Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ambient atmosphere

Academic literature on the topic 'Ambient atmosphere'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Ambient atmosphere"

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AMIRABADIZADEH, AHMAD, REZA SARHADDI, ZAHRA VAHEDIPANAH, and REZA MARDANI. "STRUCTURAL, MORPHOLOGICAL, ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURED CoFe THIN FILMS PREPARED BY SPRAY PYROLYSIS DEPOSITION METHOD." Surface Review and Letters 22, no. 05 (August 27, 2015): 1550068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x15500687.

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Nanostructured CoFe thin films were prepared on the glass substrates by spray pyrolysis deposition (SPD) method. The as-deposited films were separately annealed at 500°C in ambient air and hydrogen atmospheres to investigate the effect of annealing atmosphere on different properties of the deposited films. Structural, morphological, magnetic and electrical properties of annealed thin films were investigated by the X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and four-point probe measurements, respectively. XRD patterns show that by changing the annealing atmosphere from ambient air to hydrogen, the crystal structure transformed from cubic spinel phase (Fd-3m) to cubic CsCl -type phase (Pm-3m). SEM images demonstrated that the morphology, grain size and thickness of annealed thin films depend greatly on the atmosphere type. Thickness of the films annealed in ambient air and hydrogen atmosphere were 378 and 356 nm, respectively. The morphology of the films changes from small sized granular for the ambient air-annealed films to coral-like structures for the hydrogen atmosphere annealed films. The magnetic properties of the annealed thin films depend on the annealing atmosphere, the applied field directions and film microstructural properties. Hydrogen annealing induced a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in CoFe thin films. Room temperature hysteresis measurements show soft magnetic behavior of the hydrogen atmosphere annealed CoFe films in the perpendicular direction suggested its application in perpendicular magnetic recording media.
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Suvarapu, Lakshmi Narayana, and Sung-Ok Baek. "Determination of heavy metals in the ambient atmosphere." Toxicology and Industrial Health 33, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233716654827.

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Heavy metal determination in ambient air is an important task for environmental researchers because of their toxicity to human beings. Some heavy metals (hexavalent chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni)) have been listed as carcinogens. Furthermore, heavy metals in the atmosphere can accumulate in various plants and animals and enter humans through the food chain. This article reviews the determination of heavy metals in the atmosphere in different areas of the world since 2006. The results showed that most researchers concentrated on toxic metals, such as Cr, Cd, Ni, As and lead. A few studies used plant materials as bio-monitors for the atmospheric levels of heavy metals. Some researchers found higher concentrations of heavy metals surrounding industrial areas compared with residential and/or commercial areas. Most studies reported the major sources of the particulate matter and heavy metals in the atmosphere to be industrial emissions, vehicular emissions and secondary aerosols.
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Meerkötter, R., U. Schumann, D. R. Doelling, P. Minnis, T. Nakajima, and Y. Tsushima. "Radiative forcing by contrails." Annales Geophysicae 17, no. 8 (August 31, 1999): 1080–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-1080-7.

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Abstract. A parametric study of the instantaneous radiative impact of contrails is presented using three different radiative transfer models for a series of model atmospheres and cloud parameters. Contrails are treated as geometrically and optically thin plane parallel homogeneous cirrus layers in a static atmosphere. The ice water content is varied as a function of ambient temperature. The model atmospheres include tropical, mid-latitude, and subarctic summer and winter atmospheres. Optically thin contrails cause a positive net forcing at top of the atmosphere. At the surface the radiative forcing is negative during daytime. The forcing increases with the optical depth and the amount of contrail cover. At the top of the atmosphere, a mean contrail cover of 0.1% with average optical depth of 0.2 to 0.5 causes about 0.01 to 0.03 Wm-2 daily mean instantaneous radiative forcing. Contrails cool the surface during the day and heat the surface during the night, and hence reduce the daily temperature amplitude. The net effect depends strongly on the daily variation of contrail cloud cover. The indirect radiative forcing due to particle changes in natural cirrus clouds may be of the same magnitude as the direct one due to additional cover.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (aerosols and particles) · Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (climatology · radiative processes)
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van Pinxteren, Manuela, Tiera-Brandy Robinson, Sebastian Zeppenfeld, Xianda Gong, Enno Bahlmann, Khanneh Wadinga Fomba, Nadja Triesch, et al. "High number concentrations of transparent exopolymer particles in ambient aerosol particles and cloud water – a case study at the tropical Atlantic Ocean." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 8 (May 2, 2022): 5725–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5725-2022.

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Abstract. Transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) exhibit the properties of gels and are ubiquitously found in the world oceans. TEPs may enter the atmosphere as part of sea-spray aerosol. Here, we report number concentrations of TEPs with a diameter > 4.5 µm, hence covering a part of the supermicron particle range, in ambient aerosol and cloud water samples from the tropical Atlantic Ocean as well as in generated aerosol particles using a plunging waterfall tank that was filled with the ambient seawater. The ambient TEP concentrations ranged between 7×102 and 3×104 #TEP m−3 in the aerosol particles and correlations with sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca2+) (R2=0.5) suggested some contribution via bubble bursting. Cloud water TEP concentrations were between 4×106 and 9×106 #TEP L−1 and, according to the measured cloud liquid water content, corresponding to equivalent air concentrations of 2–4×103 #TEP m−3. Based on Na+ concentrations in seawater and in the atmosphere, the enrichment factors for TEPs in the atmosphere were calculated. The tank-generated TEPs were enriched by a factor of 50 compared with seawater and, therefore, in-line with published enrichment factors for supermicron organic matter in general and TEPs specifically. TEP enrichment in the ambient atmosphere was on average 1×103 in cloud water and 9×103 in ambient aerosol particles and therefore about two orders of magnitude higher than the corresponding enrichment from the tank study. Such high enrichment of supermicron particulate organic constituents in the atmosphere is uncommon and we propose that atmospheric TEP concentrations resulted from a combination of enrichment during bubble bursting transfer from the ocean and a secondary TEP in-situ formation in atmospheric phases. Abiotic in-situ formation might have occurred from aqueous reactions of dissolved organic precursors that were present in particle and cloud water samples, whereas biotic formation involves bacteria, which were abundant in the cloud water samples. The ambient TEP number concentrations were two orders of magnitude higher than recently reported ice nucleating particle (INP) concentrations measured at the same location. As TEPs likely possess good properties to act as INPs, in future experiments it is worth studying if a certain part of TEPs contributes a fraction of the biogenic INP population.
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Jones, Colleen P., Seth N. Lyman, Daniel A. Jaffe, Tanner Allen, and Trevor L. O'Neil. "Detection and quantification of gas-phase oxidized mercury compounds by GC/MS." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 5 (May 18, 2016): 2195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2195-2016.

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Abstract. Most mercury pollution is emitted to the atmosphere, and the location and bioavailability of deposited mercury largely depends on poorly understood atmospheric chemical reactions that convert elemental mercury into oxidized mercury compounds. Current measurement methods do not speciate oxidized mercury, leading to uncertainty about which mercury compounds exist in the atmosphere and how oxidized mercury is formed. We have developed a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based system for identification and quantification of atmospheric oxidized mercury compounds. The system consists of an ambient air collection device, a thermal desorption module, a cryofocusing system, a gas chromatograph, and an ultra-sensitive mass spectrometer. It was able to separate and identify mercury halides with detection limits low enough for ambient air collection (90 pg), but an improved ambient air collection device is needed. The GC/MS system was unable to quantify HgO or Hg(NO3)2, and data collected cast doubt upon the existence of HgO in the gas phase.
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Chameides, W. L., F. Fehsenfeld, M. O. Rodgers, C. Cardelino, J. Martinez, D. Parrish, W. Lonneman, et al. "Ozone precursor relationships in the ambient atmosphere." Journal of Geophysical Research 97, no. D5 (1992): 6037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91jd03014.

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Mao, Chuanbin, Lian Zhou, and Xiangyun Sun. "Interaction between BiPbSrCaCuO powder and ambient atmosphere." Physica C: Superconductivity 281, no. 2-3 (August 1997): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4534(97)00147-0.

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Mahmoudi, Amir, and Mohamad Esmailian. "Wear Behavior of White Layer in Plasma Nitrided H13 Steel at Ambient and Elevated Temperatures." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.41.

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In this study, AISI H13 steel was plasma nitrided in two different atmospheres, containing 25%N2-75%H2 and 4%N2-96%H2 at a constant temperature of 530oC and 6h-holding time. Dry wear behavior of nitrided samples was determined with pin-on-disc method at 25oC and 500oC, under 10N and 30N loads. The results indicated that the nitrided steels, which had a thin multiple phases white layer (produced at 4%N2-96%H2 atmosphere), didn’t have any wear resistance in ambient and elevated temperatures. However, the nitrided steels, having thick single phase white layer (produced at 25%N2-75%H2 atmosphere), showed better wear resistance in ambient temperature than in elevated temperature.
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Chen, Chang Jun, Min Zhang, and Qing Ming Chang. "Study on TC4 Titanium Alloy by Laser Oxygen-Diffused Hardening Process under Different Gas Atmosphere." Advanced Materials Research 337 (September 2011): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.337.33.

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Surface oxygen diffusion hardening treatments of TC4 titanium alloy in Ar+O2, O2 and ambient atmosphere were performed by scanning with a pulsed Nd: YAG laser. By using different gas atmosphere with Ar+O2, O2 and ambient atmosphere, the structure and the hardness behavior of the laser oxygen hardening layers can be controlled in a wide range. Optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive analysis system of X-ray (EDAX) was used to reveal the microstructure and to identify the chemical composition. A Vickers microhardness tester was employed to measure the hardness distribution across both the substrate and the hardening layer. It is shown that smooth, deep and crack-free harden layers of a surface hardness ranging from 810-673Hv can be obtained under ambient atmosphere and Ar+O2 atmosphere. Cracks are observed in the sample processed under pure oxygen atmosphere. Dilution of oxygen gas with argon or nitrogen (ambient atmosphere) leads to a crack-free harden layer at the expense of a reduction in surface hardness.
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Cohen, Ofer, Julián D. Alvarado-Gómez, Jeremy J. Drake, Laura M. Harbach, Cecilia Garraffo, and Federico Fraschetti. "Space-weather-driven Variations in Lyα Absorption Signatures of Exoplanet Atmospheric Escape: MHD Simulations and the Case of AU Mic b." Astrophysical Journal 934, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac78e4.

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Abstract We simulate the space environment around AU Microscopii b and the interaction between the magnetized stellar wind and a planetary atmospheric outflow for ambient stellar wind conditions and coronal mass ejection (CME) conditions. We also calculate synthetic Lyα absorption due to neutral hydrogen in the ambient and the escaping planetary atmosphere affected by this interaction. We find that the Lyα absorption is highly variable owing to the highly varying stellar wind conditions. A strong Doppler blueshift component is observed in the Lyα profile, in contradiction to the actual escape velocity observed in the simulations themselves. This result suggests that the strong Doppler blueshift is likely attributed to the stellar wind, not the escaping neutral atmosphere, either through its advection of neutral planetary gas or through the creation of a fast neutral flow via charge exchange between the stellar wind ions and the planetary neutrals. Indeed, our CME simulations indicate a strong stripping of magnetospheric material from the planet, including some of the neutral escaping atmosphere. Our simulations show that the pressure around close-in exoplanets is not much lower, and may be even higher, than the pressure at the top of the planetary atmosphere. Thus, the neutral atmosphere is hydrodynamically escaping with a very small velocity (<15 km s−1). Moreover, our simulations show that an MHD treatment is essential in order to properly capture the coupled magnetized stellar wind and the escaping atmosphere, despite the atmosphere being neutral. This coupling should be considered when interpreting Lyα observations in the context of exoplanets’ atmospheric escape.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ambient atmosphere"

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Abouzreba, Salem Ali. "Volatile fatty acids in the ambient atmosphere." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388115.

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Hennigan, Christopher James. "Properties of secondary organic aerosol in the ambient atmosphere sources, formation, and partitioning /." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26598.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Weber, Rodney; Committee Co-Chair: Bergin, Michael; Committee Member: Mulholland, James; Committee Member: Nenes, Athanasios; Committee Member: Russell, Armistead. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Johnson, Bryan Jay. "The carbon isotopic content and concentration of ambient formic and acetic acid." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185355.

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A direct method for source determination of atmospheric formic and acetic acid, through carbon isotopic analysis of the ambient acids and their potential sources, has been successfully developed and tested. These first carbon isotopic measurements of formic acid in the atmosphere were found to be fairly constant, regardless of location. This is consistent with a single dominating source of formic acid, with vegetation emissions being the most likely controlling source. Collection of relatively large quantities (0.3$-$3.0 mg) of the organic acids, which was necessary for carbon isotopic measurements, was effectively accomplished by a new method using calcium hydroxide-treated filters with a high-volume sampler. Samples were collected on a regular basis at Mount Lemmon, Arizona (elevation = 9200 feet A.S.L.). Atmospheric concentrations showed a well-defined seasonal pattern, with the lowest concentrations (about 0.2 ppbv) occurring in the middle of the winter, which steadily increased to a maximum of nearly 2 ppbv in the summer. The ¹³C content (δ ¹³C) of HCOOH averaged -20.9 ± 2.5 ‰ during the growing season (April-September) and -23.2 ± 3.5 ‰ during the non-growing season at Mount Lemmon. Isotopic measurements of formic acid from several other locations included two west coast marine sites (δ ¹³C range of -19.1 to -24.6 ‰), three Colorado Rocky Mountain samples averaging -23.2 ± 1.0 ‰, two from the prairie of North Dakota (-23.5 ± 1.0 ‰) and three samples collected in the urban Tucson, Arizona area (-20.8 ± 3.4 ‰). Source measurements included HCOOH emissions from two species of formicine ants (-18.8 ± 1.7 ‰), and HCOOH in automobile exhaust (-28 ‰ from leaded gasoline, and -48.6 ‰ from unleaded). Further support for a biogenic source of atmospheric HCOOH came from the carbon-14 analysis of six Mount Lemmon HCOOH samples (93-113% modern carbon), using accelerator mass spectrometry. Carbon isotopic fractionation during exchange of HCOOH between the liquid and gas phases was investigated through a gas/liquid partitioning experiment. A first experimental measurement of the Henry's Law coefficient (Kᴴ) averaged 7400 ± 800 M/atm. Fractionation between HCOOH(g) and HCOOH(aq) was found to be negligible.
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Brown, Christopher G. "Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for detection of organic residues impact of ambient atmosphere and laser parameters." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4860.

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Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is showing great potential as an atomic analytical technique. With its ability to rapidly analyze all forms of matter, with little-to-no sample preparation, LIBS has many advantages over conventional atomic emission spectroscopy techniques. With the maturation of the technologies that make LIBS possible, there has been a growing movement to implement LIBS in portable analyzers for field applications. In particular, LIBS has long been considered the front-runner in the drive for stand-off detection of trace deposits of explosives. Thus there is a need for a better understanding of the relevant processes that are responsible for the LIBS signature and their relationships to the different system parameters that are helping to improve LIBS as a sensing technology. This study explores the use of LIBS as a method to detect random trace amounts of specific organic materials deposited on organic or non-metallic surfaces. This requirement forces the limitation of single-shot signal analysis. This study is both experimental and theoretical, with a sizeable component addressing data analysis using principal components analysis to reduce the dimensionality of the data, and quadratic discriminant analysis to classify the data. In addition, the alternative approach of 'target factor analysis' was employed to improve detection of organic residues on organic substrates. Finally, a new method of characterizing the laser-induced plasma of organics, which should lead to improved data collection and analysis, is introduced. The comparison between modeled and experimental measurements of plasma temperatures and electronic density is discussed in order to improve the present models of low-temperature laser induced plasmas.
ID: 029809549; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 284-297).
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Physics
Sciences
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Sepúlveda, Filipa Maria da Cruz Filipe. "O efeito da musica ambiente no comportamento do consumidor : o caso dos restaurantes." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10292.

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Mestrado em Marketing
O presente estudo visa investigar qual o impacto que a presença de música ambiente e respectivas variações do tempo da música, num ambiente de restaurante, tem junto do comportamento do consumidor, averiguando se é, ou não, uma ferramenta de marketing eficaz. Através de uma abordagem metódica e quantitativa, ir-se-á investigar se a presença de música ambiente e as suas respectivas variações no tempo afectam positivamente o tempo que os consumidores passam no interior do espaço e quais os seus diferentes tipos de gastos. Para isso, foi conduzida uma experiência, num restaurante situado na zona de Miraflores, onde durante 3 semanas se utilizou a técnica de observação para estudar os comportamentos dos consumidores nas 3 condições de estudo: sem música ambiente, com música ambiente de tempo lento e com música ambiente de tempo rápido. Embora os resultados obtidos não permitam validar muitos dos objectivos propostos na presente investigação, verificou-se que muitas das variáveis alvo de estudo, sofreram ligeiras melhorias aquando a presença de música ambiente e em alguns casos mais concretos, aquando da presença de música ambiente com tempo lento.
The following paper aims to explore which is the impact that the presence of environmental music and its respective variations in tempo over a restaurant environment has on consumer behavior, and to check whether or not, it can act as an effective marketing tool. Throughout an exhaustive fact based analysis, it will be investigated if the presence of environmental music, with its variations in tempo, affects positively the time spent inside the restaurant, and which are the impacts over the different spending categories. With that vision in mind, it was conducted an experiment, in a restaurant located on Miraflores, Lisbon area, where during three weeks, the observation method was used to study the consumer behavior on the 3 study conditions: without environmental music, with slow tempo environmental music and finally, with fast tempo environmental music. Although the results obtained did not allowed to validate much of the objectives proposed by the investigation, it was worth of note that plenty of the variables that were studied suffered slight improvements when subjected to environmental music, and in some cases with the use of slow tempo environmental music.
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Mikael, Ali. "Evaluation des paramètres physiques des bâtiments : amortissement, fréquence et modes de comportement des structures de génie civil : approche expérimentale." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00597269.

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La connaissance et la caractérisation du bâti existant est une problématique attirant l'intérêt de nombreuses activités depuis quelques années. L'utilisation des vibrations ambiantes permet de connaître facilement les paramètres dynamiques élastiques de la structure, que sont les fréquences de vibration, les amortissements et les modes de déformations. La fréquence de vibration étant facilement observable par le calcul de la transformée de Fourier d'un enregistrement au sommet de la structure, l'amortissement quant à lui reste un des paramètres les moins bien connus et son origine physique reste imprécise. Dans cette étude, nous essayerons de mesurer la fréquence et l'amortissement sur plusieurs bâtiments, d'évaluer la stabilité et la précision des mesures effectuées, en particulier afin de connaître jusqu'à quelle précision on peut relier des variations des paramètres modaux à des variations des propriétés physiques. Nous analyserons les variations observées pour des périodes variant de 1 mois à plus de 1 an. Ces études continues sur au moins un mois permettront de mettre en évidence les variations réversibles des paramètres dynamiques de la structure, et de les mettre en relation avec des forçages externes. On observe des variations journalières sur la fréquence et l'amortissement dans tous les bâtiments étudiés. La relation entre ces variations, et d'autres variations observées à plus long terme, avec la température diffère d'un bâtiment à l'autre. La relation entre fréquence et amortissement et l'effet de l'Interaction Sol-Structure ont été étudiés.
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Sanderson, Paul. "Measurement and identification of ambient atmospheric metallic nanoparticles." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6426/.

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Physico-chemical characterisation of atmospheric metallic particles collected at six roadside, background and rural sites has been undertaken by multiple methods. Mass-size distributions of total PM mass have been compared between multiple sites and roadside increments calculated in Birmingham, which are found to occur in the size ranges 100-180 nm, 320-560 nm and >1000 nm. Good correlations are observed between Ba, Cu and Fe, but some divergence of sources is evident in small particles. Single-particle analysis by TEM-X-EDS and EELS has classified Fe-dominated particles into two main groups; Fe content >90%/wt and Fe-Mn alloys (Fe ~75%/wt). Both classes are mainly γ-Fe\(_2\)O\(_3\) and α-Fe\(_2\)O\(_3\). Pb-dominated particles have been detected with Zn and Sb. Ce particles have been found as nanoparticles attached to large soot agglomerates. TEM and ICP-MS samples collectedfrom a static brake test rig show changes in mass distributions at different braking forces and between different elements, in particular between Ba, Cu, Fe, Ni and Al. Data from TEM samples of diesel exhaust imply that particles containing Fe, Cr and Ni together may be indicative of this source and that engines are a possible source of submicrometre Cu. Use of Al-alloys in engine design contributes Al-dominated particles to the emitted exhaust.
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Zhang, Ke. "Ambient and plume processing of atmospheric ultrafine particles /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Thomas, Stephen Bradley. "Characterisation of ambient fine and ultrafine atmospheric aerosols." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001.

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Niania, Mathew. "In-situ analysis of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-d surface in ambient atmospheres." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/44828.

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The LSCF material system is a desirable material for a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) cathode due to its Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conducting (MIEC) properties. It has been utilised commercially for many years, however, the cell lifetime is inhibited by degradation processes passivating the surface of the electrode. A-site cation segregation is believed to be a primary degradation mechanism due to the formation of electronically insulating secondary phase particles reducing the active surface area that facilitates the oxygen reduction reaction. Numerous reports have studied the overall effect that degradation has on SOFC cell performance, however, it is still unclear the extent to which microstructural changes affect a material's oxygen exchange properties. To date, many studies measuring the oxygen exchange rate utilised pure oxygen atmospheres in order to isolate the effect of oxygen. However, for cost and practicality reasons, the desired gas stream for SOFC is ambient air. Multiple oxygen-containing gaseous components and impurities (such as CO, CO2, H2O, SO2 and NOx) are contained within ambient air and have been shown to alter the oxygen exchange rate or enhance the degradation of MIEC materials. This work focuses upon characterising the effect ambient air has upon the surface microstructure and oxygen exchange rate of the LSCF system. In-situ High-Temperature Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (HT-ESEM) was used to analyse the growth rate and growth behaviour of strontium-based particles in pure O2, pure H2O, ambient air and vacuum environments. The HT-ESEM data was directly compared to Electron Backscattered Diffraction crystal orientation data in order to understand what effect the LSCF domain structure had upon the segregation of strontium. It was observed that the surface microstructure has a strong influence on the growth behaviour and growth kinetics of the particles. A common methodology for measuring oxygen self-diffusivity and surface exchange rates is Isotopic Exchange Depth Profiling (IEDP). This traditionally has used pure oxygen as the anneal environment to isolate the exchange properties of the O2 species, however, in the presence of other oxygen containing species the exchange process will be more complicated. In order to analyse the surface exchange rate in ambient air (or any other atmosphere containing a consistent oxygen partial pressure), the novel 'back-exchange' technique was developed. Initial development of the technique has demonstrated its validity and confirmed enhancement of the oxygen exchange rate in ambient air over pure oxygen. Time-of-Flight (ToF) SIMS was used to measure isotopically exchanged diffusion profiles. For materials with a high oxygen self-diffusivity, such as LSCF, the 'line-scan' method must be employed instead of a standard depth profile. The ToF-SIMS utilises a statistical method in order to correct for detector 'dead time', however, this method relies upon the total ion count to remaining constant across each pixel of the raster area. The line-scan method relies upon analysis of a surface perpendicular to the original exchange surface and as such will not have a constant ion count near the sample edge. Errors associated with the measured diffusion profile are discussed and an optimised sample preparation has been proposed.
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Books on the topic "Ambient atmosphere"

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Kilau, H. W. Capillary wetting response of coal after exposure to ambient air atmosphere. Pittsburgh, PA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1989.

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Kilau, H. W. Capillary wetting response of coal after exposure to ambient air atmosphere. Washington, DC: Dept. of the Interior, 1989.

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B, Evans Richard, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Ocean Ambient Noise: Measurement and Theory. New York, NY: William M. Carey and Richard B. Evans, 2011.

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Lovelace, Ronald M. Comparison of narrow band and one third octave ambient noise measurements. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1985.

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Standardization, International Organization for. Environment, airquality: General aspects, ambient atmospheres, workplace atmospheres, stationary sources emissions, transort exhaust emissions. Genève: ISO, 1994.

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California. Air Quality Standards Section. Ambient air quality standard for ozone: Health and welfare effects : staff report. Sacramento, Calif.]: State of California, Air Resources Board, 1987.

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Sharan, Girja. Fourier representation of ambient temperature and solar radiation for eighteen stations in India. Ahmedabad, India: Indian Institute of Management, 1995.

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Deutschman, Mark R. Ambient air quality, precipitation chemistry, and atmospheric deposition in North Dakota, 1980-1984. Bismarck, N.D. (Box 5520, 1200 Missouri Ave., Bismarck 58502-5520): North Dakota State Dept. of Health, Environmental Health Section, 1986.

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López, José A. Pérez. Agujero de ozono y efecto invernadero: Influencia en la salud y medio ambiente. Granada: Universidad de Granada, 1993.

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Weiss, John. Automatic jet contrail detection and segmentation. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ambient atmosphere"

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Dugger, M. T., D. E. Peebles, and L. E. Pope. "Counterface Material and Ambient Atmosphere." In ACS Symposium Series, 72–102. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1992-0485.ch005.

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Simon, Andreas, Jan Torpus, Christiane Heibach, and Jose Navarro. "Affect and Atmosphere in Controlled Responsive Environments." In Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions, 350–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39862-4_32.

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Nickel, Vadim. "Generative Atmospheres." In Mental Health | Atmospheres | Video Games, 195–208. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839462645-015.

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Playing computer games is an active pastime: players are presented with a dynamic game scenario that requires various inputs in order to engage with its core game loop. To do so, the player must constantly pay attention to the game while performing actions to propel gameplay. However, some games can be experienced over multiple levels of engagement. Such games feature levels of engagement that may not require the constant provision of input to offer a meaningful experience. In these games, atmosphere reveals itself as the underlying structure, intricate enough to be experienced in its own right. Ambient music, a term coined by musician Brian Eno, is a genre that is meant to allow for different levels of engagement. This may reach from ambient music being a background accompaniment in a given setting, to being the center of listener attention. This article will identify a type of game that can be perceived in a similar vein. Such a game offers ambient modes of experience: It allows to be experienced over varying levels of engagement and intensities of interactions. The term ambient game is relevant in this context since the music genre of the same name is referenced here. This article will present existing definitions of ambient games that identify parallels between the creation and perception of ambient music and various modes of experiencing digital games. Based on these findings, this article will propose three ambient modes of experience that represent the varying intensities of player interaction within the diegetic boundaries of games.
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de Vries, H. S. M., F. J. M. Harren, G. P. Wyers, R. P. Otjes, J. Slanina, and J. Reuss. "Real-time and Non-intrusive Detection of Ambient Ammonia using the Photothermal Deflection Technique." In Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of Pollutants and Trace Substances, 210–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03394-4_9.

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Özer, Ulviye, and Semra G. Tuncel. "Measurement of Ambient Concentration and Surface Fluxes of O3, SO2 NOx and TSP in Uludag National Park." In Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of Pollutants and Trace Substances, 277–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03394-4_17.

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Zimmermann, Felix. "Conclusion: Toward an Atmospherology of Digital Games." In Mental Health | Atmospheres | Video Games, 243–54. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839462645-018.

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This concluding chapter outlines an atmospherology of digital games. It is argued that atmospheres bring with them distinct terminological challenges which a game atmospherology would have to tackle. Summarizing core arguments brought forth by the authors in this book, this chapter concludes that researchers should come to terms with the inescapable vagueness of the common discourse surrounding atmospheres. It is suggested that atmosphere could constitute an umbrella term under which other terms like ambience, mood, or tone can be subsumed, with each term providing a specific focus and nuanced view of atmospheric experience.
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Dooley, Gillian. "Chapter 6: ‘Like a Clarity Under a Mist’: Ambient Noise and Silence, Dreamscapes and Atmosphere." In Listening to Iris Murdoch, 107–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00860-3_6.

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Cernusak, Lucas A., and Nerea Ubierna. "Carbon Isotope Effects in Relation to CO2 Assimilation by Tree Canopies." In Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings, 291–310. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_9.

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AbstractThe carbon atoms deposited in tree rings originate from the CO2 in the atmosphere to which the tree’s canopy is exposed. Thus, the first control on the stable carbon-isotope composition of tree rings is by δ13C of atmospheric CO2. There has been an inter-annual trend of decreasing δ13C of atmospheric CO2 over the past two centuries as a result of combustion of fossil fuels and land-use change. Atmospheric CO2 is, for the most part, well mixed, but the sub-canopy air space can become depleted in 13C due to inputs from soil and plant respiration when turbulent exchange with the troposphere is hindered, for example by a high leaf area index at night. This is less likely to occur during daytime when turbulence is higher and photosynthesis takes place. Discrimination against 13C (∆13C) occurs upon assimilation of atmospheric CO2 by C3 photosynthesis. Trees using the C3 photosynthetic pathway comprise the overwhelming majority of all trees. The primary control on the extent of discrimination during C3 photosynthesis is the drawdown in CO2 concentration from the air outside the leaf to the site of carboxylation in the chloroplast. Part of this drawdown is captured by ci/ca, that is, the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 concentrations. The ci/ca represents the balance between the CO2 supply by stomata and its demand by photosynthesis. It can be related to water-use efficiency, the amount of CO2 taken up by photosynthesis for a given amount of water loss to the atmosphere, assuming a given evaporative demand. To predict time-averaged ci/ca from wood ∆13C, a simplified, linear model can be employed. In this linear model, the slope is determined by $$\overline{b }$$ b ¯ , the effective enzymatic discrimination. The value of $$\overline{b }$$ b ¯ can be estimated by comparing wood ∆13C to representative measurements of ci/ca. The $$\overline{b }$$ b ¯ was originally estimated from observations of leaf tissue to have a value of 27‰. We compiled data for woody stem tissue here, and our analysis suggests that a lower $$\overline{b }$$ b ¯ should be used in the simplified model for wood ($$\overline{b }$$ b ¯ = 25.5‰) than for leaves ($$\overline{b }$$ b ¯ = 27‰). This is also consistent with widespread observations that woody tissues are enriched in 13C compared to leaves.
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Abioja, M. O., and J. A. Abiona. "Impacts of Climate Change to Poultry Production in Africa: Adaptation Options for Broiler Chickens." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 275–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_111.

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AbstractGlobal climate change poses a great threat to poultry production. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are released through both natural and anthropogenic sources into the atmosphere. Though poultry production contributes little to the release of GHGs, the subsector has been shown to be greatly affected by climate change and global warming. Poultry production as a major subsector of agriculture has provided the teeming population with a supply of needed animal protein in terms of meat and egg production all over the world. It is yet a major global employer of labor. Though it occupies a vantage position in meeting human needs, it is being threatened by climate change, especially in Africa where necessary structure to tackle the menace is nonexistent. Broiler chickens that are reared mainly for chicken meat cannot tolerate the high ambient temperature that prevails mostly in the tropical environment. Chickens are homeotherms that homeostatically regulate core body temperature within a narrow range. Elevated ambient temperature above thermal comfort zone, such as envisaged in climate change scenarios, will trigger series of neuroendocrine modulations that are detrimental to the welfare and productivity in broiler chickens. Such birds are said to be undergoing heat stress (HS). Negative effects of HS include reduced feed consumption, growth rate, feed digestion and efficiency, immunity, welfare, and survivability. Various adaptive measures that could be harnessed by broiler farmers, ranging from housing, feeding, watering, stocking, breeding for thermo-tolerant strains, thermal conditioning, use of phytochemicals, and much more, are reviewed upon in this chapter.
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Krüger, Jens Oliver, Anna Roch, and Georg Breidenstein. "Atmosphäre, Ambiente, Stimmung." In Studien zur Schul- und Bildungsforschung, 129–43. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-22464-6_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ambient atmosphere"

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Shi, Wei, Zhijin Yan, Lei Hou, Suguo Chen, and Xilong Wang. "Wide-band terahertz communication at ambient atmosphere." In International Symposium on Ultrafast Phenomena and Terahertz Waves. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/isuptw.2014.ps_c2s1_p11.

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Hou, Lei, Wei Shi, Suguo Chen, Zhijin Yan, and Hong Liu. "Wide-band terahertz communication at ambient atmosphere." In 2015 40th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz.2015.7327790.

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King, Scott, Mitchell Walker, and Silvio Chianese. "Ambient Atmosphere Ion Thruster (AAIT) Proof-of-Concept Modeling." In 47th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-6000.

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Shigetou, Akitsu, Tilo H. Yang, and C. Robert Kao. "Hydrolysis-Tolerant Hybrid Bonding in Ambient Atmosphere for 3D Integration." In 2019 International 3D Systems Integration Conference (3DIC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3dic48104.2019.9058786.

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Bruckner, Robert J., and Bernadette J. Puleo. "Compliant Foil Journal Bearing Performance at Alternate Pressures and Temperatures." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50174.

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An experimental test program has been conducted to determine the highly loaded performance of current generation gas foil bearings at alternate pressures and temperature. Typically foil bearing performance has been reported at temperatures relevant to turbomachinery applications but only at an ambient pressure of one atmosphere. This dearth of data at alternate pressures has motivated the current test program. Two facilities were used in the test program, the ambient pressure rig and the high pressure rig. The test program utilized a 35 mm diameter by 27 mm long foil journal bearing having an uncoated Inconel X-750 top foil running against a shaft with a PS304 coated journal. Load capacity tests were conducted at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 krpm at temperatures from 25°C to 500°C and at pressures from 0.1 to 2.5 atmospheres. Results show an increase in load capacity with increased ambient pressure and a reduction in load capacity with increased ambient temperature. Below one-half atmosphere of ambient pressure a dramatic loss of load capacity is experienced. Additional lightly loaded foil bearing performance in nitrogen at 25°C and up to 48 atmospheres of ambient pressure has also been reported. In the lightly loaded region of operation the power loss increases for increasing pressure at a fixed load. Knowledge of foil bearing performance at operating conditions found within potential machine applications will reduce program development risk of future foil bearing supported turbomachines.
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Leylavergne, M., A. Vardelle, B. Dussoubs, and N. Goubot. "Comparison of Plasma-Sprayed Coatings Produced in Argon or Nitrogen Atmosphere." In ITSC 1997, edited by C. C. Berndt. ASM International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1997p0459.

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Abstract When spraying is conducted in the ambient atmosphere, the entrainment of air cools down the plasma jet and affects its expansion. It may also cause the oxidation or the chemical decomposition of the sprayed materials. Inert Plasma Spraying (IPS), generally conducted in argon atmospheres, prevents these phenomena. However, the main drawbacks of IPS in comparison with air plasma spraying are the capital and apparating costs. To reduce the latter by 25 to 30%, nitrogen atmospheres may be used as a substitute for the conventional argon atmosphere. This paper presents a study in which titanium carbide and niobium powders were sprayed in argon and nitrogen atmospheres. Cryogenic cooling of the substrate was used during the spray process. This helps to maintain a low temperature in the chamber, produces thick coatings and allows the use of substrate materials that are sensitive to heat. The adhesion, roughness and microstructure of the coatings produced in both atmospheres are compared as well as their nitrogen content.
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Li, Baosheng, Haonan Yu, Yizhen Jia, Xiaojie Tao, and Yang Zhang. "Coaxial digital holography measures particular matter in cloud and ambient atmosphere." In Fourth Seminar on Novel Optoelectronic Detection Technology and Application, edited by Weiqi Jin and Ye Li. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2311915.

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Chen, Linlin, Baosheng Li, and Xinfei Wang. "Two-views coaxial digital holography measures particular matter in ambient atmosphere." In Second Target Recognition and Artificial Intelligence Summit Forum, edited by Tianran Wang, Tianyou Chai, Huitao Fan, and Qifeng Yu. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2552705.

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Darnon, M., T. Chevolleau, T. David, N. Posseme, R. Bouyssou, R. Hurand, O. Joubert, et al. "Impact of ambient atmosphere on plasma-damaged porous low-k characterization." In 2011 Materials for Advanced Metallization (MAM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iitc.2011.5940348.

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Mentel, J., R. Bayer, J. Schein, and M. Schumann. "Arc spot ignition on cold electrodes in an ambient gas atmosphere." In The XXII. international conference on phenomena in ionized gases (ICPIG). AIP, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.50120.

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Reports on the topic "Ambient atmosphere"

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Liu, Jing, Yuanmei Chen, Die Liu, Fang Ye, Qi Sun, Qiang Huang, Jing Dong Dong, Tao Pei, Yuan He, and Qi Zhang. Prenatal exposure to particulate matter and term low birth weight：systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0064.

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Review question / Objective: To assess the effects of particulate matter exposure during various periods of pregnancy on low birth weight and term low birth weight. Population:pregnant women and their singleton live-births; Exposure: maternal exposure to ambient PM2.5 and PM10 during the entire pregnancy or each trimesters were estimated based on ground-level atmospheric pollution monitoring stations or validated exposure models (μg/m3 ); Comparator(s): risk estimates were presented as hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) with per specific increment in PM2.5; Outcomes: term LBW(≥37weeks and<2500g) or LBW(<2500g)were defined as a dichotomous variables.
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Andrew G. Peterson, J. Timothy Ball, Yiqi Luo, Christopher B. Field, Peter B. Reich, Peter S. Curtis, Kevin L. Griffin, et al. The photosynthesis - leaf nitrogen relationship at ambient and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide: a meta-analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/762873.

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Bertram, Timothy Hugh. In situ measurements of heterogeneous reactions on ambient aerosol particles: Impacts on atmospheric chemistry and climate. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1475025.

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Job, Jacob. Mesa Verde National Park: Acoustic monitoring report. National Park Service, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286703.

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In 2015, the Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division (NSNSD) received a request to collect baseline acoustical data at Mesa Verde National Park (MEVE). Between July and August 2015, as well as February and March 2016, three acoustical monitoring systems were deployed throughout the park, however one site (MEVE002) stopped recording after a couple days during the summer due to wildlife interference. The goal of the study was to establish a baseline soundscape inventory of backcountry and frontcountry sites within the park. This inventory will be used to establish indicators and thresholds of soundscape quality that will support the park and NSNSD in developing a comprehensive approach to protecting the acoustic environment through soundscape management planning. Additionally, results of this study will help the park identify major sources of noise within the park, as well as provide a baseline understanding of the acoustical environment as a whole for use in potential future comparative studies. In this deployment, sound pressure level (SPL) was measured continuously every second by a calibrated sound level meter. Other equipment included an anemometer to collect wind speed and a digital audio recorder collecting continuous recordings to document sound sources. In this document, “sound pressure level” refers to broadband (12.5 Hz–20 kHz), A-weighted, 1-second time averaged sound level (LAeq, 1s), and hereafter referred to as “sound level.” Sound levels are measured on a logarithmic scale relative to the reference sound pressure for atmospheric sources, 20 μPa. The logarithmic scale is a useful way to express the wide range of sound pressures perceived by the human ear. Sound levels are reported in decibels (dB). A-weighting is applied to sound levels in order to account for the response of the human ear (Harris, 1998). To approximate human hearing sensitivity, A-weighting discounts sounds below 1 kHz and above 6 kHz. Trained technicians calculated time audible metrics after monitoring was complete. See Methods section for protocol details, equipment specifications, and metric calculations. Median existing (LA50) and natural ambient (LAnat) metrics are also reported for daytime (7:00–19:00) and nighttime (19:00–7:00). Prominent noise sources at the two backcountry sites (MEVE001 and MEVE002) included vehicles and aircraft, while building and vehicle predominated at the frontcountry site (MEVE003). Table 1 displays time audible values for each of these noise sources during the monitoring period, as well as ambient sound levels. In determining the current conditions of an acoustical environment, it is informative to examine how often sound levels exceed certain values. Table 2 reports the percent of time that measured levels at the three monitoring locations were above four key values.
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