purpose of this study is a better understanding of the processes involved in the N transfer in soils and soil-plant interface, and the link between the chemical structure of SOM and DOM and NO3- and NH4+ in the soil solution. We experimentally showed that the transport of NO3- in water did not affect their isotopic composition for N and O. The net uptake of maize grown hydroponically with NH4+ or NO3-, revealed a fractionation associated with absorption probably due to an efflux of enriched inorganic N from roots. 15N enrichment was observed in leaves compared to roots, the measurement of δ15N-NO3- in tissue revealed the role of assimilation in this discrimination. The study of continuum SOM, DOM and inorganic N was performed on the watershed Kerrien in permanent grassland. Samples of soil were realized at different depths and along the slope with contrasting water conditions during high and low water periods. The SOM and the DOM were characterized at the molecular level by 13C NMR and pyrolysis. Isotopic biogeochemistry was used to identify the origin of C and N and to trace the processes. We observed an influence of hydromorphic on the continuum. Evolution of δ13C along the transect reflects the preferential degradation of OM, variations with depth resulting from degradation and fractionation associated with microbial respiration. We distinguished three types of profiles along the slope: high in culture, medium in grassland, low in high waterlogging, which reveal the involvement of different processes
Abiven, Samuell. "Relations entre caractéristiques des matières organiques apportées, dynamique de leur décomposition et évolution de la stabilité structurale du sol." Rennes, Agrocampus, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NSAR0044.
Full textDegradation of soil physical quality is a common problem that occurs in many different agrosystems. This is for example the case in vegetable cropping systems in Brittany, France, Soil structure degradation has agronomic (gaseous and water dynamics, germination and rooting of crops, pathogenic agents propagation) and environmental (erosion and runoff) consequences. µAdding organic matter as amendment is a possible method of improvement for degraded sistuations. However, the effect of the organic inputs depending of their initial characteristics is still to better understand. The objective of this project is to study relationships between initial quality of organic inputs and their effects on soil structural stability, physical property that definites the structural resistance of soil to physical stress
Nocentini, Caterina. "Analyse qualitative de la matière organique du sol et du charbon en pinèdes méditerranéennes incendiée en Toscane, Italie centrale : étude de la minéralisation du charbon." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066089.
Full textAli, Muhammad Arif. "Rôle des phosphatases secrétes par les champignons ectomucorhiziens associés au pin maritime (pinus pinaster) dans la mobilisation du phosphore des podzols de l'écosystème landais." Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0017.
Full textPinus pinaster is a tree species planted at large scale in soils of Landes located in southwest of France. Mineral nutrients, particularly phosphorus (P) are major growth limiting factors in these soils. Application of P fertilizers is a common practice to increase P availability. The central hypothesis of this work is that acid phosphatase secreted by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi associated with P. Pinaster could hydrolyse labile organic P (Po) fractions to increase P availability. Studies aiming at determining the relationships occurring among different P fractions in soils, tree growth, mineral nutrition and phosphatase activity of ECM morphotypes were carried out in the field or in controlled conditions. Results showed that plant as well as soil properties, significantly described the variations of both P fractions and acid phosphatase activity. Seasonal variation of Po fractions suggested mobilization of P in spring and immobilization in autumn. However, P was highly deficient throughout the ecosystem and growth of P. Pinaster was significantly increased by P fertilization in field. Acid phosphatase activity was linked to multiple factors including trees age, soil water contents and P availability. Rhizobox experiments in laboratory showed high phosphatase activity in control soils and it was drastically decreased in fertilized plots. However, this high phosphatase activity was not enough to increase P availability in control soils. A steady growth response of P. Pinaster was observed only in soil samples from the field with irrigated NPK treatment. It was suggested due to high phosphatase activity resulting to ameliorate P nutrition of young seedlings
Grosbellet, Claire. "Evolution et effets sur la structuration du sol de la matière organique apportée en grande quantité." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00487882.
Full textKeraval, Benoît. "Les métabolismes oxydatifs extracellulaires : une nouvelle vision des processus de minéralisation du carbone organique du sol." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22740/document.
Full textCélérier, Julien Amblès André Geffroy-Rodier Claude. "Caractérisation moléculaire et dynamique de la matière organique de compost (déchets verts, biodéchets) dans un sol." Poitiers : I-Médias, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/index.php?ID+435.
Full textDiyab, Chaden. "Influence des plantes (pois et tomate) et des amendements phosphatés (solide ou soluble) sur la spéciation et la phytodisponibilité des métaux (Pb et Zn) dans un sol contaminé par les retombées atmosphériques d' une usine pyrométallurgique." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066132.
Full textRogeon, Hervé. "Influence de la gestion des sols sur la structure et la dynamique du carbone organique." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Rogeon-Herve/2010-Rogeon-Herve-These.pdf.
Full textCarbon dioxide sequestration in plant and carbon storage in soil and biomass could be considered as a complementary solution against the increase in concentration of gases responsible for climate change. The aim of this work is to understand the mechanisms of organic matter stabilization in the deepest horizons of soils. The influence of landuse, minerals and amendment with organic matter (compost) on the carbon dynamic has been studied. Four soils representing different landuses (grassland, forest and arable soil) were characterized. The organic matter decreases in amount with depth and becomes more refractory. The relatively high amount of organic matter in deep horizons is probably related to the strong presence of clays and to the low biological activity. The different vegetations seem to influence strongly the quantity of soil organic carbon while affecting slightly its quality. Indeed, the structural study of organic matter shows weak differences whereas the amount of carbon and lipids are more important in arable soil. The study of organomineral associations revealed that the bacterial contribution is more important in fine fractions. Amendment with organic matter of an arable soil affects the biological activity and improves its structural stability. The distribution of the different forms of organic matter has been modified and the presence of molecules originating from the compost in lipids and humic substances show an incorporation of exogenous carbon