Journal articles: 'AMCase'

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Ramanathan, Murugappan, Won-Kyung Lee, and Andrew P. Lane. "Increased Expression of Acidic Mammalian Chitinase in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps." American Journal of Rhinology 20, no. 3 (May 2006): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajr.2006.20.2869.

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Background Chitin is an abundant polysaccharide found in fungi, insects, and parasitic nematodes. Innate immune host defense against chitin-containing pathogens include production of chitinases. In human lower airways, acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is produced in epithelial cells via a Th2-specific, IL-13–dependent pathway, and may act as an inflammatory mediator in asthma. The role of AMCase in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has not been studied previously. Methods Eleven controls and 22 subjects with medically recalcitrant CRS were prospectively enrolled before undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery. RNA was extracted from surgically obtained ethmoid mucosa, and real-time PCR was used to determine expression of AMCase, eotaxin, and IL-13. Subjects were followed for at least 6 months postoperatively to assess for polyp recurrence. Based on the presence or absence of polyps, the subjects were classified as either recalcitrant or responsive to therapy. Results AMCase mRNA was detected in the sinus mucosa of 72% of control subjects and in 72% of patients with eosinophilic CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). The expression of AMCase was significantly greater in recalcitrant CRSwNP than it was in treatment-responsive CRSwNP. There was no significant difference in IL-13 expression between these two groups. Conclusion AMCase may be an important mediator in the pathogenesis of Th2 inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract. Failure of medical and surgical therapy in CRSwNP is associated with significantly increased expression of AMCase, but not the Th2 cytokines IL-13 and eotaxin. Additional studies are needed to determine the potential of AMCase as a therapeutic target in CRSwNP.

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Yang, Ming, Yunjo Soh, and Seok-Mo Heo. "Characterization of Acidic Mammalian Chitinase as a Novel Biomarker for Severe Periodontitis (Stage III/IV): A Pilot Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 4113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074113.

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Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by gingival infection, periodontal pocket formation, and alveolar bone loss. Acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase), an active chitinase enzyme, increased its expression under severe inflammation and related systemic disorders. However, AMCase expression and molecular mechanism in periodontal inflammation, have not been elucidated yet. This study was aimed to characterize AMCase in severe periodontitis patients compare to those in periodontally healthy subjects. In total, 15 periodontally healthy subjects and 15 severe (stage III/IV) periodontitis patients were enrolled with their informed consent. Tissue samples were collected and analyzed using Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AMCase protein expressions in periodontal patients were significantly more increased than those of periodontally healthy individuals. ELISA resulted in median values (first quartile to third quartile) of the periodontally healthy group 0.654 ng/mL (range, 0.644–0.827 ng/mL) and the periodontitis group 0.965 ng/mL (range, 0.886–1.165 ng/mL). AMCase was expressed significantly higher levels in periodontitis patients than in periodontally healthy individuals (p < 0.05). This suggests that AMCase may play a potential role as a biomarker for the screening and early diagnosis of severe periodontitis.

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Mackel, Joseph J., Jaleesa M. Garth, Kristen M. Reeder, Jonathan Blackburn, and Chad Steele. "The contribution of acidic mammalian chitinase to disease severity in experimental fungal asthma." Journal of Immunology 198, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2017): 135.3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.135.3.

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Abstract Chitin is a polysaccharide that provides structure and rigidity to the fungal cell wall. Exposure to A. fumigatus cell wall moieties such as chitin has been linked to fungal sensitization and allergic inflammation. Chitin is not present in mammals, however, mammals possess enzymes that function to degrade chitin known as chitinases. Mammals possess two functional chitinases, acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) and chitotriosidase. Although chitinase expression has been linked to Th2 respiratory disorders, their exact role in fungal sensitization and fungal asthma has not been determined. In an allergic asthma model associated with chronic A. fumigatus exposure, mice deficient in AMCase displayed attenuated levels of the proallergic/pro-type 2 factors CCL22, CCL17, and IL-33. Furthermore, a deficiency in AMCase led to improved total lung function. Surprisingly, examination of inflammatory responses revealed attenuated IL-17 and IL-22 responses, but not type 2 responses (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13), in the absence of AMCase. Collectively, these data suggest that expression of AMCase during allergic fungal asthma is associated with increased severity that is putatively associated with IL-17A and IL-22 responses.

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Homer, Robert J., Zhou Zhu, Lauren Cohn, Chun Gun Lee, Wendy I. White, Suping Chen, and Jack A. Elias. "Differential expression of chitinases identify subsets of murine airway epithelial cells in allergic inflammation." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 291, no. 3 (September 2006): L502—L511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00364.2005.

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The mammalian chitinase family includes members both with and without enzymatic activity against chitin, a product of fungal cell walls, exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects, and the microfilarial sheaths of parasitic nematodes. Two members of that family, Ym1 and acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase), are strongly upregulated in pulmonary T helper (Th) 2 inflammation but not in Th1 inflammation. The sites of expression of these products are incompletely known. We show here that, in two different models of Th2 inflammation, Ym1 and AMCase are mutually exclusively expressed in proximal vs. distal airway epithelium, respectively, whereas both are expressed in alveolar macrophages. This regional difference along the airway corresponds to the previously noted distinction between mucus positive proximal cells and mucus negative distal cells under the same conditions. Among distal cells, AMCase colocalizes with epithelial cells expressing the Clara cell marker Clara cell secretory protein. These AMCase-expressing cells retain expression of FOXA2, a transcription factor whose downregulation in association with IL-13 signaling has previously been associated with production of mucus in proximal airway epithelial cells. These results provide evidence that secretory cells of proximal and distal airways undergo fundamentally different gene expression programs in response to allergic inflammation. Furthermore, AMCase provides the first positive molecular marker of distal Clara cell secretory protein-expressing cells under these conditions.

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Worth, Danielle, John Philip Nance, Jessica Jang, Clement David, Meera Nair, and Emma Wilson. "A role for dectin-1 in the CNS during chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection (MPF5P.739)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2015): 137.2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.137.2.

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Abstract The latent stage of T.gondii infection is characterized by the formation of tissue cysts within the CNS. These tissue cysts are formed by manipulation of the parasitophorous vacuole, and chitin is a structural component of the cyst wall. Our lab has shown that Toxoplasma cysts induce an M2 phenotype in macrophages in a contact-dependent manner. Upon contact, these macrophages actively secrete the mammalian chitinase, AMCase, to break down the cyst wall. We have previously demonstrated that AMCase production by macrophages is essential for control of cyst burden in the brain during T. gondii infection. The molecular interactions involved in macrophage-cyst recognition, and the signaling pathway for AMCase production are as yet unknown. Although chitin recognition has been poorly defined, studies suggest dectin-1 may be a receptor. Here, we present data on a role for dectin-1 during T. gondii infection. Dectin-1 is upregulated in the brain in response to infection and is expressed on arginase-1+, M2 macrophages. Consistent with dectin-1 expression on M2 macrophages, dectin-1 is not required to control parasite burden or induce an inflammatory immune response in vivo. However, dectin-1 deficient mice do exhibit trends towards decreased cyst numbers in the brain and a concomitant increase in AMCase transcripts and AMCase activity ex vivo. Thus, this data suggests that dectin-1 is modulating the immune response and chitinase production during chronic Toxoplasma infection.

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Boot, Rolf G., Anton P. Bussink, Marri Verhoek, Piet A. J. de Boer, Antoon F. M. Moorman, and Johannes M. F. G. Aerts. "Marked Differences in Tissue-specific Expression of Chitinases in Mouse and Man." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 53, no. 10 (June 27, 2005): 1283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/jhc.4a6547.2005.

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Two distinct chitinases have been identified in mammals: a phagocyte-specific enzyme named chitotriosidase and an acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) expressed in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Increased expression of both chitinases has been observed in different pathological conditions: chitotriosidase in lysosomal lipid storage disorders like Gaucher disease and AMCase in asthmatic lung disease. Recently, it was reported that AMCase activity is involved in the pathogenesis of asthma in an induced mouse model. Inhibition of chitinase activity was found to alleviate the inflammation-driven pathology. We studied the tissue-specific expression of both chitinases in mice and compared it to the situation in man. In both species AMCase is expressed in alveolar macrophages and in the gastrointestinal tract. In mice, chitotriosidase is expressed only in the gastrointestinal tract, the tongue, fore-stomach, and Paneth cells in the small intestine, whereas in man the enzyme is expressed exclusively by professional phagocytes. This species difference seems to be mediated by distinct promoter usage. In conclusion, the pattern of expression of chitinases in the lung differs between mouse and man. The implications for the development of anti-asthma drugs with chitinases as targets are discussed.

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Kim, Lark Kyun, Rimpei Morita, Yasushi Kobayashi, Stephanie C. Eisenbarth, Chun Geun Lee, Jack Elias, Elizabeth E. Eynon, and Richard A. Flavell. "AMCase is a crucial regulator of type 2 immune responses to inhaled house dust mites." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 22 (May 18, 2015): E2891—E2899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1507393112.

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Chitinases are enzymes that cleave chitin, a component of the exoskeleton of many organisms including the house dust mite (HDM). Here we show that knockin mice expressing an enzymatically inactive acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase), the dominant true chitinase in mouse lung, showed enhanced type 2 immune responses to inhaled HDM. We found that uncleaved chitin promoted the release of IL-33, whereas cleaved chitin could be phagocytosed and could induce the activation of caspase-1 and subsequent activation of caspase-7; this results in the resolution of type 2 immune responses, probably by promoting the inactivation of IL-33. These data suggest that AMCase is a crucial regulator of type 2 immune responses to inhaled chitin-containing aeroallergens.

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Mazur, Marzena, Jakub Włodarczyk, Mikołaj Świerczyński, Radzisław Kordek, Marcin M. Grzybowski, Jacek Olczak, and Jakub Fichna. "The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Acidic Mammalian Chitinase Inhibitor OAT-177 in DSS-Induced Mouse Model of Colitis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 2159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042159.

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Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic and relapsing gastrointestinal disorders, where a significant proportion of patients are unresponsive or lose response to traditional and currently used therapies. In the current study, we propose a new concept for anti-inflammatory treatment based on a selective acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) inhibitor. The functions of chitinases remain unclear, but they have been shown to be implicated in the pathology of various inflammatory disorders regarding the lung (asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) and gastrointestinal tract (IBD and colon cancer). The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of AMCase inhibitor (OAT-177) on the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced models of colitis. In the short-term therapeutic protocol, OAT-177 given intragastrically in a 30 mg/kg dose, twice daily, produced a significant (p < 0.001) anti-inflammatory effect, as shown by the macroscopic score. Additionally, OAT-177 significantly decreased TNF-α mRNA levels and MPO activity compared to DSS-only treated mice. Intraperitoneal administration of OAT-177 at a dose of 50 mg/kg caused statistically relevant reduction of the colon length. In the long-term therapeutic protocol, OAT-177 given intragastrically in a dose of 30 mg/kg, twice daily, significantly improved colon length and body weight compared to DSS-induced colitis. This is the first study proving that AMCase inhibitors may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of IBD.

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Kzhyshkowska, Julia, Alexei Gratchev, and Sergij Goerdt. "Human Chitinases and Chitinase-Like Proteins as Indicators for Inflammation and Cancer." Biomarker Insights 2 (January 2007): 117727190700200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/117727190700200023.

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Human Glyco_18 domain-containing proteins constitute a family of chitinases and chitinase-like proteins. Chitotriosidase and AMCase are true enzymes which hydrolyse chitin and have a C-terminal chitin-binding domain. YKL-40, YKL-39, SI-CLP and murine YM1/2 proteins possess solely Glyco_18 domain and do not have the hydrolytic activity. The major sources of Glyco_18 containing proteins are macrophages, neutrophils, epithelial cells, chondrocytes, synovial cells, and cancer cells. Both macrophages and neutrophils use the regulated secretory mechanism for the release of Glyco_18 containing proteins. Glyco_18 containing proteins are established biomarkers for human diseases. Chitotriosidase is overproduced by lipid-laden macrophages and is a major marker for the inherited lysosomal storage Gaucher disease. AMCase and murine lectin YM1 are upregulated in Th2-environment, and enzymatic activity of AMCase contributes to asthma pathogenesis. YKL proteins act as soluble mediators for the cell proliferation and migration, and are also involved in rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. Chitotriosidase and YKL-40 reflect the macrophage activation in atherosclerotic plaques. Serum level of YKL-40 is a diagnostic and prognostic marker for numerous types of solid tumors. YKL-39 is a marker for the activation of chondrocytes and the progression of the osteoarthritis in human. Recently identified SI-CLP is upregulated by Th2 cytokine IL-4 as well as by glucocorticoids. This unique feature of SI-CLP makes it an attractive candidate for the examination of individual sensitivity of patients to glucocorticoid treatment and prediction of side effects of glucocorticoid therapy. Human chitinases and chitinase-like proteins are found in tissues and circulation, and can be detected by non-invasive technologies.

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Musumeci, M., C. Bucolo, F. Drago, and S. Musumeci. "Acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase): A new target for ocular diseases." Drugs of the Future 36, no. 2 (2011): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/dof.2011.036.02.1534822.

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Musumeci, Salvatore. "Role of AMCase in the Allergic and Non Allergic Ocular Pathologies." Clinical Medicine Research 4, no. 6 (2015): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.cmr.20150406.12.

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Di Rosa, Michelino, Corinne De Gregorio, Giulia Malaguarnera, Michele Tuttobene, Filomena Biazzo, and Lucia Malaguarnera. "Evaluation of AMCase and CHIT-1 expression in monocyte macrophages lineage." Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 374, no. 1-2 (November 6, 2012): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11010-012-1506-5.

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Nair, Meera G., Iain J. Gallagher, Matthew D. Taylor, P'ng Loke, Patricia S. Coulson, R. A. Wilson, Rick M. Maizels, and Judith E. Allen. "Chitinase and Fizz Family Members Are a Generalized Feature of Nematode Infection with Selective Upregulation of Ym1 and Fizz1 by Antigen-Presenting Cells." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 1 (January 2005): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.1.385-394.2005.

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ABSTRACT Ym1 and Fizz1 are secreted proteins that have been identified in a variety of Th2-mediated inflammatory settings. We originally found Ym1 and Fizz1 as highly expressed macrophage genes in a Brugia malayi infection model. Here, we show that their expression is a generalized feature of nematode infection and that they are induced at the site of infection with both the tissue nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis and the gastrointestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. At the sites of infection with N. brasiliensis, we also observed induction of other chitinase and Fizz family members (ChaFFs): acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) and Fizz2. The high expression of both Ym1 and AMCase in the lungs of infected mice suggests that abundant chitinase production is an important feature of Th2 immune responses in the lung. In addition to expression of ChaFFs in the tissues, Ym1 and Fizz1 expression was observed in the lymph nodes. Expression both in vitro and in vivo was restricted to antigen-presenting cells, with the highest expression in B cells and macrophages. ChaFFs may therefore be important effector or wound-repair molecules at the site of nematode infection, with potential regulatory roles for Ym1 and Fizz1 in the draining lymph nodes.

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Vega, Karina, Diana Diaz-Arevalo, Karine Bagramyan, Teresa Hong, and Markus Kalkum. "A positive feedback mechanism in the regulation of mammalian chitinase responses (56.29)." Journal of Immunology 186, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2011): 56.29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.56.29.

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Abstract Immunosuppressed patients are highly susceptible to invasive fungal infections (IFI) such as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, which is predominantly caused by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. An important component of the fungal cell wall is chitin, a polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc). Chitin is not produced by humans, however, the chitin degrading enzymes (chitinases) chitotriosidase (Chit-1) and acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) are. Chitinase is predominantly produced by activated macrophages, and may possibly aid in the defense against chitin-containing pathogens. We show that serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) chitinase levels are increased in patients with IFI, and in mice after pulmonary exposure to A. fumigatus conidia. Several different stimuli, including stimulation with chitin can lead to chitinase responses. In vitro stimulation of U937 human monocytes and RAW mouse macrophages with either chitin-particles (7-12 µm) or GlcNAc increased secreted and intracellular chitinase activity, the accumulation of intracellular Chit-1, and significantly increased the mRNA levels of Chit-1 and AMCase. Accordingly, we hypothesize that Chit-1 expression is regulated through a positive feedback mechanism involving the degradation of chitin to GlcNAc by host chitinases and GlcNAc recognition that in turn upregulates chitinase expression. This potential feedback mechanism of chitinase regulation may have utility in the diagnosis of IFIs.

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Chatterjee, Rajshekhar, Jyotsna Batra, and Balaram Ghosh. "Association of acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) with atopic asthma and serum total IgE." World Allergy Organization Journal &NA; (November 2007): S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wox.0000301069.06217.93.

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Cozzarini, Elisa, Milena Bellin, Lorenzo Norberto, Lino Polese, Salvatore Musumeci, Gerolamo Lanfranchi, and Maurizio Guido Paoletti. "CHIT1 and AMCase expression in human gastric mucosa: correlation with inflammation and Helicobacter pylori infection." European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 21, no. 10 (October 2009): 1119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/meg.0b013e328329742a.

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Cho, Jae Youn, Peter Rosenthal, Marina Miller, Alexa Pham, Seema Aceves, Shohei Sakuda, and David H. Broide. "Targeting AMCase reduces esophageal eosinophilic inflammation and remodeling in a mouse model of egg induced eosinophilic esophagitis." International Immunopharmacology 18, no. 1 (January 2014): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2013.10.026.

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Birben, Esra, Cansın Sackesen, Shamsah Kazani, Gizem Tincer, Cagatay Karaaslan, Berna Durgunsu, Ihsan Gürsel, Michael E. Wechsler, Elliot Israel, and Ömer Kalayci. "The effects of an insertion in the 5′UTR of the AMCase on gene expression and pulmonary functions." Respiratory Medicine 105, no. 8 (August 2011): 1160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2011.03.017.

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Mazur, Marzena, Anna Zielińska, Marcin M. Grzybowski, Jacek Olczak, and Jakub Fichna. "Chitinases and Chitinase-Like Proteins as Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Diseases, with a Special Focus on Inflammatory Bowel Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 6966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136966.

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Chitinases belong to the evolutionarily conserved glycosyl hydrolase family 18 (GH18). They catalyze degradation of chitin to N-acetylglucosamine by hydrolysis of the β-(1-4)-glycosidic bonds. Although mammals do not synthesize chitin, they possess two enzymatically active chitinases, i.e., chitotriosidase (CHIT1) and acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase), as well as several chitinase-like proteins (YKL-40, YKL-39, oviductin, and stabilin-interacting protein). The latter lack enzymatic activity but still display oligosaccharides-binding ability. The physiologic functions of chitinases are still unclear, but they have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of various human fibrotic and inflammatory disorders, particularly those of the lung (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sarcoidosis, and asthma) and the gastrointestinal tract (inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and colon cancer). In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about chitinases, particularly in IBDs, and demonstrate that chitinases can serve as prognostic biomarkers of disease progression. Moreover, we suggest that the inhibition of chitinase activity may be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of IBDs.

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Suzuki, Masako, Wakako Fujimoto, Marie Goto, Masami Morimatsu, Bunei Syuto, and Toshihiko Iwanaga. "Cellular Expression of Gut Chitinase mRNA in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Mice and Chickens." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 50, no. 8 (August 2002): 1081–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215540205000810.

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Recently, the second mammalian chitinase, designated acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase), has been identified in human, mouse, and cow. In contrast to the earlier identified macrophage-derived chitinase (chitotriosidase), this chitinase is richly expressed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, suggesting its role in digestion of chitin-containing foods as well as defense against chitin-coated microorganisms and parasites. This in situ hybridization study first revealed cellular localization of the gut-type chitinase in the mouse and chicken. In adult mice, the parotid gland, von Ebner's gland, and gastric chief cells, all of which are exocrine cells of the serous type, expressed the gut chitinase mRNA. In the chicken, oxyntico-peptic cells in glandular stomach (proventriculus) and hepatocytes expressed the chitinase mRNA. Because cattle produce the gut chitinase (chitin-binding protein b04) only in the liver, the gut chitinases in mammals and birds have three major sources of production, i.e., the salivary gland, stomach, and liver. During ontogenetic development, the expression level in the parotid gland and stomach of mice increased to the adult level before weaning, whereas in the stomach of chickens intense signals were detectable in embryos from incubation day 7.

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DIN, KHUZMA, AMIZA MAT AMIN, FISAL AHMAD, AMIN ISMAIL, and ADAWIYAH SURIZA SHUIB. "IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF EDIBLE BIRD’S NEST PROTEINS AS POTENTIAL PRECURSORS FOR BIOACTIVE PEPTIDES." Malaysian Applied Biology 51, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v51i2.1997.

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The present study aimed to perform an in silico evaluation of edible bird’s nest protein as potential precursors of bioactive peptides, as well as to determine whether such peptides can be released by selected proteolytic enzymes. Six edible bird’s nest (EBN) protein sequences from a previous study were chosen as potential precursors to produce bioactive peptides via in silico method using the BIOPEP database. AMCase protein sequences gave the highest number of bioactivities (16 to 18) and nucleobindin-2 protein gave the lowest number of bioactivities (9) among the other protein sequences. It was found that the most potential bioactive peptides from EBN proteins are angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPPIV) inhibitors. Furthermore, in silico proteolysis using six selected enzymes was employed to release both dominant bioactivities in EBN proteins, which were ACE and DPP-IV inhibitors. This study shows that a combination of enzymes, chymotrypsin, and papain, produced the highest number of activities for both ACE and DPP-IV inhibitor peptides with the frequency of occurrence of bioactive peptides of 0.0968 and 0.1104, respectively. The toxic prediction tool, ToxinPred, found that all EBN peptides derived by in silico analysis were non-toxic. The current study proposed that EBN can serve as a potential source of bioactive peptides.

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Ebner, Friederike, Katja Lindner, Katharina Janek, Agathe Niewienda, Piotr H. Malecki, Manfred S. Weiss, Tara E. Sutherland, et al. "A Helminth-Derived Chitinase Structurally Similar to Mammalian Chitinase Displays Immunomodulatory Properties in Inflammatory Lung Disease." Journal of Immunology Research 2021 (November 25, 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6234836.

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Immunomodulation of airway hyperreactivity by excretory-secretory (ES) products of the first larval stage (L1) of the gastrointestinal nematode Trichuris suis is reported by us and others. Here, we aimed to identify the proteins accounting for the modulatory effects of the T. suis L1 ES proteins and studied six selected T. suis L1 proteins for their immunomodulatory efficacy in a murine OVA-induced allergic airway disease model. In particular, an enzymatically active T. suis chitinase mediated amelioration of clinical signs of airway hyperreactivity, primarily associated with suppression of eosinophil recruitment into the lung, the associated chemokines, and increased numbers of RELMα+ interstitial lung macrophages. While there is no indication of T. suis chitinase directly interfering with dendritic cell activation or antigen presentation to CD4 T cells, treatment of allergic mice with the worm chitinase influenced the hosts’ own chitinase activity in the inflamed lung. The three-dimensional structure of the T. suis chitinase as determined by high-resolution X-ray crystallography revealed high similarities to mouse acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) but a unique ability of T. suis chitinase to form dimers. Our data indicate that the structural similarities between the parasite and host chitinase contribute to the disease-ameliorating effect of the helminth-derived chitinase on allergic lung inflammation.

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Makarova, S. I., D. V. Mitrofanov, A. B. Shintyapina, E. G. Komova, V. V. Zelenskaya, T. V. Kartseva, E. G. Kondyurina, and V. A. Vavilin. "Search for associations between polymorphic variants of human acid chitinase gene and bronchial asthma in children of Novosibirsk." Siberian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 36, no. 4 (January 3, 2022): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29001/2073-8552-2021-36-4-92-98.

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High prevalence of bronchial asthma among the population (about 300 million people all over the world) provides rationale for the search for candidate genes of disease. Human acidic chitinase (CHIA (AMCase)), encoded by the CHIA gene, is involved in the degradation of chitin, a component of the fungal cell wall and arthropod exoskeleton, which, if present in food or house dust, is a provoking factor for the bronchial asthma (BA) development. Functionally significant mutations in the CHIA gene may apparently increase the risk of susceptibility to BA.Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs12033184 and rs3806448 in the CHIA gene with bronchial asthma in children in Novosibirsk.Material and Methods. The study was organized as case-control. A total of 537 blood samples were used. SNPs were determined by real-time PCR. The associations of polymorphic variants with the disease were assessed by the odds ratio.Results. No associations of rs12033184 and rs3806448 with BA were found.Conclusion. The role of acidic chitinase gene in the development of BA in residents of Novosibirsk was found to be less significant than in the Indian population where it was previously shown to be associated with the disease.

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Correale, Jorge, and Marcela Fiol. "Chitinase effects on immune cell response in neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 17, no. 5 (December 15, 2010): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458510392619.

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Background: Recent studies conducted in arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease suggest that chitinases are important in inflammatory processes and tissue remodeling. Objective: To investigate the role of chitinases in multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Methods: Levels of chitotriosidase, acid mammalian chitinase (AMCase), and chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1) were measured using ELISA, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in serum from 24 patients with relapsing remitting (RR) MS, 24 patients with secondary progressive (SP) MS, 12 patients with NMO, 24 patients with other inflammatory neurological diseases (OIND), and 24 healthy controls (HCs). The number of anti-MOG cytokine-secreting cells was studied using ELISPOT. Eotaxins, MCP-1, RANTES, and IL-8 were assessed using ELISA. Cell transmigration was determined using an in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB) model, in the presence and absence of chitinases. Results: CSF chitinase levels were significantly increased in patients with RRMS and NMO compared with HCs and patients with SPMS and OIND. In contrast, no significant differences were detected in serum chitinase levels between groups. Chitinase CSF levels showed correlation with anti-MOG IL-13-producing cells, and eotaxin levels. In vitro experiments showed macrophage chitinase secretion was significantly increased by IL-13, but not by IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, or IFN-γ. Moreover, chitinases enhanced IL-8, RANTES, MCP-1, and eotaxin production, increasing migratory capacity in eosinophils, T cells, and macrophages across an in vitro BBB model. Conclusions: Chitinases increased in the CSF from patients with NMO in response to IL-13. These enhanced levels could contribute to central nervous system inflammation by increasing immune cell migration across the BBB.

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Louten, Jennifer, Jeanine D. Mattson, Maria-Christina Malinao, Ying Li, Claire Emson, Felix Vega, Robert L. Wardle, et al. "Biomarkers of Disease and Treatment in Murine and Cynomolgus Models of Chronic Asthma." Biomarker Insights 7 (January 2012): BMI.S9776. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bmi.s9776.

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Background Biomarkers facilitate early detection of disease and measurement of therapeutic efficacy, both at clinical and experimental levels. Recent advances in analytics and disease models allow comprehensive screening for biomarkers in complex diseases, such as asthma, that was previously not feasible. Objective Using murine and nonhuman primate (NHP) models of asthma, identify biomarkers associated with early and chronic stages of asthma and responses to steroid treatment. Methods The total protein content from thymic stromal lymphopoietin transgenic (TSLP Tg) mouse BAL fluid was ascertained by shotgun proteomics analysis. A subset of these potential markers was further analyzed in BAL fluid, BAL cell mRNA, and lung tissue mRNA during the stages of asthma and following corticosteroid treatment. Validation was conducted in murine and NHP models of allergic asthma. Results Over 40 proteins were increased in the BAL fluid of TSLP Tg mice that were also detected by qRT-PCR in lung tissue and BAL cells, as well as in OVA-sensitive mice and house dust mite-sensitive NHP. Previously undescribed as asthma biomarkers, KLK1, Reg3γ, ITLN2, and LTF were modulated in asthmatic mice, and Clca3, Chi3l4 (YM2), and Ear11 were the first lung biomarkers to increase during disease and the last biomarkers to decline in response to therapy. In contrast, GP-39, LCN2, sICAM-1, YM1, Epx, Mmp12, and Klk1 were good indicators of early therapeutic intervention. In NHP, AMCase, sICAM-1, CLCA1, and GP-39 were reduced upon treatment with corticosteroids. Conclusions and clinical relevance These results significantly advance our understanding of the biomarkers present in various tissue compartments in animal models of asthma, including those induced early during asthma and modulated with therapeutic intervention, and show that BAL cells (or their surrogate, induced sputum cells) are a viable choice for biomarker examination.

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Yıldırım, M. İbrahim. "Timurlu Tarihine Dair Farsça Yeni Bir Kaynak: Zahîr-i mar’aşî’nin Müntahabü’t-Tevârîh’i." Belleten 80, no. 288 (August 1, 2016): 371–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2016.371.

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Ortaçağ tarihi için önem arzeden Târih-i Taberistân, Rûyân û Mâzenderân ile Târih-i Gîlân adlı eserleriyle bilinen Zahîrüddîn b. Nasîreddîn-i Mar'aşî'ye ait Farsça yeni bir kaynak tespit edilmiştir. Timur'un doğumundan ölümüne kadarki olayları ihtiva eden eser, daha önceleri Timurlularla ilgili yazılmış olan kaynaklara dayanılarak, Müntahab şeklinde hazırlanmıştır. Kaynaklarından birinin Yezdî'nin Zafernâme'si olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Zahîrüddîn, istifade ettiği önceki eserlerden aldığı bilgilere ilave olarak, olayların şahidi ve hadiselerin içerisinde yer alan sözlü kaynaklarından da önemli bilgiler aktarır. Onun kaynakları Anadolu ve Suriye seferlerine bizzat Timur'un yanında iştirak eden babası Nasîreddin, Amcası ve Amcazâdesi Gıyaseddin ve Abdulvahap adındaki zatlardır. Yıldırım Bayezid'in esir edilerek Timur'un otağına getirilmesi ve burada iki hükümdar arasında gerçekleşen konuşmaların Yezdî'nin ifade ettiği gibi olmadığını zikreden müellif, o sırada Timur'un otağında hazır bulunan amcası Gıyaseddin ve Ankara savaşına iştirakle gösterdiği yararlılık neticesinde Timur tarafından mükâfatlandırılan amca-zâdesi Abdulvahab'dan nakillerde bulunur. Bu çalışmada, müellifin hayatı, tarihçiliği ve üslûbu ile eserin muhtevası, kaynakları, Timurlu ve Osmanlı tarihi açısından değeri, çağdaş kaynaklarla olan farklılıkları ile tartışmalı konulara yazarın farklı bakışı ortaya konulacaktır.

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Leeper, Thomas J., Sara B. Hobolt, and James Tilley. "Measuring Subgroup Preferences in Conjoint Experiments." Political Analysis 28, no. 2 (August 7, 2019): 207–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pan.2019.30.

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Conjoint analysis is a common tool for studying political preferences. The method disentangles patterns in respondents’ favorability toward complex, multidimensional objects, such as candidates or policies. Most conjoints rely upon a fully randomized design to generate average marginal component effects (AMCEs). They measure the degree to which a given value of a conjoint profile feature increases, or decreases, respondents’ support for the overall profile relative to a baseline, averaging across all respondents and other features. While the AMCE has a clear causal interpretation (about the effect of features), most published conjoint analyses also use AMCEs to describe levels of favorability. This often means comparing AMCEs among respondent subgroups. We show that using conditional AMCEs to describe the degree of subgroup agreement can be misleading as regression interactions are sensitive to the reference category used in the analysis. This leads to inferences about subgroup differences in preferences that have arbitrary sign, size, and significance. We demonstrate the problem using examples drawn from published articles and provide suggestions for improved reporting and interpretation using marginal means and an omnibus F-test. Given the accelerating use of these designs in political science, we offer advice for best practice in analysis and presentation of results.

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Igboamalu, A. C., U. J. Chukwu, and K. Okorosaye-Orubite. "Synthesis of Co (ii) and Zn (ii) complexes of modified and unmodified cashew nut (Anacardium occidentals L.) shell liquid extract." Scientia Africana 20, no. 2 (September 7, 2021): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sa.v20i2.2.

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Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) extract obtained using soxhlet extraction method with acetone as solvent has been used in the synthesis of Co (II) and Zn (II) metal complexes. The CNSL gave a molecular peak ion of 298g/mol-1 on a GC-MS, an indication that cardanol was more prominent than anacardic acid in the obtained extract. Physicochemical parameters such as saponification value (50.30 mgKOH/g), moisture content (5.10), iodine value (241.00 mgKOH/g), ash content (1.30) and pH (6.31) were equally obtained. The metal complexes of Co (II) and Zn (II) prepared with unmodified (UMCNSL) and aniline modified CNSL (AMCNSL) were characterized using UV-visible, FTIR, melting point and electrical conductivity. Some characteristic FTIR bands were observed for AMCNSL, UMCNCL, AMCNSL-ZnCl2.H2O (1612cm-1) and AMCNSL-CoCl2.6H2O (1612cm-1). The presence of C=N were confirmed in the metal complex of AMCNSL-ZnCl.H2O and AMCNSL-CoCl.6H2O but were not present in the UMCNSL-ZnCl.H2O and UMCNSL-CoCl.6H2O.

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Leckenby, John D., and Marshall D. Rice. "AMCAAM: A Microcomputer Advertising Strategy Game." Journal of Marketing Education 8, no. 3 (December 1986): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/027347538600800310.

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Rosado-Muñoz, A., C. A. DeJuan-Esteban, E. Soria-Olivas, M. Bataller-Mompeán, and J. Guerrero-Martínez. "AMCAS: ADVANCED METHODS FOR THE CO-DESIGN OF COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 39, no. 17 (2006): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20060926-3-pl-4904.00006.

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Ergenç, Leman. "Bâbıâli'de Bulgar Asıllı Bir Diplomat." Belleten 62, no. 233 (April 1, 1998): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.1998.65.

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1784 yılında doğan II. Mahmut, I. Abdülhamid'in oğludur. Diğer Osmanlı şehzadeleri gibi dünya ve padişahlık hakkında öğretilmesi gereken mistik bilgiler ona da öğretilmiştir. Bu bilgiler yanında II. Mahmut "... amcası Selim III - ten Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun içinde bulunduğu kötü durumu, bu imparatorluğu yıkılmadan kurtarmak için yapılması gereken ıslahatın yapısını ve karakterini öğrendi".

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Samani, Rahmat, Achmad Hufad, and Maman Fathurohman. "MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS PEMBELAJARAN GURU DENGAN MENGEFEKTIFKAN SUPERVISI KELAS BERBASIS KLINIS DENGAN PENDEKATAN IDENTIFIKASI, SOLUSI, DISKUSI DAN KOLABORASI (ISDK) DI MI NURUL FALAH AMCANG." JURNAL MANAJEMEN PENDIDIKAN DAN ILMU SOSIAL 2, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.38035/jmpis.v2i1.397.

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Abstrak: Penelitian tentang mengefektifkan supervisi klinis untuk meningktkan kualitas pembelajaran guru di MI Nurul Falah Amcang. Rancangan penelitian berupa Penelitian Tindakan Sekolah (PTS) dengan 2 siklus. Setiap siklus terdiri atas 1 pertemuan dengan tahapan perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi dan refleksi. Dengan tujuan penelitian ini untuk meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran guru dengan mengefektifkan supervisi klinis di MI Nurul Falah Amcang. Subjek penelitian sebanyak 6 orang guru, dengan instrument berupa instrument supervisi klinis, instrument lembar penilaian RPP dan pelaksanaan pembelajaran. Hasil penelitian bahwa supervisi klinis dengan pendekatan identifikasi, solusi, diskusi dan kolaborasi (ISDK) dapat meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran guru di MI Nurul Falah Amcang, sesuai hasil penilaian RPP memperoleh rata-rata 68,40 pada siklus 1 dan 87,33 pada siklus II dengan hasil penilaian pembelajaran pada siklus 1 rata-rata 60,58 dan pada siklus II rata-ratanya 71,50.

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Seimu, Somo M. L. "Politics on the Growth and Development of the Agricultural Marketing Co-operatives in Tanganyika, c. 1920s -1930s." Tanzania Zamani: A Journal of Historical Research and Writing 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 75–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/tza20211314.

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This article examines the politics and passage of the co-operative legislation in 1932 that led to the suffocation and eventual strangulation of the Kilimanjaro Native Planters Association (KNPA). In Kilimanjaro, Agricultural Marketing Co-operatives (AMCOs) were registered from 1933 onwards to market coffee. This similarly happened in Ngara District and Ruvuma Region. In Kilimanjaro, the colonial authorities as a whole were responsible for the introduction of AMCOs while in Ngara and Ruvuma the AMCOs were promoted by local colonial officials. In other parts of the country, senior colonial officials deprived support and undermined emerging interests for co-operatives. Additionally, the Registrar’s efforts to promote co-operatives was undermined. Consequently, limited development of co-operative undertakings was evident in the territory during interwar years including in areas that produced cash crops. Generally, the promotion of AMCOs lacked central coordination. Political interests dominated the decisions regarding the promotion of AMCOs.

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Dolan, Eimear B., Lenka Kovarova, Hugh O'Neill, Martin Pravda, Romana Sulakova, Ivana Scigalkova, Vladimir Velebny, et al. "Advanced Material Catheter (AMCath), a minimally invasive endocardial catheter for the delivery of fast-gelling covalently cross-linked hyaluronic acid hydrogels." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 33, no. 5 (October 25, 2018): 681–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328218805878.

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Injectable hydrogels that aim to mechanically stabilise the weakened left ventricle wall to restore cardiac function or to deliver stem cells in cardiac regenerative therapy have shown promising data. However, the clinical translation of hydrogel-based therapies has been limited due to difficulties injecting them through catheters. We have engineered a novel catheter, Advanced Materials Catheter (AMCath), that overcomes translational hurdles associated with delivering fast-gelling covalently cross-linked hyaluronic acid hydrogels to the myocardium. We developed an experimental technique to measure the force required to inject such hydrogels and determined the mechanical/viscoelastic properties of the resulting hydrogels. The preliminary in vivo feasibility of delivering fast-gelling hydrogels through AMCath was demonstrated by accessing the porcine left ventricle and showing that the hydrogel was retained in the myocardium post-injection (three 200 μL injections delivered, 192, 204 and 183 μL measured). However, the mechanical properties of the hydrogels were reduced by passage through AMCath (≤20.62% reduction). We have also shown AMCath can be used to deliver cardiopoietic adipose-derived stem cell-loaded hydrogels without compromising the viability (80% viability) of the cells in vitro. Therefore, we show that hydrogel/catheter compatibility issues can be overcome as we have demonstrated the minimally invasive delivery of a fast-gelling covalently cross-linked hydrogel to the beating myocardium.

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Kim, Jong Cheon, Young Ryu, and Seok Chan Kim. "Practical Process Development of AMCA from Recyclable Source MFB." Applied Chemistry for Engineering 27, no. 5 (October 10, 2016): 508–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14478/ace.2016.1073.

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Djellab, Mourad, Abderrahmane Amrouche, Ahmed Bouridane, and Noureddine Mehallegue. "Algerian Modern Colloquial Arabic Speech Corpus (AMCASC): regional accents recognition within complex socio-linguistic environments." Language Resources and Evaluation 51, no. 3 (March 11, 2016): 613–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10579-016-9347-6.

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37

Li, Pei, Zhiqiang Ma, Zhong Zhang, Xumin Li, Xiaolei Lu, Pengkun Hou, and Peng Du. "Effect of Gypsum on Hydration and Hardening Properties of Alite Modified Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement." Materials 12, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 3131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193131.

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Calcium sulphoaluminate cement (CSA) has the characteristics of quick hardening, high early strength and high impermeability, however its strength growth persistence in the middle and late stages (after the age of 3 days) is poor. In order to improve this disadvantage, the pilot production of alite (C3S) modified CSA (AMCSA) clinker was carried out by liquid phase manipulation and barium ion doping technology. The effects of different dosages of gypsum on the hydration and hardening properties of AMCSA, such as setting time, hydration rate, compressive strength and hydration products, were studied. The results show that the mineral content of ye’elimite, C2S, C3S and iron phase in the calcined AMCSA clinker are 48.5 wt.%, 32.6 wt.%, 11.7 wt.% and 7.2 wt.% respectively, which are close to the designed mineral composition. The stable coexistence of ye’elimite and C3S in the same clinker system is realized. The initial and final setting time of AMCSA are retarded with the increasing gypsum dosage. When the gypsum dosage is 15 wt.% under the experimental conditions in this study, the AMCSA mortar reaches the highest compressive strength at every age. The strength of AMCSA mortar at 28 days is still significantly improved compared with that at 3 days, which indicates that the shortcoming of the low strength growth persistence of CSA in the middle and late stages is improved.

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Zareena, S. Jainab. "AMCAT Utility to Engineering and Computer Science Students." Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 40, no. 3-4 (October 2020): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02704676211003811.

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Aspiring Minds Computer Adaptive Test (AMCAT) is a computer adaptive test used widely in India to assess the employability skill level of engineering students. Prefinal and final year students belonging to different streams take up this online test. The present study investigates the perception of students regarding the conduct of AMCAT. Furthermore, the study explores the benefits that they obtain through the test. The comparison is made among the students belonging to the two different streams, engineering and computer science. The conclusion drawn facilitates the readers to understand the utility of AMCAT.

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Revanappa, Santhosh Kumar, Isha Soni, Manjappa Siddalinganahalli, Gururaj Kudur Jayaprakash, Roberto Flores-Moreno, and Chandrashekar Bananakere Nanjegowda. "A Fukui Analysis of an Arginine-Modified Carbon Surface for the Electrochemical Sensing of Dopamine." Materials 15, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 6337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15186337.

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Amino acid-modified carbon interfaces have huge applications in developing electrochemical sensing applications. Earlier reports suggested that the amine group of amino acids acted as an oxidation center at the amino acid-modified electrode interface. It was interesting to locate the oxidation centers of amino acids in the presence of guanidine. In the present work, we modeled the arginine-modified carbon interface and utilized frontier molecular orbitals and analytical Fukui functions based on the first principle study computations to analyze arginine-modified CPE (AMCPE) at a molecular level. The frontier molecular orbital and analytical Fukui results suggest that the guanidine (oxidation) and carboxylic acid (reduction) groups of arginine act as additional electron transfer sites on the AMCPE surface. To support the theoretical observations, we prepared the arginine-modified CPE (AMCPE) for the cyclic voltammetric sensing of dopamine (DA). The AMCPE showed excellent performance in detecting DA in blood serum samples.

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Schaefer, Rolf, and Frank Kumli. "CarboGen and AMCIS: Dedicated to Drug Development." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/000942905777677019.

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Ahmadi, Tahereh, Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani, Parisa Gholamzadeh, and Hoda Mollabagher. "Recent advances in asymmetric multicomponent reactions (AMCRs)." Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 28, no. 5 (May 2017): 708–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetasy.2017.04.002.

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Taha, Mohamed A. "INDUSTRIALIZATION OF CAST ALUMINUM MATRIX COMPOSITES (AMCCs)." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 16, no. 5 (September 30, 2001): 619–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/amp-100108625.

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43

Ramón, Diego J., and Miguel Yus. "Asymmetric Multicomponent Reactions (AMCRs): The New Frontier." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 44, no. 11 (February 18, 2005): 1602–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200460548.

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Cope, Stanton E. "2017 AMCA Presidential Address: Remarks On Leadership and the AMCA." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 33, no. 2 (June 2017): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/17-6657.1.

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Arefi, A., and R. Pourtaheri. "Asymmetrically tempered stable distributions with applications to finance." Probability and Mathematical Statistics 39, no. 1 (June 10, 2019): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0208-4147.39.1.6.

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In this paper, we introduce a technique to produce a new family of tempered stable distributions. We call this family asymmetrically tempered stable distributions.We provide two examples of this family named asymmetrically classical modified tempered stable ACMTS and asymmetrically modified classical tempered stable AMCTS distributions. Since the tempered stable distributions are infinitely divisible, Levy processes can be induced by the ACMTS and AMCTS distributions. The properties of these distributions will be discussed along with the advantages in applying them to financial modeling. Furthermore, we develop exponential Levy models for them. To demonstrate the advantages of the exponential Levy ACMTS and AMCTS models, we estimate parameters for the S&P 500 Index.

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Visconti, Roberta, and Domenico Grieco. "Fighting tubulin-targeting anticancer drug toxicity and resistance." Endocrine-Related Cancer 24, no. 9 (September 2017): T107—T117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/erc-17-0120.

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Tubulin-targeting drugs, like taxanes and vinca alkaloids, are among the most effective anticancer therapeutics used in the clinic today. Specifically, anti-microtubule cancer drugs (AMCDs) have proven to be effective in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer and triple-negative breast cancer. AMCDs, however, have limiting toxicities that include neutropenia and neurotoxicity, and, in addition, tumor cells can become resistant to the drugs after long-term use. Co-targeting mitotic progression/slippage with inhibition of the protein kinases WEE1 and MYT1 that regulate CDK1 kinase activity may improve AMCD efficacy, reducing the acquisition of resistance by the tumor and side effects from the drug and/or its vehicle. Other possible treatments that improve outcomes in the clinic for these two drug-resistant cancers, including new formulations of the AMCDs and pursuing different molecular targets, will be discussed.

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Mulligan, F. Steve. "2015 AMCA Presidential Address." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 31, no. 3 (September 2015): 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/moco-31-03-209-211.1.

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Fox, Peter D., and Jeff Wasserman. "AMCs: The Authors Respond." Health Affairs 12, no. 3 (January 1993): 276–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.12.3.276-a.

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Hatayama, Masayoshi, Hideaki Unno, Masami Kusunoki, Seiji Takahashi, Tokuzo Nishino, and Toru Nakayama. "Production of tetraketide lactones by mutated Antirrhinum majus chalcone synthases (AmCHS1)." Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 110, no. 2 (August 2010): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.02.010.

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Luo, K. G., and H. L. Yu. "Effect of asymmetric rolling on microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum matrix composites." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1270, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1270/1/012079.

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The lightweight of structural materials was an important research focus for reduced energy consumption and transport efficiency. Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) had the advantages of high specific strength and good wear resistance, so they were widely used in automobile, aerospace and other fields. At present, the deformation mechanism of AMCs reinforced by high-entropy alloy particles (HEAp) in asymmetric rolling was not clear. In this work, AMCs ingot reinforced with 6 wt% HEAp was prepared by stir casting process. Then the mechanical properties of HEAp/AMCs under different rolling processes were studied by asymmetric rolling (AR) and asymmetric cryorolling (ACR) processes. High-entropy alloy (HEA) had excellent strength and toughness, which imparted good deformation ability when added to AMCs as reinforcement. The microstructure of AMCs reinforced by HEAp was refined by ACR. At the same time, the HEAp/AMCs obtained by ACR displayed a higher ultimate tensile strength (UTS) than that obtained by AR. The study of ACR shows that AMCs reinforced with HEAp have good toughness. ACR can reduce the thickness of HEAp/AMCs to a greater extent so as to produce AMCs strip with excellent mechanical properties.

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Journal articles on the topic 'AMCase'

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