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Journal articles on the topic 'Amateur-professional'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Lingwood, Jamie, Lisa L. Smith, and John W. Bond. "Amateur versus professional." International Journal of Police Science & Management 17, no. 1 (February 11, 2015): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461355714566774.

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2

Punjabi, Prakash P. "The professional amateur and the amateurish professional." Perfusion 33, no. 6 (August 20, 2018): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267659118793805.

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3

Crew, Louie. "Rhetorical Beginnings: Professional and Amateur." College Composition and Communication 38, no. 3 (October 1987): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/357755.

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4

Ou, Yang-Kun, Zhi-Wei Chen, and Chien-Nan Yeh. "Postural Control and Functional Ankle Stability in Professional and Amateur Skateboarders." Healthcare 9, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9081009.

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Basic maneuvers in skateboarding, such as the ollie, put the player at high risk for ankle injuries because of the position of the feet required to perform the maneuvers. This study investigated ankle stability and reaction time for the tibialis anterior, fibularis longus, and fibularis brevis in professional and amateur skateboarders. In total, 16 professional and 16 amateur skateboarders were recruited as participants and underwent range of motion assessments, balance testing, and muscle reaction time measurements. The results revealed that professional skateboarders had a significantly smaller inversion angle compared to amateur players, which suggested better joint control and hence greater safety in the former. Balance testing results indicated better balance in professional skateboarders, and healthy skateboarders had better balance than did injured professional and amateur skateboarders. No significant difference in muscle reaction time was observed between amateur and professional skateboarders.

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5

D’souza, Hannah. "Assessment of Finger Proprioception and Lateral Pinch Strength in Amateur and Professional Guitarists." Indian Journal of Youth & Adolescent Health 06, no. 04 (June 24, 2020): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2349.2880.201916.

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Background: Guitarists use complex and different movement patterns in both hands simultaneously. Applying pressure on the strings and strumming both require good strength whereas playing the melody on the fret-board demands good proprioception. There is a need to find out if guitarists perform functionally well with respect to pinch strength and proprioception which are prerequisites for playing the guitar. Therefore, the aim of the study is to assess and compare finger proprioception and pinch strength in amateur and professional guitarists. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted on 50 amateur and 50 professional guitarists from Mumbai. A self-made questionnaire including their demographic data was asked to be filled. Proprioception was measured using the pinch aperture proprioception device and lateral pinch strength was measured using the Jamar® Hydraulic Pinch Gauge. The average of 3 trials was taken for finger proprioception and lateral pinch strength. The data obtained was then taken for further analysis. Result: Professional guitarists had better finger proprioception (p value = 0.0001 for both right & left hands) and lateral pinch strength (p value =0.0159, 0.0001 for the right & left hand respectively) than amateur guitarists. Also, the left hand had better finger proprioception (p value <0.0001, 0.0059 for amateur & professional guitarists respectively) and right hand had better lateral pinch strength (p value=0.0001 for both professional and amateur guitarists) in both professional and amateur guitarists. Conclusion: Professional guitarists had significantly better finger Proprioception and lateral pinch strength as compared to the amateur guitarists.

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6

Tsishkovskaya, M. S. "Theater without Borders: To Raise the Question of Blurring the Line between Professional and Amateur Creativity." Voprosy kul'turologii (Issues of Cultural Studies), no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 877–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-01-2110-02.

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Recently, the amateur theater movement, which seemed to have lost its significance three decades ago, is reviving and, moreover, transforming, now qualitatively different from the socio-cultural phenomenon that it was in the past. This paper examines the development of amateur creativity at the present stage. We will talk about private commercial theaters, amateur studios and laboratories, which over the past decade have not only gained wide popularity, but also, in the context of postmodern transformations, have become direct competitors to professional art, thereby blurring the boundaries between professional and amateur creativity. The functions of professional theaters, the tasks and problems that arise before them, have also affected the amateur art to the same extent. The author comes to the conclusion that the boundaries between professional and amateur theater are gradually blurring, which, in the near future, may lead to new global transformations in the field of theater culture.

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7

Daukantas, Patricia. "The Professional World of Amateur Astronomy." Optics and Photonics News 20, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.20.3.000032.

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8

de Beurs, Derek, and Ad Kerkhof. "Suicide in Professional and Amateur Athletes." Crisis 35, no. 2 (March 1, 2014): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000238.

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9

Peromingo, Miguel. "Professional Amateur Artists and Cultural Management." Zeitschrift für Kulturmanagement 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/zkmm-2016-0107.

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10

Drummond, John D. "The Characteristics of Amateur and Professional." International Journal of Music Education os-15, no. 1 (May 1990): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/025576149001500101.

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11

Cowper, Andy. "Medical self-regulation: professional or amateur?" British Journal of Healthcare Management 11, no. 1 (January 2005): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjhc.2005.11.1.18658.

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12

Guan, Tie Yu. "Biomechanical Characteristics Analysis on Taichi Yunshou Technique." Advanced Materials Research 952 (May 2014): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.952.235.

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Using 3D human motion analysis system and biomechanics knowledge, to explore the Taichi Yunshou technique. Twenty one healthy male adults were voluntarily involved in this study, they were divided into two group by training experience: professional group and amateur group. This study reached the conclusions that (a) there are significant difference between professional and amateur Taichi lovers in different phases in flex and extension angle changes of knee joint, (b) there are no statistical difference between professional and amateur Taichi lovers in different phases in varus and vulgus changes of knee joint in right heel strike,left forefoot off, and left heel strike, (c) during right forefoot off phase, there are significant difference between professional and amateur Taichi lovers.

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13

Shokirkhonov, Bakhtiyor. "Organization of amateur and professional folk choirs." Общество и инновации 3, no. 11/S (December 25, 2022): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol3-iss11/s-pp40-47.

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In this article, a person can reflect on his inner feelings and real events by listening to music, performing it, creating amateur and professional folk choirs, the activities of Uzbek composers, and the activities of artistic amateur groups, detailed information about their complaints.

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14

Cochrane, Claire. "The Pervasiveness of the Commonplace: The Historian and Amateur Theatre." Theatre Research International 26, no. 3 (October 2001): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883301000323.

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Amateur theatre constitutes a largely unexplored narrative within the dominant histories of British theatre that traditionally foreground professional practice. A consequence of advanced capitalism has been an increasing emphasis on professionalism in all sectors of society that constructs the amateur as incompetent and expects guaranteed rewards for professional expertise. Statistically, however, amateur theatre has represented a major experience of performance for a significant proportion of the population especially those of the small nations that have been subsumed within the British nation-state. Much of today's state-funded theatre that ostracizes the amateur, has its roots in early twentieth-century amateur/professional collaborations and grassroots activity in the inter-war years. An examination of the ideological basis of aesthetic value judgements which are, in fact, socially constructed judgements of taste, raises issues about both the cultural value of performance and the responsibility of the historian to the experience of the past.

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15

Ahmedov, V. A., and D. A. Gavrilenko. "Prevalence and mechanisms of abdominal pain development among athletes during exercise (results of an online survey)." South Russian Journal of Therapeutic Practice 3, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21886/2712-8156-2022-3-2-86-92.

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Objective: to study the frequency and intensity of abdominal pain that occurs in professional and amateur athletes during endurance sports.Materials and methods: a single-stage cross-sectional study was carried out. A questionnaire was developed, the questionnaire included questions about the training process and about the presence and nature of abdominal pain. The intensity of abdominal pain have been assessed by a 7-point scale. The survey involved 107 people aged 18 to 29 years (average age 21.58 ± 2.86 years). Participation in the study was oﬀered to students of the Siberian State University of Physical Culture and Sports (SibGUFC) and the Omsk Olympic Reserve School (UOR Omsk), who are professionally engaged in endurance sports (long-distance running, cycling and swimming), as well as amateur athletes who study at Omsk State Medical University (OmSMU). Among the respondents, 43 (40.19%) were men and 64 (59.81%) were women. 45 (42.68%) people are engaged in professional sports, and 62 (57.94%) amateur athletes were surveyed.Results: abdominal pain occurred in 37 (82.22%) professional athletes and 22 (83.87%) amateur athletes. When comparing the intensity of pain during training in professional athletes (3.75±2.32) and amateurs (2.5+-1.42), it was revealed that the intensity of pain is greater in professional athletes (p=0.004). 22 (59.46%) people among professionals and 34 (65.38%) among amateurs noted the localized nature of pain. The majority of the questionnaire participants in two groups indicated the stabbing nature of pain - 21 (56.76%) professionals, 28 (53.85%) amateur athletes. 26 (70.27%) and 34 (65.38%) respondents in the groups of professional and amateur athletes, respectively, note that they had to reduce the intensity of exercise.Conclusion: sports are associated with the development of abdominal pain among both amateur and professional athletes, which requires a reduction in the intensity of physical activity. The intensity of abdominal pain is higher in professional athletes engaged in endurance sports. The results obtained require the development of appropriate measures to prevent the development of abdominal pain in athletes during exercise.

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16

Orchiston, Wayne. "Amateur-professional Co-operation in Astronomy Education: a Nineteenth Century Australian Model." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 9, no. 1 (1991): 186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000025546.

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AbstractDuring the second half of the nineteenth century Australian amateur and professional astronomers worked together in actively promoting astronomy among the general public. This collaboration was a product of the cordial amateur-professional relations that permeated pre-astrophysics Australian astronomy.

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17

Sharov, A. A., O. V. Ponin, Yu B. Grudzino, V. V. Fufurin, and V. I. Molev. "Apochromatic objectives for amateur and professional astronomy." Journal of Optical Technology 80, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jot.80.000233.

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18

Goldfinch, E. P. "Radiation protection dosimetry—from amateur to professional." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 119, no. 1-4 (April 10, 2006): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nci693.

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19

Loffing, Florian, Norbert Hagemann, and Bernd Strauss. "Left-Handedness in Professional and Amateur Tennis." PLoS ONE 7, no. 11 (November 7, 2012): e49325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049325.

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20

Kennedy, W. J. "C. W. Wright: a most professional amateur." Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 117, no. 1 (January 2006): 9–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7878(06)80028-3.

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21

Bottalico, Pasquale, Simone Graetzer, and Eric J. Hunter. "Pitch control in professional and amateur singers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 139, no. 4 (April 2016): 2068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4950131.

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22

Catherine C. Fraser. "Ludwig Richter: Professional Illustrator and Amateur Autobiographer." Biography 11, no. 2 (1988): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bio.2010.0598.

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23

Roudier, T., R. Muller, J. C. Hulot, and F. Vaissière. "Amateur/Professional Cooperation in 2 Solar Studies." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 98 (1988): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s025292110009271x.

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AbstractThe modification of properties of granules around magnetic flux tubes has been studied for the first time from photographs (at λ = 4803Å and 5770Å) taken with the 50-cm refractor at Pic du Midi. Statistically, these granules are more numerous, smaller, and more elongated than other granules. During their first two minutes of life they show very pronounced radial orientation to the magnetic flux tube.Angular measurements on the same granules have a precision of ± 10°, which is sufficient as theoretical studies show that they rotate by 360° in the course of their life. Initial results appeared to show that only explosive granules had intrinsic rotation, but further examination showed that it is a general trend. It seems that the granules do rotate significantly, but that there is a more important “push-pull” effect, in agreement with A. Title’s theory drawn from SOUP images.

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24

Jers, Harald. "Multitrack analysis of amateur and professional choirs." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 118, no. 3 (September 2005): 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4785697.

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25

Lystad, Reidar P. "Injuries to Professional and Amateur Kickboxing Contestants." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 3, no. 11 (November 3, 2015): 232596711561241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967115612416.

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26

Regal, Brian. "Amateur versus professional: the search for Bigfoot." Endeavour 32, no. 2 (June 2008): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2008.04.005.

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27

A., Ashish Mathew, S. F. Mariyam Farzana, Suresh T.N., and Veeragoudhaman T.S. "A Valid Tool to Assess Playing Related Musculoskeletal Disorder among Amatuer and Professional Musician." NeuroQuantology 20, no. 5 (May 18, 2022): 747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.5.nq22232.

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Background: Musician is wizard who spread the fragrance of joy by absorbing the woes in the form of playing related musculoskeletal disorder. Establishment and implementation of a validated and reliable outcome measurement still lags behind to assess the playing related musculoskeletal disorder and risk factor more precisely among musician. Objective: The aim of the study is to construct and validate a tool to assess playing related musculoskeletal disorder among amateur and professional musician. Methodology: Based upon literature review and interview which was conducted regarding risk factors and musculoskeletal disorders among amateur players, professional players and music teachers The questionnaire was circulated among senior physiotherapist with 10 years of experience for content validation and among amateur, professional players for face validation. Result & Conclusion: This study concludes that the questionnaire is widely accepted as a valid tool to assess the playing related musculoskeletal disorder among amateur and professional musician after content and face validation.

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28

Lee, Yun-Ju, Po-Chieh Lin, Ling-Ying Chen, Yu-Jung Chen, and Jing Nong Liang. "Utilization of Inertial Measurement Units for Determining the Sequential Chain of Baseball Strike Posture." Sensors 21, no. 9 (May 10, 2021): 3280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093280.

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The purpose of this study was to employ inertial measurement units (IMU) with an eye-tracking device to investigate different swing strategies between two levels of batters. The participants were 20 healthy males aged 20 to 30 years old, with ten professional and ten amateur batters. Eye gaze position, head, shoulder, trunk, and pelvis angular velocity, and ground reaction forces were recorded. The results showed that professional batters rotated segments more rhythmically and efficiently than the amateur group. Firstly, the professional group spent less time in the preparation stages. Secondly, the maximum angular velocity timing of each segment of the professional group was centralized in the swing cycle. Thirdly, the amateur group had significantly earlier gaze timing of the maximum angular velocity than the professional group. Moreover, the maximum angular velocity timing of the gaze was the earliest parameter among the five segments, and significantly earlier (at least 16.32% of cycle time) than the maximum angular velocity of the head, shoulder, trunk, and pelvis within the amateur group. The visual-motor coordination strategies were different between the two groups, which could successfully be determined by wearable instruments of IMU.

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29

BAILEY OGILVIE, MARILYN. "Obligatory amateurs: Annie Maunder (1868–1947) and British women astronomers at the dawn of professional astronomy." British Journal for the History of Science 33, no. 1 (March 2000): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087499003878.

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This paper explores the careers of several British women astronomers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. I postulate that the only category of scientific practice open to most of these women was that of an ‘amateur’. They would have become professionals had they had the opportunity but since they were barred from professional status they used their talents to promote the importance of amateur science. I propose the term ‘obligatory amateur’ for these women who, unlike men, were unable to choose amateur or professional status. I explore this concept of a ‘gendered’ amateurism through the life and works of Annie Maunder, with references to British women astronomers contemporary with her.

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30

Hillier, Mathew, Louise Sutton, Lewis James, Dara Mojtahedi, Nicola Keay, and Karen Hind. "High Prevalence and Magnitude of Rapid Weight Loss in Mixed Martial Arts Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0393.

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The practice of rapid weight loss (RWL) in mixed martial arts (MMA) is an increasing concern but data remain scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, magnitude, methods, and influencers of RWL in professional and amateur MMA athletes. MMA athletes (N = 314; 287 men and 27 women) across nine weight categories (strawweight to heavyweight), completed a validated questionnaire adapted for this sport. Sex-specific data were analyzed, and subgroup comparisons were made between athletes competing at professional and amateur levels. Most athletes purposefully reduced body weight for competition (men: 97.2%; women: 100%). The magnitude of RWL in 1 week prior to weigh-in was significantly greater for professional athletes compared with those competing at amateur level (men: 5.9% vs. 4.2%; women: 5.0% vs. 2.1% of body weight; p < .05). In the 24 hr preceding weigh-in, the magnitude of RWL was greater at professional than amateur level in men (3.7% vs. 2.5% of body weight; p < .05). Most athletes “always” or “sometimes” used water loading (72.9%), restricting fluid intake (71.3%), and sweat suits (55.4%) for RWL. Coaches were cited as the primary source of influence on RWL practices (men: 29.3%; women: 48.1%). There is a high reported prevalence of RWL in MMA, at professional and amateur levels. Our findings, constituting the largest inquiry to date, call for urgent action from MMA organizations to safeguard the health and well-being of athletes competing in this sport.

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31

Meadows, A. J. "Twentieth-Century Amateur Astronomy." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 98 (1988): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s025292110009206x.

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Little distinction was drawn between amateur and professional astronomers for much of the nineteenth century. They mixed in the same scientific societies and often carried out overlapping studies. Towards the end of the century, however, new factors arose - increasing expense of instrumentation, increasing sophistication of theoretical knowledge, etc., which led to a greater degree of differentiation. It was then that societies specifically aimed at amateurs were established. The split has never been complete – professionals have always been members of amateur societies and vice versa - but a gap between amateur and professional opened up and has continued since. Amateurs of the standing of Percival Lowell, who could compete with professionals both in terms of equipment and theoretical knowledge, effectively died out before the mid-twentieth century.

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32

Ozoliņa, Lilita, Inese Pontaga, and Igors Ķīsis. "Amateur and Professional Ice Hockey Player Hydration Status and Urine Specific Gravity Values Before and After Training in Winter Conditions." LASE Journal of Sport Science 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ljss-2016-0032.

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Abstract The aim of our investigation was to determine and compare the pre- and post- training body hydration status in professional and amateur male ice hockey players consumed the drinks according to their thirst sensation in winter conditions. Materials and methods: 11 amateur and 23 professional ice hockey players participated in the investigation. The players were weighted before and after training using precise scales. The body mass composition of every athlete was determined by the body composition analyzer. Every player collected mid–stream urine specimens before and after the training. Urine specific gravity (USG) was measured by urine refractometer. Results: 56% of the professional ice hockey players and 82% of amateur players were hypohydrated before training according to their USG values ≥ 1.020, 5% of professional players were dehydrated their USG values ≥ 1.030. After the training with duration of 1.5 hours the mean body mass decreased for 0.9±0.5% of pre– training value in amateur players and for 1.6±0.8% in professionals (p=0.005). After the training the professional players’ hydration status worsened: 66% were hypohydrated and 26% dehydrated according to USG, the mean USG after training was significantly higher than before it (p=0.011). USG after training did not change in amateur players: their mean USG values before and after training did not differed significantly (p=0.677). Conclusions: Fluid uptake according to thirst sensation in winter conditions cannot compensate the fluid loss at rest and during training especially in professional ice hockey players. The body mass loss exceeded value critical for performance - 2 % in one third part of professionals. The differences between two groups can be explained by higher intensity of exercises during training, the better physical conditioning and greater sweating rate in professional players in comparison with amateurs, which causes close to twice greater uncompensated fluid loss in professionals than in amateurs.

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33

Rodríguez Marconi, Daniel, Camilo Morales Cárdenas, Liliana Gaete Antilen, Marta Garrido Ormeño, and Camila Pardo Reyes. "Level of physiological, anatomical and pathological knowledge of the singing voice on the part of professional and amateur singers." Revista CEFAC 20, no. 5 (October 2018): 621–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-021620182054118.

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ABSTRACT Purpose: the knowledge concerning care of the voice on the part of professional and amateur singers in Chile is relevant for voice professionals and also for speech pathologists who work in disorder prevention and voice care. It is important to know if there are differences between both groups regarding the knowledge of voice care. Methods: the "Vocal Awareness Questionnaire for Singers'' was applied to a sample of 66 singers: 33 professional and 33 amateur singers. Three areas of knowledge were evaluated: anatomy and physiology of the larynx, vocal hygiene and voice pathologies. Results: there were no significant differences in the knowledge of voice care between professional and amateur singers both at a general level and in specific areas of knowledge. The topic of vocal hygiene obtained the highest percentage of correct answers in both groups, while the lowest percentage was in the area of voice pathologies. Conclusions: there were no differences in the level of knowledge on voice care between the professional and amateur singers included in this study. In both groups, the level of knowledge was from low to moderate. This could increase the incidence of vocal pathologies in both groups.

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34

Henning, April, and Jörg Krieger. "Dropping the Amateur: The International Association of Athletics Federations and the Turn Toward Professionalism." Sport History Review 51, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/shr.2019-0024.

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When the International Association of Amateur Athletics (IAAF) changed its name to International Association of Athletics Federations in 2001, it was more than an acknowledgment of the organization’s acceptance of professional athletes. Rather, this change symbolized a shift in thinking about the nature of athletics, what athletics competitions represented, and the commercialization of the sport that had been decades in the making. This article will consider the IAAF’s pursuit to maintain control over global athletics through its transition from an amateur sport federation to a professional sport governing body. Drawing on official documents and personal archives of IAAF officials, the authors trace the internal views and debates, beginning with the IAAF’s fight to maintain amateurism against collective pushback over issues of athlete pay, to the full acceptance of professionalism. The main focus of this article lies in the transition period in the 1980s and 1990s. The authors show how dropping the amateur from the name reflected not only the new embrace of professional athletes, but also the organizational turn away from amateur athletics. The authors will identify the processes that finally forced the breakdown of amateurism and ushered in a new era of professional athletics.

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35

Orchiston, Wayne. "Comets and Communication: Amateur–Professional Tension in Australian Astronomy." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 16, no. 2 (1999): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as99212.

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AbstractAustralasian amateur astronomers, Grigg and Ross, discovered four different comets between 1902 and 1907. Controversy surrounding these discoveries led to a deterioration in relations between Australia's leading amateur astronomers and Baracchi at Melbourne Observatory, and to the eventual transfer of the ‘Australian Central Bureau’ to Sydney Observatory.

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36

Nicholson, Helen. "Labours of social inclusion: amateur, professional, community theatres." Studies in Theatre and Performance 40, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14682761.2020.1807207.

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37

Leksawat, Animmarn. "Blurring the Line between Professional and Amateur Subtitling." Między Oryginałem a Przekładem 28, no. 1 (55) (March 30, 2022): 119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/moap.28.2022.55.06.

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Fansubbing has generally been characterised by particular features that deviate from professional subtitling conventions; however, recent research begins to show the complexity of the phenomenon and hints at how the line between the professional and the amateur practices is blurring [Dore and Petrucci 2021; Massidda 2015]. The case of Diary of Tootsies, a Thai comedy series and its translations is another representative example of the interconnection of professional and amateur AVT and the need to question the dichotomy between the two practices. This paper revisits professional subtitling conventions and the unconventional features typically associated with fansubs, and then maps them onto the subtitles in the indirect translation chain: the official English subtitles, used as a pivot, and the fansubs created by Spanish-speaking fans. The findings reveal several textual features that are usually attributed to fansubs can also be detected in official subtitles, for instance, unconventional uses of orthotypography, informal abbreviations, and additional explanations. Textual evidence indicates further blurring as these distinctive traits are not always adopted in the corresponding Spanish fansubs. In some cases, fansubbers opt for translation decisions more typical of what might be expected in professional subtitling.

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38

Becker, Thomas M., Kathryn M. Trinkaus, and David I. Buckley. "Tool-Related Injuries Among Amateur and Professional Woodworkers." Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 38, no. 10 (October 1996): 1032–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199610000-00014.

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39

Winges, S. A., and S. Furuya. "Distinct digit kinematics by professional and amateur pianists." Neuroscience 284 (January 2015): 643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.041.

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40

Tennent, T. D. "Tennis Injury Handbook: Professional Advice for Amateur Athletes." Injury 31, no. 4 (May 2000): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-1383(99)00285-5.

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41

Nicholson, Helen. "Labours of social inclusion: amateur, professional, community theatres." Studies in Theatre and Performance 40, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14682761.2020.1807207.

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Hanke, C. William, Terrell W. Zollinger, Jeffrey J. O'Brian, and Larry Bianco. "Skin Cancer in Professional and Amateur Female Golfers." Physician and Sportsmedicine 13, no. 8 (August 1985): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1985.11708857.

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Pollatou, Elisana, Nikoleta Bakali, Yannis Theodorakis, and Marios Goudas. "Body image in female professional and amateur dancers." Research in Dance Education 11, no. 2 (June 2010): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14647893.2010.482980.

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Zlotnikova, Tanjana S., and Svetlana V. Girshon. "Amateur theaters: soviet past and current practices." Yaroslavl Pedagogical Bulletin 1, no. 118 (2021): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/1813-145x-2021-1-118-202-209.

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This work offers an overview of sources devoted to amateur theater as a socio-cultural phenomenon that existed on the territory of the Soviet state and in post-Soviet Russia. Since amateur theater as a socio-cultural phenomenon has a complex nature, it is advisable to apply an interdisciplinary approach to the study of its activities. The activities of amateur theaters are considered in historical, cultural and sociocultural contexts. The authors consider the sociological, pedagogical, organizational aspects of the activities of amateur theaters, as well as their contribution to the culturalpractices of the regions. Throughout the existence of the Soviet state, amateur theaters were considered as means of propaganda and education of amateur artists and their audiences in the spirit of Soviet ideology. Unlike professional theaters, amateur groups in the 60s instantly reacted to a change in ideological paradigms, asked sharp, uncomfortable questions, and reflected an active civic position. The thaw period was marked by the creative heyday of amateur studio theaters, which ended in clashes with Soviet censorship. In the 90s, after the Soviet dissolution and the abolition of the leading role of the CPSU in the life of the state, amateur groups entered the period of experiments both organizationally and aesthetically. A certain boundary of this period was the professionalization of some amateur groups and the cessation of the activities of others. The authors consider the cultural practices of amateur theaters since the 2000s, when the process of transferring part of amateur groups from departmental subordination to municipal was completed. Attention is also given to the conditions for the existence of amateur theaters in the Yaroslavl region nowadays. Amateur theaters position themselves mainly as a way of organizing active creative leisure of the adult population. The pedagogical component in their activities has an insignificant part, the repertoire is entertaining in nature. In the presence of two or three groups known outside the region, the main part of amateur theaters in the Yaroslavl region carry out a cultural and educational function in small settlements where there is no professional theater

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Beato, Marco, Damien Young, Adam Stiff, and Giuseppe Coratella. "Lower-Limb Muscle Strength, Anterior-Posterior and Inter-Limb Asymmetry in Professional, Elite Academy and Amateur Soccer Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 77, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2020-0058.

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Abstract Given the importance of the lower-limb strength and strength balance in soccer players and its relationship with injury prevention and performance, the present study compared quadriceps and hamstrings strength, the conventional (Hconc:Qconc), functional (Hecc:Qconc) hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio and inter-limb strength asymmetry in professional, elite academy and amateur male soccer players. In this cross-sectional study, two hundred-six soccer players (professional = 75, elite academy = 68, amateurs = 63) volunteered to participate. Quadriceps and hamstrings isokinetic peak torque was investigated at 60° .s-1 in both the concentric and eccentric modality and at 300°.s-1 in the concentric modality. The conventional Hconc:Qconc, functional Hecc:Qconc ratio and quadriceps and hamstrings inter-limb strength asymmetry were then calculated. Professional players presented greater quadriceps and hamstrings strength than elite academy (effect size from small to moderate) and amateur players (moderate to very large). Both the conventional Hconc:Qconc and functional Hecc:Qconc ratio were greater in professional than elite academy and amateur players (small to moderate). Overall, quadriceps and hamstrings inter-limb strength asymmetry was greater in amateurs than professional (small to very large) and elite academy (trivial to large) players. The present findings provide coaches and medical staffs with normative lower-limb muscle strength data on professional, academy and amateur soccer players. Overall lower-limb muscle strength and inter-limb strength asymmetry could be used to evaluate possible inference on injury prevention and performance. The hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio poorly differentiates between the soccer players background and offers limited prediction for injury prevention and performance.

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Jones, Thomas W., Karen Keane, Andrew Smith, Jack Dent, Kevin McShane, Tim Payne, Lewis Williams, Phillip Maguire, Steven J. Marshall, and Philip Graham-Smith. "Which anthropometric and lower body power variables are predictive of professional and amateur playing status in male rugby union players?" International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 14, no. 1 (October 14, 2018): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954118805956.

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The purpose of this study was to compare anthropometric and lower body power measurements between current professional and amateur male rugby union players. The present study also sought to determine which anthropometric and physical performance variables were predictive of playing standard. Thirty professional and 30 amateur RU players performed Wattbike 6 s maximal effort (WB6S) and countermovement (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) assessments, anthropometric measures were also taken. Dependant variables recorded and analysed including: body mass, stature, Σ8 site skinfolds, WB6S absolute and relative peak power, CMJ and SJ average concentric force, jump height, peak velocity, time to peak force, rate of force development (RFD) and absolute and relative peak force and power. Professional players were heavier, taller and leaner than their amateur counterparts ( p < 0.05). Professional players performed significantly better in all physical performance measures except CMJ and SJ time to peak force, CMJ RFD and SJ relative peak force. Variables which were predictive of playing standard were: Σ8 skinfolds, CMJ peak velocity and WB6S absolute and relative peak power ( p < 0.05). These findings indicate that the current body of male professional RU players is anthropometrically and physically superior to their amateur counterparts, although not all variables assessed here were predictive of playing standard. Data presented here indicate that Σ8 skinfolds, WB6S absolute and relative power and CMJ peak velocity are predictive of playing standard, whereas other anthropometric and strength and power variables are not.

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CLARK, KATELYN. "‘OF THE TEMPERAMENT OF THOSE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS’: CONSIDERING TIBERIUS CAVALLO AND THE SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATION OF MUSICAL SOUNDS IN LATE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY LONDON." Eighteenth Century Music 15, no. 1 (March 2018): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478570617000392.

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The connection of music to scientific exploration in late Enlightenment London can be considered from various perspectives, perhaps most evidently through the binary of amateur–professional. These two realms intersected within natural philosophical observation, a practice that often served concurrently as entertainment and as study. The development of scientific instruments for the observation of various phenomena appeared in both professional and amateur contexts, contributing to technological growth and research. Natural philosopher Tiberius Cavallo (1749–1809) and his 1788 article on musical temperament (‘Of the Temperament of Those Musical Instruments, in Which the Tones, Keys, or Frets, are Fixed, as in the Harpsichord, Organ, Guitar, &c’) provide a captivating example of amateur interest overlapping effectively with the professional domain; as an amateur musician and professional scientist, Cavallo observed equal temperament in both mathematical and aesthetic terms. Consideration of his work promotes a more nuanced view of London as a place where scientific and musical ideas could meet and be ‘instrumentalized’, emphasizing the city's status as a vibrant arena for the interaction of scientific exploration, artistic endeavour and professional identities. In this sense, Cavallo's work on temperament was not merely a scientific activity; it reflected technological change during a stimulating period of scientific and musical progress in late eighteenth-century London. For example, instrument builders were actively developing ways to improve pitch control and tuning stability, as witnessed by numerous British patents for harp mechanisms, the addition of flute keys and keyboard construction.

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Lebiedieva, Nadiia Anatoliivna. "FEATURES OF THE MAIN APPROACHES OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION USE TO PROFESSIONAL AND AMATEUR ARTS." UKRAINIAN ASSEMBLY OF DOCTORS OF SCIENCES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1, no. 12 (February 14, 2018): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/vadnd.v1i12.61.

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The article describes some peculiarities of using the basic approaches of state administration for professional and amateur arts. It is established that for the State it is necessary to provide an assistance to artistic development in all spheres of its appearance. The use of an indicative approach to professional and amateur art management is recommended. It is revealed that indicative state management of art will be able to transform the subjects of management into the subjects of responsibility, who will achieve clearly defined spiritual and educational tasks and become accountable. This will contribute to systematic assessment of the practice of state and municipal management of professional and amateur art and will allow to adjust educational policy at all levels of government — the state, the region, the settlement, a separate union of artists. It is proved that the formation of professional and amateur arts in the system of public administration should take place through the process of understanding the aspects of individual and group behavior, the system analysis, planning methods, motivation and control, quantitative methods and decision making. Applying the philosophical approach to the problem under study, I believe that a healthy society can not be imagined without art. Man in its essence tends to be beautiful, to recreate the surrounding world through the prism of their own feelings of objective reality in works of art. That is why, for the state, it is extremely necessary to ensure the promotion of artistic development in all areas of its manifestation. It is noted that one of the main approaches of the state administration to the formation of professional and amateur art is the author of this article considers the philosophical approach. There are also special connections of personality and social factors that determine the spiritual crisis of man.

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Hill, Jennifer. "‘A Source of Enjoyment': The Social Dimension of the Melbourne Liedertafels in the Late Nineteenth Century." Nineteenth-Century Music Review 2, no. 2 (November 2005): 77–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479409800002214.

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The city Liedertafels of Melbourne in the late colonial era were extraordinarily active, essentially amateur societies, with burgeoning memberships through to the early 1890s and a busy and varied calendar of men-only and mixed concerts and social events. This article examines aspects of the Melbourne (previously Melbourner Deutsche) Liedertafel (est. 1879) and the Metropolitan (later Royal Metropolitan) Liedertafel (est. 1870) as they functioned within late nineteenth-century Melbourne society, particularly the 1880s to Federation (1901). Opening with preliminary discussion of the social class of the participants and the role of women in the societies, it focuses on the balance in these choirs between the amateur and professional and the social and musical. The article begins with a consideration of the participants’ status as amateur or professional. It looks at any tensions between the two and charts the ways in which the balance between amateur and professional elements changed over the period and gives reasons for those changes. A second section outlines some of the varied and often picturesque types of semi-social, social and ceremonial functions in which the societies involved themselves, but places these briefly in the context of their avowed priorities and aims.

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Marder, Ben, Antonia Erz, Rob Angell, and Kirk Plangger. "The Role of Photograph Aesthetics on Online Review Sites: Effects of Management- versus Traveler-Generated Photos on Tourists’ Decision Making." Journal of Travel Research 60, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287519895125.

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Tourists searching for information about destinations on online review sites are concurrently exposed to two different photograph aesthetics, professional (produced by destination managers) and amateur (generated by travelers). While the former is glossy and sharp, the latter is often grainy and overexposed. Although aesthetics are important factors in tourist decision making, the effects of the exposure to both types of photograph aesthetics remain largely unexamined. This research investigates how both types of aesthetics, either singularly or in combination, affect a destination’s visual appeal and tourists’ booking intentions through four controlled experiments (N = 1,282). Our results show that despite the “messy” beauty in amateur aesthetics, photos with professional aesthetics make a depicted destination appear more visually appealing, ultimately driving booking intentions. However, the negative effects of amateur aesthetics are mitigated when (1) viewed by risk-averse tourists, (2) presented alongside positive reviews, and (3) accompanied by a greater number of professional photos.

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