Journal articles on the topic 'Amelia Jenks'

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada anak kelompok B1 di TK Amelia Kecamatan Sumbersari Kabupaten Jember. Latar belakang diadakannya penelitian ini karena kegiatan pembelajaran yang digunakan guru kurang menarik, sehingga mengakibatkan kemampuan berhitung permulaan anak kelompok B1 belum berkembang dengan baik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berhitung permulaan anak melalui metode demonstrasi dengan media sempoa. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) yang dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus. Subjek penelitiannya adalah anak kelompok B1 di TK Amelia Kecamatan Sumbersari Kabupaten Jember berjumlah 18 anak yang terdiri atas 10 anak laki-laki dan 8 anak perempuan. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah dokumentasi, wawancara, dan tes. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan berhitung permulaan anak kelompok B1 di TK Amelia Kecamatan Sumbersari Kabupaten Jember mengalami peningkatan dengan kualifikasi sangat baik. Nilai rata-rata kelas pada pra siklus 64.21, siklus I pertemuan 1 79.86, siklus I pertemuan 2 85.07, dan siklus II meningkat menjadi 91.32. Kata Kunci: kemampuan berhitung permulaan, demonstrasi media sempoa, penelitian tindakan kelas.

Variasi bahasa dalam novel “00.00” karya Ameylia Falensia merupakan kajian sosiolinguistik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan variasi bahasa yang terdapat dalam novel “00.00” karya Ameylia Falensia. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan jenis penelitian deskiptif. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah novel “00.00” karya Ameylia Falensia. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik baca. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah percakapan yang mengandung variasi bahasa. Hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam novel “00.00” karya Ameylia Falensia mengandung 56 data variasi bahasa. Variasi bahasa dari segi penutur 31 data, data itu terbagi ke dalam a) dialek 21 data, b) kronolek 4 data, c) sosiolek 3 data. Variasi dari segi keformalan mengandung 19 data, data tersebut terbagi ke dalam a) ragam resmi 3 data, b) ragam santai 4 data, c) ragam akrab 14 data. Dan variasi dari segi sarana terdapat 3 data.

Novel 00.00 salah satu novel yang menyuguhkan cerita mengenai permasalahan keluarga dan konflik percintaan remaja yang marak terjadi saat ini. Kejadian-kejadian yang dialami tokoh utama Lengkara dalam novel 00.00 tentunya tidak terlepas dari adanya berbagai macam emosi dan tentu memiliki keterkaitan dengan psikologisnya. Untuk mengetahui emosi yang dialami tokoh utama Lengkara maka dibutuhkan teori yang tepat salah satunya teori klasifikasi emosi David Krech. Tujuan yang hendak dicapai pada penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui klasifikasi emosi tokoh utama dalam novel 00.00 karya Ameylia Falensia berdasarkan teori klasifikasi emosi David Krech. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Data pada penelitian ini berupa kalimat atau kata-kata dalam novel 00.00 karya Ameylia Falensia yang mengndung klasifikasi emosi tokoh utama. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah novel 00.00 karya Ameylia Falensia yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2021. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah studi pustaka dan baca catat. Hasil analisis data dalam novel 00.00 terdapat 28 data yang sesuai dengan ketuju klasifikasi emosi David Krech. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa emosi keseluruhan tokoh Lengkara yang dominan muncul dalam diri Lengkara yaitu emosi kesedihan yang mengarah pada aspek kehilangan sesuatu yang penting hingga mengakibatkan kecewa. Sedangkan emosi yang kurang dominan muncul dalam diri Lengkara yaitu emosi konsep rasa bersalah yang ditandai pada aspek bertentangan dengan etika dan nilai-nilai moral.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana pelaksanaan model pembelajaran dengan pendekatan Reggio Emelio yang diterapkan oleh Taman Kanak-kanak Assyofa Padang. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama 6 bulan dari bulan Juli Desember 2012. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Informan penelitian ini adalah guru kelas B1 dan siswa Taman Kanak-kanak Assyofa khususnya di lokal B1 serta orang tua siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data adalah observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi kemudian data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisa data Miles dan Huberman dengan cara reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan dari data yang diperoleh selama penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa : (1 ) Perencanaan yang dibuat guru belum menunjukkan suatu kegiatan yang terpadu dan kurang sesuai dengan tema atau dengan kata lain model pembelajaraan di Taman Kanak-kanak Asyofa terdapat kekurang cermatan dalam memadukan kegiatan dengan sub tema pada hari itu ; (2) Dalam pelaksanaan model pembelajaran model Reggio Amelio di Taman Kanak-kanak Assyofa terdapat temuan bahwa pelaksanaan sudah baik; (3) Penilaian siwa yang tidak berdasarkan penilaian otentik ;(4) Model pembelajaran Reggio Emelio di Taman Kanak-kanak Assyofa melibatkan dua unsur utama dalam pendidikan yaitu guru dan orang tua, namun peran serta orang tua masih rendah dan peran serta masyarakat sekitar sekolah tidak terlihat. Disarankan agar guru perlu diberikan pelatihan lebih lanjut bagaimana membuat perencanaan pembelajaran yang terpadu atau perlu dilakukan peneltian lebih lanjut dengan pendekatan action research.

Posbindu lansia merupakan tempat pelayanan kesehatan untuk masyarakat lanjut usia (lansia). Namun pemanfaatan posbindu lansia masih sangat jauh dari target. Pemanfaatan posbindu lansia di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Semplak Kelurahan Curug sangat rendah yaitu 34,5%. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan, sikap dan dukungan terhadap lansia tentang pemanfaatan pelayanan di posbindu lansia pada masyarakat di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Semplak tahun 2020. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan desain studi <em>cross sectional</em> dengan jumlah responden 80 orang dari total populasi lansia sebanyak 230 orang dan menggunakan metode desktiptif studi <em>cross sectional</em>, sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah lansia berusia 45-59 tahun (pralansia), 60-69 tahun (lansia), dan &gt;70 tahun (lansia berisiko tinggi) dalam penelitian ini alat ukur yang digunakan oleh peneliti adalah dengan menggunakan kuisioner yang diambil dari penelitian sebelumnya yang dilakukan oleh Amelia Rahmiwati yang berjudul faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan pemanfaatan pelayanan posbindu lansia di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Karadenan Bogor tahun 2018 data diolah dan dianalisis secara univariat dan bivariat. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pemanfaatan posbindu lansia di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Semplak Kelurahan Curug sebesar 34,5% dengan variabel yang berhubungan adalah dukungan kader (<em>P.Value</em> = 0,003), sedangkan yang tidak berhubungan adalah umur (<em>P.Value</em> = 0,613), jenis kelamin (<em>P.Value</em> = 0,214), pengetahuan (<em>P.Value</em> = 0,366), sikap (<em>P.Value</em> = 0.083), dan dukungan keluarga (<em>P.Value</em> = 0,52). Untuk meningkatkan pemanfaatan posbindu lansia maka perlu dilakukan pengelolaan manajemen program lansia dengan lebih terencana, sosialisasi kepada masyarakat tentang fungsi, tujuan dan manfaat program posbindu lansia, pengadaan sarana penunjang, pelatihan kader dan kerja sama lintas sektor.

Energy saving is one of the most dominant issues in the current era because of the massive use of energy in various fields. Therefore, in this Community Service (PkM) activity, energy saving is used as the central topic. In this PkM activity, Perti Tomang Islamic Vocational School students made digital posters for energy-saving socialization both in their environment and online through social media. The topic of energy saving raised is not limited to saving in the field of lighting (this is a topic taken in Pkm Dikti activities), but also various types of energy savings that can be done such as savings in the use of household appliances, savings in schools, savings in the use of equipment electronics, and others. This poster was judged by the Jury based on the provisions, namely the number of likes, the suitability of the design with the theme and the content of the message conveyed. The Jury Team chose the winners for the categories of Favorite Islamic Vocational School Teacher Perti, Favorite Social Media, and Best Design. For the Favorite Teacher category, the first winner is a student named Rosyid, the second winner is Amanda Ayodhya and the third winner is Ade Alfiano. In the Social Media category, first place is Melda Amelia, second place is Meylani, and third winner is Fitri Nur Luiana. In the Best Design category, the first place winner is M. Maksum, the second winner is M. Arya Dilla and the third winner is Nina Safridah. The event was all conducted online due to the current limitations, namely the Covid-19 pandemic. With the procurement of this activity, it is hoped that in addition to introducing the energy lifestyle to students, it is also possible to introduce the Electrical Engineering study program more. Hemat energi merupakan salah satu isu paling dominan dalam era saat ini karena masifnya penggunaan energi dalam berbagai bidang. Oleh karena itu, dalam kegiatan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (PkM) yang diadakan ini, hemat energi digunakan sebagai topik sentral. Pada kegiatan PkM ini, para siswa SMK Islam Perti Tomang membuat poster digital untuk sosialisasi hemat energi baik di lingkungannya mau pun secara daring melalui media sosial. Topik hemat energi yang diangkat tidak terbatas pada penghematan di bidang pencahayaan (ini merupakan topik yang diambil dalam kegiatan Pkm Dikti), tetapi juga boleh berbagai jenis penghematan energi yang dapat dilakukan seperti penghematan dalam pemakaian peralatan rumah tangga, penghematan di sekolah, penghematan dalam pemakaian peralatan elektronika, dan lain-lain. Poster ini dinilai oleh Tim Juri berdasarkan ketentuan, yaitu jumlah like, kesesuaian rancangan dengan tema dan isi pesan yang disampaikan. Tim Juri memilih juara untuk kategori Favorit Guru SMK Islam Perti, Favorit Media Sosial, dan Best Design. Untuk kategori Favorit Guru, Juara I adalah siswa dengan nama Rosyid, Juara II Amanda Ayodhya dan Juara III Ade Alfiano. Kategori Media Sosial, Juara I Melda Amelia, Juara II Meylani, Juara III Fitri Nur Luiana. Kategori Best Design, Juara I adalah M. Maksum, Juara II M. Arya Dilla dan Juara III Nina Safridah. Acara semuanya dilakukan secara daring karena keterbatasan kondisi saat ini, yaitu pandemi Covid-19. Dengan pengadaan kegiatan ini, diharapkan selain dapat memperkenalkan pola hidup energi kepada para siswa juga dapat lebih mengenalkan program studi Teknik Elektro.

ABSTRAK Rizki Amelya 2019. Pengaruh Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan terhadap Turnover Intention di Daima Hotel Padang. Penelitian ini berawal dari pengalaman lapangan indutri di Daima Hotel Padang, penulis menemukan permasalahan, dimana masih adanya masalah pengelolaan SDM ditemukan pada praktiknya, permasalahan ini secara terus menerus dapat menimbulkan masalah baru yang disebut dengan Turnover Intention atau kecendrungan karyawan melakukan keluar masuk pada perusahaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan terhadap Turnover Intention di Daima Hotel Padang. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kuantitatif dengan metode assossiatif kausal yang bertujuan untuk melihat seberapa besar Pengaruh Kepuasan Kerja (X) Terhadap Turnover Intention (Y) di Daima Hotel Padang. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh karyawan dengan jumlah 58 orang, sampel diambil dengan menggunakan teknik Sampel Jenuh. Teknik analisis data menggunakan bantuan Program Komputer SPSS versi 20.00. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan maka didapatkan hasil sebagai berikut: (1) Kepuasan kerja berada pada kategori buruk (72,4%), (2) Turnover Intention berada pada kategori baik (56,9%) (3) Hasil uji hipotesis regresi linear sederhana diperoleh F 44,708 dengan sig. 0,000 < 0,05, maka variabel fasilitas kerja dapat menjelaskan variabel produktivitas kerja secara signifikan, dengan nilai R Square sebesar 0,444. Artinya kepuasan kerja mempengaruhi turnover intention sebesar 44,4% dan 55,6% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain. Selanjutnya diperoleh t 6,686 dengan taraf signifikan 0,000 < 0,05, maka terdapat hubungan signifikan antara kedua variabel. Kemudian diperoleh nilai koefisien regresi sebesar 0,559 dengan nilai pada sig. 0,000 < 0,05. Artinya setiap peningkatan sebesar 1 satuan kepuasan kerja akan meningkatkan 0,559 satuan turnover intention. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian peneliti menyarankan agar lebih meningkatkan kegiatan supervisi di Daima Hotel Padang melalui aktifitas bimbingan, pengarahan, observasi, motivasi dan evaluasi pada karyawan agar lebih meningkatkan kepuasan kerja karyawan. Kata kunci: Kepuasan Kerja, Turnover Intention, Karyawan

Vivi MegasariAbstract:Students in grade V to SD Muhammmadiyah 08 Dau Malang have difficultin learning the language Indonesia. Many students have not reached a specified standartof completeness and the school has not been able to write a good esay. Abstract materialis still difficult to understand by students. Students just tend to write but do not knowprocess, students are difficult to obtain values corresponding to the KKM. The researchalms to improve students skill in writing essay by using card media guide (KP). Mediacard guide consists of 4 parts, namely the theme of the card, the type of essay, question,and corrections. This research alms to improve students skill in writing essay by using amedia cardguide (KP) so as to achieve the specified schools criteria. Exhaustivencesschool minimum used in the school is 76,00. Type of study is classroom with researchdesignmodel of Kemmis and Mc. Taggart. Subject and placein study werestudents ingarde V SDMuhammadiyah 08 Dau Malang with 31 students comprising 14 boys and17 girls. According to the achievement of the purpose of this study conducted in twocycles. Data in the study of data obtained from observations, interviews, documentationand testing. The results ofthis studyindicatethe cycleI56.7% studentsachieveexhaustivenessinwritingthe essay was not finisied in 43.3%. To write cycle II 88,6% anincrease in the ability of studens to write esay. This proves that the use of card mediaguide (KP) can improve the ability understanding of studens in essay writing and createa pleasant learning situation. This study recommends the Indonesian teaching essaywriting should use the guiding cards (KP) as medium of learning and more inovatif inlearning developing the Guide Card (KP).Abstrak:Siswa kelas V SD Muhammadiyah 08 Dau Kabupaten Malang mengalamikesulitan pada materi menulis karangan pada pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia. Banyak siswabelum mencapai standar ketuntasan yang ditentukan sekolah dan belum bisa menuliskarangan dengan baik dan benar. Sifat materi yang bersifat abstrak siswa sulit untukmemahami.Siswa hanya cenderung menulis tetapi tidak mengetahui konsep yang benar.Kurangnya media dan alat peraga untuk mendukung proses pembelajaran, siswa sulituntuk memperoleh nilai yang sesuai dengan KKM. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmeningkatkan kemampuan siswa dalam menulis karangan dengan menggunakan mediaKartu Penuntun (KP). Media kartu Penuntun (KP) terdiri atas 4 bagian yaitu kartu tema,jenis karangan. pertanyaan, dan koreksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkankemampuan siswa dalam menulis karagan dengan menggunakan media Kartu Penuntun(KP) sehingga mencapai kriteria ketuntasan yang ditentukan sekolah. Kriteriaketuntasan minimum yang digunakan di sekolah tersebut adalah 76.00. Jenis penelitianini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas dengan desain penelitian model Kemmis dan Mc.Taggart. Subjek dan tempat dalam penelitian adalah siswa kelas VA SDMuhammadiyah 08 Dau Kabupaten Malang dengan jumlah 31 siswa yang terdiri 14siswa laki-laki dan 17 siswa perempuan. Sesuai dengan ketercapaian tujuan penelitianini dilakukan dalam 2 siklus. Data-data dalam penelitian diperoleh dari hasil observasi,wawancara, dokumentasi, dan tes. Analisis data dilakukan secara diskriptif kualitatifHasil penelitian ini menunjukkan pada siklus I 56,7% siswa mencapai ketuntasandalam menulis karangan dan 43,3% belum tuntas dalam menulis karangan. Pada siklus II 88,6 % siswa mencapai ketuntasan dalam menulis karangan dan 13,3% belum tuntasdalam menulis karangan. Dalam siklus II terjadi peningkatan dalam kemampuan siswamenulis karangan. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa penggunanaan media Kartu Penuntun(KP) dapat meningkatkan kemampuan, pemahaman siswa dalam menulis karangandanmenciptakan suasana pembelajaran yang menyenangkan. Penelitian inimerekomendasikan dalam mengajarkan menulis karangan bahasa Indonesia hendaknyamenggunakan Kartu Penuntun (KP) sebagai media pembelajaran dan lebih inovatifdalam mengembangkan Kartu Penuntun (KP).Kata Kunci: pembelajaran menulis karangan, media kartu penuntun (KP)

Abstract Background: Detection of MRD after curative intent treatment may identify patients at high risk for recurrence. Most ctDNA-based MRD assays require a priori knowledge of genomic alterations from tumor tissue to achieve acceptable sensitivity and specificity. However, tissue availability may be limited in some patients with breast cancer, particularly following neoadjuvant therapy. Here we report results of a pilot study evaluating a plasma-only multiomic ctDNA MRD assay and its association with breast cancer recurrence. Methods: 47 plasma samples from 38 patients with early-stage breast cancer were collected through the BRandO BiO Registry at 12- or 36-months post-diagnosis and/or at the time of clinical recurrence. BRandO BiO is a multi-center regional registry with longitudinal biobanking from patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer at 20 affiliated network hospitals in Germany. The presence of ctDNA was evaluated using the Guardant Reveal multi-cancer assay, a next generation sequencing panel covering ~500 genes and ~4Mb of epigenomic regions that undergo differential methylation in multiple solid tumor types. The presence/absence of ctDNA is determined by a custom bioinformatics classifier that identifies tumor-derived somatic variants and methylation profiles specific to individual cancer types without the need for tumor tissue or peripheral blood mononuclear cell analysis. Samples were analyzed blinded to recurrence status.Results: 20 patients were confirmed to have clinical recurrence (7 local, 13 distant). ctDNA was detected at or prior to distant recurrence in 11/13 (85%) patients and in 1/7 (14%) patients with local recurrence. Five patients with distant recurrence had a sample available that was collected prior to distant recurrence; ctDNA was detected in 4/5 with a 3.8-18.6 month lead time. Among 15 ctDNA+ samples, 5 were positive for both methylation and somatic variant calls, 1 by somatic variants only, and 9 by methylation only. Somatic mutations were identified in AKT, RB1, KRAS, PIK3CA, ERBB2, MAP3K1, GATA3, and ESR1. The ESR1 mutation occurred in a patient with endocrine therapy resistance, confirming the ability of the assay to identify acquired treatment resistance mutations. ctDNA was not detected in samples from the 14 patients who had no confirmed clinical recurrence (100% specificity). Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of MRD detection in breast cancer using a plasma-only multiomic ctDNA-based approach. The Guardant Reveal assay demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity to detect distant breast cancer recurrence. Larger studies in this population are ongoing to further validate the clinical performance of the assay and demonstrate its applications in the management of early-stage breast cancer. Citation Format: Wolfgang Janni, Jens Huober, Tatjana Braun, Volkmar Müller, Angelina Fink, Amelie de Gregorio, Brigitte Rack, Thomas W. Friedl, Lisa Wiesmüller, Klaus Pantel, Thereasa Rich, Princy Parsana, Elena Zotenko, Shile Zhang, Sophia Huesmann. Multiomic, plasma-only circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) assay identifies breast cancer patients with minimal residual disease (MRD) and predicts distant recurrence [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3403.

Abstract BACKGROUNDDetection of minimal residual disease (MRD) using circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) represents an attractive alternative to imaging, currently considered the gold standard in routine surveillance of early breast cancer (BrCa) following primary therapy. ctDNA has the potential to identify patients who may eventually develop distant metastatic disease and, as such, its implementation in the routine clinical follow-up setting may offer the means for earlier intervention for patients with oligometastatic disease and improved overall survival. However, due to the highly heterogeneous nature of the genomic alterations in BrCa, ultra-sensitive ctDNA assays are required for follow-up surveillance. Here we evaluate RaDaR™, a personalised liquid biopsy-based sequencing assay for the detection of residual disease and monitoring after standard treatment in early-stage BrCa. METHODS38 early-stage BrCa patients recruited through the BRandO BiO registry study were included (18% TNBC, 74% HR+/HER2-, 8% HER2+). 21 patients experienced clinical recurrence (13 distant and 8 local), with a median time to progression of 18.9 months. The remaining 17 case-control patients had no disease recurrence at the time of 3-year follow-up. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue from curative-intent surgery and selected variants were used to design personalised RaDaR panels (38-54 variants/panel: median 49). In total, 52 plasma samples were analyzed using RaDaR. This included samples taken at the time of recurrence and at 12-months post-diagnosis where available (33 samples from 21 patients), or in the case of no recurrence, samples taken at 3-year follow up, including one control case that had two additional samples analyzed at 12-months and 4-years of follow up (19 samples from 17 patients). RESULTSIn total, ctDNA was detected in 12/13 (92%) patients with distant recurrence and 3/8 (38%) patients with local recurrence at an estimated median variant allele frequency (VAF) of 0.827% (range: 0.0029% - 38%). The lowest levels were seen in the 3 patients with local recurrence (0.0029%, 0.0146% and 0.0248% VAF). Of the 6 patients negative for ctDNA, 5 had local and one distant recurrence of unusual histology, indicating a possible alternative origin or second primary tumor. Only one of the 17 control cases was positive for ctDNA (0.0085% VAF), from a patient with a Luminal A, stage I tumor, potentially indicating the presence of early molecular recurrence that precedes clinical progression. Two additional time points from this patient also showed positive ctDNA results, which could be indicative of residual disease remaining dormant. Of the 12 patients with disease recurrence for which an earlier plasma sample was available, 4 patients (3 with distant and one with local recurrence) had ctDNA detected at the earlier time point, a median of 92 days (range 42 – 308 days) prior to clinical recurrence. 3 patients had ctDNA detected only at the time of recurrence (one distant and 2 local). None of the 5 patients with ctDNA negative results at the time of recurrence had detectable ctDNA levels at the earlier timepoint. CONCLUSIONIn this real-world pilot study, the RaDaR assay detected the presence of ctDNA in plasma to levels as low as 0.0029% VAF. We found that ctDNA detection was strongly associated with distant recurrence in early-stage BrCa, with a sensitivity of 92% (12 of 13 cases detected). In a limited number of cases where samples were available prior to recurrence, ctDNA could be detected ahead of clinical progression, potentially offering the opportunity for earlier intervention. Citation Format: Wolfgang Janni, Jens Huober, Sophia Huesmann, Christodoulos Pipinikas, Tatjana Braun, Volkmar Müller, Giovanni Marsico, Angelina Fink, Paula Freire-Pritchett, Karin Koretz, Charlene Knape, Amelie deGregorio, Brigitte Rack, Thomas WP Friedl, Lisa Wiesmueller, Peter Möller, Karen Howarth, Klaus Pantel, Nitzan Rosenfeld. Detection of early-stage breast cancer recurrence using a personalised liquid biopsy-based sequencing approach [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-01-07.

Gizi buruk adalah keadaan kurang gizi tingkat berat pada anak berdasarkan indeks berat badan menurut tinggi badan (BB/TB) <-3 SD dan atau ditemukan tanda-tanda klinis Marasmus, Kwashiorkor dan Marasmus-Kwashiorkor, jumlah kejadian gizi buruk pada 23 posyandu di wilayah kerja puskesmas Awangpone ditemukan 1 kasus pada posyandu Amelia. Secara umum penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran terkait sikap dan peran kader, pola asuh dan tumbuh kembang baduta di posyandu Amelia 1 dan 2 pada wilayah kerja puskesmas Awangpone. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 51 responden yang merupakan ibu baduta usia 6-24 bulan. Dari hasil diperoleh gambaran bahwa sikap kader positif terhadap kunjungan ibu baduta dan cukup berperan dalam pelaksanaan posyandu, adapun pola asuh orang tua efektif dan tumbuh kembang baduta dalam kondisi baik pada posyandu Amelia 1 dan 2 pada area kerja puskesmas Awangpone. Saran dalam penelitian ini adalah agar peran kader posyandu ditingkatkan melalui pelatihan, perlunya penyuluhan kepada ibu baduta terkait penanganan MPASI serta pemberian stimulus dan intervensi terhadap baduta dengan kondisi tumbuh kembang yang tidak sesuai.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh variable pelayanan prima yang terdiri dari kemampuan, sikap, penampilan, perhatian, tindakan, tanggung jawab, ketepatan dan kenyamanan terhadap kepuasan pasien Rumah Sakit Amelia dan HVA Pare. Untuk menjawab tujuan terebut, penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode survei. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan rumus Malhotra yaitu lima kali jumlah variabel sebesar 40 responden setiap rumah sakit. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah kuisioner, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda. Dari hasil analisis dapat diketahui bahwa variabel kualitas pelayanan prima yang terdiri dari kemampuan, sikap, penampilan, perhatian, tindakan, tanggung jawab, ketepatan dan kenyamanan berpengaruh terhadap kepuasan konsumen di Rumah Sakit Amelia dan HVA Pare. Dari kedelapan variabel yang dominan pengaruhnya adalah Kenyamanan.

Abstract Objective: To find out the comparison of the effect of one-rod and two-rod levonorgestrel implants on FSH, estradiol levels and increase in acceptor lipid profile after a 3-month evaluation in the Mother Hospital of Rika Amelia Palembang.Methods: This study was a phase III clinical trial, "Open" (Open Randomized Clinical Trial), carried out randomization by comparing two types of implant KB, namely levonorgestrel implants, one rod with two rods. This research was conducted at the RSAB Rika Amelia Palembang. Research time is 6 months from November 2018 - April 2019 or until the number of samples is fulfilled.Results: Based on the installation time, the average installation time using one rods LNG was 1.54 ± 0.11 minutes and the LNG for the two rods was 2.49 ± 0.26 minutes. Majority of patients having a normal blood pressure of 89.5% in one rod LNG and 68.4% in two rod LNG. The mean body mass index (BMI) of respondents using LNG implants one rod was 24.19 ± 3.93 kg / m2 and LNG for two rods was 25.09 ± 6.11 kg / m2. Based on the menstrual pattern, it was found that 84.2% of the subjects had regular menstrual patterns in the one-rod LNG group, while there were 63.2 % of subjects who have irregular menstrual patterns. From the statistical test, it was found that there were no differences in cholesterol levels (p = 0.919), HDL (p = 0.793), LDL (p = 0.851) and triglycerides (p = 0.679). There were no differences in FSH levels between respondents using one rod and two rod LNG implants (p = 0.849) and also on estradiol (p = 0.099)Conclusion: There is no difference between the use of one-rod and two-rodlevonorgestrel implants against FSH, Estradiol levels and increased lipid profile after 3 months of implant installation. The unpleasant effect in this study was the decline in HDL, but this was accompanied by a decrease in body weight, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL due to a decrease in all aspects.Keyword: estradiol, FSH, implant contraception, lenovorgestrel, lipid profile, one-rod, two-rod Abstrak Tujuan:Untuk mengetahui perbandingan efek implanlevonorgestrel satu-batang dan dua-batang pada FSH, kadar estradiol dan peningkatan profil lipid akseptor setelah evaluasi 3 bulan di Rumah Sakit Ibu Rika Amelia Palembang.Metode: Penelitian ini adalah uji klinis fase III, "Open" (Open Randomized Clinical Trial), yang dilakukan secara acak dengan membandingkan dua jenis KB implan, yaitu levonorgestrel implan, satu batang dengan dua batang. Penelitian ini dilakukan di RSAB Rika Amelia Palembang. Waktu penelitian adalah 6 bulan dari November 2018 - April 2019 atau hingga jumlah sampel terpenuhi.Hasil :Berdasarkan waktu pemasangan didapatkan rerata waktu pemasangan yang menggunakan LNG satubatangadalah 1,54±0,11 menitdanpada LNG dua batang adalah 2,49±0,26 menit. Mayoritas pasien memiliki tekanan darah yang normal 89.5% pada LNG satu batang dan 68.4% pada LNG dua batang. Rerata indeks massa tubuh (IMT) responden yang menggunakan implan LNG satu batang sebesar 24,19 ± 3,93 kg/m2 dan LNG dua batang sebesar 25,09 ± 6,11 kg/m2. Berdasarkan pola haid, didapatkan sebanyak 84,2% subjek yang memiliki pola haid teratur pada kelompok LNG satu batang, sedangkan terdapat sebanyak 63,2% subjek yang memiliki pola haid tidak teratur. Dari uji statistik didapatkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan kadar kolesterol (p = 0,919), HDL (p = 0,793), LDL (p = 0,851) dan trigliserida (p = 0,679). Tidak terdapat perbedaan kadar FSH antara responden yang menggunakan implan LNG satu batang dan dua batang (p = 0,849) dan juga pada estradiol (p=0.099)Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan antara penggunaan implan levonorgestrel satu batang dan dua batang terhadap kadar FSH, Estradiol serta peningkatan profil lipid setelah 3 bulan pemasangan implan. Efek yang tidak menyenangkan dalam penelitian ini adalah terjaidnya penurunan HDL, namun hal ini disertai dengan penurunan berat badan, kolesterol total, LDL, HDL dikarenakan terjadi penurunan pada seluruh aspek.Kata Kunci: dua batang, estradiol, FSH, kontrasepsi implan, lenovorgestrel, profil lipid, satu batang.

PENGARUH UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, LIKUIDITAS DAN FINANCIAL LEVERAGE TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN DIVIDEN PERUSAHAAN PERBANKAN YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA PERIODE 2012-2015 Jholant Bringg Luck Amelia Br Sinaga, SE.,MM. jholantamelia@unprimdn.ac.id Faculty of Economy, University of Prima Indonesia Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh ukuran perusahaan, likuiditas dan financial leverage terhadap kebijakan dividen perusahaan perbankan yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2012-2015. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kuantitatif. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Sifat penelitian ini adalah penelitian sebab dan akibat/kausal. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan perbankan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia sebanyak 43 perusahaan perbankaan. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 9 Perusahaan Perbankan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2012-2015. Teknik pengumpulan data adalah studi pustaka dan dokumentasi. Metode analisis data penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian ini adalah ukuran perusahaan berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan secara parsial terhadap kebijakan dividen perusahaan perbankan yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2012-2015. Likuiditas tidak berpengaruh dan tidak signifikan secara parsial terhadap kebijakan dividen perusahaan perbankan yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2012-2015. Financial leverage tidak berpengaruh dan tidak signifikan secara parsial terhadap kebijakan dividen perusahaan perbankan yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2012-2015. Ukuran perusahaan, likuiditas dan financial leverage berpengaruh dan signifikan secara simultan terhadap kebijakan dividen perusahaan perbankan yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2012-2015. Kata Kunci : Ukuran perusahaan, Likuiditas, Financial Leverage dan Kebijakan Dividen

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(Martin Dinges, Stuttgart) Fürstabt Celestino Sfondrati von St. Gallen 1696 als Kardinal in Rom, hrsg. v. Peter Erhart, bearb. v. Helena Müller / Christoph Uiting / Federica G. Giordani / Giuanna Beeli / Birgit Heinzle (Itinera Monastica, 2), Wien / Köln / Weimar 2019, Böhlau, 724 S. / Abb., € 75,00. (Volker Reinhardt, Fribourg) Zumhof, Tim, Die Erziehung und Bildung der Schauspieler. Disziplinierung und Moralisierung zwischen 1690 und 1830, Wien / Köln / Weimar 2018, Böhlau, 586 S. / Abb., € 80,00. (Wolf-Dieter Ernst, Bayreuth) Gelléri, Gábor, Lessons of Travel in Eighteenth-Century France. From Grand Tour to School Trips (Studies in the Eighteenth Century), Woodbridge, The Boydell Press 2020, VIII u. 235 S., £ 75,00. (Michael Maurer, Jena) Beckus, Thomas / Thomas Grunewald / Michael Rocher (Hrsg.), Niederadel im mitteldeutschen Raum (um 1700 – 1806) (Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte Sachsen-Anhalts, 17), Halle a. d. S. 2019, Mitteldeutscher Verlag, 235 S. / Abb., € 40,00. 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In August 2017, a white supremacist rally marketed as “Unite the Right” was held in Charlottesville, Virginia. In participation were members of the alt-right, including neo-nazis, white nationalists, neo-confederates, and other hate groups (Atkinson). The rally swiftly erupted in violence between white supremacists and counter protestors, culminating in the death of a counter-protester named Heather Heyer, who was struck by a car driven by white supremacist James Alex Fields, and leaving dozens injured. Terry McQuliffe, the Governor of Virginia, declared a state of emergency on August 12, and the world watched while white supremacists boldly marched in clothing emblazoned with symbols ranging from swastikas to a cartoon frog (Pepe), with flags featuring the nation of “Kekistan”, and carrying tiki torches chanting, “You Will Not Replace Us... Jews Will Not Replace Us”.The purpose of this essay is not, however, to examine the Internet symbols that circulated during the Unite the Right rally but rather to hone in on a specific moment that illustrates a key part of Internet culture that was often overlooked during analysis of the events that occurred during the riots: a documentary filmmaker, C. J. Hunt, was at the rally to record footage for a project on the removal of Confederate monuments. While there, he saw a rally-goer dressed in the white polo t-shirt and khaki pants uniform of the white nationalist group Vanguard America. The rally-goer, a young white man, was being chased by a counter-protester. He began to scream and beg for mercy, and even went as far as stripping off his clothing and denying that he really believed in any of the group’s ideology. In the recording by Hunt, who asks why he was there and why he was undressing, the young white man responded that shouting white power is “fun”, and that he was participating in the event because he, quote, “likes to be offensive” (Hunt).As Hunt notes in a piece for GQ reflecting on his experience at the rally, as soon as the man was cut off from his group and confronted, the runaway racist’s demeanor immediately changed when he had to face the consequences of his actions. Trolls often rely on the safety and anonymity of online forums and digital spaces where they are often free from having to face the consequences of their actions, and for the runaway racist, things became real very quickly when he was forced to own up to his hateful actions. In a way, many members of these movements seem to want politics without consequence for themselves, but with significant repercussions for others. Milo Yiannopoulos, a self-professed “master troll”, built an entire empire worth millions of dollars off of what the far-right defends as ironic hate speech and a form of politics without consequences reserved only for the privileged white men that gleefully engage in it. The runaway racist and Yiannopoulos are borne out of an Internet culture that is built on being offensive, on trolling, and “troll” itself being an aspirational label and identity, but also more importantly, a political aesthetic.In this essay, I argue that trolling itself has become a kind of political aesthetic and identity, and provide evidence via examples like hoaxes, harassment campaigns, and the use of memes to signal to certain online populations and extremist groups in violent attacks. First coined by Walter Benjamin in order to explain a fundamental component of using art to foster consent and compliance in fascist regimes, the term since then has evolved to encompass far more than just works of art. Benjamin’s original conception of the term is in regard to a creation of a spectacle that prevents the masses from recognizing their rights – in short, the aestheticization of politics is not just about the strategies of the fascist regimes themselves but says more about the subjects within them. In the time of Benjamin’s writing, the specific medium was mass propaganda through the newly emerging film industry and other forms of art (W. Benjamin). To Benjamin, these aesthetics served as tools of distracting to make fascism more palatable to the masses. Aesthetic tools of distraction serve an affective purpose, revealing the unhappy consciousness of neoreactionaries (Hui), and provide an outlet for their resentment.Since political aesthetics are concerned with how cultural products like art, film, and even clothing reflect political ideologies and beliefs (Sartwell; McManus; Miller-Idriss), the objects of analysis in this essay are part of the larger visual culture of the alt-right (Bogerts and Fielitz; Stanovsky). Indeed, aesthetic aspects of political systems shift their meaning over time, or are changed and redeployed with transformed effect (Sartwell). In this essay, I am applying the concept of the aestheticization of politics by analyzing how alt-right visual cultures deploy distraction and dissimulation to advance their political agenda through things like trolling campaigns and hoaxes. By analyzing these events, their use of memes, trolling techniques, and their influence on mainstream culture, what is revealed is the influence of trolling on political culture for the alt-right and how the alt-right then distracts the rest of the public (McManus).Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Troll?Large scale analyses of disinformation and extremist content online tends to examine how certain actors are connected, what topics emerge and how these are connected across platforms, and the ways that disinformation campaigns operate in digital environments (Marwick and Lewis; Starbird; Benkler et al.). Masculine and white-coded technology gave rise to male-dominated digital spaces (R. Benjamin), with trolling often being an issue faced by non-normative users of the Internet and their communities (Benjamin; Lumsden and Morgan; Nakamura; Phillips, Oxygen). Creating a kind of unreality where it is difficult to parse out truth from lies, fiction from non-fiction, the troll creates cultural products, and by hiding behind irony and humor confuses onlookers and is removed from any kind of reasonable blame for their actions. Irony has long been a rhetorical strategy used in politics, and the alt right has been no exception (Weatherby), but for our current sociopolitical landscape, trolling is a political strategy that infuses irony into politics and identity.In the digital era, political memes and internet culture are pervasive components of the spread of hate speech and extremist ideology on digital platforms. Trolling is not an issue that exists in a vacuum – rather, trolls are a product of greater mainstream culture that encourages and allows their behaviors (Phillips, This Is Why; Fichman and Sanfilippo; Marwick and Lewis). Trolls, and meme culture in general, have often been pointed to as being part of the reason for the rise of Trump and fascist politics across the world in recent years (Greene; Lamerichs et al.; Hodge and Hallgrimsdottir; Glitsos and Hall). Although criticism has been expressed about how impactful memes were in the election of Donald Trump, political memes have had an impact on the ways that trolling went from anonymous jerks on forums to figures like Yiannapoulos who built entire careers off of trolling, creating empires of hate (Lang). These memes that are often absurd and incomprehensible to those who are not a part of the community that they come from aim to cheapen, trivialize, and mock social justice movements like Black Lives Matter, feminism, LGBTQ+ rights, and others.But the history of trolling online goes as far back as the Internet itself. “Trolling” is just a catch all term to describe online behaviors meant to antagonize, to disrupt online conversations, and to silence other users (Cole; Fichman and Sanfilippo). As more and more people started moving online and engaging in participatory culture, trolling continued to evolve from seemingly harmless jokes like the “Rick Roll” to targeted campaigns meant to harass women off of social media platforms (Lumsden and Morgan; Graham). Trolling behaviors are more than just an ugly part of the online experience, but are also a way for users to maintain the borders of their online community - it’s meant to drive away those who are perceived to be outsiders not just from the specific forum, but the Internet itself (Graham). With the rise of modern social media platforms, trolling itself is also a part of the political landscape, creating a “toxic counterpublic” that combines irony with a kind of earnestness to spread and inject their beliefs into mainstream political discourse (Greene). As a mode of information warfare, these subversive rhetorical strategies meant to contradict or reverse existing political and value systems have been used throughout history as a political tactic (Blackstock).The goal of trolling is not just to disrupt conversations, but to lead to chaos via confusion about the sincerity and meaning of messages and visuals, and rather than functioning as a politics of outrage (on the part of the adherents), it is a politics of being as outrageous as possible. As a part of larger meme culture, the aesthetics of trolls and their outrageous content manage to operate under the radar by being able to excuse their behaviors and rhetoric as just “trolling” or “joking”. This ambiguity points to trolling on the far right as a political strategy and identity to absolve them of blame or accusations of what their real intentions are. Calling them “trolls” hides the level of sophistication and vast levels of influence that they had on public opinion and discourse in the United States (Geltzer; Starks et al.; Marwick and Lewis). We no longer live in a world apart from the troll’s influence and immune from their toxic discourse – rather, we have long been under the bridge with them.Co-Opted SymbolsOne of the most well-known examples of trolling as a political aesthetic and tactic may be the OK hand sign used by the Christchurch shooter. The idea that the OK hand sign was a secretly white supremacist symbol started as a hoax on 4chan. The initial 2017 hoax purported that the hand sign was meant to stand for “White Power”, with the three fingers representing the W and the circle made with the index finger and thumb as the P (Anti-Defamation League, “Okay Hand Gesture”). The purpose of perpetuating the hoax was to demonstrate that (a) they were being watched and (b) that the mainstream media is stupid and gullible enough to believe this hoax. Meant to incite confusion and to act as a subversive strategy, the OK hand sign was then actually adopted by the alt-right as a sort of meme to not just perpetuate the hoax, but to signal belonging to the larger group (Allyn). Even though the Anti-Defamation League initially listed it as not being a hate symbol and pointed out the origins of the hoax (Anti-Defamation League, “No, the ‘OK’ Gesture Is Not a Hate Symbol”), they then switched their opinion when the OK hand sign was being flashed by white supremacists, showing up in photographs at political events, and other social media content. In fact, the OK hand sign is also a common element in pictures of Pepe the Frog, who is a sort of “alt right mascot” (Tait; Glitsos and Hall), but like the OK hand sign, Pepe the Frog did not start as an alt-right mascot and was co-opted by the alt-right as a mode of representation.The confusion around the actual meaning behind the hand symbol points to how the alt-right uses these modes of representation in ways that are simultaneously an inside joke and a real expression of their beliefs. For instance, the Christchurch shooter referenced a number of memes and other rhetoric typical of 4chan and 8chan communities in his video and manifesto (Quek). In the shooter’s manifesto and video, the vast amounts of content that point to the trolling and visual culture of the alt-right are striking – demonstrating how alt-right memes not only make this violent ideology accessible, but are cultural products meant to be disseminated and ultimately, result in some kind of action (DeCook).The creation and co-optation of symbols by the alt-right like the OK hand sign are not just memes, but a form of language created by extremists for extremists (Greene; Hodge and Hallgrimsdottir). The shooter’s choice of including this type of content in his manifesto as well as certain phrases in his live-streamed video indicate his level of knowledge of what needed to be done for his attack to get as much attention as possible – the 4chan troll is the modern-day bogeyman, and parts of the manifesto have been identified as intentional traps for the mainstream media (Lorenz).Thus, the Christchurch shooter and trolling culture are linked, but referring to the symbols in the manifesto as being a part of “trolling” culture misses the deeper purpose – chaos, through the outrage spectacle, is the intended goal, particularly by creating arguments about the nature and utility of online trolling behavior. The shooter encouraged other 8chan users to disseminate his posted manifesto as well as to share the video of the attack – and users responded by immortalizing the event in meme format. The memes created celebrated the shooter as a hero, and although Facebook did remove the initial livestream video, it was reuploaded to the platform 1.2 million times in the first 24 hours, attempting to saturate the online platform with so many uploads that it would cause confusion and be difficult to remove (Gramenz). Some users even created gifs or set the video to music from the Doom video game soundtrack – a video game where the player is a demon slayer in an apocalyptic world, further adding another layer of symbolism to the attack.These political aesthetics – spread through memes, gifs, and “fan videos” – are the perfect vehicles for disseminating extremist ideology because of what they allow the alt-right to do with them: hide behind them, covering up their intentions, all the while adopting them as signifiers for their movement. With the number of memes, symbols, and phrases posted in his manifesto and spoken aloud in his mainstream, perhaps the Christchurch shooter wanted the onus of the blame to fall on these message board communities and the video games and celebrities referenced – in effect, it was “designed to troll” (Lorenz). But, there is a kernel of truth in every meme, post, image, and comment – their memes are a part of their political aesthetic, thus implicit and explicit allusions to the inner workings of their ideology are present. Hiding behind hoaxes, irony, edginess, and trolling, members of the alt-right and other extremist Internet cultures then engage in a kind of subversion that allows them to avoid taking any responsibility for real and violent attacks that occur as a result of their discourse. Antagonizing the left, being offensive, and participating in this outrage spectacle to garner a response from news outlets, activists, and outsiders are all a part of the same package.Trolls and the Outrage SpectacleThe confusion and the chaos left behind by these kinds of trolling campaigns and hoaxes leave many to ask: How disingenuous is it? Is it meant for mere shock value or is it really reflective of the person’s beliefs? In terms of the theme of dissimulation for this special issue, what is the real intent, and under what pretenses should these kinds of trolling behaviors be understood? Returning to the protestor who claimed “I just like to be offensive”, the skepticism from onlookers still exists: why go so far as to join an alt-right rally, wearing the uniform of Identity Evropa (now the American Identity Movement), as a “joke”?Extremists hide behind humor and irony to cloud judgments from others, begging the question of can we have practice without belief? But, ultimately, practice and belief are intertwined – the regret of the Runaway Racist is not because he suddenly realized he did not “believe”, but rather was forced to face the consequences of his belief, something that he as a white man perhaps never really had to confront. The cultural reach of dissimulation, in particular hiding true intent behind the claim of “irony”, is vast - YouTuber Pewdiepie claimed his use of racial and anti-Semitic slurs and putting on an entire Ku Klux Klan uniform in the middle of a video were “accidental” only after considerable backlash (Picheta). It has to be noted, however, that Pewdiepie is referenced in the manifesto of the Christchurch shooter – specifically, the shooter yelled during his livestream “subscribe to Pewdiepie”, (Lorenz). Pewdiepie and many other trolls, once called out for their behavior, and regardless of their actual intent, double down on their claims of irony to distract from the reality of their behaviors and actions.The normalization of this kind of content in mainstream platforms like Twitter, YouTube, Facebook, and even Instagram show how 4chan and alt-right Internet culture has seeped out of its borders and exists everywhere online. This “coded irony” is not only enabled rhetorically due to irony’s slippery definition, but also digitally via these online media (Weatherby). The aesthetics of the troll are present in every single platform and are disseminated everywhere – memes are small cultural units meant to be passed on (Shifman), and although one can argue it was not memes alone that resulted in the rise of the alt-right and the election of Donald Trump, memes are a part of the larger puzzle of the political radicalization process. The role of the Internet in radicalization is so powerful and insidious because of the presentation of content – it is funny, edgy, ironic, offensive, and outrageous. But these behaviors and attitudes are not just appealing to some kind of adolescent-like desire to push boundaries of what is and is not socially acceptable and/or politically incorrect (Marwick and Lewis), and calling it such clouds people’s perceptions of their level of sophistication in shaping political discourse.Memes and the alt-right are a noted phenomenon, and these visual cultures created by trolls on message boards have aided in the rise of the current political situation worldwide (Hodge and Hallgrimsdottir). We are well in the midst of a type of warfare based on not weapons and bodies, but information and data - in which memes and other elements of the far right’s political aesthetic play an important role (Molander et al.; Prier; Bogerts and Fielitz). The rise of the online troll as a political player and the alt-right are merely the logical outcomes of these systems.ConclusionThe alt-right’s spread was possible because of the trolling cultures and aesthetics of dissimulation created in message boards that predate 4chan (Kitada). The memes and inflammatory statements made by them serve multiple purposes, ranging from an intention to incite outrage among non-members of the group to signal group belonging and identity. In some odd way, if people do not understand the content, the content actually speaks louder and, in more volumes, that it would if its intent was more straightforward – in their confusion, people give these trolling techniques more attention and amplification in their attempt to make sense of them. Through creating confusion, distraction, and uncertainty around the legitimacy of messages, hand signs, and even memes, the alt-right has elevated the aestheticization of politics to a degree that Walter Benjamin could perhaps not have predicted in his initial lament about the distracted masses of fascist regimes (McManus). The political dimensions of trolling and the cognitive uncertainty that it creates is a part of its goal. Dismissing trolls is no longer an option, but also regarding them as sinister political operatives may be overblowing their significance. In the end, “ironic hate speech” is still hate speech, and by couching their extremist ideology in meme format they make their extremist beliefs more palatable -- and nobody is completely immune to their strategies.ReferencesAllyn, Bobby. “The ‘OK’ Hand Gesture Is Now Listed as a Symbol of Hate.” NPR 2019. <https://www.npr.org/2019/09/26/764728163/the-ok-hand-gesture-is-now-listed-as-a-symbol-of-hate>.Anti-Defamation League. “No, the ‘OK’ Gesture Is Not a Hate Symbol.” Anti-Defamation League. 10 Dec. 2017 <https://www.adl.org/blog/no-the-ok-gesture-is-not-a-hate-symbol>.———. “Okay Hand Gesture.” Anti-Defamation League. 28 Feb. 2020 <https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/okay-hand-gesture>.Atkinson, David C. “Charlottesville and the Alt-Right: A Turning Point?” Politics, Groups, and Identities 6.2 (2018): 309-15.Benjamin, Ruha. Race after Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code. Polity, 2019.Benjamin, Walter. 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