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Journal articles on the topic 'Amblyrhynchus'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 July 2024

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Callisto, Marcos, Volney Vono, Francisco A. R. Barbosa, and Simone M. Santeiro. "Chironomidae as a food resource for Leporinus amblyrhynchus (Teleostei: Characiformes) and Pimelodus maculatus (Teleostei: Siluriformes) in a Brazilian reservoir." Lundiana: International Journal of Biodiversity 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2675-5327.2002.21797.

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The objective of this study was to demonstrate the importance of chironomid (Diptera, Insecta) larvae as food resource for Leporinus amblyrhynchus Garavello & Britski, 1987 (Anostomidae, Characiformes) and Pimelodus maculatus Lacépède 1803 (Pimelodidae, Siluriformes) and to call attention for the importance of the trophic relation between fish and chironomids assemblages in Miranda reservoir in Araguari River (Minas Gerais State, Brazil), focusing on the influence of the dam on the structure and taxonomic composition of chironomid assemblage. A total of 318 stomach contents of L. amblyrhynchus and P. maculatus were checked of which 108 had chironomid larvae. The number of chironomid larvae observed in stomach contents was higher for L. amblyrhynchus (86.3%) than for P. maculatus (52.7%). The recorded taxonomic richness of chironomid larvae in the stomach contents, suggest that these two fish species invest considerable time and energy feeding on chironomid larvae, thus consisting an important food resource. The recorded data constitute important additional information on the biology of the two studied fish species. Key words: Chironomidae, Fish diet, Dam impacts, Biodiversity.

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2

MacLeod, Amy, Ariel Rodríguez, Miguel Vences, Pablo Orozco-terWengel, Carolina García, Fritz Trillmich, Gabriele Gentile, Adalgisa Caccone, Galo Quezada, and Sebastian Steinfartz. "Hybridization masks speciation in the evolutionary history of the Galápagos marine iguana." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1809 (June 22, 2015): 20150425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0425.

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The effects of the direct interaction between hybridization and speciation—two major contrasting evolutionary processes—are poorly understood. We present here the evolutionary history of the Galápagos marine iguana ( Amblyrhynchus cristatus ) and reveal a case of incipient within-island speciation, which is paralleled by between-island hybridization. In-depth genome-wide analyses suggest that Amblyrhynchus diverged from its sister group, the Galápagos land iguanas, around 4.5 million years ago (Ma), but divergence among extant populations is exceedingly young (less than 50 000 years). Despite Amblyrhynchus appearing as a single long-branch species phylogenetically, we find strong population structure between islands, and one case of incipient speciation of sister lineages within the same island—ostensibly initiated by volcanic events. Hybridization between both lineages is exceedingly rare, yet frequent hybridization with migrants from nearby islands is evident. The contemporary snapshot provided by highly variable markers indicates that speciation events may have occurred throughout the evolutionary history of marine iguanas, though these events are not visible in the deeper phylogenetic trees. We hypothesize that the observed interplay of speciation and hybridization might be a mechanism by which local adaptations, generated by incipient speciation, can be absorbed into a common gene pool, thereby enhancing the evolutionary potential of the species as a whole.

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3

Torres, Odalys. "Amblyrhynchus cristatus, el único lagarto marino del mundo." Bionatura 2, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2017.02.02.10.

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4

Trillmich, Krisztina G. K., and Fritz Trillmich. "Foraging strategies of the marine iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 18, no. 4 (February 1986): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00300002.

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5

DA S. FEITOSA, FRANCIMÁRIO, GERALDO M. DOS SANTOS, and JOSÉ L. O. BIRINDELLI. "Leporinus britskii: a new anostomid species from the Tapajós and Jari drainages, Brazil (Characiformes: Anostomidae)." Zootaxa 3120, no. 1 (December 6, 2011): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3120.1.4.

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A new species of the genus Leporinus Agassiz, 1829 (Characiformes, Anostomidae) is described. The new species is similar to Leporinus amblyrhynchus, L. taeniatus, L. taeniofasciatus, L geminis, L. unitaeniatus, L. vanzoi, by having a dark longitudinal midlateral stripe and dark transversal bars on dorsum. However, the new species is distinguished from Leporinus amblyrhynchus by having four teeth on dentary (vs. three); from L. taeniatus by having 12 circumpeduncular scale series (vs. 16) and 37 to 39 scales on lateral line (vs. 36 to 37); from L. taeniofasciatus by having 12 circumpeduncular scale series (vs. 16); from L. geminis, L. unitaeniatus and L. vanzoi by having three teeth on premaxilla (vs. four), 37 to 39 scales on lateral line (vs. 40 to 43), four or five scale series above lateral line (vs. six), and 12 circumpeduncular scale series (vs. 16). The new species is distributed in the rio Teles Pires and rio Jamanxim, rio Tapajós basin, and rio Jari, clearwater tributaries of the lower portion of the Brazilian Amazon.

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6

Miles, Donald B., Lee A. Fitzgerald, and Howard L. Snell. "Morphological correlates of locomotor performance in hatchling Amblyrhynchus cristatus." Oecologia 103, no. 2 (1995): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00329089.

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7

Stekolnikov, Alexandr A. "Three new species of chigger mites (Acariformes: Trombiculidae) from the Galápagos Islands." Systematic and Applied Acarology 26, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 325–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.26.2.1.

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Three new species of chigger mites are described from two species of iguana endemic to the Galápagos Islands. Odontacarus cruzi sp. nov. and Schoengastia galapa sp. nov. are found on the marine iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus Bell, and Eutrombicula pachytrichia sp. nov. is found on the Santa Fe land iguana, Conolophus pallidus Heller. All these mite species were collected, identified, and named by P.H. Vercammen-Grandjean, but remained undescribed until the present.

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8

Olson, Storrs L. "The early scientific history of Galapagos iguanas." Archives of Natural History 41, no. 1 (April 2014): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2014.0217.

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The oldest known specimen of Galapagos marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), now in the University Museum, Oxford, was originally thought to have come from Mexico. A plausible history of its origin with sealers in the Galapagos Islands about 1824 and transportation to and across Mexico is advanced. The naturalists David Douglas and John Scouler, on James (Santiago) Island in January 1825, encountered and attempted unsuccessfully to preserve specimens of the land iguana (Conolophus subcristatus) but only a Scouler specimen of marine iguana made it back to England, and it has since disappeared. Published and previously unpublished journal entries from the voyage of HMS Blonde, which had shore parties at Albemarle (Isabela) and Narborough (Fernandina) islands in March 1825, establish that the specimens on which the original description of Amblyrhynchus (later Conolophus) subcristatus J. E. Gray, 1831 , was based originated in the voyage of the Blonde. Banks Bay, Albemarle Island, is here designated as the type locality for Conolophus subcristatus. Specimens of the marine iguana were also brought back by the Blonde. The published accounts of Scouler and the voyage of the Blonde established the Galapagos as the true home of the marine iguana well before the return of Charles Darwin and HMS Beagle in 1836.

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9

Vitousek, Maren N., James S. Adelman, Nathan C. Gregory, and James J. H. St Clair. "Heterospecific alarm call recognition in a non-vocal reptile." Biology Letters 3, no. 6 (October 2, 2007): 632–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0443.

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The ability to recognize and respond to the alarm calls of heterospecifics has previously been described only in species with vocal communication. Here we provide evidence that a non-vocal reptile, the Galápagos marine iguana ( Amblyrhynchus cristatus ), can eavesdrop on the alarm call of the Galápagos mockingbird ( Nesomimus parvulus ) and respond with anti-predator behaviour. Eavesdropping on complex heterospecific communications demonstrates a remarkable degree of auditory discrimination in a non-vocal species.

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10

Christensen, Kiana, and Keegan M. Melstrom. "Quantitative analyses of squamate dentition demonstrate novel morphological patterns." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): e0257427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257427.

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Squamates are ideal subjects for investigating relationships between diet and dental patterns because they exhibit wide dietary diversity, marked variation in dental shape, and are taxonomically abundant. Despite this, well-established links between diet and dental morphology are primarily qualitative in nature, with specific patterns of squamate dental complexity remaining largely unknown. Here, we use quantitative methods and a broad taxonomic dataset to quantify key patterns in squamate dental morphology, including re-examining the relationship between dentition and diet, testing for differences in complexity between dentigerous elements, and exploring the effect of ontogenetic dietary shifts in dental complexity in two iguanid genera. Our findings support previous research by demonstrating that species consuming more plant material possess more complex teeth. We did not find significant complexity differences between the left and right dentigerous elements nor the upper and lower jaws, with the exception of Amblyrhynchus cristatus, the marine iguana, which possesses significantly more complex dentary teeth than premaxillary and maxillary teeth. We find discordant patterns when testing for dental complexity changes through ontogeny. Amblyrhynchus, which is primarily herbivorous throughout its lifetime, increases dental complexity through ontogeny, whereas Ctenosaura, which is generally insectivorous as juveniles and herbivorous as adults, decreases dental complexity. Although preliminary, this research documents and quantifies novel patterns of squamate dental complexity and exhibits the possibilities for further research on the diversity of squamate dental morphology.

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11

Trillmich, Krisztina G. K. "The Mating System of the Marine Iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)1." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 63, no. 2-3 (April 26, 2010): 141–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb00084.x.

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12

Cooper, J. E., and W. A. Laurie. "Investigation of deaths in marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) on Galapagos." Journal of Comparative Pathology 97, no. 2 (March 1987): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9975(87)90032-6.

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13

Laurie, W. A., and D. Brown. "Population Biology of Marine Iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus). III. Factors Affecting Survival." Journal of Animal Ecology 59, no. 2 (June 1990): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4880.

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14

Dellinger, Thomas, and Gisela von Hegel. "Sex Identification through Cloacal Probing in Juvenile Marine Iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)." Journal of Herpetology 24, no. 4 (December 1990): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1565065.

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15

Lewbart, Gregory A., Maximilian Hirschfeld, J. Roger Brothers, Juan Pablo Muñoz-Pérez, Judith Denkinger, Luis Vinueza, Juan García, and Kenneth J. Lohmann. "Blood gases, biochemistry and haematology of Galápagos marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)." Conservation Physiology 3, no. 1 (2015): cov034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cov034.

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16

Rauch, Norbert. "Competition of Marine Iguana Females (Amblyrhynchus Cristatus) for Egg-Laying Sites." Behaviour 107, no. 1-2 (1988): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853988x00214.

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17

Mendonça, Fernando Pereira de, Norma Segatti Hahn, and Valdirene Esgarbosa Loureiro-Crippa. "Feeding aspects of Leporinus amblyrhynchus (Characiformes: Anostomidae) in the first stages of formation of a Neotropical reservoir, Brazil." Neotropical Ichthyology 2, no. 3 (September 2004): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252004000300006.

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Diet and feeding activity of Leporinus amblyrhynchus before, during and after the damming of the rio Corumbá (Goiás State March 1996 to February 1998) were investigated. The diet, evaluated using the Feeding Index (IAi), showed that this species presents an invertivore feeding habit, preying on basically Chironomidae larvae. The feeding activity, estimated using the quantity of food in the stomach during a 24-hour cycle, showed that the feeding occurs mainly in the daytime. Considering the feeding aspects of this species during the formation of the reservatório of Corumbá there were small variations in the parameters (diet and feeding activity) dealt in this study.

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18

MacLeod, Amy, Volker Koch, Carolina García-Parra, Fritz Trillmich, and Sebastian Steinfartz. "New highly polymorphic microsatellite loci for the Galápagos marine iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus." Amphibia-Reptilia 33, no. 3-4 (2012): 533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002854.

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We describe the development and characterisation of six new dinucleotide motif microsatellite loci for populations of marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), endemic to the Galápagos archipelago. Primers were based on microsatellite-bearing sequences and initially developed using universally labelled primers. When analysed across 5 populations (representing 150 individuals), new loci displayed, on average, high levels of genetic diversity (range: 2-13 alleles, mean: 5.73) and values of heterozygosity (range: 0.0-0.906, mean: 0.605). No consistent deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or significant linkage disequilibrium were observed, and all loci were shown to be free of common microsatellite errors. Utilising the 13 previously available microsatellite loci for this species, we describe here four multiplex combinations for the successful amplification of 19 microsatellite loci for marine iguanas. This powerful set of highly polymorphic markers will allow researchers to explore future questions regarding the ecology, evolution, and conservation of this unique species.

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19

Christman, J. E., K. J. Lohmann, M. Hirschfeld, J. P. Muñoz-Pérez, J. Garcia, J. A. Hernandez, H. Westermeyer, and G. A. Lewbart. "Intraocular pressure using rebound tonometry in the Galápagos marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)." International Journal of Veterinary Research 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/injvr.3.1.1.

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20

MacLeod, Amy, Iker Irisarri, Miguel Vences, and Sebastian Steinfartz. "The complete mitochondrial genomes of the Galápagos iguanas, Amblyrhynchus cristatus and Conolophus subcristatus." Mitochondrial DNA Part A 27, no. 5 (September 10, 2015): 3699–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2015.1079863.

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21

Partecke, Jesko, Arndt von Haeseler, and Martin Wikelski. "Territory establishment in lekking marine iguanas, Amblyrhynchus cristatus: support for the hotshot mechanism." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 51, no. 6 (March 23, 2002): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-002-0469-z.

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22

MacLeod, Amy, and Sebastian Steinfartz. "The conservation status of the Galápagos marine iguanas, Amblyrhynchus cristatus: a molecular perspective." Amphibia-Reptilia 37, no. 1 (2016): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003035.

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Traditionally, conservation management focuses efforts on taxonomic units. However, when the taxa used do not reflect biologically meaningful units, such methods should be reconsidered to avoid the loss of irreplaceable biodiversity. The Galápagos marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and is facing growing anthropogenic threats. Currently, management is based on a taxonomy which is questionable in the light of recent molecular data. As such, there is a danger that evolutionarily significant populations may be left vulnerable to extirpation. Herein, we apply molecular data to elucidate the population structure of this species across the Galápagos archipelago, and thus advise conservation management in the absence of a revised taxonomy. Applying a wealth of molecular data including 12 microsatellite loci and 1181 bp of the mitochondrial control region in over 1200 individuals, we delineate distinct populations and prioritize their management. Bayesian population structure analysis revealed 10 distinct population clusters, which we propose as management units (MUs). All MUs are significantly differentiated, with one unit on San Cristóbal Island being particularly distinct in terms of both microsatellite loci and mitochondrial data. Based on estimates of the genetic effective population size (Ne), we find the MUs comprised of populations occurring on Floreana, Española, Marchena, and San Cristóbal to be alarmingly small. In consideration of both Neand anthropogenic threats, we recommend that conservation practitioners focus efforts on Floreana and San Cristóbal islands, and argue that better census size estimates of populations are urgently needed.

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23

FRICK, MICHAEL G. "Misconceptions about the ability of researchers to relocate the holotype of the Galapagos pink land iguana through the use of a passive integrated transponder." Zootaxa 2694, no. 1 (December 2, 2010): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2694.1.4.

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Isla Isabela is the largest island in the Galapagos archipelago and hosts three endemic iguanid lizard species (Tzika et al. 2008, Gentile & Snell 2009): Amblyrhynchus cristatus (Bell, 1825), Conolophus subcristatus (Gray, 1831) and Conolophus marthae Gentile & Snell, 2009. The first iguanid listed exists as a marine species and the latter two are restricted to the terrestrial environment. It should be noted, however, that all three species can hybridize and produce viable offspring (Tzika et al. 2008). The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the marine iguana A. cristatus as a “threatened” species and the land iguana species C. subcristatus as “vulnerable”. Currently there are no studies that assess the status of the iguana C. marthae, so its status is given as “not evaluated” by the IUCN.

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24

STEINFARTZ, SEBASTIAN, and ADALGISA CACCONE. "A set of highly discriminating microsatellite loci for the Galapagos marine iguana Amblyrhynchus cristatus." Molecular Ecology Notes 6, no. 3 (September 2006): 927–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01402.x.

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25

French, Susannah S., Dale F. DeNardo, Timothy J. Greives, Christine R. Strand, and Gregory E. Demas. "Human disturbance alters endocrine and immune responses in the Galapagos marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)." Hormones and Behavior 58, no. 5 (November 2010): 792–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.08.001.

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26

Steinfartz, Sebastian, Scott Glaberman, Deborah Lanterbecq, Cruz Marquez, Kornelia Rassmann, and Adalgisa Caccone. "Genetic Impact of a Severe El Niño Event on Galápagos Marine Iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)." PLoS ONE 2, no. 12 (December 12, 2007): e1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001285.

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27

Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus. "Der Kommentkampf der Meerechse (Amblyrhynchus cristatus Bell.) nebst einigen Notizen zur Biologie dieser Art*." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 12, no. 1 (April 26, 2010): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1955.tb01514.x.

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28

Buttemer, William A., and William R. Dawson. "Temporal pattern of foraging and microhabitat use by Gal�pagos marine iguanas, Amblyrhynchus cristatus." Oecologia 96, no. 1 (October 1993): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00318031.

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29

Scheibel, Jessica, Joan Garcia-Porta, Galo Quezada, and Alejandro Ibáñez. "Phylogeography and Prevalence of Hemoparasites (Apicomplexa: Eucoccidiorida) in Galápagos Marine Iguanas, Amblyrhynchus cristatus (Reptilia: Iguanidae)." Animals 12, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12091142.

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Parasitism is among the most common forms of coexistence of organisms of different species. Hemoparasites live in the bloodstream of the host where they complete different life-cycle stages. Members of the phylum Apicomplexa constitute a large portion of all hemoparasites infecting reptiles and their parasite transmitting vectors, including arthropods. In this study, we carried out a survey and molecular identification of hemoparasites in blood samples of the iconic Galápagos marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus). Major island populations of marine iguanas were sampled to examine large-scale biogeographic patterns of parasite diversity and prevalence. Nested PCRs were used to amplify segments of the 18S rRNA-gene of hemoparasites. Furthermore, ticks attached to marine iguanas were collected and analyzed in the same way to assess their potential use as a non-invasive method for the detection of hemoparasites in vertebrate host species. PCR products were sequenced and a phylogenetic analysis was carried out showing the presence of two genetically distinct clusters of hemoparasites, one more commonly distributed than the other one, belonging to the genera Hepatozoon and/or Hemolivia (Apicomplexa: Eucoccidiorida). Overall, 25% of marine iguanas were infected by hemoparasites. However, infection rates varied strongly among particular island populations (from 3.45% to 50%). Although marine iguanas are an extremely mobile species that has colonized all islands in the Galápagos archipelago, parasite occurrence was not related to geographical distance, suggesting that dispersal behavior has a minor role in parasite transmission. On most islands, females tended to have higher infection rates than males, but this relationship was only significant on one island. Overall, ticks and marine iguanas had similar prevalence and diversity of parasites. However, the infection profiles of ticks and their corresponding hosts (marine iguanas) did not mirror one another, indicating that this method cannot be used reliably to assess marine iguana infection status. Interestingly, we found that hemoparasite prevalence in marine iguanas and ticks tended to be positively correlated across islands. Our results indicate that certain populations of marine iguanas may have special mechanisms and adaptations to cope with parasite infection. In addition, other factors such as vector density, anthropogenic-related activities or the immunological state of marine iguanas could potentially affect the striking variation in hemoparasite prevalence across island populations.

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30

Drent, J., W. D. Van Marken Lichtenbelt, and M. Wikelski. "Effects of foraging mode and season on the energetics of the Marine Iguana,Amblyrhynchus cristatus." Functional Ecology 13, no. 4 (August 1999): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00337.x.

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31

Vitousek, Maren N. "Investment in mate choice depends on resource availability in female Galápagos marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 64, no. 1 (July 10, 2009): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-009-0825-3.

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32

Glaberman, Scott, Maria A. Moreno, and Adalgisa Caccone. "Characterization and evolution of MHC class II B genes in Galápagos marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 33, no. 8 (August 2009): 939–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2009.03.003.

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33

Jacobs, L. L., M. J. Polcyn, L. H. Taylor, and K. Ferguson. "Sea-surface temperatures and palaeoenvironments of dolichosaurs and early mosasaurs." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 84, no. 3 (September 2005): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600021053.

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AbstractThe north-central Texas Cretaceous section and its contained fossils, as compared to sections at ‘Ein Yabrud in the eastern Mediterranean region, demonstrate that dolichosaurs and primitive mosasaurs inhabited marine environments at least from the intertidal zone to <100 m in depth. The small body size of dolichosaurs and primitive mosasaurs, and the association of Haasiasaurus with marine snakes at ‘Ein Yabrud, suggest similar temperature requirements to modern sea snakes and marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), specifically sea-surface temperatures between approximately 20° and 30° С The Cenomanian and Turonian stages are characterised by widespread shallow seas with relatively high sea-surface temperatures extending to at least 45° N and 65° S latitude. The distribution of dolichosaurs, mosasaurs and snakes during this interval contradicts palaeoclimate models that predict high (>30° C) equatorial sea-surface temperatures and a steep latitudinal temperature gradient in the Northern Hemisphere.

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34

Nasir, Rabiya, and Nuzhat Afsar. "Taxonomic & biological annotations on six endangered shark species found in the landings at Karachi Fish Harbour with reference to some conservation strategy measures." World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 9, no. 1 (April 12, 2024): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33865/wjb.009.01.0869.

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Identification based on taxonomy of six (6) shark species that have been occasionally seen in the landings of Karachi Fish Harbour (KFH) was carried out in this study. Between 2014 and 2023, field and laboratory observations were made in five different surveys. These uncommon shark species were identified as Carcharhinus amblyrhynchus, C. amboinensis, C.hemiodon, C. longimanus, C. macloti and Stegostoma fasciatum. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) have described these species of sharks as endangered, data deficient, critically endangered and near threatened species respectively in their Red List 2022. These species are being captured and sold for markets connected to domestic and international commerce or export procedures, despite the fact that they are endangered and on the verge of extinction. Regrettably, the main reasons for this out-of-control situation and the extinction of these protected species are the local fishermen's misunderstanding of the laws and the inadequate monitoring provided by higher authorities

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35

Berry, Kate A., Juan Pablo Muñoz-Pérez, Cristina P. Vintimilla-Palacios, and Christofer J. Clemente. "Morphological and performance modifications in the world’s only marine lizard, the Galápagos marine iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 133, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab002.

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Abstract The Galápagos marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), the world’s only extant marine lizard, may have had one of the most unique and challenging transitions to aquatic life. Curiously, previous studies have identified relatively few physiological adaptations in the marine iguana; however, little is known about the extent of morphological specialization and performance trade-offs associated with the marine environment. By examining the morphology and locomotory performance of the marine iguana in comparison to their closely related mainland ancestors, the black spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura similis) and green iguana (Iguana iguana), we found variation reflected specialization to ecological niches. However, variation was more pronounced among subspecies of marine iguana, suggesting that little morphological or performance modification is required for iguanids to successfully invade aquatic environments, thus raising the question why there are so few extant aquatic reptilian lineages. Our findings indicate that specialization for the marine environment likely resulted in a trade-off in sprint speed in a terrestrial environment, which may explain why other lizards have not undergone transitions to the marine environment. Additionally, we found that the magnitude of morphological and performance variation was more pronounced between subspecies of marine iguana than between iguanid species. This illustrates that the form-function relationship is more complex than previously thought and sheds light on the ecomorphological mysteries of the marine iguana.

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Laurie, W. A. "Population Biology of Marine Iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus). I. Changes in Fecundity Related to a Population Crash." Journal of Animal Ecology 59, no. 2 (June 1990): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4878.

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Rassmann, K., D. Tautz, F. Trillmich, and C. Gliddon. "The microevolution of the Galápagos marine iguana Amblyrhynchus cristatus assessed by nuclear and mitochondrial genetic analyses." Molecular Ecology 6, no. 5 (May 1997): 437–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1997.00209.x.

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Thaller, Maria C., Marco Ciambotta, Manuela Sapochetti, Luciana Migliore, Whashington Tapia, Virna Cedeño, and Gabriele Gentile. "Uneven frequency of Vibrio alginolyticus-group isolates among different populations of Galápagos marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)." Environmental Microbiology Reports 2, no. 1 (January 20, 2010): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00132.x.

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Wikelski, M., B. Gall, and F. Trillmich. "Ontogenetic changes in food intake and digestion rate of the herbivorous marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus, Bell)." Oecologia 94, no. 3 (June 1993): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00317112.

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Chiari, Ylenia, Scott Glaberman, Pedro Tarroso, Adalgisa Caccone, and Julien Claude. "Ecological and evolutionary influences on body size and shape in the Galápagos marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)." Oecologia 181, no. 3 (April 4, 2016): 885–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-016-3618-1.

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Wikelski, Martin, and Fritz Trillmich. "Foraging Strategies of the Galapagos Marine Iguana (Amblyrhynchus Cristatus) : Adapting Behavioral Rules To Ontogenetic Size Change." Behaviour 128, no. 3-4 (1994): 255–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853994x00280.

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Valle, Carlos A., Colon J. Grijalva, Paul P. Calle, Juan Pablo Muñoz-Pérez, Galo Quezada, Carlos A. Vera, and Gregory A. Lewbart. "Methods of body temperature assessment in Conolophus subcristatus, Conolophus pallidus (Galaìpagos land iguanas), and Amblyrhynchus cristatus X C. subcristatus hybrid." PeerJ 7 (February 4, 2019): e6291. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6291.

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Since cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic systems of reptiles are affected by temperature, accurate measurements are of great importance in both captive husbandry and research. Ectothermic animals generally have core body temperatures close to ambient temperature but can differ from the immediate environment if they are using sunlight to thermoregulate. Many zoological facilities and exotic pet caregivers have begun using infrared temperature guns to assess ambient temperatures of reptile enclosures but there are currently few studies assessing the efficacy of these devices for measuring the body temperatures of reptiles. Conolophus subcristatus, Conolophus pallidus (Galápagos land iguanas), and Amblyrhynchus cristatus X C. subcristatus hybrid are robust land iguanas endemic to the Galápagos archipelago. By comparing the infrared body temperature measurements of land iguanas against virtual simultaneous collection of cloacal temperatures obtained using a thermocouple thermometer, we sought to assess the efficacy of this non-invasive method. We found that internal body temperature can be predicted with a high level of accuracy from three external body temperature sites, providing a good non-invasive method that avoids the capture of animals.

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Ramos, Igor Paiva, Lidiane Franceschini, Aline Cristina Zago, Érica de Oliveira Penha Zica, Alison Carlos Wunderlich, Edmir Daniel Carvalho, and Reinaldo José da Silva. "New host records and a checklist of fishes infected with Austrodiplostomum compactum (Digenea: Diplostomidae) in Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 22, no. 4 (December 2013): 511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612013000400010.

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This study reports the infection of fishes byAustrodiplostomum compactum metacercariae in the Chavantes reservoir, medium Paranapanema River, municipality of Ipaussu, São Paulo State, Brazil. Twenty-three fish species were analysed, and 13 were infected with A. compactum metacercariae (56.5%) in their eyes. The following six fish species are new hosts for this metacercaria:Crenicichla haroldoi (1/1), Eigenmannia trilineata (11/6), Hoplosternum littorale(11/1), Iheringichthys labrosus (17/2),Leporinus amblyrhynchus (11/1), and Piaractus mesopotamicus (3/1). These new species increase the number of Brazilian fish species infected with this parasite to 36. Based on these findings, we hypothesise that the metacercariae larval stage of the parasite has a low specificity for the second intermediate host (fish). The majority of fish species infected in Brazil belong to the Loricariidae and Cichlidae families. For the fish species with higher mean abundances in Brazil, six are non-native species, and currently, Plagioscion squamosissimus has the highest mean abundance. The majority of fish species infected with A. compactum in Brazil are concentrated in the Paraná basin, although this may be related to the distribution of researchers.

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Castillo-Briceño, Patricia, Cruz Márquez, David Wiedenfeld, Howard Snell, and Alberto Jaramillo. "“EL NIÑO OSCILACIÓN DEL SUR” Y ESTADO DE SALUD DE LAS IGUANAS MARINAS (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) EN GALÁPAGOS." Ecología Aplicada 3, no. 1-2 (April 25, 2016): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21704/rea.v3i1-2.276.

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Arrivillaga, Cristina, and Tom W. Brown. "Tail bifurcation in a Marine Iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus (Reptilia: Squamata: Iguanidae), from Isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands." Reptiles & Amphibians 27, no. 3 (December 7, 2020): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/randa.v27i3.14858.

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Glaberman, Scott, Louis Du Pasquier, and Adalgisa Caccone. "Characterization of a Nonclassical Class I MHC Gene in a Reptile, the Galápagos Marine Iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)." PLoS ONE 3, no. 8 (August 6, 2008): e2859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002859.

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Steinfartz, Sebastian, Scott Glaberman, Deborah Lanterbecq, Michael A. Russello, Sabrina Rosa, Torrance C. Hanley, Cruz Marquez, et al. "Progressive colonization and restricted gene flow shape island-dependent population structure in Galápagos marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)." BMC Evolutionary Biology 9, no. 1 (2009): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-297.

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Lewbart, Gregory A., Colon J. Grijalva, Paul P. Calle, Karen Ingerman, Juan Pablo Muñoz-Pérez, Galo Quezada, Carlos A. Vera, Gabriele Gentile, and Carlos A. Valle. "Health assessment of Conolophus subcristatus, Conolophus pallidus, and C. subcristatus X Amblyrhynchus cristatus hybrid (Galápagos land iguanas)." PLOS ONE 14, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): e0222884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222884.

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Llerena, Alizon, Cruz Márquez, Howard L. Snell, and Alberto Jaramillo. "ABUNDANCIA DE Amblyrhynchus cristatus EN EL NIÑO (97-98) Y LA NIÑA (01-02) EN SANTA CRUZ, GALÁPAGOS." Ecología Aplicada 3, no. 1-2 (April 25, 2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21704/rea.v3i1-2.275.

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Miralles, Aurélien, Amy Macleod, Ariel Rodríguez, Alejandro Ibáñez, Gustavo Jiménez-Uzcategui, Galo Quezada, Miguel Vences, and Sebastian Steinfartz. "Shedding light on the Imps of Darkness: an integrative taxonomic revision of the Galápagos marine iguanas (genus Amblyrhynchus)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181, no. 3 (May 10, 2017): 678–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx007.

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