Academic literature on the topic 'Amazon River Region – Social conditions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Amazon River Region – Social conditions"
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Nascimento, Rodolfo Gomes do, Ronald de Oliveira Cardoso, Zeneide Nazaré Lima dos Santos, Denise da Silva Pinto, and Celina Maria Colino Magalhães. "Housing conditions and the degree of home satisfaction of elderly riverside residents of the Amazon region." Psico-USF 22, no. 3 (December 2017): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712017220301.
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Abstract At the crossroads of environmental psychology and social gerontology, this descriptive and exploratory study investigates the housing conditions of the elderly who live close to an Amazonian river and assesses their degree of satisfaction with their housing. Using four instruments, we study 23 elderly residents of the river islands of the municipality of Cametá, Pará, Brazil. Despite high territorial isolation, low socioeconomic status, and largely inappropriate housing conditions, the results reveal the elderly’s overall satisfaction with their home environment, except in relation to accessibility and safety. The data of this study give larger visibility to people’s main needs in this context and provide relevant information for the planning of social and health policies aimed at bettering the quality of this stage of the life span.
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Fontes, Jassiel V. H., Paulo R. R. de Almeida, Harlysson W. S. Maia, Irving D. Hernández, Claudio A. Rodríguez, Rodolfo Silva, Edgar Mendoza, Paulo T. T. Esperança, Ricardo Almeida Sanches, and Said Mounsif. "Marine Accidents in the Brazilian Amazon: The Problems and Challenges in the Initiatives for Their Prevention Focused on Passenger Ships." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 25, 2022): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010328.
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The Brazilian Amazon is part of one of the largest river systems in the world, in which the transport of cargo and passengers is commonplace. However, several accidents still occur to passenger ships, causing fatalities. Transportation occurs commonly in remote regions, where there are transport inequalities, and emergency assistance is hard to find. This can affect sustainability in communities with considerable levels of economic and social vulnerability. More information is needed about accidents involving inland transport in the Amazon, to identify the threats to ships and propose strategies for accident prevention. This paper addresses the main problems that long-distance passenger ships face in the Brazilian Amazon, presenting an integrated framework towards accident prevention. First, the present situation is characterized in terms of ship description, spatial distribution, and regulations that are applicable. Next, possible causes of passenger ship accidents are discussed, including topics of concern that should be considered in the Amazon waterways. Finally, measures to help minimize passenger ship accidents are proposed, and the social relevance is discussed. It was found that accidents in the Amazon are due to a combination of human and environmental factors. Stakeholders should strengthen the technical and legal training of ship operators. The use of new technologies for navigational aid and necessary maintenance of ships is suggested. Marine accident prevention initiatives should consider local conditions, such as environmental preservation, cultural respect, and difficulties related to navigation through the complex riverine system of the Amazon region.
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Bandeira, Iris Celeste Nascimento, Raimundo Almir Costa da Conceição, Milena Marília Nogueira de Andrade, Sheila Gatinho Teixeira, Dianne Danielle Farias Fonseca, Joao Batista Marcelo de Lima, Andressa Macedo Silva de Azambuja, et al. "FLUVIAL EROSION RISK ANALYSIS: AN AMAZON STUDY CASE." REVISTA GEONORTE 12, no. 39 (July 12, 2021): 01–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21170/geonorte.2021.v.12.n.39.01.25.
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In the Amazon region, there are more than 26.000 people living in areas at risk of fluvial erosion processes. In addition to the large number of people impacted, studies have shown that the erosion patterns identified on the margins of mega rivers in the Amazon region are distinct due to the fact they are related the mass movement leading to great soil displacement known as ‘Terras Caidas’. In this context, this study aims to evaluate quantitatively the degrees of risk in areas subject to fluvial erosion in three communities: Itanduba, São Braz, and Fátima de Urucurituba. The methods include hazard attributes, as well as vulnerability aspects, through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). A multitemporal analysis were made to validated the marginal erosion at the studied areas. The results indicated a high risk of fluvial erosion on these areas. The local families lives under high and very high social vulnerability in conditions with little infrastructure and very close to the susceptible erosive riverbank. The riverbank is composed of poorly consolidated sediments, show instability indicators, and are usually associated to drainages with flow rates above 100.000m3/s. The results and methodology brings an important contribuition to territorial planning of the region.
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Kabunda Badi, Mbuyi. "Extractivismo, conflictos y ecocidio en África: el caso de la cuenca del río Congo (República Democrática del Congo) y del delta de Níger (Nigeria)." Estudios Críticos del Desarrollo 10, no. 19 (November 25, 2020): 123–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35533/ecd.1019.mkb.
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Africa accounts for 33 percent of the planet’s natural resources: minerals, foodstuff s and energy sources. However, those resources do not contribute to an improvement in living conditions of Africans. Instead of a blessing, those resources have become a curse, as is the case of the Niger Delta. Africa also possesses significant forest resources. The jungles of the Congo River watershed make up the second-largest tropical biodiversity region after the Amazon. Unfortunately, the survival of these jungles has been threatened by the effects of mineral and agricultural exploitation, wars of depredation, and the activities of multinational logging companies. In contrast, protection efforts gain new territory with the creation of national parks and protected areas, the application of jungle management regulations and efforts of reforestation, and with greater adoption by mining and oil multinationals of their social and environmental responsibilities. The problem is structural and requires the adoption of another model of development, based on post-growth and eco-development, in place of the current ecocide.
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Valerio, Aline de M., Milton Kampel, Vincent Vantrepotte, Nicholas D. Ward, and Jeffrey E. Richey. "Optical Classification of Lower Amazon Waters Based on In Situ Data and Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Color Instrument Imagery." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 3057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163057.
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Optical water types (OWTs) were identified from an in situ dataset of concomitant biogeochemical and optical parameters acquired in the Amazon River and its tributaries, in the Lower Amazon region, at different hydrological conditions from 2014 to 2017. A seasonal bio-optical characterization was performed. The k-means classification was applied to the in situ normalized reflectance spectra (rn(λ)), allowing the identification of four OWTs. An optical index method was also applied to the rn(λ) defining the thresholds of the OWTs. Next, level-3 Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Color Instrument images representative of the seasonal discharge conditions were classified using the identified in situ OWTs as reference. The differences between Amazon River and clearwater tributary OWTs were dependent on the hydrological dynamics of the Amazon River, also showing a strong seasonal variability. Each OWT was associated with a specific bio-optical and biogeochemical environment assessed from the corresponding absorption coefficient values of colored dissolved organic matter (aCDOM) and particulate matter (ap), chlorophyll-a and suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations, and aCDOM/ap ratio. The rising water season presented a unique OWT with high SPM concentration and high relative contribution of ap to total absorption compared to the other OWTs. This bio-optical characterization of Lower Amazon River waters represents a first step for developing remote sensing inversion models adjusted to the optical complexity of this region.
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DE OLIVEIRA, ELANE D. CUNHA, ALAN C. DA CUNHA, NATALINA B. DA SILVA, RAQUEL CASTELO-BRANCO, JOÃO MORAIS, MARIA PAULA C. SCHNEIDER, SILVIA M. M. FAUSTINO, VITOR RAMOS, and VITOR VASCONCELOS. "Morphological and molecular characterization of cyanobacterial isolates from the mouth of the Amazon River." Phytotaxa 387, no. 4 (January 11, 2019): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.387.4.1.
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The Amazon region contains a great diversity of species, and the Amazon River basin accounts for almost 20% of all the freshwater in the world. Despite the favorable environmental conditions in this region, little is known about the cyanobacterial diversity of this waterbody, especially at the mouth of the river. In this paper, we used the polyphasic approach to identify 14 cyanobacterial strains isolated in the Amazon River on the inlet site from a drinking water supply located close to the river mouth. The isolated strains were characterized based on morphology, behavior in culture, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, phylogenetic analysis and potential for toxin production. The isolated strains belong to seven different genera, namely, Alkalinema, Cephalothrix, Limnothrix, Leptolyngbya, Phormidium, Pseudanabaena and an unidentified Nostocales taxa that may represent a new genus. Strikingly, there were no new species, nor detection of gene clusters associated with cyanotoxin production. However, the phylogenetic placements of the Amazonian strains of Limnothrix and Pseudanabaena provide new insight into the taxonomy of these genera, reinforcing the need for taxonomic revision.
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Müller, Letícia Morgana, Renato Kipnis, Mariane Pereira Ferreira, Sara Marzo, Bianca Fiedler, Mary Lucas, Jana Ilgner, Hilton P. Silva, and Patrick Roberts. "Late Holocene dietary and cultural variability on the Xingu River, Amazon Basin: A stable isotopic approach." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): e0271545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271545.
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Although once considered a ‘counterfeit paradise’, the Amazon Basin is now a region of increasing interest in discussions of pre-colonial tropical land-use and social complexity. Archaeobotany, archaeozoology, remote sensing and palaeoecology have revealed that, by the Late Holocene, populations in different parts of the Amazon Basin were using various domesticated plants, modifying soils, building earthworks, and even forming ‘Garden Cities’ along the Amazon River and its tributaries. However, there remains a relatively limited understanding as to how diets, environmental management, and social structures varied across this vast area. Here, we apply stable isotope analysis to human remains (n = 4 for collagen, n = 17 for tooth enamel), and associated fauna (n = 61 for collagen, n = 28 for tooth enamel), to directly determine the diets of populations living in the Volta Grande do Rio Xingu, an important region of pre-Columbian cultural interactions, between 390 cal. years BC and 1,675 cal. years AD. Our results highlight an ongoing dietary focus on C3 plants and wild terrestrial fauna and aquatic resources across sites and time periods, with varying integration of C4 plants (i.e. maize). We argue that, when compared to other datasets now available from elsewhere in the Amazon Basin, our study highlights the development of regional adaptations to local watercourses and forest types.
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Nittrouer, Charles A., David J. DeMaster, Steven A. Kuehl, Alberto G. Figueiredo, Richard W. Sternberg, L. Ercilio C. Faria, Odete M. Silveira, et al. "Amazon Sediment Transport and Accumulation Along the Continuum of Mixed Fluvial and Marine Processes." Annual Review of Marine Science 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 501–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060457.
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Sediment transfer from land to ocean begins in coastal settings and, for large rivers such as the Amazon, has dramatic impacts over thousands of kilometers covering diverse environmental conditions. In the relatively natural Amazon tidal river, combinations of fluvial and marine processes transition toward the ocean, affecting the transport and accumulation of sediment in floodplains and tributary mouths. The enormous discharge of Amazon fresh water causes estuarine processes to occur on the continental shelf, where much sediment accumulation creates a large clinoform structure and where additional sediment accumulates along its shoreward boundary in tidal flats and mangrove forests. Some remaining Amazon sediment is transported beyond the region near the river mouth, and fluvial forces on it diminish. Numerous perturbations to Amazon sediment transport and accumulation occur naturally, but human actions will likely dominate future change, and now is the time to document, understand, and mitigate their impacts.
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Paiva, R. C. D., W. Collischonn, M. P. Bonnet, and L. G. G. de Gonçalves. "On the sources of hydrological prediction uncertainty in the Amazon." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 9 (September 5, 2012): 3127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3127-2012.
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Abstract. Recent extreme events in the Amazon River basin and the vulnerability of local population motivate the development of hydrological forecast systems using process based models for this region. In this direction, the knowledge of the source of errors in hydrological forecast systems may guide the choice on improving model structure, model forcings or developing data assimilation systems for estimation of initial model states. We evaluate the relative importance of hydrologic initial conditions and model meteorological forcings errors (precipitation) as sources of stream flow forecast uncertainty in the Amazon River basin. We used a hindcast approach that compares Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) and a reverse Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (reverse-ESP). Simulations were performed using the physically-based and distributed hydrological model MGB-IPH, comprising surface energy and water balance, soil water, river and floodplain hydrodynamics processes. The model was forced using TRMM 3B42 precipitation estimates. Results show that uncertainty on initial conditions plays an important role for discharge predictability, even for large lead times (∼1 to 3 months) on main Amazonian Rivers. Initial conditions of surface waters state variables are the major source of hydrological forecast uncertainty, mainly in rivers with low slope and large floodplains. Initial conditions of groundwater state variables are important, mostly during low flow period and in the southeast part of the Amazon where lithology and the strong rainfall seasonality with a marked dry season may be the explaining factors. Analyses indicate that hydrological forecasts based on a hydrological model forced with historical meteorological data and optimal initial conditions may be feasible. Also, development of data assimilation methods is encouraged for this region.
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Cohen, Julia Clarinda Paiva, David Roy Fitzjarrald, Flávio Augusto Farias D'Oliveira, Ivan Saraiva, Illelson Rafael da Silva Barbosa, Adilson Wagner Gandu, and Paulo Afonso Kuhn. "Radar-observed spatial and temporal rainfall variability near the Tapajós-Amazon confluence." Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia 29, spe (December 2014): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-778620130058.
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Standard Amazonian rainfall climatologies rely on stations preferentially located near river margins. River breeze circulations that tend to suppress afternoon rainfall near the river and enhance it inland are not typically considered when reporting results. Previous studies found surprising nocturnal rainfall maxima near the rivers in some locations. We examine spatial and temporal rainfall variability in the Santarém region of the Tapajós-Amazon confluence, seeking to describe the importance of breeze effects on afternoon precipitation and defining the areal extent of nocturnal rainfall maxima.We used three years of mean S band radar reflectivity from Santarém airport with a Z-R relationship appropriate for tropical convective conditions. These data were complemented by TRMM satellite rainfall estimates. Nocturnal rainfall was enhanced along the Amazon River, consistent with the hypothesis that these are associated with the passage of instability lines, perhaps enhanced by local channeling and by land breeze convergence. In the daytime, two rainfall bands appear in mean results, along the east bank of the Tapajós River and to the south of the Amazon River, respectively.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Amazon River Region – Social conditions"
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Cohalan, Jean-Michel. "River trading in the Peruvian Amazon : market access and rural livelihoods among rainforest peoples." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111508.
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Access to markets is increasingly regarded in development circles as a critical factor in determining livelihood choices in peasant economies. In the northeastern Peruvian Amazon, a multitude of river transporters and market intermediaries based in the central city of Iquitos provide essential services and market opportunities for remote peasant producers across the region. Using a multi-scalar, multi-method approach involving extensive fieldwork in the Peruvian Amazon, this research (re)assesses the meanings and implications of "remoteness" and "connectedness" for rural peasants. At the regional scale, I examine the functional heterogeneity of river trading networks and marketing agents. Given the high-risk/high-transaction-cost environment, river trading is found to be expensive for producers and traders alike. High costs are exacerbated by the low gross returns of rural production (mainly food and natural building materials). Thin or missing markets for credit, labour, land and insurance increase the hardships associated with limited access to product markets. Regional findings are complemented with a comparative livelihoods analysis in two remote communities of the Alto Tigre River that benefit from differential access to oil-labour. My study reveals that differential access to labour has significant impacts on the livelihood strategies of working households. However, given limited access to external markets, cash-income from oil-labour is found to offer limited opportunities for growth. In sum, the research proposes insights for advancing the debate on livelihoods and poverty in the Peruvian Amazon.
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Manzi, Maya. "Peasant adaptation to environmental change in the Peruvian Amazon : livelihood responses in an Amerindian and a non-Amerindian community." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83193.
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One of the primary challenges facing researchers and practitioners in their efforts to address issues of poverty and environment is the need to deepen our understanding of the logic that guides local people's decisions over resource use, particularly among the rural poor whose livelihoods depend on fragile and dynamic environments. This study seeks to identify the set of factors that influences how rainforest people respond to abrupt natural disturbances and resource scarcity through changes in livelihood and resource management practices in two rural poor communities of the Peruvian Amazon. Data were gathered through in-depth survey interviews (n=95 households) between June and December 2003 in the Amerindian community of Arica Viejo (Ucayali River) and the mestizo (ribereno) community of Roca Fuerte (Maranon River). The results reveal that socioeconomic characteristics such as forest experience and knowledge, and access to agricultural land explain striking differences among households in livelihood responses to environmental change, particularly concerning resource use behavior, resilience to disturbance, and the propensity to adopt sustainable resource management strategies.
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Ioris, Edviges Marta. "A forest of disputes struggles over spaces, resources, and social identities in Amazonia /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0012680.
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Abizaid, Christian. "Floodplain dynamics and traditional livelihoods in the upper Amazon : a study along the central Ucayali River, Peru." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102779.
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Poor people in rural areas of developing countries are considered to be particularly vulnerable. Research shows that the rural poor tend to live in risky environments and face greater difficulties coping because they are excluded from formal safety nets and have few assets. Today, there is much concern that risk, especially environmental risk, contributes to perpetuate poverty and threatens livelihood security, yet our understanding of the implications of environmental risk for rural livelihood remains incipient. This dissertation explores peasant livelihood within the context of environmental change through a study of peasant responses to rapid river changes along the Central Ucayali River, a highly active meandering river and a major Amazon tributary in Peru.Livelihood responses to floodplain dynamics were examined using the case of a recent meander cut-off near the city of Pucallpa as a "natural experiment." Participant observation and a household survey with 68 ribereno households, in three different villages upstream and downstream from the cut-off, served to investigate: (1) livelihood before and after the cut-off; (2) the role of humans in facilitating the cut-off, (3) land tenure; and (4) the links between shocks and asset evolution.
Descriptive analysis indicates that riberenos modified their livelihoods in response to the biophysical changes attributed to the cut-off and derived important economic opportunities. Results suggest that riberenos actually intervened to facilitate the cut-off to reduce travel time and make boat travel safer. Despite the potential for unclear rights and overlapping claims, due to land instability and the coexistence of formal and customary tenure rules, land disputes did not result in physical violence. Examples from two villages were used to illustrate how tenure rules are renegotiated as the resource base expands or contracts. Descriptive and statistical analyses show that riverbank slumps were the main form of risk along the Ucayali and, despite their direct effect on land holdings, environmental shocks did not necessarily constrain land accumulation or increase inequality. This study argues that environmental risk can increase vulnerability and reduce welfare but, under certain circumstances it creates new opportunities for rural people in developing countries. The implications of these findings for vulnerability reduction, human adaptation to environmental change, and Amazonian cultural ecology are discussed.
Les populations pauvres des regions rurales des pays en développement sontconsidérées comme étant particulièrement vulnérables. Les recherches passées ontdémontré que les membres de ces populations tendent à vivre dans des environnements àrisques et font face à de plus grands défis parce qu'exclus du filet de sécurité socialeformel et parce que possédant comparativement moins de biens mobiliers et immobiliers.Aujourd'hui, de beaucoup s'inquiètent de la contribution de ces risques, en particulier desriques environnementaux, à perpétuer la pauvreté et du danger qu'ils posent pour lemaintient des modes de vie. Malgré ces inquiétudes, notre compéhension desimplications des risques environnementaux pour les modes de vie ruraux demeure faible.Cette dissertation explore le mode de vie paysan en période de changementsenvironnementaux. Il s'agit d'une étude de la réponse des paysans du moyen Ucayali auxrapides changements dans la dynamique du fleuve. L'Ucayali est un affluent majeur dufleuve Amazone, au Pérou.
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Daly, Lewis. "The symbiosis of people and plants : ecological engagements among the Makushi Amerindians of Amazonian Guyana." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6bb0c864-68d3-4909-b6d1-362e653229b1.
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This ethnoecological study of the Makushi Amerindians of Amazonian Guyana explores the place of plants in the indigenous culture and cosmology. The North Rupununi, the homeland of the Makushi people, is a bioculturally diverse mosaic of neotropical savannahs, forests, and wetlands. As subsistence hunters, fishers, and horticulturalists, the Makushi live in a constant and dynamic interaction with their ecologically rich surroundings. Against the human-faunal bias latent in much Amazonian anthropology, I place plants firmly at the centre of analysis, a positioning that mirrors their centrality in the ethnographic context. Human-plant encounters explored herein include swidden agriculture, the cultivation of bitter cassava, the fermentation of cassava drinks using a domesticated fungus, the use of a category of charm plants, and the consumption of plant substances in shamanic ritual. With the Makushi, I emphasise the status of plants as living selves and agents of semiosis, occupying perspectives on the world in and outside of their interactions with human beings. In order to investigate ethno-theories of life, I attempt to understand the constitution of the person - and associated notions of body and soul - in the indigenous cosmology. Makushi ontology can be characterised as animic - though as I argue, it also incorporates naturalistic and analogic elements. Thus, it is poly-ontological. This study pursues a dual goal: first, to pay heed to the trans-specific domain of living entities revealed in the Makushi ethnoecology, and second, to rethink conventional symbolic frameworks characteristic of anthropological approaches to culture. I explore the application of a more robust approach to sign-flows in nature - Peircian ecosemiotics - that allows for the analysis of plant communication, birdcalls, insect stings, and leaf patterns, as well as human language. In tracing these interspecific webs of signification, conclusions are drawn about the varied ways in which Makushi people engage with and think about their living environment. At the same time, many Makushi multispecies engagements are based on the physical transfer of substances between bodies of different kinds. In order to better account for this pervasive 'substance logic', greater attention must be paid to indigenous notions of corporeality and personhood. In doing so, I propose a dual analytical model that takes both the flows of signs and the flows of substances as its combined objective. This approach enables new conclusions to be drawn about multispecies relationality in indigenous Amazonian cosmologies.
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Noël, Françoise. "Gabriel Christie's seigneuries : settlement and seigneurial administration in the Upper Richelieu Valley, 1764-1854." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=76748.
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Gabriel Christie (1722-1799), a British military officer, acquired a vast estate in Quebec after the Seven Years war, including five timber-rich seigneuries in the Upper Richelieu Valley, our study area. These were inherited by two of his sons in succession: Napier Christie Burton (1758-1835) and William Plenderleath Christie (1780-1845). An examination of the available deeds of concession for our study area shows the legal framework of the tenure and the seigneurs' survey and land granting policies. Seigneurial rents increased between 1785 and 1820, but it was the accumulation of seigneurial arrears, followed by strict collection practices after 1835, which contributed most to social stratification and unrest. A seigneurial monopoly on mill construction and the use of water power was decentralized after 1815 so that manufactures were established by entrepreneurs with capital who acquired a share of the seigneur's rights through patronage. The seigneur's role in regional development--the rise of villages, settlement, and industrial growth--was significant particularly as a system of clientage which helped shape the social structure.
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De, Wet C. J., Phumeza Lujabe, and Nosipho Metele. "Resettlement in the Border/Ciskei region of South Africa." Rhodes University, Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2849.
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This paper presents the findings of part of a research project entitled "Population Mobility and Settlement Patterns in the Eastern Cape, 1950 to 1990", which was funded by the Human Sciences Research Council. The part of the project with which this paper is concerned, is the study of resettlement in the Border/Ciskei area of the (new) Eastern Cape Province. It involves two main foci: a) the Whittlesea district of the former Ciskei, where research was done in the resettlement area of Sada (where findings are compared with research done there in 1981) and Dongwe; and b) the Fort Beaufort area, where we looked at the two 'black spot' communities of Upisdraai and Gqugesi which were uprooted and moved to the Fort Beaufort township of Bhofolo in the 1960s, and at the establishment of black citrus farmers in the Kat River Valley in the late 1980s, on previously White owned farms which were bought out by the (then) Ciskei government. In the Conclusion, some important differences are suggested between resettlement in the Eastern Cape and in QwaQwa, one of the areas of South Africa that has been most severely affected by resettlement. Ways in which the South African material may be seen in terms of prevailing models for the analysis of resettlement, and may provide an input for the modification of these approaches, are briefly considered.Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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Reig, Alejandro. "When the forest world is not wide enough we open up many clearings : the making of landscape, place and people among the Shitari Yanomami of the upper Ocamo basin, Venezuela." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669819.
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Creado, Eliana Santos Junqueira. "Entre lugares e não-lugares : restrições ambientais e supermodernidade no Parque Nacional do Jau (AM)." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280528.
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Orientador: Lucia da Costa FerreiraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Esta tese estuda os conflitos e as alianças relativos à criação, implantação e implementação de uma área natural de proteção integral, o Parque Nacional do Jaú, no estado do Amazonas, Brasil, em cujas teias inserem-se diversos grupos, instituições e indivíduos com diferentes modos de se relacionar com o espaço, com a proposta conservacionista e com as políticas públicas voltadas às áreas naturais protegidas e aos seus quase-sujeitos. Tendemos a ver essas múltiplas influências como potencializadoras da transformação da área do próprio parque e da região do baixo e médio rio Negro naquilo que Marc Augé (2003) denominou de não-lugares. A pesquisa permitiu verificar que tal tendência, entretanto, não se dá de forma absoluta, pois existem iniciativas que visam enfrentar as forças que atuam sinergicamente para isso, embora permaneçam dentro de limites pré-estipulados estruturalmente, tanto no âmbito sócio-político quanto nos âmbitos técnico-científico e jurídico
Abstract: This research studies the conflicts and alliances relative to the creation, implantation and implementation of a natural area of integral protection, the National Park of Jaú, in the State of Amazonas, Brazil, in the webs of which various groups, institutions and individuals with different manners of relationship with the space with the conservationist proposal and with the public policies aim at natural protected areas and to their quasi-subjects. We tend to see these multiple influences as potentializers of the transformation of the area of the park itself and the regions of the low and middle Negro River, which Marc Auge (2003) denominated as non-places. This research permitted the verification of this tendency; however, it does not occur in an absolute form since there are initiatives that have the purpose of facing the forces that act in this synergy, although they remain within the structural pre-stipulated limits, both in the socio-political and the technical-scientific and juridical ambits
Doutorado
Ciencias Sociais
Doutor em Ciências Sociais
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Darbas, Toni School of Science & Technology Studies UNSW. "Democracy, consultation and socio-environmental degradation : diagnostic insights from the Western Sydney/Hawkesbury-Nepean region." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Science and Technology Studies, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19281.
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The use of community consultation to address socio-environmental degradation is entwined with contested democratic principles polarising views of its role. I frame this problem by examining three democratic paradigms faced with two contemporary problems. The deliberative argument that preferences require enrichment with debate mediates between the liberal-aggregative view that preferences are individual, private and amenable to aggregation and the view that participation in public life is foundational. Viewing consultation as deliberative reconciles the liberal-aggregative view of consultation as the illegitimate elevation of unrepresentative minority groups with the participationist view that consultation constitutes a step towards participatory democracy. Theorists of social reflexivity, however, point to an elided politics of knowledge challenging technoscience's exemption from politically garnered consent. Also neglected by much democratic theory is how functional differentiation renders self-referential legal, political, technoscientific and administrative domains increasingly unaccountable. I employ Habermas' procedural theory that public spheres allow social irritations into the political domain where they can be encoded into laws capable of systemic interjection in response, along with a dialogic extension accommodating the politics of knowledge. I then use this procedural-dialogic deliberative understanding of democracy to elucidate the context and outcomes of the NSW State's consultative strategy. The NSW state, institutionally compelled to underwrite economic growth, implicating itself in that growth's socio-environmental side effects provoking widespread contestation. The resulting Environmental Planning and Assessment Act (1979) and its adjunctive consultative provisions helped highlight the socio-environmental degradation of the Hawkesbury Nepean River Catchment via Western Sydney's urban sprawl, politicising the region. The convenement of a consultative forum to oversee a contaminated site audit within the region facilitated incisive lay critique of the technoscientific underpinnings of administrative underwriting of socio-environmental degradation. The discomforted NSW State tightened environmental policy, gutted the EP&A Act's consultative provisions and removed regional dialogic forums and institutions. I conclude that the socio-economic accord equating economic growth with social progress is both entrenched and besieged, destabilising the political/administrative/technoscientific regime built upon it. This withdrawal of avenues for critique risks deeper estrangement between reflexive society and the NSW State generative of electoral volatility.
Books on the topic "Amazon River Region – Social conditions"
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Ranciaro, Maria Magela Mafra de Andrade. Andirá: Memórias do cotidiano e representações sociais. Manaus: EDUA, 2004.
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Ranciaro, Maria Magela Mafra de Andrade. Andirá: Memórias do cotidiano e representações sociais. Manaus: EDUA, 2004.
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Oriel, Glock, ed. The last frontier: Fighting over land in the Amazon. London: Zed Books, 1985.
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Voices from the Amazon. West Hartford, Conn., USA: Kumarian Press, 1993.
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Descola, Philippe. The spears of twilight: Life and death in the Amazon jungle. New York: New Press, 1996.
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International Conference on the Amazonian Floodplains (2006 : Manaus, Brazil), ed. The Amazon várzea: The decade past and the decade ahead. Dordrecht: Springer, 2011.
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Franky Calvo, Carlos E., 1969- and Zárate Carlos G, eds. Imani mundo: Estudios en la Amazonia colombiana. Bogotá, D.C., Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Editorial Unibiblos, 2001.
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J, Godfrey Brian, ed. Rainforest cities: Urbanization, development, and globalization of the Brazilian Amazon. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
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The decade of destruction: The crusade to save the Amazon rain forest. New York: Anchor Books, 1991.
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Cowell, Adrian. The decade of destruction: The crusade to save the Amazon rain forest. New York: H. Holt, 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Amazon River Region – Social conditions"
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Braun, Y. A. "Seeing through water: gender, anxiety and livelihoods in large-scale infrastructural development in the era of climate change." In Gender, climate change and livelihoods: vulnerabilities and adaptations, 69–81. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247053.0006.
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Abstract A narrative approach is taken in this chapter to document and analyze the gendered social and socio-environmental consequences of globalized river basin development using water as the lens to understand the depth and breadth of these changes in people's lives. The chapter is based on primary multi-site ethnographic field research conducted in all three active dam areas of Lesotho in 1997 and 2000-2002, as well as ongoing documentary research. Water remains central within Lesotho's national development plans and to the stability of the region even amid changing climate conditions. More locally, as water becomes more precarious within the lives of highlands residents living near the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP), this chapter reveals the multi-layered, complex, embodied experiences of infrastructure policy and its consequences, for the everyday lives and livelihoods of people directly affected by these projects.
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Clasby, Ryan, and Jason Nesbitt. "Introduction." In The Archaeology of the Upper Amazon, 1–22. University Press of Florida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066905.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the archaeology and history of the Upper Amazon. Although little studied in comparison to Andean archaeology in the neighbouring highlands, the Upper Amazon (a region including waterways such as the Amazon River and Marañon River) has long thought to have been an important region to the development of social complexity in western South America. Through an overview of the volume, this chapter highlights major issues and themes that have been the focus of Upper Amazonian archaeology, including exchange and trade, frontiers and borderlands, and interregional interaction. It finishes by suggesting future directions for the field.
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Pazmiño, Estanislao M. "Monumentality and Social Complexity in the Upano Valley, Upper Amazon of Ecuador." In The Archaeology of the Upper Amazon, 129–47. University Press of Florida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066905.003.0007.
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In recent years there has been a growing archaeological interest in the emergence of social complexity in the Upper Amazon, resulting in a number of new investigations within the region. These investigations have not only documented the existence of complex cultural developments within the upper Amazon but have provided alternative approaches for understanding of the emergence of social complexity. This work examines recent research within the Upano Valley in the Upper Amazon of Ecuador, which present a model of complex social organization and the emergence of ancient urbanism based on systematic landscaping strategies. Between 400 BC and AD 400, the Upano culture would construct highly organized, and densely occupied settlements and earthworks that would result in the dramatic modification of the Upano River Valley landscape. This chapter discuss the tangible effects of the landscape modification in the Upper Amazonian cultural developments of pre-Columbian Ecuador.
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Stiperski, Zoran, and Tomica Hruška. "Social Changes in the Peruvian Amazon Due to Foreign Influence." In Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94772.
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The prehistoric Amazon had low numbers of hunter-gatherers due to poor soil and harsh landscape conditions, due to which it was not able to support advanced cultures. The arrival of Christian missionaries, oil companies, and farmers changed the lifestyle of a specific portion of the population, although some indigenous groups still avoid contact with the outside world. Missionaries stimulated changes in the indigenous medical-religious-political systems. In the Peruvian Amazon, the local government is too weak to carry out the usual functions of the state, and therefore oil companies have replaced the state in terms of various functions such as employment, building wells for the drinking water, healthcare, donation of electric generators, and aircraft transport of local indigenous authorities to meetings in Iquitos or Lima. The policies of the national government are turning the Peruvian Amazon into a productive area and are exploiting its natural raw materials. In modernising the Amazon region, however, the world is permanently and irreparably losing valuable knowledge regarding the nature of tropical areas.
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Marengo, Jose A., and Carlos A. Nobre. "General Characteristics and Variability of Climate in the Amazon Basin and its Links to the Global Climate System." In The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195114317.003.0005.
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The Amazon region is of particular interest because it represents a large source of heat in the tropics and has been shown to have a significant impact on extratropical circulation, and it is Earth’s largest and most intense land-based convective center. During the Southern Hemisphere summer when convection is best developed, the Amazon basin is one of the wettest regions on Earth. Amazonia is of course not isolated from the rest of the world, and a global perspective is needed to understand the nature and causes of climatological anomalies in Amazonia and how they feed back to influence the global climate system. The Amazon River system is the single, largest source of freshwater on Earth. The flow regime of this river system is relatively unimpacted by humans (Vörösmarty et al. 1997 a, b) and is subject to interannual variability in tropical precipitation that ultimately is translated into large variations in downstream hydrographs (Marengo et al. 1998a, Vörösmarty et al. 1996, Richey et al. 1989a, b). The recycling of local evaporation and precipitation by the forest accounts for a sizable portion of the regional water budget (Nobre et al. 1991, Eltahir 1996), and as large areas of the basin are subject to active deforestation there is grave concern about how such land surface disruptions may affect the water cycle in the tropics (see reviews in Lean et al. 1996). Previous studies have emphasized either how large-scale atmospheric circulation or land surface conditions can directly control the seasonal changes in rainfall producing mechanisms. Studies invoking controls of convection and rainfall by large-scale circulation emphasize the relationship between the establishment of upper-tropospheric circulation over Bolivia and moisture transport from the Atlantic ocean for initiation of the wet season and its intensity (see reviews in Marengo et al. 1999). On the other hand, Eltahir and Pal (1996) have shown that Amazon convection is closely related to land surface humidity and temperature, while Fu et al. (1999) indicate that the wet season in the Amazon basin is controlled by both changes in land surface temperature and the sea surface temperature (SST) in the adjacent oceans, depending if the region is north-equatorial or southern Amazonia.
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Carlson, Justin N., Greg J. Maggard, Gary E. Stinchcomb, and Claiborne Daniel Sea. "Middle Archaic Lifeways and the Holocene Climatic Optimum in the Falls Region." In Falls of the Ohio River, 44–56. University Press of Florida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683402039.003.0003.
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The authors of this chapter examine Middle Archaic human-environmental relationships and shifting resource procurement and settlement strategies. They argue that the warming and drying trends of the Middle Holocene resulted in local hunter-gatherers making frequent, short-term residential moves that sought to take advantage of increased upland nut mast and large deer populations. The seasonal rounds of Middle Archaic hunter and gatherers involved continued use of floodplains supplemented with increased use of upland caves and rockshelters. Sedimentation histories documented at both lowland and upland sites suggest that the drier conditions of the Middle Holocene resulted in significant upslope erosion and downhill accumulation. They also note that as groups settled into the region, projectile point styles such as Knob Creek Stemmed and Middle Archaic Corner Notched reflect a local social identity. These changes in settlement and mobility dynamics and projectile point styles are correlated with a shift from an emphasis on high quality Wyandotte chert, to poorer quality cherts located near upland camps.
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Pollack, David, Anne Tobbe Bader, Justin N. Carlson, and Richard W. Jefferies. "The Falls." In Falls of the Ohio River, 225–32. University Press of Florida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683402039.003.0013.
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The chapters included in this historical ecology volume demonstrate that, for more than 12,000 years, the Falls of the Ohio River was a focal point on the social landscape. As such, it was at times a crossroads, a social interaction zone, and a frontier/boundary. From an historical ecological perspective, over time, groups living in the Falls region constantly negotiated changing social and environmental conditions.
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de la Torre, Oscar. "Working Almost as Slaves?" In The People of the River, 74–94. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643243.003.0005.
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In the collective memories of the Lower Amazon maroons, the decades after emancipation are remembered as a period when “the people were oppressed” by Brazil nut merchants, who “enslaved” the blacks of the region. However, a number of individuals also relate memories of merchants who “helped the people,” who “gave goods for the saint patron’s parties,” and who acted, in the words of a Trombetas River maroon descendant, as “fathers of the people.” To reconcile these perspectives I argue in this chapter that these conflicting stories reflect two spheres in the relationships between black peasants and Brazil nut merchants. While the first one was characterized by domination, a few individuals successfully accommodated to, and even collaborated with, the newly arrived commercial houses. In both spheres, Afro-descendant forest specialists and explorers were fundamental to the merchants’ penetration into a world where the mocambeiros had hitherto ruled. In the end, the loss of autonomy and quality of life in the 1910s and 1920s shaped the maroon descendants’ social memory for the rest of the twentieth century, filling it with narratives of poverty, dispossession, and the speech figure of the “new slavery.”
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Elhaddadi, Mounia. "The Social Role of Sugar Cane Cultivation in the Fertile Gharb Region of Morocco." In Sugarcane - Its Products and Sustainability [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107475.
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A special report had been achieved in the GHARB region of Morocco; known as a large plain with abundant pure water sources especially rivers such as the SEBOU permanent river and others, very heavy clay soil sometimes so dark, and a Mediterranean climate; those conditions ameliorate the rate of agricultural activities including unique ones such as Sugar cane/Rice/Tobacco, etc. Sugar cane plays a crucial role in the population’s lifestyle’s amelioration and stability by improving their social and economic conditions besides sustainable development. The report that designed four categories of population afterward chose one best representative of each category to interrogate. The analysis of the statements showed similarities with universal values harvested from sugar cane cultivation in addition to unique ones related to the unicity of the geographic, cultural, and demographic data.
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Bader, Anne Tobbe, David Pollack, and Justin N. Carlson. "Introduction." In Falls of the Ohio River, 1–20. University Press of Florida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683402039.003.0001.
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The Falls of the Ohio River was a landmark that would have been readily recognized and easy to locate by Native Americans. As such, it would have been a convenient meeting place. Without this feature, native populations may never have aggregated at this location to the extent that they did. The chapters that make up this volume recognize that humans and the environment are not disconnected but rather are intertwined and mutually affect each other to varying degrees. Societies and ecosystems are not static or unilineal in their trajectory, having long, dynamic histories. These historic accounts can lead to periods of aggregation and dispersal depending on environmental and social circumstances. Likewise, though authors of this volume examine human adaptations to the shifting environmental conditions of the Holocene, they recognize that humans impacted their environments to varying degrees depending on social, economic, and political circumstances. As the Falls region became a persistent place on the landscape, and a part of the social memory of indigenous groups, it was also at times a contested landscape.
Conference papers on the topic "Amazon River Region – Social conditions"
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Alvarez Macias, Dennisse, Jesús Rafael Hechavarría Hernández, and Maria Pin. "Strategic urban planning of the banks of the Daule river: Case study in Guayas, Ecuador." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002356.
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The strategic location of the neighborhood “Entrada a Daule” on the banks of the Daule River has led to a disorderly increase in informal settlements over the past decades as result of its proximity to the city of Guayaquil. This study proposes an urban planning that is oriented towards sustainable, organized, and planned development contemplating conditions for environmental development, economic and social growth that are conceived in the assessed region. Therefore, based on the identified variables, it is sought to meet the following objectives: inclusive and equitable resilient urban planning; strengthen local govern through a real citizen participation by carrying out the “Right to the City”; and characterize the existing natural element of the territory as a limiting factor in the creation of land use regulations. In summary, the urban intervention plan aims to recover the dynamics and landscape environmental characterization of the region to achieve a sustainable and comprehensive future in terms of city projection and construction policies.
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Faertes, Denise, and Joaquim Domingues. "Petrobras Amazonia Gas Pipeline: Repair Logistics Evaluation Study." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31308.
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The purpose of this paper is to present the study concerning the evaluation of the repair logistics of gas pipeline Urucu-Coari-Manaus (extension of 600 km), that was constructed to operate in the Amazon Brazilian region. Repair logistics is a challenge, regarding specific operation conditions in the jungle, environment and flood variations, difficulty on accessing pipeline right-of-way, difficulty on transportation, etc. Workshops were held, gathering most experienced company personnel from different PETROBRAS sectors (engineering, operation, repair centre, integrity area, Brazilian Army, offshore sector, etc.), in order to evaluate and establish strategies for each identified failure scenario, considering type of repair, logistics, resources and costs. The first step of the study was to incorporate the experience obtained from the engineering team, responsible for the construction of Urucu-Coari-Manaus gas pipeline as they had to face unexpected and adverse conditions. Based on their experience, different pipeline sections were defined, considering specific features, like isolation, flooded areas, river crossings, access limitations, etc. The second step was brain-storming workshops with the purpose of providing the best PETROBRAS evaluation of pipeline sections repair strategies, logistics and resources. Failure frequencies were raised and addressed, as well as variables like: - time for failure detection, for digging, for repair, for resources arrival, considering different logistics and transportation modes (using specific boats, helicopters with special characteristics, such as suitable for long line operations (load line greater than one rotor diameter in length), capable of transporting heavy equipment, etc.). Innovative ways of repair were conceived and proposed to be used. Supply contract conditions for thermo plants, industrial and residential consumers were considered. Finally, a cost/benefit analysis was performed, considering expenses on logistics and resources and benefits associated with avoided losses for each specific failure scenario, in order to provide support for decision making process.
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Pettinger, Alfred M., and Robert Montgomery. "Project Management Considerations of Pipelines Crossing the Andes." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31303.
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Pipeline operators, contractors and governments face important challenges when planning, designing, constructing and operating pipelines which connect the hydrocarbon reserves in the Amazonian basin with population and shipping centers on the Pacific coast. These pipelines cross portions of the Amazonian rainforest, the mountain rainforest along the eastern flank of the Andes, the Andean plateau, and the rural and urban low lying desert areas along the Pacific coast. The need for these pipelines will continue and offers a tremendous opportunity to promote sustainable economic development. However, there are several challenges in safeguarding the integrity of the pipeline, environment, local population, and socio-economic fabric of the region. Failure to properly address these risks could have significant financial, engineering, environmental and social, or reputational consequences for operators, contractors, financiers and governments. In this context, companies need to understand the specific challenges present and implement an encompassing project and risk management strategy that entails leadership, team work, effective communication and collaboration in a manner that proactively meets anticipated needs and responds to evolving conditions. During design and construction management, engineers and scientists are challenged by geology, topography, limited or no field data, limited access to the right-of-way (RoW), and socio-environmental aspects. Major training efforts are needed for the construction workforce, in a manner applicable to educational and cultural characteristics. Special road safety measures are required and in many instances the right-of-way will be the only means of transporting construction material. Other special logistical challenges are presented by the rich cultural history of the Andes. During operation, special consideration needs to be given to external natural hazards like landslides, soil creep, seismicity, and river scour. Management needs to maintain good communication with all parties affected by the project and proactively promote broad socio-economic development in the project area. The recognition of these specific challenges and upfront investment will facilitate mutually beneficial project advancement and be of particular benefit in instances of anticipatable but uncontrollable events. This paper describes several of these challenges and provides guidance on how to minimize project specific risks and adverse effects to society and environment.