Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ambulance

Academic literature on the topic 'Ambulance'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Ambulance"

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Puspita, Kumara, Samriananda Septiyani, and I. Gde Sandy Satria. "EFEKTIVITAS TIM ESCORT SEBAGAI PEMBUKA JALAN AMBULANS DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Bonum Commune 3, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/jhbbc.v3i2.3576.

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AbstractThis study aims to identify the formation of the escort team community and the important role of the ambulance escort. Research methods used by researchers are empirical studies by obtaining live data from interviews via social media with escort teams and communities in Indonesia. Research on the role of escort team helps the ambulance travel quickly to the assigned hospital. Early in the development of the escort team in Indonesia, due to people's indifference to the presence of ambulances when the ambulance sirens went off, this caused patients to bet their lives on the streets. Several communities and police departments disagreed on the escort team's presence, as it was in the interest of security and order in police traffic that had the authority to escort ambulances. In this case the host team helps the ambulance, since the ambulance asks escort teams to escort ambulances, for a definite decision or discrete of the police force to provide a specific clearance for the escort team's communities.Keywords: ambulance escort; escort team community; roleAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui awal terbentuknya komunitas tim escort dan peranan penting dalam melakukan pengawalan ambulans. Metode penelitian yang digunakan peneliti adalah penelitian empiris dengan cara memperoleh data langsung dari hasil wawancara melalui media sosial dengan pihak tim escort dan masyarakat di Indonesia. Melalui penelitian ini peneliti peranan tim escort dapat membantu perjalanan ambulans agar cepat sampai ke rumah sakit yang dituju. Pada awal terbentuknya komunitas tim escort di Indonesia, disebabkan karena ketidakpedulian masyarakat akan keberadaan ambulans ketika sirine ambulans berbunyi, hal ini yang menyebabkan pasien bertaruh nyawa di jalan. Beberapa masyarakat dan pihak kepolisan tidak setuju akan keberadaan komunitas tim escort, karena demi keamanan dan ketertiban dalam berlalu lintas pihak kepolisian yang memiliki wewenang untuk melakukan pengawalan ambulans. Dalam hal ini keberadaan komunitas tim escort sangat membantu pihak ambulans, karena pihak ambulans yang meminta tim escort untuk mengawal ambulans, supaya adanya kepastian diperlukan keputusan atau diskresi kepolisian agar memberikan ketegasan berupa izin khusus untuk komunitas tim escort dalam melakukan pengawalan ambulans.Kata kunci: komunitas tim escort; pengawalan ambulans; peranan
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Tshokey, Tshokey, Ugyen Tshering, Karma Lhazeen, Arpine Abrahamyan, Collins Timire, Bikash Gurung, Devi Charan Subedi, Kencho Wangdi, Victor Del Rio Vilas, and Rony Zachariah. "Performance of an Emergency Road Ambulance Service in Bhutan: Response Time, Utilization, and Outcomes." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7060087.

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Background: An efficient ambulance service is a vital component of emergency medical services. We determined the emergency ambulance response and transport times and ambulance exit outcomes in Bhutan. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving real-time monitoring of emergency ambulance deployments managed by a central toll-free (112) hotline (20 October 2021 to 20 January 2022) was carried out. Results: Of 5092 ambulance deployments, 4291 (84%) were inter-facility transfers, and 801 (16%) were for emergencies. Of the latter, 703 (88%) were for non-pregnancy-related emergencies (i.e., medical, surgical, and accidents), while 98 (12%) were for pregnancy-related emergencies. The median ambulance response and patient transport times were 42 (IQR 3–271) and 41 (IQR 2–272) minutes, respectively. The median round-trip distance travelled by ambulances was 18 km (range 1–186 km). For ambulance exit outcomes that were pregnancy-related (n = 98), 89 (91%) reached the health facility successfully, 8 delivered prior to ambulance arrival at the scene or in the ambulance during transport, and 1 had no outcome record. For the remaining 703 non-pregnancy deployments, 29 (4.1%) deployments were deemed not required or refusals, and 656 (93.3%) reached the health facility successfully; 16 (2.3%) died before the ambulance’s arrival at the scene, and 2 (0.3%) were not recorded. Conclusions: This first countrywide real-time operational research showed acceptable ambulance exit outcomes. Improving ambulance response and transport times might reduce morbidities and mortalities further.
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Piórkowski, Adam. "Construction of a dynamic arrival time coverage map for emergency medical services." Open Geosciences 10, no. 1 (June 11, 2018): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2018-0013.

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Abstract This article presents a design of coverage maps for emergency journeys made by emergency medical services. The system was designed for the Malopolskie Voivodeship Office in Cracow, Poland. The proposed solution displays maps of the ambulance coverage of areas and ambulance’s potential journey times. There are two versions of the map: static and dynamic. The static version is used to appropriately allocate ambulances to cover an area with the ability to reach locations in less than 15 or 20 minutes; the dynamic version allows monitoring of ambulance fleets under normal conditions or in the event of a crisis. The article also presents the results of archival data related to the movement of ambulances on the roads of Malopolskie Voivodship. Particular attention was paid to the relation between the speed of vehicles and the traffic on the road, the day of the week or month, and long-term trends. The collected observations made it possible to assume a general model of ambulance movement in the voivodeship to calculate arrival time coverage maps.
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Ismail, Samina, Nukhba Zia, Khalid Samad, Rubaba Naeem, Haris Ahmad, Amir Raza, Muhammad Baqir, and Uzma Rahim Khan. "Prehospital Airway Management in Emergency and Trauma Patients: A Cross-sectional Study of Ambulance Service Providers and Staff in a Low- and Middle-income Country." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 30, no. 6 (November 12, 2015): 606–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x15005385.

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AbstractBackgroundPrehospital airway management (AM) is the first priority in the care of emergency and trauma victims as it has shown to improve survival in these patients.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess training and knowledge of ambulance staff and availability of AM equipment in ambulances of Karachi, Pakistan.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted from June through September 2014. Interviews were conducted with management of six ambulance service providers and 165 ambulance staff. Data from the management included availability of AM equipment in the ambulances, number and designation of staff sent for emergency calls, and AM training of staff. Ambulance staff were assessed for their awareness, knowledge, and training pertaining to AM.ResultsAll the ambulance services (A through F) had basic equipment for AM but lacked qualified and trained staff. All services had solo drivers (98.3%) for emergency calls; however, Ambulance Service A also had doctors and paramedics. Only 35.7% (59/165) of ambulance staff had awareness regarding AM, out of which 77.9% (46/59) belonged to Ambulance Service A. Of these 59 staff, 81.4% received some form of AM training. Staff with AM awareness, when assessed for knowledge pertaining to AM steps and AM equipment, had a mean score of 4.7/5 and 8.4/12, respectively.ConclusionEven though ambulances are equipped with basic equipment, due to lack of trained staff, these ambulances only serve the mere purpose of transportation. There is a need to train ambulance staff and increase ambulance to staff ratio to improve prehospital AM and patient survival.IsmailS, ZiaN, SamadK, NaeemR, AhmadH, RazaA, BaqirM, KhanUR. Prehospital airway management in emergency and trauma patients: a cross-sectional study of ambulance service providers and staff in a low- and middle-income country. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(6):606–612.
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Meites, Elissa, and John F. Brown. "Ambulance Need at Mass Gatherings." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 25, no. 6 (December 2010): 511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00008682.

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AbstractIntroduction:Scant evidence exists to guide policy-making around public health needs during mass gatherings. In 2006, the City and County of San Francisco began requiring standby ambulances at all mass gatherings with attendance of >15,500 people. The objectives were to evaluate needs for ambulances at mass gatherings, and to make evidence-based recommendations for public health policy-makers. The hypothesis was that the needs for ambulances at mass gatherings can be estimated using community baseline data.Methods:Emergency medical services plans were reviewed for all public events with an anticipated attendance of >1,000 people in San Francisco County during the 12-month period 01 August 2006 through 31 July 2007. Ambulance transport data were confirmed by event coordinators and ambulance company records, and the rate was calculated by dividing ambulance transports by event attendance. Baseline ambulance transport rate was calculated by dividing the annual ambulance transports in the county's computer-aided dispatch system by the census population estimate. The risk ratio was calculated using the risk of transport from a mass gathering compared with the baseline risk of ambulance transport for the local community. Significance testing and confidence intervals were calculated.Results:Descriptive information was available for 100% of events and ambulance transport data available for 97% of events. The majority of the mass gatherings (47 unique events; 59 event days) were outdoor, weekend festivals, parades, or concerts, though a large proportion were athletic events. The ambulance transport rate from mass gatherings was 1 per 59,000 people every six hours. Baseline ambulance transport rate in San Francisco was 1 per 20,000 people every six hours. The transport rate from mass gatherings was significantly lower than the community baseline (risk ratio [RR] = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.10–0.22, p <0.001). At events reserving a standby ambulance, 46% of ambulances were unused.Discussion:San Francisco mass gatherings appear to present a lower risk of ambulance transports compared to the community baseline, suggesting that the community baseline sets an appropriate standard for requiring standby ambulances at mass gatherings. The initial ambulance requirement policy in San Francisco may have been overly conservative.Conclusions:Local baseline data is a recommended starting point when setting policy for public health needs at mass gatherings.
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Ibsen, Stine, Birgitte Schantz Laursen, Erika Frischknecht Christensen, Ulla Møller Weinreich, Søren Mikkelsen, and Tim Alex Lindskou. "How Patients Who Are Transported by Ambulance Experience Dyspnea and the Use of a Dyspnea Scale: A Qualitative Study." Healthcare 10, no. 7 (June 28, 2022): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10071208.

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Approximately 7% of all dispatched ambulances in Denmark are for patients for whom breathing difficulties are the main cause for using ambulance services. Objective measurements are routinely carried out in the ambulances, but little is known of the patients’ subjective experience of dyspnea. The purpose of this study was to investigate how patients with acute dyspnea, transported to hospital by ambulance, experience their situation, along with their experience of the use of a dyspnea scale. The study was carried out in the North Denmark Region. Transcribed patient interviews and field notes were analyzed and interpreted with inspiration from Paul Ricoeur. For interviews, we included 12 patients with dyspnea who were transported to the hospital by ambulance: six women and six men all aged 60 years or above. Observations were made over six ambulance transports related to dyspnea. Three themes emerged: “anxiety”, “reassurance in the ambulance” and “acceptance of the dyspnea measurements in the ambulance”. Several patients expressed anxiety due to their dyspnea, which was substantiated by observations in the ambulance. The patients expressed different perspectives on what improved the situation (treatment, reassurance by ambulance professionals). The patients and the ambulance personnel were, in general, in favor of the dyspnea scale.
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Buzna, Ľuboš, and Peter Czimmermann. "On the Modelling of Emergency Ambulance Trips: The Case of the Žilina Region in Slovakia." Mathematics 9, no. 17 (September 5, 2021): 2165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9172165.

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The efficient operation of emergency medical services is critical for any society. Typically, optimisation and simulation models support decisions on emergency ambulance stations’ locations and ambulance management strategies. Essential inputs for such models are the spatiotemporal characteristics of ambulance trips. Access to data on the movements of ambulances is limited, and therefore modelling efforts often rely on assumptions (e.g., the Euclidean distance is used as a surrogate of the ambulance travel time; the closest available ambulance is dispatched to a call; or the travel time estimates, offered by application programming interfaces for ordinary vehicles, are applied to ambulances). These simplifying assumptions are often based on incomplete data or common sense without being fully supported by the evidence. Thus, data-driven research to model ambulance trips is required. We investigated a unique dataset of global positioning system-based measurements collected from seventeen emergency ambulances over three years. We enriched the data by exploring external sources and designed a rule-based procedure to extract ambulance trips for emergency cases. Trips were split into training and test sets. The training set was used to develop a series of statistical models that capture the spatiotemporal characteristics of emergency ambulance trips. The models were used to generate synthetic ambulance trips, and those were compared with the test set to decide which models are the most suitable and to evaluate degrees to which they fit the statistical properties of real-world trips. As confirmed by the low values of the Kullback–Leibler divergence (0.004–0.229) and by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test at the significance level of 0.05, we found a very good fit between the probability distributions of spatiotemporal properties of synthetic and real trips. A reasonable modelling choice is a model where the exponential dependency on the population density is used to locate emergency cases, emergency cases are allocated to hospitals following empirical probabilities, and ambulances are routed using the fastest paths. The models we developed can be used in optimisations and simulations to improve their validity.
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Cortez, Eric J., Ashish R. Panchal, James E. Davis, and David P. Keseg. "The Effect of Ambulance Staffing Models in a Metropolitan, Fire-Based EMS System." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, no. 2 (January 18, 2017): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x16001539.

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AbstractIntroductionThe staffing of ambulances with different levels of Emergency Medical Service (EMS) providers is a difficult decision with evidence being mixed on the benefit of each model.Hypothesis/ProblemThe objective of this study was to describe a pilot program evaluating alternative staffing on two ambulances utilizing the paramedic-basic (PB) model (staffed with one paramedic and one emergency medical technician[EMT]).MethodsThis was a retrospective study conducted from September 17, 2013 through December 31, 2013. The PB ambulances were compared to geographically matched ambulances staffed with paramedic-paramedic (PP ambulances). One PP and one PB ambulance were based at Station A; one PP and one PB ambulance were based at Station B. The primary outcome was total on-scene time. Secondary outcomes included time-to-electrocardiogram (EKG), time-to-intravenous (IV) line insertion, IV-line success rate, and percentage of protocol violations. Inclusion criteria were all patients requesting prehospital services that were attended to by these teams. Patients were excluded if they were not attended to by the study ambulance vehicles. Descriptive statistics were reported as medians and interquartile ranges (IQR). Proportions were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The Mann-Whitley U test was used for significance testing (P<.05).ResultsMedian on-scene times at Station A for the PP ambulance were shorter than the PB ambulance team (PP: 10.1 minutes, IQR 6.0-15; PB: 13.0 minutes, IQR 8.1-18; P=.01). This finding also was noted at Station B (PP: 13.5 minutes, IQR 8.5-19; PB: 14.3 minutes, IQR 9.9-20; P=.01). There were no differences between PP and PB ambulance teams at Station A or Station B in time-to-EKG, time-to-IV insertion, IV success rate, and protocol violation rates.ConclusionIn the setting of a well-developed EMS system utilizing an all-Advanced Life Support (ALS) response, this study suggests that PB ambulance teams may function well when compared to PP ambulances. Though longer scene times were observed, differences in time to ALS interventions and protocol violation rates were not different. Hybrid ambulance teams may be an effective staffing alternative, but decisions to use this model must address clinical and operational concerns.CortezEJ, PanchalAR, DavisJE, KesegDP. The effect of ambulance staffing models in a metropolitan, fire-based EMS system. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(2):175–179.
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Brismar, Bo. "The Alarm Center in Stockholm County Council." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1, S1 (1985): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00044125.

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During the last ten years, both in Western Europe and in the USA, the attitude towards medical transport activities has radically changed. From being a purely transportation vehicle the ambulance is now increasingly regarded as an extended arm of medical care. At the same time as ambulance crews have received more qualified medical training, the equipment of the ambulances themselves has been improved. In several countries such as the USA, France and West Germany, a differentiated ambulance organization has been built up, with specially equipped emergency ambulances manned by paramedics, and standard ambulances with emergency technicians for planned transports. During this time helicopters have been put into increasing use as a supplement to ambulances for emergency long distance transport to units such as trauma and burn centers.
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Sanddal, Teri L., Nels D. Sanddal, Nicolas Ward, and Laura Stanley. "Ambulance Crash Characteristics in the US Defined by the Popular Press: A Retrospective Analysis." Emergency Medicine International 2010 (2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/525979.

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Ambulance crashes are a significant risk to prehospital care providers, the patients they are carrying, persons in other vehicles, and pedestrians. No uniform national transportation or medical database captures all ambulance crashes in the United States. A website captures many significant ambulance crashes by collecting reports in the popular media (the website is mentioned in the introduction). This report summaries findings from ambulance crashes for the time period of May 1, 2007 to April 30, 2009. Of the 466 crashes examined, 358 resulted in injuries to prehospital personnel, other vehicle occupants, patients being transported in the ambulance, or pedestrians. A total of 982 persons were injured as a result of ambulance crashes during the time period. Prehospital personnel were the most likely to be injured. Provider safety can and should be improved by ambulance vehicle redesign and the development of improved occupant safety restraints. Seventy-nine (79) crashes resulted in fatalities to some member of the same groups listed above. A total of 99 persons were killed in ambulance crashes during the time period. Persons in other vehicles involved in collisions with ambulances were the most likely to die as a result of crashes. In the urban environment, intersections are a particularly dangerous place for ambulances.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ambulance"

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Reeves, Claire Elspeth. "Integrated scheduling for ambulances and ambulance crews." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/86516/1/Claire_Reeves_Thesis.pdf.

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This project developed three mathematical models for scheduling ambulances and ambulance crews and proceeded to solve each model for test scenarios based on real data. Results from these models can serve as decision aids for dispatching or relocating ambulances; and for strategic decisions on the ambulance crews needed each shift. This thesis used Flexible Flow Shop Scheduling techniques to formulate strategic, dynamic and real time models. Metaheuristic solutions techniques were applied for a case study with realistic data. These models are suitable for ambulance planners and dispatchers.
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Thi, Nguyen Ngoc-Hien. "Quantitative Analysis of Ambulance Location-allocation and Ambulance State Prediction." Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-113346.

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Persson, Kristian, and Max Renberg. "Ambulance Safety: MADDE." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-42610.

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Safety, a word that can be linked and interpreted in many different ways. Personal safety, that you should feel safe in your everyday life depending on your surroundings. IT security, to protect a persons or organization's valuable assets such as information. Flight safety, the safety of flying in its various kinds. There are safety issues in almost every area you look at, but this project that you will read about in this report is about traffic safety, more specifically, the safety of working in the back of an ambulance. Imagine working as an ambulance paramedic. You and your colleague have just picked up a “Prio 1” (most critical degree), classified patient who needs urgent care. You are sitting in the back of the ambulance and will take care of the patient while your colleague is driving the car. The situation is so critical that your colleague needs to drive as quickly as possible to get to the hospital in time. Thus, you must sit tight with a seat belt in order not to risk your own safety during the ride. Around you, there are a number of components you need to care of for the patient. You cannot reach these components because of the belt that clings to the chair. What are you going to do? Do you unbutton your belt to reach the components, but risk your own safety while driving? Or do you wear the belt incorrectly, so that you use the belt, but only over the hips (for example), so that you can reach the tools? Both of these alternatives are how the majority of ambulance paramedics use the seatbelt today to be able to do their job. Either you unbutton and release yourself completely from the belt or you use it, but incorrectly to reach everything the person in question needs in the ambulance. Both actions have resulted in a big amount of injuries to the caregivers and the numbers continues to increase continuously. This project is about just that. A solution to the problem of the working environment in the back of ambulances. Further in this report you will read about how two students at Halmstad University encountered the problem, but first and foremost how they solved it.
Säkerhet, ett ord som kan kopplas och tolkas på många olika sätt. Personlig säkerhet, att man ska känna sig trygg i sin vardag beroende på omgivning. IT-säkerhet, att skydda en persons eller en organisations värdefulla tillgångar som exempelvis information. Flygsäkerhet, säkerheten vid flygning av dess olika slag. Det finns säkerhetsfrågor inom nästan varje område, men arbetet som du kommer få läsa om i denna rapport handlar om trafiksäkerhet, mer specifikt, säkerheten vid arbete bak i en ambulans.   Föreställ dig att du arbetar som ambulanssjukvårdare. Du och din kollega har precis plockat upp en “Prio 1” (mest akuta graden), klassad patient som behöver akut vård. Du sitter bak i ambulansen och ska vårda patienten medan din kollega kör bilen. Läget är så kritiskt att din kollega behöver köra så snabbt som möjligt för att hinna till sjukhuset i tid. Därmed måste du sitta fastspänd med bilbälte för att inte riskera din egen säkerhet under körningen. Runtomkring dig finns det ett antal komponenter du behöver för att vårda patienten. Du når inte dessa produkter på grund av bältet som håller fast dig i sätet. Vad gör du? Knäpper du loss bältet för att kunna nå komponenterna, men riskerar din egen säkerhet under bilfärden? Eller tar du på dig bältet på ett inkorrekt sätt, så du sitter bältad, men bara över höfterna (exempelvis), så att du kan nå verktygen?  Båda alternativen är hur majoriteten av ambulanssjukvårdare går till väga idag för att kunna utföra sitt jobb. Antingen knäpper man loss och frigör sig helt från bältet eller så använder man det, fast på ett inkorrekt sätt för att kunna nå allt personen i fråga behöver i ambulansen. Båda handlingarna har lett till flertalet skador på vårdarna och antalet fortsätter öka kontinuerligt. Arbetet handlar just om detta. En lösning på problemet med arbetsmiljön bak i ambulanser. Vidare i denna rapport kommer du få läsa om hur två studenter vid Högskolan i Halmstad kom i kontakt med problemet, men framförallt hur de fann en lösning till det.
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Nasiri, Faranak. "Ambulance Optimization Allocation." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1462.

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Facility Location problem refers to placing facilities (mostly vehicles) in appropriate locations to yield the best coverage with respect to other important factors which are specific to the problem. For instance in a fire station some of the important factors are traffic time, distribution of stations, time of the service and so on. Furthermore, budget limitation, time constraints and the great importance of the operation, make the optimum allocation very complex. In the past few years, several research in this area have been done to help managers by designing some effective algorithm to allocating facilities in the best way possible. Most early proposed models were focused on static and deterministic methods. In static models, once a facility assigns to a location, it will not relocate anymore. Although these methods could be utilized in some simple settings, there are so many factors in real world that make a static model of limited application. The demands may change over time or facilities may be dropped or added. In these cases a more flexible model is desirable, thus dynamic models are proposed to be used in such cases. Facilities can be located and relocated based on the situations. More recently, dynamic models became more popular but there were still many aspects of facility allocation problems which were challenging and would require more complex solutions. The importance of facility location problem becomes significantly more relevant when it relates to hospitals and emergency responders. Even one second of improvement in response time is important in this area. For this reason, we selected ambulance facility allocation problem as a case study to analyze this problem domain. Much research has been done on ambulances allocation. We will review some of these models and their advantages and disadvantages. One of the best model in this areas introduced by Rajagopalan. In this work, his model is analyzed and its major drawback is addressed by applying some modifications to its methodology. Genetic Algorithm is utilized in this study as a heuristic method to solve the allocation model.
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Rotter, Erica, and Schröder Ann Dolk. "Yrkesutförandet och ambulanspersonalens fysiska hälsa : En beskrivande litteraturstudie." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för hälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-20678.

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Sammanfattning Bakgrund; Inom ambulansyrket utsätts personalen dagligen för tunga lyft, ofta i icke ergonomiska arbetsställningar samt i många fall under tidspress. Dessutom arbetar ambulanspersonal i regel skift och ibland hela dygn vilket medför en rubbad dygnsrytm. Syfte; Att beskriva hur yrkesutförandet påverkar den fysiska hälsan hos ambulanspersonalen, samt att beskriva vilken urvalsmetod som använts i valda artiklar. Metod; Litteraturstudien har en deskriptiv design och består av tolv vetenskapliga artiklar hämtade från databaserna Cinahl och Scopus. I tio av artiklarna har en kvantitativ ansats använts och de andra två består av en mixad ansats. Artiklarna har granskats utifrån likheter. I den metodologiska aspekten urvalsmetod har skillnader och likheter granskats. Resultat; Resultatet visade att ambulanspersonal i högre utsträckning än normgrupper lider av muskuloskeletala besvär. Vilket kan relateras till hög fysisk belastning samt icke ergonomiska arbetsställningar. Ambulanspersonal upplever dessutom högt stresspåslag i arbetet. Resultatet visar även att de oregelbundna arbetstiderna påverkar ambulanspersonalens sömnkvalitét samt kost och motionsvanor negativt. De urvalsmetoder som använts i artiklarna är; slumpmässigt urval, stratifierat sannolikhetsurval, totalurval samt bekvämlighetsurval. Slutsats; Såväl muskelsmärta, störd dygnsrytm, sömnbrist, samt ökat stresspåslag hos ambulanspersonal kan relateras till yrkesutförandet. Oregelbundenheten i arbetet försämrar möjligheten att äta hälsosamt och träna regelbundet. Ambulanspersonal skulle gynnas av bättre träningsmöjligheter på arbetet, längre återhämtningstid och bättre möjligheter till regelbundna måltider.
Abstract Background; Ambulance personnel are in their work exposed for heavy lifting, often in non-ergonomic postures, and in many cases under time pressure. Ambulance personnel also work in shifts and sometimes 24-hours, resulting in a circadian rhythm. Aim; Describe how professional performence affects the physical healt of ambulance personnel and to describe wich sampling method, used in included articles. Method; The literature study has a descriptive design and consists of 12 scientific articles, selected from Cinahl and Scopus databases. In 10 of the articles there is a quantitative approach and 2 of them has a mixed approach. The articles were audited on the basis of similarities. In the methodologocal aspect; sampling method, diffrences and similarities has been audited. Results; The result showed that ambulance personnel in greater occurence than norm groups, suffer from muscle pain. Which can be related to high physical exposure and non-ergonomic postures. Ambulance personnel also experiencing high level of stress in their work. The result also showed that irregular working hours affect the ambulance personnel´s quality of sleep aswell as diet and exercise habits negatively. The sampling method used are; Randomized sampling, stratified probability sampling, total sampling and convenience sampling. Conclusion; Musclepain aswell as disruption of circadian cycles, lack of sleep and increased level of stress in the ambulance personnel can be related to professional performence. The irregularity in the work impair possibilities to eat healthy and exercise regularly. Ambulance personnel would benefit from better exercise opportunities at work, longer recovery and better possibilities to regular meals.
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Lindfors, Martin. "Kvalitetsgranskning av ambulansjournaler : en retrospektiv journalgranskningsstudie." Thesis, Sophiahemmet Högskola, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-1857.

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SAMMANFATTNING Ambulanssjuksköterskan har en komplex arbetssituation, hon ska självständigt bedöma och behandla akuta tillstånd hos patienten. Arbetet försvåras av flera faktorer, tiden med patienten är i regel kort, möjligheten till rådfrågning är liten, utrymmet och tillgången till hjälpmedel är begränsade. Trots det ställs höga krav på vården i ambulansen, många gånger samma krav som på vården på en akutmottagning. Ett av dessa krav är en god dokumentation, kraven på patientjournalen är desamma i ambulansen som i övriga vården. I journalen dokumenteras uppgifter om iakttagelser, omvårdnadsåtgärder, medicinska åtgärder och information rörande transporten. Journalen från ambulanssjuksköterskan innehåller uppgifter som är av stort värde för den fortsatta vården såsom observationer, åtgärder och behandling på hämtplats och under transport. Dessa uppgifter är unika då sjuksköterskan i ambulansen är den första vårdpersonal som träffar patienten. Dessutom utgör journalen ett viktigt verktyg för en korrekt överrapportering. Syftet med studien var att belysa kvalitet på journaler, skrivna av sjuksköterska i ambulans, avseende dokumentation av observationer med speciell hänsyn till patientsäkerheten vid prioritet 1 uppdrag. Studien är en retrospektiv deskriptiv journalgranskningsstudie med kvantitativ ansats. Trehundra journaler granskades och poängsattes med hjälp av ett journalgranskningsinstrument. Resultatet redovisas som deskriptiv statistik. I studien var medianvärdet av antal relevanta observationer dokumenterade 68 procent med ett lägsta värde på 25 procent och ett högsta på 86 procent. Samtliga parametrar ingående i Rapid Emergency Triage and Treatment System (RETTS) och en Emergency Symtoms and Signs (ESS) kod var dokumenterade i 77 procent av journalerna. Samtliga parametrar från Global Trigger Tool (GTT) inom slutenvården som är möjliga att dokumentera i ambulans var dokumenterade 66 procent av journalerna. Sjuksköterskor med specialistutbildning i ambulanssjukvård uppnår i studien ett resultat på 72 procent (median) av relevanta observationer dokumenterade. Det kan jämföras med allmänsjuksköterskor och övriga specialistsjuksköterskor som uppnår ett resultat på 67 procent (median). Studien visar ingen skillnad på resultatet avseende relevanta observationer dokumenterade mellan manliga och kvinnliga patienter. Det finns tydliga brister i dokumentationen av observationer i ambulansjournaler. Inga skillnader finns i resultat för manliga och kvinnliga patienter. Dokumentation av parametrar ingående i RETTS sker i stor utsträckning. Journaler skrivna av sjuksköterskor med specialistutbildning i ambulanssjukvård och journaler skrivna vid uppdrag med längre vårdtid har bättre resultat jämfört med övriga.
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Pasha, Imtiyaz. "Ambulance management system using GIS." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7058.

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For emergency service providers, giving their service in least time shows their best performance. Emergency hospitals will be at their best if the ambulance reaches the site in Golden hour where life of injured persons can be saved. Ambulance uses the road network to reach the accident site. Today there are many GIS based systems being developed for routing of ambulance using GPS and other real-time technologies. These systems are useful and play a major role in solving the routing problem. But now roads are so congested that it difficult for the Ambulance drivers to travel and reach the accident.

In this thesis present study area is studied and problems faced by emergency service providers on road network are identified. In this thesis GIS/GPS/GSM based prototype system has been developed for routing of ambulance on road network of Hyderabad city (AMS). This prototype is designed such that it finds the accident location on the road network and locates the nearest ambulance to incident site using the real-time technologies (GPS/GSM). AMS creates the fastest route from nearest ambulance to accident site, and from there to nearest hospital. Congestion on roads during peak hours is considered, and the fastest route on both major and minor roads is created.

In this thesis AMS user interface has been developed using VBA, ArcGIS (network analyst). This Ambulance management system has been developed using software engineering model rapid prototyping model and has been evaluated by GIS users

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Ekstrand, Magnus, and Kristina Hed. "Ambulanssjuksköterskors upplevelser av smärtlindring av barn i en prehospital kontext - en kvalitativ intervjustudie." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-33449.

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Syftet med denna studie är att studera ambulanssjuksköterskors upplevelser av att bedöma och vårda barn under tio års ålder med akut smärta i en prehospital kontext.   Metod: Studien utfördes som en kvalitativ empirisk intervjustudie baserad på fem öppna frågor. Tio ambulanssjuksköterskor intervjuades och fick beskriva positiva och negativa upplevelser av att omhänderta barn 0-10 år med akut smärta i prehospital kontext. Materialet analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en manifest och latent ansats.   Resultat: Upplevelser av det vårdande mötet var en utmaning. Ambulanssjuksköterskan förberedde sig inför smärtbehandling under framkörningen till barnet. En bra smärtlindring var förenad med ett gott omhändertagande men smärtbehandlingen var svår och mångfacetterad. Vikten av stöd och samarbete prehospitalt från kollegorna och andra personalgrupper framkom liksom frustration som följd av kommunikationssvårigheter med barnet. Vikten av att skapa en god kontakt med barnet och dess anhöriga betonades och det fanns en upplevelse av otillräcklighet och utrymme för förbättring kring barn och smärta. Ambulanssjuksköterskan upplevde otillräcklighet i sitt yrkesutövande och mer utbildning önskades. Behovet av alternativa behandlingsprinciper lämpliga för barn där ambulanssjuksköterskan inte behöver sticka barnet efterfrågades.   Slutsats: Den prehospitala vården behöver utvecklas ytterligare på flera områden avseende riktlinjer, metoder för att skatta barns smärta och vid omhändertagandet av de yngsta barnen. Mera utbildning kring barn och smärta är önskvärt samt utveckling kring andra administrationssätt än perifer venkateter.
The purpose of this study is to find out the ambulance nurses experience in assessing and nursing children under the age of ten with acute pain in a prehospital context. Method: The study was conducted as a qualitative empirical interview study based on five open-ended questions. Ten ambulance nurses were interviewed and were asked to describe positive and negative experiences in caring for children 0-10 years old with acute pain in a prehospital context. The material was analyzed through a qualitative content analysis with a manifest and latent approach. Results: Experiences of the caring encounter was a challenge. Ambulance nurses prepare themselves for pain treatment while they drove to the child. A good pain relief was associated with good care but pain treatment was difficult and multifaceted. Importance of support and cooperation from prehospital colleagues and other staff groups was found as frustration due to communication difficulties with the child. The importance of creating a good contact with the child and their family was important and there was a feeling of inadequacy, and room for improvement around children and pain. Ambulance nurses experienced inadequacy in their professional practice and more training was desired. As well as alternative modes of administration where the stick torque is not needed. Summary: The prehospital care need to be developed further in several areas regarding policies, methods to estimate the child's pain and the care of the youngest children. More education about children and pain is desirable as well as development on other alternatives than intravenous drug administration.
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Cotnoir, Paul D. "Ambulance Vibration Suppression via Force Field Domain Control." Digital WPI, 2010. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/132.

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This PhD dissertation experimentally characterized the vibration amplitude, frequency, and energy associated with ambulance travel and defined the relationship of the vibration to safety, comfort and care of ambulance patients. Average vertical vibration amplitudes of .46 to 2.55 m/sec2 were recorded in the patient compartment of four ambulances over four road surfaces at three speed settings. Power spectrum analysis of the data revealed that the vibration energy and resulting vertical acceleration forces were concentrated in the .1 to 6 Hz range. Relationships between the measured ambulance vibration and the impact of whole body vibration on human physiology and performance were quantified. It was found that the accelerations measured in the ambulances were in excess of what is considered to be a normal human comfort level. Furthermore, the vibration measured was in a spectrum which could present physical impediments to optimum task performance for the on-board medical team. Phase portrait analysis combined with the power spectrum data revealed the presence of nonlinearities, stochastic fluctuations and time delays inherent in the data. The ambulance vibration data was then used to create a unique analytical model and library of forcing functions corresponding to the vehicles, road surfaces and vehicle speeds that were tested. Using the example of a vibration absorbing force plate fit over an existing ambulance floor, it was demonstrated how the model and forcing functions could be used to develop a control law equation to select parameters for active control of vibration to produce sustainable regions of patient safety, comfort and care.
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Gleby, Fia. "Ambulance in Red Zones in Cape Town, South Africa : Waiting time for patients when ambulance requires armed escort." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för vård, arbetsliv och välfärd, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-14723.

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Background. In South Africa violence related crimes are frequent, and interpersonal violence is one of the most common causes of injury and death. Violence can be related to social structures, poverty and income inequality. In South Africa 25% of the population live in extreme poverty, and 16% of households in Western Cape live in Informal dwellings. Drug and alcohol miss-use is a big problem. EMS personnel all over the world are exposed to violence. The last couple of years the rate of incidents of violence against the ambulances and EMS personnel in Western Cape and Cape Town has escalated, and a protocol to protect the personnel has been established. The protocol of Red Zones requires an armed escort for the ambulance and EMS personnel when working in certain areas. The red zones are often in low income areas, which makes United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal of Reduced inequality relevant. The Purpose of this study is to describe how red zones affect patient waiting times and mission times for the ambulance in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Method. Quantitative analysis of priority 1 assignments in one month periods in 2016, 2017 and 2018 to Hanover Park, a suburb of Cape Town. Hanover Park has been considered a red zone since September 2016. Result. Seven different time periods in the missions were analyzed, comparing the City of Cape Town and Hanover park in 2016, 2017 and 2018. Conclusion. The result shows an increase in waiting times for EMS in Hanover Park, even though the precise response time could not be described. Call times and mission times for the entire City of Cape Town seem to have increased, indicating a problem beyond the red zones, potentially affecting everyone in need of an ambulance in the city. Further studies are encouraged.
Bakgrund. I Sydafrika är våldsrelaterade brott vanligt förekommande, och interpersonellt våld är en av de vanligaste orsakerna till skada och död. Våldet kan relateras till sociala strukturer, fattigdom och inkomstskillnad. I Sydafrika lever 25% av befolkningen i extrem fattigdom och 16% av hushållen i Western Cape lever i informella bostäder. Missbruk av droger och alkohol är ett stort problem. Ambulanspersonal över hela världen utsätts för våld. De senaste åren har graden av våldshändelser mot ambulanser och dess personal i Western Cape och Kapstaden eskalerats och ett protokoll för att skydda personalen etablerats. Protokollet för Röda Zoner kräver en beväpnad eskort för ambulans och personal vid arbete i vissa områden. De röda zonerna är ofta i låginkomstområden, vilket gör FN: s hållbara utvecklingsmål för minskad ojämlikhet relevant. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva hur röda zoner påverkar patienters väntetid och uppdragstider för ambulansen i Western Cape i Sydafrika. Metod. Kvantitativ analys av prio 1-uppdrag under en månadsperiod i 2016, 2017 och 2018 till Hanover Park, en förort till Kapstaden. Hanover Park har ansetts vara en röd zon sedan september 2016. Resultat. Sju olika tidsperioder i uppdragen analyserades, och jämfördes mellan hela Kapstaden och Hanover Park 2016, 2017 och 2018. Slutsats. Resultatet visar ökad väntetid för ambulansvård i Hanover Park, även om den exakta framkörningstiden inte kunde beskrivas. Uppdragstider för hela staden Cape Town verkar ha ökat, vilket indikerar ett problem bortom de röda zonerna, vilket potentiellt kan påverka alla som behöver en ambulans i staden. Ytterligare studier rekommenderas.
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Books on the topic "Ambulance"

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Oxlade, Chris. Ambulance. Mankato, Minn: QEB Pub., 2010.

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Ambulance rescue. Mankato, Minnesota: A+, Smart Apple Media, 2014.

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Walker, Kathryn. Ambulance. London: Wayland, 2011.

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Trotter, Stuart. Ambulance. [Place of publication not identified]: Rockpool Children's Books Ltd., 2008.

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Oxlade, Chris. Ambulance. New York: Scholastic, 2009.

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Oxlade, Chris. Ambulance. London: QED, 2009.

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(Firm), S. I. International, ed. Ambulance. New York: Little Simon, 2003.

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Ambulance. London: Wayland, 2013.

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Ambulance. [Place of publication not identified]: Transworld, 1996.

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Health, Ontario Ministry of. Ambulance services. Toronto, Ont: Ministry of Health, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ambulance"

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Maguire, Brian J. "Ambulance safety." In Emergency Medical Services, 222–30. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118990810.ch96.

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Wankhade, Paresh, and Kevin Mackway-Jones. "Introduction: Understanding the Management of Ambulance Services." In Ambulance Services, 3–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18642-9_1.

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Phung, Viet-Hai, Karen Windle, and A. Niroshan Siriwardena. "Responding to Diversity and Delivering Equality in Prehospital Care: Statutory Responsibilities, Best Practice and Recommendations." In Ambulance Services, 119–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18642-9_10.

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Till, Robert, and Anthony Marsh. "Dealing with the Austerity Challenge." In Ambulance Services, 135–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18642-9_11.

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Docherty, Mark, Andrew Carson, and Matthew Ward. "The Ambulance Service of the Future." In Ambulance Services, 149–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18642-9_12.

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Mackway-Jones, Kevin, and Paresh Wankhade. "Future Perspectives for the UK Ambulance Services: Evolution Rather than Revolution." In Ambulance Services, 157–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18642-9_13.

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Middleton, Paul M. "International Perspectives: Australian Ambulance Services in 2020." In Ambulance Services, 163–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18642-9_14.

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Vincent-Lambert, Craig. "International Perspectives: South African Ambulance Services in 2020." In Ambulance Services, 175–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18642-9_15.

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Jormakka, Juha, and Simo Saikko. "International Perspectives: Finnish Ambulance Services in 2020." In Ambulance Services, 185–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18642-9_16.

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Pollock, Alexander. "Historical Perspectives in the Ambulance Service." In Ambulance Services, 17–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18642-9_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ambulance"

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Singh, Anshul, P. Kumar, Kaushal Pachauri, and K. Singh. "Drone Ambulance." In 2020 2nd International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICACCCN). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacccn51052.2020.9362879.

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Banitsas, K. A., K. Perakis, D. Koutsouris, G. Konis, and S. Tachakra. "Ambulance 3G." In 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2005.1616422.

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Arif, Mohammad, and Hooman Samani. "AMBUBOT: Ambulance robot Automated External Defibrillator robotic ambulance." In 2014 16th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT). Global IT Research Institute (GIRI), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icact.2014.6778922.

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Mohapatra, Pratik, and Anjan K. Koundinya. "Ambulance Hub: A Cloud Based Solution for Ambulance Services." In 2017 2nd International Conference on Computational Systems and Information Technology for Sustainable Solution (CSITSS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csitss.2017.8447706.

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Zhou, Zhengyi, and David S. Matteson. "Predicting Ambulance Demand." In KDD '15: The 21th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2783258.2788570.

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Arunachalam, P. L., P. Krishna, M. Vignesh, and Tina Susan Thomas. "Ambulance Booking Application." In 2021 6th International Conference on Signal Processing, Computing and Control (ISPCC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ispcc53510.2021.9609423.

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Knowles, E., L. Bishop-Edwards, N. Ahmed, and A. O’Cathain. "58 Might ambulance service organisational culture affect ambulance non conveyance rates?" In Meeting abstracts from the second European Emergency Medical Services Congress (EMS2018). British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-ems.58.

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Chae, Hee-Dong, Seung-bok Choi, and Jong-Seok Oh. "Vibration Control of a New Bed Stage System for Ambulance Using MR Dampers." In ASME 2014 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2014-7433.

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This paper proposes a new bed stage for patients in ambulance vehicle in order to improve ride quality in term of vibration control. The vibration of patient compartment in ambulance can cause a secondary damage to a patient and a difficulty for a doctor to perform emergency care. The bed stage is to solve vertical, rolling, and pitching vibration in patient compartment of ambulance. Four MR (magneto-rheological) dampers are equipped for vibration isolation of the stage. Firstly, a mathematical model of stage is derived followed by the measurement of vibration level of patient compartment of real ambulance vehicle. Then, the design parameters of bed stage is undertaken via computer simulation. Skyhook, PID and LQR controllers are used for vibration control and their control performances are compared.
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Voevodina, Svetlana, and Evgeny Barinov. "The daily load on the staff as the cause of diagnostic and medical-tactical defects in the work of ambulance." In Issues of determining the severity of harm caused to human health as a result of the impact of a biological factor. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/conferencearticle_5fdcb03a50d2d2.14051834.

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The urgency of the problem is because work on the prehospital stage, especially on the ambulance, implies the difficulty of diagnosing various diseases. This is because in patients who call an ambulance, as a rule, there is a huge range of various diseases and their complications, as well as injuries. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify patterns of increase in the main diagnostic and therapeutic tactical defects in the work of ambulance in the conditions of daily workload. The materials of the study were the coupons to the accompanying sheet, since they reflect the continuity in the work of the ambulance and hospitals. Based on the obtained results, conclusions are formulated and goals for further research are indicated.
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Athavan, K., G. Balasubramanian, S. Jagadeeshwaran, and N. Dinesh. "Automatic Ambulance Rescue System." In Communication Technologies (ACCT). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acct.2012.34.

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Reports on the topic "Ambulance"

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Barnard Feeney, Allison, Deogratias Kibira, Yung-Tsun T. Lee, and Jennifer Marshall. Workshop Report for Ambulance Patient Compartment Design. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1766.

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Marshall, Jennifer, Y. Tina Lee, Allison Barnard Feeney, and Deogratias Kibira. Survey Report for Ambulance Patient Compartment Design. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1772.

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Courtemanche, Charles, Andrew Friedson, Andrew Koller, and Daniel Rees. The Affordable Care Act and Ambulance Response Times. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23722.

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Dadfarnia, Mehdi, Y. Tina Lee, and Deogratis Kibira. A bibliography of ambulance patient compartments and related issues. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7835.

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Lutz, Gary. A study of ambulance transportation in relation to public welfare policy. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1760.

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Doyle, Joseph, John Graves, Jonathan Gruber, and Samuel Kleiner. Do High-Cost Hospitals Deliver Better Care? Evidence from Ambulance Referral Patterns. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17936.

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Eliason, Paul, Riley League, Jetson Leder-Luis, Ryan McDevitt, and James Roberts. Ambulance Taxis: The Impact of Regulation and Litigation on Health Care Fraud. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29491.

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Courtemanche, Charles, Andrew Friedson, and Daniel Rees. Ambulance Utilization in New York City after the Implementation of the Affordable Care Act. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24480.

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Tornatore, Laura, Robert Crouch, Mark Ainsworth-Smith, Charles Deakin, Valerie Lattimer, Stephen Murray, Catherine Pope, and Fizz Thompson. Improving the quality of ambulance crew hand-overs: a qualitative study of knowledge transfer in emergency care teams. National Institute for Health Research, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/nihropenres.1115167.1.

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Prabhakaran, Shyam, Neelum Aggarwal, and Knitasha Washington. Does a Community Education Program Help Increase Early Hospital Arrival and Ambulance Use for Patients Who Experience Stroke?—The CEERIAS Study. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/04.2020.ad.131007237.

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