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Journal articles on the topic 'Ambush'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 24 January 2023

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1

White, Michael D. "Ambush Killings of the Police, 1970–2018: A Longitudinal Examination of the “War on Cops” Debate." Police Quarterly 23, no. 4 (May 4, 2020): 451–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611120919441.

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Over the last few years, there has been a series of high-profile, premeditated ambush attacks on police, which has led some to conclude there is a “war on cops.” Unfortunately, prior research has not examined the prevalence of police ambushes over an extended period of time, and the most recent study only analyzed the phenomenon through 2013. Moreover, the “war on cops” thesis implies a very specific motivation for an ambush: hatred of police or desire to seek vengeance in response to police killings of citizens. Prior research has not sufficiently explored the motivations of ambush attacks, or whether recent trends in ambushes are linked to a “war on cops” motive. I investigate ambush killings of police from 1970 to 2018 using data from the Officer Down Memorial Page in an attempt to address these research gaps. I apply a temporal coding scheme of when the attack occurred to isolate killings of police that are consistent with the International Association of Chiefs of Police definition of an ambush. Results from linear regression show that the annual rates of ambush killings of police have declined by more than 90% since 1970. Although ambushes spiked in 2016 and 2018 to the highest rates in 20 years, interrupted time series analysis indicates no statistically significant increase post-2013. Spikes have also occurred in nonambush killings since 2014. Police leaders and researchers should monitor trends in ambush and nonambush killings of police, as the recent spikes may presage the emergence of a chronic problem.

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Miler, Krzysztof, Aleksandra Gurgul, Maja Peryga, and Marcin Czarnoleski. "Larger leeches attack from higher ground – size-dependent preferences for ambush sites in the Bornean terrestrial leech Haemadipsa picta." Journal of Tropical Ecology 35, no. 03 (March 4, 2019): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467419000038.

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AbstractThe rain forests of South-East Asia represent a biodiversity hotspot of terrestrial leeches, but we have only fragmentary and often anecdotal information on this component of tropical communities. To address the foraging tactics of terrestrial leeches, we studied the vertical distribution of Haemadipsa picta on foliage in a Bornean tropical rain forest. We investigated the links between leech body length and the above-ground height of their ambush positions under natural conditions and in a choice experiment performed under semi-natural conditions. We studied 167 leeches, which varied considerably with respect to body length (4–29 mm). On average, the leeches ambushed at lower heights under natural conditions than under experimental conditions (47.7 cm vs. 67.5 cm), though the heights of ambush positions overlapped considerably. Leeches that chose higher ambush positions under natural conditions consistently chose higher ambush positions in the experiment (Pearson r = 0.29). Under both natural and experimental conditions, leech body length was positively correlated with the height of ambush positions (Pearson r = 0.48); on average, a 1-mm increase in body length corresponded to a 2–3 cm higher ambush position. Our findings suggest that H. picta individuals actively choose hunting locations according to their above-ground height, shifting their ambush sites over ontogeny to higher foliage. We hypothesize that growing leeches might target different prey following ontogenetic shifts in the foraging optima, ultimately decreasing intraspecific competition.

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3

Cable, Larry E., and Joseph Gray. "Ambush." Journal of American History 80, no. 3 (December 1993): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2080594.

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4

Bellamy, Ronald F. "Ambush." Military Medicine 153, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 378–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/153.7.378.

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5

Kohler, Sheila. "Ambush." Yale Review 86, no. 4 (October 1998): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0044-0124.00261.

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6

Pechtl, Hans. "Ambush-Marketing." WiSt - Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium 37, no. 2 (2008): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0340-1650-2008-2-69.

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Fisher, David W. "Administrative Ambush." Hospital Practice 20, no. 3 (March 15, 1985): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1985.11703001.

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Milius, Susan. "Ambush Ants." Science News 167, no. 17 (April 23, 2005): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4016241.

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Lippard, Lucy R. "Postmodern Ambush." Afterall: A Journal of Art, Context and Enquiry 39 (June 2015): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/682833.

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10

Powers, Breanna. "Arachnid ambush." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 16, no. 6 (August 2018): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fee.1931.

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Burton, Nicholas, and Simon Chadwick. "Ambush Marketing Is Dead, Long Live Ambush Marketing." Journal of Advertising Research 58, no. 3 (March 31, 2017): 282–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/jar-2017-014.

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Wolfsteiner, Elisabeth, Reinhard Grohs, and Udo Wagner. "What Drives Ambush Marketer Misidentification?" Journal of Sport Management 29, no. 2 (March 2015): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2014-0122.

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This article investigates the effectiveness of ambush marketing in terms of ambush marketer misidentification in the context of sports events. Grounded in associative network models and memory reconstruction heuristics, an empirical study examines how different ambush marketing strategies as well as event, ambush marketer, official sponsor, and individual consumer characteristics can result in ambush marketer misidentification. A descriptive survey collects data on consumers’ knowledge and perceived misleading potential of four ambush marketing strategies. Finally, three experiments aim to determine the effectiveness of these strategies and the aforementioned drivers in terms of actual ambush marketer misidentification. The results from the experiments are contrasted with the findings from the survey study. Findings are discussed with emphasis on implications for researchers, ambush marketers, official sponsors, and event organizers.

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Nufer, Gerd. "Ambush marketing in sports: an attack on sponsorship or innovative marketing?" Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 6, no. 4 (September 12, 2016): 476–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-05-2013-0008.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively characterise the interdisciplinary phenomenon of ambush marketing in sports, structure its manifestations, illustrate the consequences associated with ambush marketing and provide a critical evaluation from an objective perspective. Design/methodology/approach Various approaches to the definition of ambush marketing are presented and the objectives pursued with ambush marketing are identified. In this paper a new approach has been developed to structure the strategies and manifestations of ambush marketing. Findings It is a fine line between creative marketing and infringing on sponsorship rights. So the interdisciplinary phenomenon ambush marketing is discussed controversially. Ambush marketing is situated at the intersection of two opposing spheres of interest conducting a battle for shares of the marketing potential of a sports event. On one side there is the disparaging view of ambush marketing founded on legal and/or ethical considerations. On the other, the author has the respectful assessment of ambushers characterised by their innovative, creative marketing. Practical implications The analysis conducted in this paper leads to the conclusion that a general evaluation or condemnation of ambush marketing is not feasible. A four-field matrix emerges from the combination of a legal-statutory consideration on one hand and an ethical-moral assessment on the other. Originality/value The paper describes and structures ambush marketing in a novel form and discusses illustrating examples from major sporting events. Ambush marketing is evaluated from a neutral perspective by summarising the opportunities and threats of ambush marketing which leads to a nuanced contemplation of ambush marketing.

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Petritsi, Eliza G. "The Case of Unilateral Patent Ambush Under EC Competition Rules." World Competition 28, Issue 1 (March 1, 2005): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2005003.

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Recent action in the United States signals that improper patent disclosure within a standard setting organisation could have antitrust consequences. Enforcement actions are underway to combat the so-called patent ambushing strategies under US unfair trading rules and allegations of monopolisation or attempted monopolisation. On the other hand the European Union has not yet addressed these issues. This article analyses patent ambushes under EC competition rules. It addresses the issues raised by unilateral patent ambush strategies under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty. It offers some thoughts on whether EC competition rules could be a viable tool to fight those strategies at EU level as well. It briefly presents a comparison with the situation in the United States and tries to draw some conclusions as to the best way to deal with the patent ambush scenarios, not necessarily through the antitrust avenue. It is argued that EC competition tools might not be useful in attacking patent ambushes as such, other than in exceptional circumstances.

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Dio Nanda Permai, Ygnasius. "Bentuk-Bentuk Strategi Ambush Marketing Yang Dijalankan Oleh Pihak Sponsor Pada Kejuaraan Djarum Indonesia Open." Akubis: Jurnal Akuntansi dan Bisnis 1, no. 02 (December 1, 2016): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37832/akubis.v1i02.21.

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The role of sport sponsorship as the main option in the marketing communication has become a very vital part in funding various Ambush marketing related to sport, where a company which is not an official sponsor of the event (official partner) conduct a business that includes their names, products, and services to a sporting event or kopetisi with a marketing strategy that is "unique". The purpose of this study was to determine the forms ambush marketing strategies taken by the sponsor in the Djarum Indonesia Open Championship and to determine consumer response to the Djarum Indonesia Open championship against forms of Ambush Marketing strategy. Results of the study that the shapes strategy Ambush Marketing in run Party Links Championship Djarum Indonesia Open, among others: the first one that is, forms of strategies Ambush marketing is run by the Party Links Championship Djarum Indonesia Open is: Sponsor media coverage of the event or ambusher become sponsors of the various media that include elements of an event, usually by creating events in hot spots around the event took place, a sponsor from the event and perform exploitation campaign aggressively, making sponsorship linked with the contribution of sports stars as well as engage in Advertising, which coincided with sposnsor event. Secondly, the consumer response is part of consumer behavior at the championships Djarum Indonesia Open can be shown in willingness to recommend the brand or ready in recommending the brand to others, willingness to pay a price premium for the brand, namely the decision of use of the brand is based on the price offered price itself is inseparable from the values and benefits that includes products or services offered, as well as willingness to accept brand extensions that decition in using an existing brand belonging has launched a new product.

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Burton, Nick, and Simon Chadwick. "European football supporter attitudes toward ambush marketing." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 20, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-10-2017-0107.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore attitudes towards ambush marketing at the 2016 Union of European Football Associations European Championships, seeking to examine fan affect towards ambush marketing. Design/methodology/approach A 24-item survey questionnaire was constructed, exploring consumers’ general cognition and affection of ambush marketing; following Dickson et al.’s (2015) design, industry-specific attitudes were canvassed, assessing supporters’ views of beer and gambling industry ambush marketers. Findings Results indicate that fans appear to be marginally more forgiving of ambush practices from beer or gambling brands than across ambushing more generally, yet a prevailing antipathy towards ambush marketing from an ethical perspective was observed. Importantly, however, the study’s findings suggest that industry-specific advertising regulations bear little impact on fan perspectives. Practical implications The study’s results bear notable implications for marketing theory and practice: for ambushing brands, this suggests that they are rather less likely to be have a disruptive effect on events and their official sponsors. For official sponsors, a level of threat from ambushers nevertheless remains as it would appear consumers do not have strong views about the practice of ambushing. Originality/value The study’s methods build upon and extend previous studies into consumer attitudes towards ambush marketing, specifically focusing on the perceptions and affect of fans in lieu of more empirically generalisable consumer populations. Given the target audiences of sponsors and ambush marketers, this emphasis on fan attitudes represents an important direction in ambush affect research.

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McDaniel, Stephen R. "Ambush Marketing Revisited." Journal of Promotion Management 3, no. 1-2 (July 11, 1996): 141–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j057v03n01_09.

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Cookson, B. "Erasing ambush marketing." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 6, no. 3 (February 12, 2011): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpq199.

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Piątkowska, Monika, Jolanta Żyśko, and Sylwia Gocłowska. "A Systematic Literature Review on Ambush Marketing in Sport." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 66, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2015-0002.

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AbstractThe aim of the paper was to outline and evaluate the existing scientific achievements regarding the phenomenon of ambush marketing in sport, mark the dominating problematic areas, and create a literature database for the purposes of further research. The systematic literature review was conducted in the following stages: planning and conducting the review, analysis, and description of the results. The preliminary analysis included a combined number of 21,176 studies published between 1984-2013 in journals, books, and other sources included in analyzed databases, chosen using a meta-keyword: ambush. Analysis of the subject literature on the phenomenon of ambush marketing in sport allows for the classification of the works into three dominating research areas: identification of ambush marketing phenomenon, identification of the influence of ambush marketing practices on consumers, and identification of counter-ambush strategies. This review indicates the need for secondary research in social sciences in a more systematic way and more rigorously than it was done until now.

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Wilson, Michael J., Ralf-Udo Ehlers, and Itamar Glazer. "Entomopathogenic nematode foraging strategies – is Steinernema carpocapsae really an ambush forager?" Nematology 14, no. 4 (2012): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854111x617428.

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For many years, entomopathogenic nematodes have been classified as either ‘ambush’, ‘cruise’ or ‘intermediate’ foragers. Here, we critically examine the evidence that Steinernema carpocapsae, the most studied ‘ambush’ forager, does actually use an ambush foraging strategy in nature. We propose an alternative hypothesis for the characteristic behaviours of S. carpocapsae (and other supposed ‘ambush’ foragers) based on adaptation to habitats other than mineral soils in which S. carpocapsae can ‘cruise’. Several papers are reviewed in which S. carpocapsae was used successfully to control sedentary or cryptic pests in organic habitats, thus supporting our hypothesis. If this hypothesis is correct, it does not preclude S. carpocapsae (or any entomopathogenic nematode species) using an ambushing strategy under certain circumstances, but we believe on current evidence that the classification of S. carpocapsae as an ambush forager cannot be sustained.

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Burton, Nicholas, and Cheri Bradish. "Discursive Power in Commercial-Rights Management: Examining the Origins of Ethical Framing of Ambush Marketing." International Journal of Sport Communication 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 200–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2017-0100.

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This research examined the efforts of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to frame ambush marketing as an ethically or morally dubious practice and thus influence consumer opinion. After an extensive documentary content analysis of internal Olympic-marketing and Games-development archival materials from the International Olympic Committee’s Library and Olympic Studies Centre, the study’s findings offer new insight into the IOC’s overt influence on ambush discourse as a strategic communication objective in combatting ambush marketing. Results evidence a deliberate attempt on the part of stakeholders to employ “name and shame” public relations and educational campaigns to position ambush marketing as ethically objectionable. In thus examining the discursive power wielded by the IOC, the study offers new perspective on the implications of such ethical framing and illustrates the way that ambush-marketing research and conceptualizations have been defined by rights holders’ influence and censure.

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Burton, Nicholas, and Cheri Bradish. "Commercial rights management in post-legislative Olympic sponsorship." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 9, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 201–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-02-2018-0005.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the development of preventative counter-ambush marketing initiatives and rights protection strategies, providing an historical view of rights management and the International Olympic Committee’s sponsorship protection initiatives through ambush marketing’s formative years. Design/methodology/approach In examining the antecedents and implications of the Canadian Olympic Committee’s (COC) forward-thinking approach to ambush marketing protection, and to explore the development of preventative counter-ambush initiatives, an historical examination of IOC and COC policies and protocols regarding ambushing and sponsorship protection over a 30-year period was undertaken, informing the development of a proposed model of proactive commercial rights management. Findings The findings indicate that a progressive shift in the counter-ambush activities of major commercial rights holders may be underway: increasingly, the COC has stressed education and communication as key components of their commercial rights protection strategy, in lieu of enforcing the legal protection provided them by the Olympic and Paralympic Marks Act of 2007. The resultant commercial rights management model proposed reflects this proactive approach, and illustrates the need for events and sponsorship stakeholders to Anticipate, (Re)Act and Advocate. Originality/value The study offers a contemporary perspective into counter-ambush strategies within the context of the COC’s brand protection measures and industry practice. The proactive approach to commercial rights management explored represents a significant step in ambush marketing prevention on the part of the COC.

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Kelly, Sarah J., Bettina Cornwell, and Kiran Singh. "The gladiatorial sponsorship arena: how ambushing impacts memory." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 37, no. 4 (June 3, 2019): 417–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-07-2018-0271.

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PurposeThe practice whereby a non-official sponsor brand attempts to “ambush” an official sponsor’s rights continues to threaten sporting events. A key motivator of the ensuing regulatory response is grounded in the ambiguity that ambush marketing generates, namely, by obscuring public awareness of the legitimate sponsor. However, the cognitive processes underpinning sponsorship identification have only recently been investigated empirically. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of ambush advertising on sponsorship memory.Design/methodology/approachA 2 (brand advertising: sponsorship-linked vs non-sponsorship-linked) × 2 (ambush advertisement: ambush advertisement vs filler) experimental design was used to test the impact of exposure on sponsor recall and recognition.FindingsThe results indicate that exposure to ambush advertising has adverse effects cognitively. When presented with a sponsorship-linked advertisement and an ambush advertisement, the participants had diminished recall of who the legitimate sponsor was, and were less likely to recognize them.Research limitations/implicationsThis work has important theoretical implications in that it draws together the existing literature on sponsorship, advertising and cognitive fields. Moreover, on a practical level, this work informs the debate on increased regulatory intervention into ambushing practices, which is centered on tensions between balancing fair marketing practice with the rights of sponsors and event organizers.Originality/valueTo date, there is a paucity of research that examines the effects of ambushing in a sports sponsorship context. The unique contribution of this study is that it shows the process through which ambushing advertising adversely impacts sponsors’ rights.

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Zhu, Chen Wei. "Adjudicating sartorial elegance from the court – the sumptuary impulse in the law of modern sports sponsorship against ambush marketing." Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 10, no. 1 (February 19, 2020): 62–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2020.01.03.

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Ambush marketing, sometimes also known as guerrilla marketing, comprises attempts to create an unauthorized association with mega-sporting events (such as the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup) without obtaining official sponsorship agreements. This article contends that the contemporary law of sports sponsorships against ambush marketing harbours a palpable but much-neglected sumptuary impulse, which has never before been adequately scrutinized. It shows that pre-modern sumptuary law strangely resonates with modern anti-ambush law's sumptuary obsession with the visual order of symbols and images as prestige signifiers. It also reveals an ongoing ‘intellectual property’ turn in the recent development of sumptuary anti-ambush law-making, whose ambition is to reify sports-derived sumptuary distinction into a thing-in-itself for nearly absolute ‘property’ protection. My argument is illustrated by a carefully selected number of ambush disputes including Australian Olympic Committee (AOC) v Telstra, which represents the latest development in this field of law.

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Ellis, Dana L., Milena M. Parent, and Benoit Seguin. "Olympic Ambush Marketing Networks and Knowledge Transfer: Examining Their Impact on the Institutionalization of Anti-Ambush Marketing Legislation." Journal of Sport Management 30, no. 5 (September 2016): 473–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2015-0205.

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This article examines how Olympic ambush marketing stakeholder power and transfer of sponsorship, as well as ambush marketing knowledge, have influenced institutional processes leading to the institutionalization of antiambush legislation over the years. Using a qualitative case study design and network analysis, findings show the International Olympic Committee and Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games demonstrate the greatest stakeholder influence within the Olympic ambush marketing network. The power and influence resulting from the structure of Olympic ambush marketing networks was argued to impact the institutional processes of objectification and sedimentation. Various knowledge transfer tools, as well as challenges and issues faced in this area, seem to act as moderators for the relationship between network structures and the process of institutionalization.

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Nufer, Gerd, and André Buehler. "Ambush Marketing in Sports." Journal of Sports Management and Commercialization 5, no. 1 (2014): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2381-6937/cgp/v05i01/54099.

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Clarke, Nancy E., Melissa Creighton, Patrick Murray, and Asiyeh Sanaei. "Ambush Cops and Robbers." Graphs and Combinatorics 37, no. 6 (October 28, 2021): 2439–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00373-021-02395-6.

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Burton, Nick. "Exploring user sentiment towards sponsorship and ambush marketing." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 20, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 583–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-03-2019-0026.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore consumer attitudes towards ambush marketing and official event sponsorship through the lens of sentiment analysis, and to examine social media users' ethical responses to digital event marketing campaigns during the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Design/methodology/approach The study employed a sentiment analysis, examining Twitter users’ utilization of sponsor and non-sponsor promotional hashtags. Statistical modelling programme R was used to access Twitter’s API, enabling the analysis and coding of user tweets pertaining to six marketing campaigns. The valence of each tweet – as well as the apparent user motivation underlying each post – was assessed, providing insight into Twitter users’ ethical impressions of sponsor and ambush marketer activities on social media and online engagement with social media marketing. Findings The study’s findings indicate that consumer attitudes towards ambush marketing may be significantly more positive than previously thought. Users’ attitudes towards ambush marketing appear significantly more positive than previously assumed, as users of social media emerged as highly responsive to creative and value-added non-sponsor campaigns. Originality/value The findings affirm that sentiment analysis may afford scholars and practitioners a viable means of assessing consumer attitudes towards social marketing activations, dependent upon campaign objectives and strategy. The study provides a new and invaluable context to consumer affect and ambush ethics research, advancing sponsorship and ambush marketing delivery and social sponsorship analytical practice.

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Schalk, C. M., and L. A. Fitzgerald. "Ontogenetic shifts in ambush-site selection of a sit-and-wait predator, the Chacoan Horned Frog (Ceratophrys cranwelli)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, no. 6 (June 2015): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2014-0320.

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Ontogenetic shifts in habitat use are widespread among vertebrates. These niche shifts are often attributed to age-specific patterns of resource use, which are correlated with changes in morphology, diet, and habitat. We examined the ontogeny of ambush-site selection in a sit-and-wait predator, the Chacoan Horned Frog (Ceratophrys cranwelli Barrio, 1980), in the Gran Chaco ecoregion of Bolivia. We quantified covariation in microhabitat and morphological variables and tested for microhabitat selection against randomly selected points. We identified an ontogenetic shift in ambush-site selection between adult and metamorph frogs. When compared with random points, metamorphs selected a subset of available habitat, whereas adult frogs did not appear to select ambush sites. Metamorphs, compared with adults, selected ambush sites farther from a pond’s edge with a greater proportion of dry mud. The metamorph of C. cranwelli may have selected ambush sites based on spatial distribution of certain size classes of prey. Alternatively, metamorphs could have selected sites to minimize asymmetric agonistic intraspecific interactions with adults. These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and probably occur in concert. Habitat selection and ontogenetic niche shifts by these organisms provide insights to the trade-offs between foraging strategy and mortality risk.

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Piątkowska, Monika, and Jolanta Żyśko. "Off-Field Competition at Major Sport Events. Case Study of 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa™." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 50, no. 1 (December 1, 2010): 118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-010-0029-6.

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Off-Field Competition at Major Sport Events. Case Study of 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa™Over the past twenty years sponsorship has outperformed all other marketing communication tools in terms of growth. With their massive audiences, major sport events create great opportunity for global companies to showcase their brands and products. Due to rapidly rising costs for securing sponsorship rights, ambush marketing has emerged as a growing option for different kind of companies.The aim of ambush marketing is to obtain more of the gains associated with an official event sponsorship but without incurring the same extent of its costs. "Ambushers" are becoming increasingly astute at developing ways to circumvent legal attempts to control non-sponsor marketing strategies.Therefore, the aim of the paper is to introduce and categorize various ambush marketing methods and counter-ambushing strategies. As ambush marketing has shifted over time from broadcast sponsorship campaigns and venue surrounding advertising to more off-site venue marketing, it is also important to analyze how the organizers of major sport event prevent the event itself, the sponsorship rights and how they deal with ambush marketing issue. The case of 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa has been studied.

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Bury, Stanisław. "Energy expenses on prey processing are comparable, but paid at a higher metabolic scope and for a longer time in ambush vs active predators: a multispecies study on snakes." Oecologia 197, no. 1 (August 14, 2021): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-05014-6.

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AbstractSnakes are characterized by distinct foraging strategies, from ambush to active hunting, which can be predicted to substantially affect the energy budget as a result of differential activity rates and feeding frequencies. Intense foraging activity and continuously upregulated viscera as a result of frequent feeding leads to a higher standard metabolic rate (SMR) in active than in ambush predators. Conversely, the costs of digestion (Specific Dynamic Action—SDA) are expected to be higher in ambush predators following the substantial remodelling of the gut upon ingestion of a meal after a long fasting period. This prediction was tested on an interspecific scale using a large multispecies dataset (> 40 species) obtained from published sources. I found that the metabolic scope and duration of SDA tended to reach higher values in ambush than in active predators, which probably reflects the greater magnitude of postprandial physiological upregulation in the former. In contrast, the SDA energy expenditure appeared to be unrelated to the foraging mode. The costs of visceral activation conceivably are not negligible, but represent a minor part of the total costs of digestion, possibly not large enough to elicit a foraging-mode driven variation in SDA energy expenditure. Non-mutually exclusive is that the higher costs of structural upregulation in ambush predators are balanced by the improved, thus potentially less expensive, functional performance of the more efficient intestines. I finally suggest that ambush predators may be less susceptible than active predators to the metabolic ‘meltdown effect’ driven by climate change.

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Kiørboe, Thomas, Houshuo Jiang, and Sean P. Colin. "Danger of zooplankton feeding: the fluid signal generated by ambush-feeding copepods." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1698 (June 10, 2010): 3229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0629.

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Zooplankton feed in any of three ways: they generate a feeding current while hovering, cruise through the water or are ambush feeders. Each mode generates different hydrodynamic disturbances and hence exposes the grazers differently to mechanosensory predators. Ambush feeders sink slowly and therefore perform occasional upward repositioning jumps. We quantified the fluid disturbance generated by repositioning jumps in a millimetre-sized copepod (Re ∼ 40). The kick of the swimming legs generates a viscous vortex ring in the wake; another ring of similar intensity but opposite rotation is formed around the decelerating copepod. A simple analytical model, that of an impulsive point force, properly describes the observed flow field as a function of the momentum of the copepod, including the translation of the vortex and its spatial extension and temporal decay. We show that the time-averaged fluid signal and the consequent predation risk is much less for an ambush-feeding than a cruising or hovering copepod for small individuals, while the reverse is true for individuals larger than about 1 mm. This makes inefficient ambush feeding feasible in small copepods, and is consistent with the observation that ambush-feeding copepods in the ocean are all small, while larger species invariably use hovering or cruising feeding strategies.

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Anthony Carrillat, François, Francois Colbert, and Matthieu Feigné. "Weapons of mass intrusion: the leveraging of ambush marketing strategies." European Journal of Marketing 48, no. 1/2 (February 4, 2014): 314–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-11-2011-0641.

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Purpose – The study presented in this article aims to examine the impact of the leveraging of three distinct ambush marketing strategies that are under-researched in the literature: Promotion, Event, and Broadcast. Design/methodology/approach – An experiment was conducted where the type of ambush strategy was manipulated (i.e. Promotion, Event, Broadcast, no ambush) as well as the market dominance of the sponsor (i.e. dominant or non-dominant) and the congruence level between the event and the sponsor (i.e. high or low congruence). Findings – Ambush strategies' impacts differ widely. The Broadcast strategy is the most harmful to the identification of the actual sponsor; the Event strategy favors the identification of the pseudo-sponsor as the sponsor, while the Promotion strategy is both harmful to the actual sponsor and beneficial for the pseudo-sponsor. Furthermore, although dominant brands benefit more from their sponsorships, they are more affected by an ambush than non-dominant brands. Research limitations/implications – Only one sponsor and one pseudo-sponsor were considered at a time. In addition, digital media were not investigated as vectors of ambush marketing. Further research where multiple sponsors and pseudo-sponsors are leveraging their associations to an event, using both off and on-line media, needs to be undertaken. Practical implications – Against the Promotion strategy sponsors need to create not only strong but also unique associations with the event. The Event strategy can be circumvented with preemptive smaller scale events. Exclusive access to the program broadcast for event sponsors can protect against pseudo-sponsors. Originality/value – This study is the first to provide empirical evidence regarding the impact of the Promotion, Event, and Broadcast strategies. Previous studies had focused almost exclusively on another strategy: the airing of commercials by pseudo-sponsors during event broadcast against which most sponsors are now effectively protected.

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최은희. "Deliberative System on Ambush Marketing." Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law 19, no. 4 (November 2016): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.19051/kasel.2016.19.4.41.

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Ki-Yeon Nam. "Rechtliche Kontrolle gegen Ambush Marketing." KYUNGPOOK NATIONAL UNIVERSITY LAW JOURNAL ll, no. 31 (October 2009): 397–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.17248/knulaw..31.200910.397.

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Singh, Nitin. "Ambush Marketing : An Ensnare Approach." Review of Professional Management- A Journal of New Delhi Institute of Management 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20968/rpm/2014/v12/i1/70454.

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Mallinger, Mark. "Ambush along the TQM Trail." Journal of Organizational Change Management 6, no. 4 (April 1993): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09534819310042722.

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Richards, Sue. "Electronic ambush on the superhighway." Practice Nursing 8, no. 1 (January 1997): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.1997.8.1.48.

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Dean, O. "A roadmap for ambush marketing." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 5, no. 2 (January 8, 2010): 126–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpp201.

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Dickson, Geoff, Michael Naylor, and Sean Phelps. "Consumer attitudes towards ambush marketing." Sport Management Review 18, no. 2 (May 2015): 280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.07.001.

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Jüttner, Uta. "Ambush Marketing — ‚Vormarsch‘ des Marketinginstrumentes." Marketing Review St. Gallen 25, no. 1 (February 2008): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11621-008-0007-0.

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Tripodi, John A., and Max Sutherland. "Ambush marketing – ‘An Olympic event’." Journal of Brand Management 7, no. 6 (August 2000): 412–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/bm.2000.33.

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Starčević, Slađana, Aleksandra Majdarević, and Ema Marinković. "Implementation of ambush marketing strategy." Anali Ekonomskog fakulteta u Subotici, no. 40 (2018): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/aneksub1840049s.

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Baston, V. J., and F. A. Bostock. "A continuous game of ambush." Naval Research Logistics 34, no. 5 (October 1987): 645–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6750(198710)34:5<645::aid-nav3220340505>3.0.co;2-0.

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Holmes, Bob. "Orcas herd and ambush dolphins." New Scientist 228, no. 3051 (December 2015): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(15)31735-8.

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Lee, K. T. "On ruckle's game of ambush." Naval Research Logistics (NRL) 37, no. 3 (June 1990): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nav.3800370302.

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Payne, Michael. "Ambush marketing: The undeserved advantage." Psychology and Marketing 15, no. 4 (July 1998): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6793(199807)15:4<323::aid-mar3>3.0.co;2-a.

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O'Sullivan, Paul, and Patrick Murphy. "Ambush marketing: The ethical issues." Psychology and Marketing 15, no. 4 (July 1998): 349–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6793(199807)15:4<349::aid-mar5>3.0.co;2-8.

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Kim, Kihan, Lira Yun, and Yunjae Cheong. "IMPACTS OF AMBUSH MARKETING AN EXAMINATION OF THE DANGERS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPLEMENTING AMBUSH MARKETING." Global Fashion Management Conference 2017 (July 6, 2017): 488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15444/gfmc2017.06.04.01.

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Chanavat, Nicolas, and Michel Desbordes. "Towards the regulation and restriction of ambush marketing? The first truly social and digital mega sports event: Olympic Games, London 2012." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 15, no. 3 (April 1, 2014): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-15-03-2014-b002.

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This study investigates the regulation and restriction of ambush marketing during the London 2012 Olympic Games, with analysis of actions taken via social networks and digital marketing related to the mega sports event. Results show that, where this issue was concerned, the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) was the most restrictive OCOG in history. However, there are neither specific legal tools nor international agreements to prohibit ambush marketing and protect official sponsorships. This paper looks at the proliferation of ambush cases during the London 2012 Olympics and underlines the widespread growth of this practice, despite reinforcement of existing laws. Findings show that brands were very imaginative at the expense of official sponsors and that social networks can be powerful publicity channels.

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