Journal articles: 'Ambient atmosphere'

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AMIRABADIZADEH, AHMAD, REZA SARHADDI, ZAHRA VAHEDIPANAH, and REZA MARDANI. "STRUCTURAL, MORPHOLOGICAL, ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURED CoFe THIN FILMS PREPARED BY SPRAY PYROLYSIS DEPOSITION METHOD." Surface Review and Letters 22, no. 05 (August 27, 2015): 1550068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x15500687.

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Nanostructured CoFe thin films were prepared on the glass substrates by spray pyrolysis deposition (SPD) method. The as-deposited films were separately annealed at 500°C in ambient air and hydrogen atmospheres to investigate the effect of annealing atmosphere on different properties of the deposited films. Structural, morphological, magnetic and electrical properties of annealed thin films were investigated by the X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and four-point probe measurements, respectively. XRD patterns show that by changing the annealing atmosphere from ambient air to hydrogen, the crystal structure transformed from cubic spinel phase (Fd-3m) to cubic CsCl -type phase (Pm-3m). SEM images demonstrated that the morphology, grain size and thickness of annealed thin films depend greatly on the atmosphere type. Thickness of the films annealed in ambient air and hydrogen atmosphere were 378 and 356 nm, respectively. The morphology of the films changes from small sized granular for the ambient air-annealed films to coral-like structures for the hydrogen atmosphere annealed films. The magnetic properties of the annealed thin films depend on the annealing atmosphere, the applied field directions and film microstructural properties. Hydrogen annealing induced a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in CoFe thin films. Room temperature hysteresis measurements show soft magnetic behavior of the hydrogen atmosphere annealed CoFe films in the perpendicular direction suggested its application in perpendicular magnetic recording media.

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Suvarapu, Lakshmi Narayana, and Sung-Ok Baek. "Determination of heavy metals in the ambient atmosphere." Toxicology and Industrial Health 33, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233716654827.

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Heavy metal determination in ambient air is an important task for environmental researchers because of their toxicity to human beings. Some heavy metals (hexavalent chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni)) have been listed as carcinogens. Furthermore, heavy metals in the atmosphere can accumulate in various plants and animals and enter humans through the food chain. This article reviews the determination of heavy metals in the atmosphere in different areas of the world since 2006. The results showed that most researchers concentrated on toxic metals, such as Cr, Cd, Ni, As and lead. A few studies used plant materials as bio-monitors for the atmospheric levels of heavy metals. Some researchers found higher concentrations of heavy metals surrounding industrial areas compared with residential and/or commercial areas. Most studies reported the major sources of the particulate matter and heavy metals in the atmosphere to be industrial emissions, vehicular emissions and secondary aerosols.

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Meerkötter, R., U. Schumann, D. R. Doelling, P. Minnis, T. Nakajima, and Y. Tsushima. "Radiative forcing by contrails." Annales Geophysicae 17, no. 8 (August 31, 1999): 1080–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-1080-7.

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Abstract. A parametric study of the instantaneous radiative impact of contrails is presented using three different radiative transfer models for a series of model atmospheres and cloud parameters. Contrails are treated as geometrically and optically thin plane parallel homogeneous cirrus layers in a static atmosphere. The ice water content is varied as a function of ambient temperature. The model atmospheres include tropical, mid-latitude, and subarctic summer and winter atmospheres. Optically thin contrails cause a positive net forcing at top of the atmosphere. At the surface the radiative forcing is negative during daytime. The forcing increases with the optical depth and the amount of contrail cover. At the top of the atmosphere, a mean contrail cover of 0.1% with average optical depth of 0.2 to 0.5 causes about 0.01 to 0.03 Wm-2 daily mean instantaneous radiative forcing. Contrails cool the surface during the day and heat the surface during the night, and hence reduce the daily temperature amplitude. The net effect depends strongly on the daily variation of contrail cloud cover. The indirect radiative forcing due to particle changes in natural cirrus clouds may be of the same magnitude as the direct one due to additional cover.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (aerosols and particles) · Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (climatology · radiative processes)

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van Pinxteren, Manuela, Tiera-Brandy Robinson, Sebastian Zeppenfeld, Xianda Gong, Enno Bahlmann, Khanneh Wadinga Fomba, Nadja Triesch, et al. "High number concentrations of transparent exopolymer particles in ambient aerosol particles and cloud water – a case study at the tropical Atlantic Ocean." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 8 (May 2, 2022): 5725–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5725-2022.

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Abstract. Transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) exhibit the properties of gels and are ubiquitously found in the world oceans. TEPs may enter the atmosphere as part of sea-spray aerosol. Here, we report number concentrations of TEPs with a diameter > 4.5 µm, hence covering a part of the supermicron particle range, in ambient aerosol and cloud water samples from the tropical Atlantic Ocean as well as in generated aerosol particles using a plunging waterfall tank that was filled with the ambient seawater. The ambient TEP concentrations ranged between 7×102 and 3×104 #TEP m−3 in the aerosol particles and correlations with sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca2+) (R2=0.5) suggested some contribution via bubble bursting. Cloud water TEP concentrations were between 4×106 and 9×106 #TEP L−1 and, according to the measured cloud liquid water content, corresponding to equivalent air concentrations of 2–4×103 #TEP m−3. Based on Na+ concentrations in seawater and in the atmosphere, the enrichment factors for TEPs in the atmosphere were calculated. The tank-generated TEPs were enriched by a factor of 50 compared with seawater and, therefore, in-line with published enrichment factors for supermicron organic matter in general and TEPs specifically. TEP enrichment in the ambient atmosphere was on average 1×103 in cloud water and 9×103 in ambient aerosol particles and therefore about two orders of magnitude higher than the corresponding enrichment from the tank study. Such high enrichment of supermicron particulate organic constituents in the atmosphere is uncommon and we propose that atmospheric TEP concentrations resulted from a combination of enrichment during bubble bursting transfer from the ocean and a secondary TEP in-situ formation in atmospheric phases. Abiotic in-situ formation might have occurred from aqueous reactions of dissolved organic precursors that were present in particle and cloud water samples, whereas biotic formation involves bacteria, which were abundant in the cloud water samples. The ambient TEP number concentrations were two orders of magnitude higher than recently reported ice nucleating particle (INP) concentrations measured at the same location. As TEPs likely possess good properties to act as INPs, in future experiments it is worth studying if a certain part of TEPs contributes a fraction of the biogenic INP population.

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Jones, Colleen P., Seth N. Lyman, Daniel A. Jaffe, Tanner Allen, and Trevor L. O'Neil. "Detection and quantification of gas-phase oxidized mercury compounds by GC/MS." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 5 (May 18, 2016): 2195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2195-2016.

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Abstract. Most mercury pollution is emitted to the atmosphere, and the location and bioavailability of deposited mercury largely depends on poorly understood atmospheric chemical reactions that convert elemental mercury into oxidized mercury compounds. Current measurement methods do not speciate oxidized mercury, leading to uncertainty about which mercury compounds exist in the atmosphere and how oxidized mercury is formed. We have developed a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based system for identification and quantification of atmospheric oxidized mercury compounds. The system consists of an ambient air collection device, a thermal desorption module, a cryofocusing system, a gas chromatograph, and an ultra-sensitive mass spectrometer. It was able to separate and identify mercury halides with detection limits low enough for ambient air collection (90 pg), but an improved ambient air collection device is needed. The GC/MS system was unable to quantify HgO or Hg(NO3)2, and data collected cast doubt upon the existence of HgO in the gas phase.

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Chameides, W. L., F. Fehsenfeld, M. O. Rodgers, C. Cardelino, J. Martinez, D. Parrish, W. Lonneman, et al. "Ozone precursor relationships in the ambient atmosphere." Journal of Geophysical Research 97, no. D5 (1992): 6037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91jd03014.

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Mao, Chuanbin, Lian Zhou, and Xiangyun Sun. "Interaction between BiPbSrCaCuO powder and ambient atmosphere." Physica C: Superconductivity 281, no. 2-3 (August 1997): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4534(97)00147-0.

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Mahmoudi, Amir, and Mohamad Esmailian. "Wear Behavior of White Layer in Plasma Nitrided H13 Steel at Ambient and Elevated Temperatures." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.41.

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In this study, AISI H13 steel was plasma nitrided in two different atmospheres, containing 25%N2-75%H2 and 4%N2-96%H2 at a constant temperature of 530oC and 6h-holding time. Dry wear behavior of nitrided samples was determined with pin-on-disc method at 25oC and 500oC, under 10N and 30N loads. The results indicated that the nitrided steels, which had a thin multiple phases white layer (produced at 4%N2-96%H2 atmosphere), didn’t have any wear resistance in ambient and elevated temperatures. However, the nitrided steels, having thick single phase white layer (produced at 25%N2-75%H2 atmosphere), showed better wear resistance in ambient temperature than in elevated temperature.

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Chen, Chang Jun, Min Zhang, and Qing Ming Chang. "Study on TC4 Titanium Alloy by Laser Oxygen-Diffused Hardening Process under Different Gas Atmosphere." Advanced Materials Research 337 (September 2011): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.337.33.

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Surface oxygen diffusion hardening treatments of TC4 titanium alloy in Ar+O2, O2 and ambient atmosphere were performed by scanning with a pulsed Nd: YAG laser. By using different gas atmosphere with Ar+O2, O2 and ambient atmosphere, the structure and the hardness behavior of the laser oxygen hardening layers can be controlled in a wide range. Optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive analysis system of X-ray (EDAX) was used to reveal the microstructure and to identify the chemical composition. A Vickers microhardness tester was employed to measure the hardness distribution across both the substrate and the hardening layer. It is shown that smooth, deep and crack-free harden layers of a surface hardness ranging from 810-673Hv can be obtained under ambient atmosphere and Ar+O2 atmosphere. Cracks are observed in the sample processed under pure oxygen atmosphere. Dilution of oxygen gas with argon or nitrogen (ambient atmosphere) leads to a crack-free harden layer at the expense of a reduction in surface hardness.

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Cohen, Ofer, Julián D. Alvarado-Gómez, Jeremy J. Drake, Laura M. Harbach, Cecilia Garraffo, and Federico Fraschetti. "Space-weather-driven Variations in Lyα Absorption Signatures of Exoplanet Atmospheric Escape: MHD Simulations and the Case of AU Mic b." Astrophysical Journal 934, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac78e4.

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Abstract We simulate the space environment around AU Microscopii b and the interaction between the magnetized stellar wind and a planetary atmospheric outflow for ambient stellar wind conditions and coronal mass ejection (CME) conditions. We also calculate synthetic Lyα absorption due to neutral hydrogen in the ambient and the escaping planetary atmosphere affected by this interaction. We find that the Lyα absorption is highly variable owing to the highly varying stellar wind conditions. A strong Doppler blueshift component is observed in the Lyα profile, in contradiction to the actual escape velocity observed in the simulations themselves. This result suggests that the strong Doppler blueshift is likely attributed to the stellar wind, not the escaping neutral atmosphere, either through its advection of neutral planetary gas or through the creation of a fast neutral flow via charge exchange between the stellar wind ions and the planetary neutrals. Indeed, our CME simulations indicate a strong stripping of magnetospheric material from the planet, including some of the neutral escaping atmosphere. Our simulations show that the pressure around close-in exoplanets is not much lower, and may be even higher, than the pressure at the top of the planetary atmosphere. Thus, the neutral atmosphere is hydrodynamically escaping with a very small velocity (<15 km s−1). Moreover, our simulations show that an MHD treatment is essential in order to properly capture the coupled magnetized stellar wind and the escaping atmosphere, despite the atmosphere being neutral. This coupling should be considered when interpreting Lyα observations in the context of exoplanets’ atmospheric escape.

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Liu, B. Y., J. Lee, D. Y. Pui, K. Ahn, and S. Gilbert. "Performance of a Laboratory Clean Room." Journal of the IEST 30, no. 5 (September 1, 1987): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.1.30.5.twwl111g2473560r.

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The performance of a small, 52 square meter laboratory clean room at the University of Minnesota has been evaluated using a system of aerosol measuring and monitoring instruments. Aerosol in the ambient atmosphere and in the clean room has been measured simultaneously using a condensation nucleus counter and diffusion battery, a differential mobility particle sizer and two laser optical particle counters to provide concentration and size distribution data between 0.002 to 10 μm diameters. The diurnal variation of the condensation nuclei concentration in the clean room has been found to follow closely that in the ambient atmosphere. This suggests that particles in the CNC range measured in the clean room have their origin in the ambient atmosphere and that the clean room filter does not provide a perfect shield between indoor and outdoor air for these small particles. The ratio of clean room CMC to ambient CNC counts has been found to range from 7 × 10−7 when the ambient CNC count is low (1 × 105 per cc) to 2 × 10−7 when the ambient CNC count is high (1 × 106 per cc). This can be explained by the smaller size of the airborne particles in the ambient atmosphere under high concentration conditions and the greater efficiency of the HEPA filters for these particles.

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Bougiatioti, Aikaterini, and Evangelia Kostenidou. "Ambient Aerosol Measurements in Different Environments." Atmosphere 12, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040429.

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Goliáš, J., and F. Kobza. "Responses of cut carnations to a low oxygen level in the ambient atmosphere." Horticultural Science 30, No. 2 (November 25, 2011): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3814-hortsci.

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Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers were subjected to low oxygen to investigate the physiological effects on flower senescence. The effect of ultra low oxygen (0.6–0.8%) led to low accumulation of ethanol that amounted to 8 mg/l in the tissue pulp in 19 days. The content of acetaldehyde showed an exponential decrease in its previous value after a subsequent exposition of cut carnations to air but still at a cold storage temperature. The content of sugars such as sucrose, glucose and fructose linearly decreased with small differences between ULO and RA conditions. The sucrose content was at a trace concentration. Visual symptoms of injury were observed in ULO conditions after 19 days of storage when brown spots appeared at the top of petals.  

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Imtiaz Ahmad and E. E. Khawaja. "Passive Cooling of Surfaces." Scientific Inquiry and Review 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/sir/21/020102.

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Radiative cooling of surfaces without applying an energy source has been suggested in the literature. The basis for radiative cooling is the infrared transmittance of the atmosphere. The spectral transparency (i.e. low absorption) of the atmosphere in the wavelength range of 8 to 13 μm is generally termed the atmospheric window. If the humidity and cloudiness are low, then the downward thermal radiation from the atmosphere in the spectral region of the atmospheric window are expected to be low. A temperature between 15 oC and 25 oC below ambient temperature has been achieved as a result of radiative cooling.Spectrally selective radiating material, which is defined as a material with high emittance in the spectral region of the atmospheric window and high reflectance in the rest of the spectral range, can be used as an essential means in a sky radiator for passive cooling of the material. Silicon monoxide film on highly reflective substrate (aluminum coated glass) was used in the present work. It was found that the temperature of the thin film surface was about 12 oC lower than that of ambient temperature under suitable condition of radiative cooling. Cooling is expected to be more efficient in performance if it is carried out in desert places.

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SHIGETOU, Akitsu. "Hybrid Bonding in Ambient Atmosphere for Automotive IoT." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 89, no. 6 (2020): 438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.89.438.

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Kulkarni, A. K., and J. J. Hwang. "Vertical wall fire in a stratified ambient atmosphere." Symposium (International) on Combustion 21, no. 1 (January 1988): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(88)80230-3.

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Oka, Kunihiko, and Toshimitsu Ito. "Crystal growth of REBa2Cu3O7-y and ambient atmosphere." Physica C: Superconductivity 235-240 (December 1994): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4534(94)91401-x.

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Hamilton, R. S., and T. A. Mansfield. "The soiling of materials in the ambient atmosphere." Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics 26, no. 18 (December 1992): 3291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(92)90345-l.

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Hamilton, R. S., and T. A. Mansfield. "The soiling of materials in the ambient atmosphere." Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics 27, no. 8 (June 1993): 1369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(93)90263-x.

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Kyselica, Rudolf, Eniko T. Enikov, and Rein Anton. "Electrospinning under lateral electrostatic control in ambient atmosphere." Journal of Electrostatics 98 (March 2019): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2019.02.006.

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Petschnig, Lucas L., Gerda Fuhrmann, Daniel Schildhammer, Martina Tribus, Herwig Schottenberger, and Hubert Huppertz. "Solution combustion synthesis of CeFeO3 under ambient atmosphere." Ceramics International 42, no. 3 (February 2016): 4262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.11.102.

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Chavez, Ricardo, Emanuel Ionescu, Corneliu Balan, Claudia Fasel, and Ralf Riedel. "Effect of ambient atmosphere on crosslinking of polysilazanes." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 119, no. 2 (July 27, 2010): 794–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.32777.

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Martínez-Morales, Arturo, Iran Alia-Tejacal*, María-Teresa Colinas-León, and María-Teresa Martínez-Damián. "Storage of Zapote Mamey Fruit under Controlled Atmosphere." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 806A—806. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.806a.

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Zapote mamey fruit (Pouteria sapota) has a great potential for exportation, due to its organoleptic characteristics, however, very little is known about harvest technologies to increase its shelf life. So in this research, zapote mamey fruit from two harvest dates in the same year, were stored at 12 °C [95% relative humidity (RH)] for 14, 21, and 28 days under controlled atmospheres (10% or 5% CO2 + 5% O2 with balance of nitrogen), in addition, two groups of fruit were stored at the same temperature and time intervals, but with no controlled atmosphere (CA). Variables considered were: CO2 and ethylene production inmediately after transfer to ambient conditions (29 °C ± 2 °C; 85% RH). Control fruit from both harvest dates had a typical climacteric behaviour, ripening 2 to 3 days after transfer to ambient temperature. Fruit from the first harvest date, stored for 14 and 21 days under CA had a ripening process similar to the control, however fruit stored for 28 days fail to ripen even after 6 days at ambient temperature. Fruit from the second harvest date did not show this ripening problem.

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Garcia, Sabrina, Kolby Jardine, Vinicius Souza, Rodrigo Souza, Sergio Duvoisin Junior, and José Gonçalves. "Reassimilation of Leaf Internal CO2 Contributes to Isoprene Emission in the Neotropical Species Inga edulis Mart." Forests 10, no. 6 (May 30, 2019): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060472.

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Isoprene (C5H8) is a hydrocarbon gas emitted by many tree species and has been shown to protect photosynthesis under abiotic stress. Under optimal conditions for photosynthesis, ~70%–90% of carbon used for isoprene biosynthesis is produced from recently assimilated atmospheric CO2. While the contribution of alternative carbon sources that increase with leaf temperature and other stresses have been demonstrated, uncertainties remain regarding the biochemical source(s) of isoprene carbon. In this study, we investigated leaf isoprene emissions (Is) from neotropical species Inga edulis Mart. as a function of light and temperature under ambient (450 µmol m−2 s−1) and CO2-free (0 µmol m−2 s−1) atmosphere. Is under CO2-free atmosphere showed light-dependent emission patterns similar to those observed under ambient CO2, but with lower light saturation point. Leaves treated with the photosynthesis inhibitor DCMU (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) failed to produce detectable Is in normal light under a CO2-free atmosphere. While strong temperature-dependent Is were observed under CO2-free atmosphere in the light, dark conditions failed to produce detectable Is even at the highest temperatures studied (40 °C). Treatment of leaves with 13C-labeled sodium bicarbonate under CO2-free atmosphere resulted in Is with over 50% containing at least one 13C atom. Is under CO2-free atmosphere and standard conditions of light and leaf temperature represented 19% ± 7% of emissions under ambient CO2. The results show that the reassimilation of leaf internal CO2 contributes to Is in the neotropical species I. edulis. Through the consumption of excess photosynthetic energy, our results support a role of isoprene biosynthesis, together with photorespiration, as a key tolerance mechanism against high temperature and high light in the tropics.

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Aldredge, R. C., and D. G. Goodwin. "Influences of ambient atmosphere on diamond synthesis using an oxygen-acetylene torch." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 1 (January 1994): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.0080.

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The influence of the ambient atmosphere on the synthesis of diamond by chemical vapor deposition using an oxygen-acetylene torch is investigated experimentally. Diamond synthesis in an air atmosphere is compared to that in an inert atmosphere. It is found that the quality of diamond deposited on substrates positioned in the burnt gases near the premixed flame of the torch (within 1 mm) is independent of the composition of the ambient gas. Farther downstream from the premixed flame in the feather region, however, diamond deposition is controlled by the combustion of incomplete products from the premixed flame with oxygen from the atmosphere. In this region diamond grows in an annulus on the substrate with an air atmosphere, but no film is grown with an inert atmosphere.

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Moura, Francisco, Alexandre Simões, Carla Riccardi, Maria Zaghete, Jose Varela, and Elson Longo. "Effect of oxidizing and reducing atmospheres on Ba(Ti0.90 Zr0.10)o3:2V ceramics as characterized by piezoresponse force microscopy." Processing and Application of Ceramics 5, no. 3 (2011): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1103139m.

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The effect of annealing atmospheres (Atamb, N2 and O2) on the electrical properties of Ba(Ti0.90Zr0.10 )O3:2V (BZT10:2V) ceramics obtained by the mixed oxide method was investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicates that oxygen vacancies present near Zr and Ti ions reduce ferroelectric properties, especially in samples treated in an ambient atmosphere (Atamb ). BZT10:2V ceramics sintered in a nitrogen atmosphere showed better dielectric behaviour at room temperature with a dielectric permittivity measured at a frequency of 10 kHz equal to 16800 with dielectric loss of 0.023. Piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM) images reveal improvement in the piezoelectric coefficient by sintering the sample under nitrogen atmosphere. Thus, BZT10:2V ceramics sintered under a nitrogen atmosphere can be useful for practical applications which include nonvolatile digital memories, spintronics and data-storage media.

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Qazzazie-Hauser, Afnan, Kirsten Honnef, and Thomas Hanemann. "Crosslinking Behavior of UV-Cured Polyorganosilazane as Polymer-Derived Ceramic Precursor in Ambient and Nitrogen Atmosphere." Polymers 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 2424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152424.

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Polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs) based on silicon precursor represent an outstanding material for ceramic coatings thanks to their extraordinary versatile processibility. A promising example of a silicone precursor, polyorganosilazane (Durazane 1800), was studied concerning its crosslinking behavior by mixing it with three different photoinitiators, and curing it by two different UV-LED sources under both nitrogen and ambient atmosphere. The chemical conversion during polymerization and pyrolysis was monitored by FTIR spectroscopy. Pyrolysis was performed in a nitrogen atmosphere at 950 °C. The results demonstrate that polyorganosilazane can be cured by the energy-efficient UV-LED source at room temperature in nitrogen and ambient atmosphere. In nitrogen atmosphere, already common reactions for polysilazanes, including polyaddition of the vinyl group, dehydrogenation reactions, hydrosilylation, and transamination reaction, are responsible for crosslinking. Meanwhile, in ambient atmosphere, hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions occur next to the aforementioned reactions. In addition, the type of photoinitiator has an influence on the conversion of the reactive bonds and the chemical composition of the resulting ceramic. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted in order to measure the ceramic yield of the cured samples as well as to study their decomposition. The ceramic yield was observed in the range of 72 to 78% depending on the composition and the curing atmosphere. The curing atmosphere significantly impacts the chemical composition of the resulting ceramics. Depending on the chosen atmosphere, either silicon carbonitride (SiCN) or a partially oxidized SiCN(O) can be produced.

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Yang, Zhenni, Meng Wang, Yanping Hou, Yucun Liu, Satheesh Chandran, Ravi Varma, Shengrong Lou, and Jun Chen. "Intercomparison of Ambient Nitrous Acid Measurements in a Shanghai Urban Site." Atmosphere 13, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020329.

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Nitrous acid (HONO) is the major source of OH radicals in polluted regions and plays a key role in the nitrogen cycle of the atmosphere. Therefore, accurate measurements of HONO in the atmosphere is important. Long Path Absorption Photometer (LOPAP) is a common and highly sensitive method used for ambient HONO measurements. Incoherent Broadband Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) is a recent alternative for the detection of HONO with high temporal and spatial resolutions, which has shown a detection limit of 0.76 ppbv at a sampling average of 180 s. In this study, LOPAP and IBBCEAS-HONO instruments were deployed in a Shanghai Urban Site (Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences) and simultaneously recorded the data from both instruments for a quantitative intercomparison of the measured atmospheric HONO for four days from 30 December 2017–2 January 2018. The HONO concentration measured by IBBCEAS and LOPAP were well matched. The campaign average concentrations measured by IBBCEAS and LOPAP were 1.28 and 1.20 ppbv, respectively. The intercomparison results demonstrated that both the IBBCEAS-HONO instrument and LOPAP-HONO instrument are suitable for ambient monitoring of HONO in a polluted urban environment.

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Mayer, Julian K., Fabienne Huttner, Carina A. Heck, Dominik Steckermeier, Max-Wolfram von Horstig, and Arno Kwade. "Investigation of Moisture Content, Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Nickel-Rich NCM Based Cathodes Processed at Ambient Atmosphere." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 060512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac7358.

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For batteries with high energy density and good fast-charge capability, NCM cathode active materials with ≥80 mol% nickel are promising due to their high specific capacities. Unfortunately, the increase in nickel content is accompanied by a high susceptibility to moisture. Therefore, nickel-rich NCM is coated or doped by the manufacturers to increase its stability. However, it is unclear if special requirements regarding ambient humidity must still be met during the whole production chain, or only after post-drying and during cell assembly. Therefore, the structure and properties of three different nickel-rich NCM active materials (one doped monocrystalline, two coated polycrystalline materials) processed at ambient atmosphere were investigated. At every process step, moisture content and microstructure were examined. Prior to cell assembly, two different post-drying procedures were applied and investigated. As validation, electrochemical tests were performed. Both polycrystalline cathodes demonstrated good physical and electrochemical properties, despite the ambient process atmosphere. Higher moisture reduction led to improved electrochemical performances at higher C-rates. Finally, a comparison between dry and normal atmosphere of the best performing material indicates that a production of high-quality nickel-rich electrodes at ambient atmosphere is possible if their exposure to moisture is short and well-designed post-drying techniques are applied.

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Maskey, Shila, Jae-Seok Kim, Hee-Joo Cho, and Kihong Park. "Ultrafine Particle Events in the Ambient Atmosphere in Korea." Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 288–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2012.6.4.288.

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Nayak, Deepak, Arnold Reisman, and Iwona Turlik. "Metal‐to‐Metal Bonding Using an Oxidizing Ambient Atmosphere." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 135, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 1023–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2095762.

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32

Marzo, Andrea, Amal Eleonora Mahajneh, Simone Mattavelli, Elisa Vitiello, Fabio Pezzoli, Emiliano Bonera, Massimiliano D’Arienzo, and Marco Fanciulli. "Ambient atmosphere laser-induced local ripening of MoS2 nanoparticles." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 42 (2019): 13261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc04613e.

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33

HONDA, L. K., and P. D. RONNEY. "Effect of Ambient Atmosphere on Flame Spread at Microgravity." Combustion Science and Technology 133, no. 4-6 (April 1998): 267–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102209808952037.

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34

Hirsch, E. H. "Surface ionization on tungsten in a varying ambient atmosphere." Vacuum 85, no. 3 (September 2010): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2010.07.011.

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Gusarov, Andrey V., Alexey G. Gnedovets, and Igor Smurov. "Gas dynamics of laser ablation: Influence of ambient atmosphere." Journal of Applied Physics 88, no. 7 (2000): 4352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1286175.

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Antonova, L. I., and V. P. Denissov. "High-brightness electron source isolated from the ambient atmosphere." Vacuum 55, no. 1 (October 1999): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-207x(99)00112-8.

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37

Coradi, Paulo Carteri, Claudir Lari Padia, Lanes Beatriz Acosta Jaques, Guilherme Abreu Coelho de Souza, Roney Eloy Lima, Amanda Müller, Paulo Eduardo Teodoro, Jonatas Ibagé Steinhaus, and Letícia de Oliveira Carneiro. "Adaptation of technological packaging for conservation of soybean seeds in storage units as an alternative to modified atmospheres." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): e0241787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241787.

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This study aimed to evaluate the quality of seeds of RR and RR2 PRO soybean cultivars stored in ambient air with raffia packaging (ANER), ambient air with laminated packaging (ANEL), modified atmosphere with polyethylene packaging (AMEP), refrigerated atmosphere (1 to 3°C) with raffia packaging (ARER), refrigerated atmosphere (1 to 3°C) with laminated packaging (AREL), and modified (-14 PSI) and refrigerated (1 to 3°C) atmosphere with polyethylene packaging (AMREP), over 6 months of storage. Results showed that the seeds of cultivar RR2 were preserved with better physiological quality. Raffia and polyethylene packaging under natural storage conditions, in a refrigerated and modified atmosphere, did not preserve the seed quality over the storage period. The conditions of storage in ambient air with laminated packaging (ANEL) and in a refrigerated atmosphere with laminated packaging (AREL) reduced the environmental effects of temperature and relative humidity, leading to better results of physiological quality of the seeds. Storage time negatively influenced the physiological quality of seeds, except for AREL and ANEL, which maintained the quality close to that of the initial conditions, over the 6 months of storage. The best alternatives for soybean seeds storage over 6 months are the laminated packaging in a natural environment, matching the refrigerated conditions. The technological laminated packaging can be used as a new alternative for conserving soybean seeds in processing and storage units.

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Xu, Rui, Junrong Li, Zilong Tang, and Zhongtai Zhang. "Li4Ti5O12Heattreated under Nitrogen Ambient with Outstanding Rate Capabilities." Journal of Nanomaterials 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/635416.

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The powders of spinel Li4Ti5O12were prepared by heat treating the mixture of rutile TiO2and Li acetate at800∘Cfor 3 h under a nitrogen atmosphere and, for comparison, under air as well. The powders heated underN2show a remarkably higher-rate capability and better cycle stability. The discharge capacity of Li4Ti5O12heated underN2at 19°C (corresponding to a 3.2-minute total discharge) reached 107 mA hg−1, 22 mA hg−1higher than that of Li4Ti5O12heated under air, which was 85 mA hg−1. The former material also shows a much better cycle stability, with no discharge capacity loss after 300 cycles at 6°C or 16.3°C. The results indicate that heat treatment under low-oxygen partial pressure atmosphere such asN2could significantly improve the high-rate performance of spinel Li4Ti5O12.

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Hovmand, M. F., and Kaare Kemp. "Atmospheric Heavy Metal Input to Forest Soils in Rural Areas of Denmark." Scientific World JOURNAL 7 (2007): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.41.

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Atmospheric bulk deposition of heavy metals (HM) was measured from 1972/73 to the present time at five to ten forest sites in rural areas of Denmark. From 1979, HM in aerosols were measured at one to four forest sites. On the basis of these long-term continuous measurements, the atmospheric inputs to the forest floor have been calculated. Yearly HM emission estimates to the European atmosphere seems to correlate well with yearly average values of HM deposition, as well as with HM concentrations in the ambient atmosphere. HM emissions have been estimated since the 1950s. Using the correlation between emission and deposition, HM deposition values maybe extrapolated in reverse chronological order. The accumulated atmospheric HM deposition has been estimated in this way over a period of 50 years.

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40

Kuppusami, P., T. Dharini, Ajith Kumar Soman, A. M. Kamalan Kirubaharan, and Arul Maximus Rabel. "A Comparative Study on Sintering Behaviour of Low and High Density Pellets of Ni-YSZ by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy." Nano Hybrids and Composites 17 (August 2017): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.17.237.

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In this study, a systematic investigation on in-situ sintering behavior of Ni-YSZ (50: 50wt. %) pellets of density of 4.2 (low density) and 4.9 g/cm3 (high density) in ambient and oxygen environment by impedance spectroscopy is presented. X-ray diffraction indicated the formation of cubic phases of NiO and YSZ. The low density pellet sintered for 16 h showed low content of monoclinic phase when compared to high density pellet. The microstructure of the high density pellet revealed finer and homogenous distribution of Ni in YSZ matrix due to longer sintering duration when compared with the low density pellet. AC impedance spectra were recorded for both low and high density pellets during sintering in ambient and oxygen environment in the temperature range 873-1173 K. The results indicate that for both the pellets, the impedance values decreased when sintering temperature increased from 873 to 1173 K in both ambient and oxygen environment. However, the impedance was low while sintering in oxygen atmosphere than in ambient. Besides these observation, impedance of the high density pellet was much lower than that of the low density pellet at all sintering temperature in both ambient and oxygen atmosphere. While the impedance decreased with increasing sintering temperature, the capacitance increased slowly in both the ambient and oxygen atmosphere. The change in the impedance behavior due to grain interior and grain boundaries is explained in relation with the microstructural changes that occur during sintering in different environments.

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Conrath, Barney J. "Jupiter's post-impact atmospheric thermal response." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 156 (May 1996): 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100115556.

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Measurements of thermal emission in spectral regions, ranging from the near-infrared to mm wavelengths provide information on the atmospheric thermal structure over impact sites fromμbar levels in the upper stratosphere down to the upper troposphere. Systematic time series of observations relevant to this entire height range over individual spots do not exist. However, by piecing together information at different times from various spots, it is possible to obtain a provisional, semi-quantitative picture of the behavior of the thermal structure over a typical impact site. Immediately after fall-back of the ejecta plume, the upper stratosphere is heated to ∼ 600-1300 K above ambient temperature. The amplitude of the temperature perturbation diminishes with increasing depth in the atmosphere, but even in the upper troposphere a temperature increase of a few kelvins is observed. Initially, the upper stratosphere cools very rapidly with time scales of tens of minutes, presumably the result of strong radiative cooling associated with the high temperatures. After the initial cooling, all levels continue to cool at slower rates with time scales of a few days; however, this is still very rapid compared to radiative cooling of the ambient atmosphere. Enhancements in infrared opacity necessary to produce the cooling radiatively do not appear to be viable, suggesting that dynamical effects may play a dominant role. Possible mechanisms include horizontal mixing with the ambient atmosphere and adiabatic cooling produced by upward motion associated with an anticyclonic vortex. Many questions remain concerning the thermal structure above the impact sites; these are being addressed through ongoing data analysis and modeling efforts.

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42

Owino, Lilian A., Sebastian Waita, Robinson J. Musembi, and Francis W. Nyongesa. "Effects of Annealing Ambient on the Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of TiO2:Ge Thin Films." Tanzania Journal of Science 48, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v48i1.1.

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TiO2, a semiconducting material with a wide energy band gap, has been researched intensively due to its interesting properties and many potential applications. The films properties can as well be modified by preparing the films under diverse ambient to suit diverse applications. In this work, the effects of the annealing atmosphere on the structural, optical and electrical properties of pure TiO2 and TiO2:Ge composite thin films deposited by sputtering from commercially available pure TiO2 and TiO2:Ge (85:15) targets respectively were studied. The films were deposited on fluorine doped tin oxide glass substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering technique at room temperature 23–25 ℃ and then annealed at 450 ℃ for one hour in three different atmospheres: air, argon and nitrogen. The XRD results revealed that, both pure TiO2 and TiO2:Ge thin films were crystalline and had a mixed phase of anatase and rutile regardless of the annealing ambient. The calculated crystallite sizes ranged between 19–21 nm with the particle sizes for TiO2:Ge films being larger compared to pure TiO2 as calculated from ImageJ software. Electrical measurements showed that the resistivity of as deposited pure TiO2 films (about 13.03 × 10–2 Ω-cm) was greater than the TiO2: Ge composite (5.91 × 10–2 Ω-cm). Furthermore, on annealing, pure TiO2 had a resistivity of 9.47 × 10–2 Ω-cm–10.4 × 10–2 Ω-cm, while the TiO2:Ge composite had a resistivity of 2.24 × 10–2 Ω-cm–3.61 × 10–2 Ω-cm depending on the annealing atmosphere. Variation of annealing atmosphere had minimal influence on the electrical resistivity of the films. The films annealed in nitrogen recorded the least resistivity values averaging about 5.86 × 10–2 Ω-cm, while those annealed in argon and air recorded a resistivity of 6.94 × 10–2 Ω-cm and 6.65 × 10–2 Ω-cm, respectively. The transmittance spectra showed that, all the annealed films were transparent in the visible region (400–700 nm) with a mean bandgap of 3.60 eV for each annealing atmosphere. It is recommended that films annealed in nitrogen atmosphere could be considered for potential applications in photovoltaics. Keywords: Titanium dioxide; Germanium; Ambient; Structural; Optical, Electrical

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43

Klironomos, John N., Matthias C. Rillig, Michael F. Allen, Donald R. Zak, Kurt S. Pregitzer, and Mark E. Kubiske. "Increased levels of airborne fungal spores in response to Populus tremuloides grown under elevated atmospheric CO2." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 10 (October 1, 1997): 1670–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-880.

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Soil fungi are important components of terrestrial ecosystems. They function as decomposers, pathogens, parasites, and mutualistic symbionts. Their main mode of dispersal is to liberate spores into the atmosphere. In this study we tested the hypothesis that a higher atmospheric CO2 concentration will induce greater sporulation in common soil fungi, leading to higher concentrations of fungal propagules in the atmosphere. In our field experiment, the concentration of airborne fungal propagules, mostly spores, increased fourfold under twice-ambient CO2 concentrations. Analysis of decomposing leaf litter (likely the main source of airborne fungal propagules) indicated that the fungi produced fivefold more spores under elevated CO2. Our results provide evidence that elevations in atmospheric CO2 concentration can directly affect microbial function, which may have important implications for litter decay, fungal dispersal, and human respiratory health. Key words: atmospheric CO2, fungal spores, global change, Populus tremuloides.

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44

Schumann, U., B. Mayer, K. Graf, and H. Mannstein. "A Parametric Radiative Forcing Model for Contrail Cirrus." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 51, no. 7 (July 2012): 1391–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-0242.1.

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AbstractA new parameterized analytical model is presented to compute the instantaneous radiative forcing (RF) at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) produced by an additional thin contrail cirrus layer (called “contrail” below). The model calculates the RF using as input the outgoing longwave radiation and reflected solar radiation values at TOA for a contrail-free atmosphere, so that the model is applicable for both cloud-free and cloudy ambient atmospheres. Additional input includes the contrail temperature, contrail optical depth (at 550 nm), effective particle radius, particle habit, solar zenith angle, and the optical depth of cirrus above the contrail layer. The model parameters (5 for longwave and 10 for shortwave) are determined from least squares fits to calculations from the “libRadtran” radiative transfer model over a wide range of atmospheric and surface conditions. The correlation coefficient between model and calculations is larger than 98%. The analytical model is compared with published results, including a 1-yr simulation of global RF, and is found to agree well with previous studies. The fast analytical model is part of a larger modeling system to simulate contrail life cycles (“CoCiP”) and can allow for the rapid simulation of contrail cirrus RF over a wide range of meteorological conditions and for a given size-dependent habit mixture. Ambient clouds are shown to have large local impact on the net RF of contrails. Net RF of contrails may both increase and decrease and even change sign in the presence of higher-level cirrus, depending on solar zenith angle.

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Mather, Tamsin A. "Volcanism and the atmosphere: the potential role of the atmosphere in unlocking the reactivity of volcanic emissions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, no. 1885 (September 25, 2008): 4581–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0152.

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Recent measurements of reactive trace gas species in volcanic plumes have offered intriguing hints at the chemistry occurring in the hot environment at volcanic vents. This has led to the recognition that volcanic vents should be regarded not only as passive sources of volcanic gases to the atmosphere, but also as ‘reaction vessels’ that unlock otherwise inert volcanic and atmospheric gas species. The atypical conditions created by the mixing of ambient atmosphere with the hot gases emitted from magma give rise to elevated concentrations of otherwise unexpected chemical compounds. Rapid cooling of this mixture allows these species to persist into the environment, with important consequences for gas plume chemistry and impacts. This paper discusses some examples of the implications of these high-temperature interactions in terms of nitrogen, halogen and sulphur chemistry, and their consequences in terms of the global fixed nitrogen budget, volcanically induced ozone destruction and particle fluxes to the atmosphere. Volcanically initiated atmospheric chemistry was likely to have been particularly important before biological (and latterly anthropogenic) processes started to dominate many geochemical cycles, with important consequences in terms of the evolution of the nitrogen cycle and the role of particles in modulating the Earth's climate.

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Lioy, Paul J. ,., and Raymond V. ,. Dyba. "Tropospheric Ozone: The Dynamics of Human Exposure." Toxicology and Industrial Health 5, no. 3 (July 1989): 493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823378900500309.

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The conditions in the ambient atmosphere conducive to ozone exposure are examined, and placed into a context of the time arid locations where individuals would be expected to be affected by high ozone. This is done for both 1 h and 8 h averaging times. Concentrations of ozone in the ambient atmosphere can violate the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) and also the Time Weighted Average-Threshold Limit Value (TWA-TLV) for workers. Exposures that occurred in a 1982 episode associated with a health effects study are described in detail. The effective dose received by a camper at a children's summer camp appeared to be similar to that delivered to volunteers during a controlled human exposure study in which effects on pulmonary function were observed.

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Lazaridis, Mihalis. "Bacteria as Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) in the Atmosphere." Atmosphere 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120786.

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Bacteria activation and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) formation have been studied in the atmosphere using the classical theory of heterogeneous nucleation. Simulations were performed for the binary system of sulfuric acid/water using laboratory-determined contact angles. Realistic model simulations were performed at different atmospheric heights for a set of 140 different bacteria. Model simulations showed that bacteria activation is a potentially favorable process in the atmosphere which may be enhanced at lower temperatures. CCN formation from bacteria nuclei is dependent on ambient atmospheric conditions (temperature, relative humidity), bacteria size, and sulfuric acid concentration. Furthermore, a critical parameter for the determination of bacteria activation is the value of the intermolecular potential between the bacteria’s surface and the critical cluster formed at their surface. In the classical nucleation theory, this is parameterized with the contact angle between substrate and critical cluster. Therefore, the dataset of laboratory values for the contact angle of water on different bacteria substrates needs to be enriched for realistic simulations of bacteria activation in the atmosphere.

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Liu, Bo Yang, Yun Zhou, Li Hua Dong, and Yan Sheng Yin. "Solution Phase Synthesis of Amorphous Carbon Nanoparticles under Ambient Atmosphere." Advanced Materials Research 624 (December 2012): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.624.76.

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A novel solution-phase method is developed for preparation of amorphous carbon nanoparticles with high specific surface area under ambient atmosphere by the reaction of ferrocene and ammonium chloride in polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) at 200 oC. Samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. It is found that the nanoparticles are complete amorphous and agglomerate together due to the strong surface tension. The amorphous carbon nanoparticles with a diameter of 40-100 nm have a wide size distribution of mesopores with a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 402.28m2•g-1. It is proposed that the dissolved reactants uniformly dispersing in the solutions could react at a molecular level to form uniform carbon nanoparticles.

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Kundu, Manisha, Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Kazuya Terabe, Kazuhiro Yamamoto, and Masakazu Aono. "Structural studies of copper sulfide films: effect of ambient atmosphere." Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 9, no. 3 (July 2008): 035011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1468-6996/9/3/035011.

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Ursu, I., I. N. Mihailescu, L. Nanu, A. M. Prokhorov, V. I. Konov, and V. G. Ralchenko. "Nitrification of zirconium by cw CO2laser irradiation in ambient atmosphere." Applied Physics Letters 46, no. 2 (January 15, 1985): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.95702.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ambient atmosphere'

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