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Journal articles on the topic 'Alzheimers’s disease'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Zhou, Can-Can, Zhen-Yan Gao, Ju Wang, Mei-Qin Wu, Shuang Hu, Fei Chen, Jun-Xia Liu, Hui Pan, and Chong-Huai Yan. "Lead exposure induces Alzheimers’s disease (AD)-like pathology and disturbes cholesterol metabolism in the young rat brain." Toxicology Letters 296 (October 2018): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.1065.

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2

Sun, Binggang, Kay Chow, Amy Zhao, Jason Lehmann, Weiping Jiang, and Shaoquan Ji. "Novel Flow-Based Multiplex Assay Panel for Quantifying Human Neuroinflammation Biomarkers." Journal of Immunology 202, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2019): 130.25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.130.25.

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Abstract The inflammation of neuronal tissues is triggered by various stimuli such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, protein aggregation and pathogens. Neuroinflammation cues such as brain injury lead to protein release and microglia activation, which in turn activate glial cells. Activated glial cells produce both pro- and anti-inflammatory factors to regulate cell migration, growth, tissue repair or cell death. Neuroinflammation is involved in acute brain injury, stroke, and many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimers’s and Parkinson’s diseases, as well as disruption and permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Measurement of the cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and other neuronal disease biomarkers is essential in understanding the mechanisms of neuronal disease progression, but this is limited by the small sample size of CSF. It is therefore desirable to be able to measure a panel of important neuroinflammation biomarkers simultaneously. We have developed an assay panel targeting neuroinflammation biomarkers using fluorescence-encoded beads that are suitable for use on common lab flow cytometers. It allows for simultaneous quantification of the 13 key targets involved in neuroinflammation including VILIP-1, BDNF, free active TGF-β1, VEGF, IL-6, sTREM-1, β-NGF, IL-18, TNF-α, soluble RAGE, and CX3CL1 (Fractialkine). This panel has been developed with superior assay performance and specificity and has been validated by detecting expected values in biological samples including CSF samples from healthy and disease individuals. This high quality, low cost and easy to use panel will be a useful tool to the neuroinflammation research community.
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Zarrouk, Amira, Meryam Debbabi, Maryem Bezine, El Mostafa Karym, Asmaa Badreddine, Olivier Rouaud, Thibault Moreau, et al. "Lipid Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease." Current Alzheimer Research 15, no. 4 (February 22, 2018): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205014666170505101426.

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Background: There are now significant evidences that lipid metabolism is affected in numerous neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease. These dysfunctions lead to abnormal levels of certain lipids in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. It is consequently of interest to establish lipid profiles in neurodegenerative diseases. This approach, which can contribute to identify lipid biomarkers of Alzheimers' disease, can also permit to identify new therapeutic targets. It was therefore of interest to focus on central and peripheral biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. Methods: A review of the literature on 148 papers was conducted. Based on this literature, the involvement of lipids (cholesterol and oxysterols, fatty acids, phospholipids) in Alzheimer's disease has been proposed. Results: Of the 148 references cited for lipid biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease, 65 refer to cholesterol and oxysterols, 35 to fatty acids and 40 to phospholipids. Among these lipids, some of them such as 24S-hydroxyckolesterol, open up new therapeutic perspectives in gene therapy, in particular. The results on the very long-chain fatty acids suggest the potential of peroxisomal dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease. As for the phospholipids, they could constitute interesting biomarkers for detecting the disease at the prodromal stage. Conclusion: There are now several lines of evidence that lipids play fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of AD and that some of them have a prognostic and diagnosis value. This may pave the way for the identification of new therapeutic targets, new effective drugs and / or new treatments.
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4

Nesteruk, Marta, Tomasz Nesteruk, Maria Styczyńska, and Maria Barcikowska. "Wpływ obciążenia chorobami naczyniowymi na progresję łagodnych zaburzeń poznawczych do choroby Alzheimera." Aktualności Neurologiczne 15, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/an.2015.0003.

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5

Hemangkorn, Nicha, Pamonphon Phummai, and Patranan Punyacharoen. "Effects of Essential Oils and Aromatic Plants on Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia." International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research 6, no. 3 (September 3, 2021): 350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.20210760.

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The primary objective of this research was to investigate how beneficial essential oils and aromatic plants are at curing Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is known to be one of the most incurable prevalent diseases in the elderly. Agitation, cognitive impairments, communication difficulty, irritability, and confusion may advance in AD patients. Even though the behavioral causes contributing to the disease have not yet been discovered, aggregation of tau and amyloid proteins is found in the brain of patients with Alzheimer’s. With numerous experiments conducted on these proteins, scientists have surmised that this accumulation is a causative factor of Alzheimer’s disease. Multiple scientists and experts have carried out several studies regarding the enlargement of amyloid plaques on Alzheimer’s. In addition, the effects of aromatherapy, including divergent results of alternative essential oils, have been analyzed. This paper examines the distinctions between Alzheimer's disease and dementia. The review elaborates on the causes and the symptoms before describing the effects of essential oils and aromatic plants. Subsequently, this provides rudiments regarding the benefits and hazards of applying essential oils and aromatic plants to treat either Alzheimer's disease or dementia. This study focuses on utilizing essential oils and aromatic plants in the medical profession as an alternative treatment for Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Likewise, a couple of case studies are shown in the paper with the analysis of amyloid plaques in mice and the effectiveness of lavender, rosemary, and orange essential oils on participants. Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease Dementia Essential oils Aromatic plants Aromatherapy Amyloid and Tau
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6

Kyselova, A. A., E. S. Kravtsova, D. O. Mishchenko, and E. R. Chernishova. "The Modern View on Alzheimer’s Disease." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 3, no. 4 (May 18, 2018): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs03.04.169.

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7

Monisha, M., K. M. Harshitha, N. H. Dhanalakshmi, Kokatam Sai Prakash Reddy, C. R. Nagarathna, and M. Kusuma. "Early detection of Alzheimer’s: Modalities and Methods." March 2022 4, no. 1 (May 4, 2022): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jaicn.2022.1.005.

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Alzheimer’s disease belongs to the group of neurodegenerative diseases and is considered as one of the most destructive and severe diseases of the human nervous system. There is presently no quick and cost-effective method for routinely screening individuals of age 65 and older for Alzheimer's disease, the most prevalent type of neurodegenerative dementia. Over 5.2 million Americans already suffer from this condition, with the number anticipated to rise to 7.7 million by 2030. This paper discusses how the use of Machine learning concepts has upgraded the detection of Alzheimer's disease in the early stage.
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8

Bombón-Albán, Paulina E., and Pablo E. Fierro-Altamirano. "Criterios de diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Alzheimer: Aplicaciones prácticas." Revista Ecuatoriana de Neurologia 31, no. 1 (May 10, 2022): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46997/revecuatneurol31100012.

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Los avances en el campo de la Enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) han llevado a una reconceptualización de la enfermedad, trasladando nuestro conocimiento más allá de la presentación clínica centrada en la demencia, a un constructo que incluye cambios fisiopatológicos tempranos en individuos asintomáticos. El concepto de etapa preclínica de una enfermedad no debe ser nuevo para los médicos en ejercicio, ni tampoco el concepto de diagnosticar una enfermedad en ausencia de síntomas.
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9

Shahzadi, Maria, Bareera Saeed, Muhammad Azzam Khan, Amna Rashid, Muhammad Bilal, Roma Imtiaz, and Tallat Anwar Faridi. "A Review on the Techniques for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease." Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences 6, no. 03 (September 15, 2022): 268–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgujls.2022.0603228.

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Alzheimer’s disease is a neurological condition in which there is rapid deterioration of the brain and it affects around 50 million people globally. The most obvious sign of Alzheimer’s is dementia which is primarily an affliction of old age. Majority of the people presenting with dementia in old age are Alzheimer’s patients. The symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease are debilitating and have the ability to utterly disrupt a person's normal life. It is only discovered after this terrible disease has destroyed all neurons, thus there is little chance to cure it or reverse the adverse effects. There are two types of techniques for detecting Alzheimer's disease: invasive and non-invasive techniques. Invasive method obtains data from the patient bydrawing a small amount of blood or performing a lumbar puncture, whereas noninvasive method collects data using imaging techniques like MRI and CT scan. Invasive technique, on the other hand, is thought to be a more accurate indicator of Alzheimer's disease than non-invasive technique since it provides strong biomarkers. Once Alzheimer's disease has progressed to its final stage, it is incurable. Treatment is only viable when the disease is in its initial stages. Future treatments for Alzheimer's disease will focus on the causative maladies of neurofibrillary tangles (ptau) and senile plaques (A). The pathological traits connected to debilitating disease, special protein, b proteins, are critical for future therapeutics
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10

Fiore, Vincenzo, Antonia De Rosa, Paolo Falasca, Massimo Marci, Edoardo Guastamacchia, Brunella Licchelli, Vito Angelo Giagulli, Giovanni De Pergola, Antonella Poggi, and Vincenzo Triggiani. "Focus on the Correlations between Alzheimer’s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes." Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets 19, no. 5 (June 3, 2019): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530319666190311141855.

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Background: In the last decades, both diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease are constantly increasing. Affected individuals, therefore, represent an enormous problem for the society, governments and global organizations. These diseases are usually considered as independent conditions, but increasing evidence shows that there are links between these two disorders. Methods: In this review, we analyzed common features present in Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes mellitus, showing how these two diseases are strictly correlated to each other. Results: Some pathogenetic factors are shared by Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease: chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, adiponectin deficiency, different expression of plasma cholinesterase activity and vascular damage could represent a possible explanation for the coexistence of these two conditions in many patients. Conclusion: A better understanding of this issue and an appropriate management of diabetes by means of physical activity, low fat diet, and drugs to achieve a good glycemic control, avoiding both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, can represent a way to prevent cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease.
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11

Patten, Ryan Van, Anne M. Fagan, and David A. S. Kaufman. "Differential Cued-Stroop Performance in Cognitively Asymptomatic Older Adults with Biomarker-Identified Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Pilot Study." Current Alzheimer Research 15, no. 9 (July 11, 2018): 820–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205015666180404170359.

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Background: There exists a need for more sensitive measures capable of detecting subtle cognitive decline due to Alzheimer's disease. Objective: To advance the literature in Alzheimer’s disease by demonstrating that performance on a cued-Stroop task is impacted by preclinical Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. Method: Twenty-nine cognitively asymptomatic older adults completed a computerized, cued-Stroop task in which accuracy rates and intraindividual variability in reaction times were the outcomes of interest. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Aβ42 and tau were measured and participants were then grouped according to a published p-tau/Aβ42 cutoff reflecting risk for Alzheimer’s disease (preclinical Alzheimer's disease = 14; control = 15). Results: ANOVAs indicated that accuracy rates did not differ between the groups but 4-second delay incongruent color-naming Stroop coefficient of variation reaction times were higher in the preclinical Alzheimer’s disease group compared to the control group, reflecting increased within-person variability. Moreover, partial correlations showed no relationships between cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and accuracy rates. However, increases in coefficient of variation reaction times correlated with decreased Aβ42 and increases in p-tau and the p-tau/Aβ42 ratio. Conclusion: Results supported the ability of the computerized, cued-Stroop task to detect subtle Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology using a small cohort of cognitively asymptomatic older adults. The ongoing measurement of cued-Stroop coefficient of variation reaction times has both scientific and clinical utility in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease.
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12

Cusack, Paul. "Alzheimers Disease, Downs Syndrome, & Creosote." General medicine and Clinical Practice 3, no. 3 (September 20, 2020): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2639-4162/033.

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In this paper, we consider creosote as the cause of Alzheimer’s disease and Downs syndrome. They both exhibit the slowing down of the nerve function probably caused by an increase in resistance of the circuit because of Beta Amyloid build up in the brain. Creosote was used as a preservative in various industries.
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13

Appel, Jason, Elizabeth Potter, Qian Shen, Gustavo Pantol, Maria T. Greig, David Loewenstein, and Ranjan Duara. "A Comparative Analysis of Structural Brain MRI in the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease." Behavioural Neurology 21, no. 1-2 (2009): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/103123.

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Dementia is a debilitating and life-altering disease which leads to both memory impairment and decline of normal executive functioning. While causes of dementia are numerous and varied, the leading cause among patients 60 years and older is Alzheimer’s disease. The gold standard for Alzheimer’s diagnosis remains histological identification of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles within the medial temporal lobe, more specifically the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. Although no definitive cure for Alzheimer's disease currently exists, there are treatments targeted at preserving cognition and memory while delaying continued loss of function. Alzheimer's disease exists along a spectrum of cognitive decline and is often preceded by Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Patients with MCI demonstrate memory loss and cognitive impairment while still continuing normal activities of daily living, and are considered to be at increased risk for developing Alzheimer's Dementia. Identifying patients with prodromal states of Alzheimer's dementia such as MCI may allow initiation of appropriate treatment planning and delay of cognitive decline. Therefore, the need for a non-invasive early biomarker for the detection of Alzheimer's disease has never been greater. Multiple neuroimaging methods utilizing visual rating scales, volumetric measurements, and automated methods have been developed to identify, quantify, and track anatomic sequelae of Alzheimer’s Disease.
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Angeloni, Cristina, Laura Zambonin, and Silvana Hrelia. "Role of Methylglyoxal in Alzheimer’s Disease." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/238485.

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Alzheimer’s disease is the most common and lethal neurodegenerative disorder. The major hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease are extracellular aggregation of amyloidβpeptides and, the presence of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles formed by precipitation/aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The etiology of Alzheimer’s disease is multifactorial and a full understanding of its pathogenesis remains elusive. Some years ago, it has been suggested that glycation may contribute to both extensive protein cross-linking and oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease. Glycation is an endogenous process that leads to the production of a class of compounds known as advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Interestingly, increased levels of AGEs have been observed in brains of Alzheimer’s disease patients. Methylglyoxal, a reactive intermediate of cellular metabolism, is the most potent precursor of AGEs and is strictly correlated with an increase of oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease. Many studies are showing that methylglyoxal and methylglyoxal-derived AGEs play a key role in the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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15

Sampath, R., and A. Saradha. "Alzheimer’s Disease Image Segmentation with Self-Organizing Map Network." Journal of Software 10, no. 6 (June 2015): 670–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17706//jsw.10.6.67-680.

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16

Sampath, R., and A. Saradha. "Alzheimer’s Disease Image Segmentation with Self-Organizing Map Network." Journal of Software 10, no. 6 (2015): 670–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17706//jsw.10.6.670-680.

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17

Malabadi, Ravindra B., Kiran P. Kolkar, Neelambika T. Meti, and Raju K. Chalannavar. "Recent updates on the role of herbal medicine for Alzheimer's disease (Dementia)." International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 8, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 14–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2021.801.002.

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This review paper highlights the use of medicinal plants in the management of Alzheimer's disease and memory deficit. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, a serious brain disorder that impacts daily living through memory loss and cognitive changes. Alzheimer's disease is also age-related neurodegenerative disorders caused by progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, resulting in neuronal cell death. Alzheimer's patients have an acetylcholine deficiency. Stressful conditions, free radicle scavanging and oxidation are often associated with loss of memory and cognitive functions, which may lead to threats of schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. However, the use of allopathic drugs has resulted in the adverse side effects on the human body and thus limits the use of such drugs. Herbal cognitive enhancer drugs have shown their potent effect in Alzheimer’s disease due to their antioxidant and neuropharmacological actions. The use of natural cognitive enhancers evidenced to improve mental functions such as cognition, memory, intelligence, motivation, attention and concentration. Traditional Ayurvedic herbal system of medicine is fundamentally preventive, protective, nutritive, curative and less expensive. Therefore, the use of herbal medicine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease is a novel approach without any side effects.
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Lee, PhD, CTRS, Yongho, Carla E. S. Tabourne, PhD, and Jaesub Yoon, PhD. "Effects of life review program on emotional well-being of Korean elderly with Alzheimer’s disease." American Journal of Recreation Therapy 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajrt.2008.0014.

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Emotional well-being is an important aspect of health for individuals with Alzheimer's disease, and self-esteem, depression, and life satisfaction have been identified as factors that comprise emotional well-being. As individuals undergo physical and psychological change associated with aging process, they tend to review their lives to achieve a sense of well-being in an effort to compensate for loss due to aging process. It evidences in the literature that the life review program (LRP) is an effective therapeutic recreation intervention to increase emotional well-being of elders with Alzheimer’s disease. With 17 Korean elders with Alzheimer’s disease, the findings of the current study showed some significant effects on Korean elderly with Alzheimer's disease in their emotional well-being. Although long-term effects of the LRP were questionable, the LRP was effective to make a therapeutic change in emotional well-being of Korean elderly with Alzheimer's disease.
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19

Ahmed, Amira S., Rehab M. Elgharabawy, and Amal H. AL-Najjar. "Ameliorating effect of anti-Alzheimer’s drugs on the bidirectional association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease." Experimental Biology and Medicine 242, no. 13 (May 23, 2017): 1335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370217711440.

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Mild to severe forms of nervous system damage were exhibited by approximately 60–70% of diabetics. It is important to understand the association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease. The aim of the present work is to understand the bidirectional association between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis, that was monitored by glycaemic status, lipid profile, amyloid beta 40 and 42 (Aβ40 and Aβ42), C-reactive protein, total creatine kinase, total lactate dehydrogenase, D-dimer and magnesium measurements, to assess the association between theses biochemical markers and each other, to estimate the possibility of utilizing the amyloid beta as biochemical marker of T2D in Alzheimer's patients, and to evaluate the effect of piracetam and memantine drugs on diabetes mellitus. This study involved 120 subjects divided into 20 healthy control (group I), 20 diabetic patients (group II), 20 Alzheimer’s patients (group III), 20 diabetic Alzheimer's patients with symptomatic treatment (group IV), 20 diabetic Alzheimer's patients treated with memantine (group V), and 20 diabetic Alzheimer's patients treated with piracetam (group VI). The demographic characteristics, diabetic index, and lipid profile were monitored. Plasma amyloid beta 40 and amyloid beta 42, C-reactive protein, total creatine kinase, total lactate dehydrogenase, D-dimer, and magnesium were assayed. The levels of amyloid beta 40 and amyloid beta 42 were significantly elevated in diabetic Alzheimer's patients with symptomatic treatment (group IV) compared to group II (by 50.5 and 7.5 fold, respectively) and group III (by 25.4 and 2.8 fold, respectively). In groups II, III, IV, V and VI, significant and positive associations were monitored between insulin and amyloid beta 40, amyloid beta 42, C-reactive protein, total creatine kinase, and D-dimer. Diabetic markers were significantly decreased in diabetic Alzheimer’s patients treated with anti-Alzheimer’s drugs (especially piracetam) compared to group IV. This study reveals the role of amyloid beta 40, amyloid beta 42, insulin, HbA1c, lipid profile disturbance, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and magnesium in the bidirectional correlation between T2D and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, that is powered by their correlations, and therefore the possibility of utilizing Aβ as a biochemical marker of T2D in Alzheimer's patients is recommended. Impact statement Several aspects associated with T2D that contribute to AD and vice versa were investigated in this study. Additionally, this work reveals the role of Aβ40, Aβ42, insulin, HbA1c, lipid profile disturbance, CRP, D-dimer, and magnesium in the bidirectional association between T2D and the pathogenesis of AD, that is powered by their correlations, and therefore the possibility of utilizing Aβ as a biochemical marker of T2D in Alzheimer's patients is recommended. Furthermore, the ameloriating effect of anti-Alzheimer’s drugs on diabetes mellitus confirms this association. Hereafter, a new approach for treating insulin resistance and diabetes may be developed by new therapeutic potentials such as neutralization of Aβ by anti-Aβ antibodies.
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Siafaka, Panoraia I., Ece Ö. Bülbül, Gökce Mutlu, Mehmet E. Okur, Ioannis D. Karantas, and Neslihan Ü. Okur. "Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems and their Potential in Alzheimer’s Disease Management." CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 19, no. 5 (November 13, 2020): 360–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527319666200618150046.

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Alzheimer's disease is a neuropathological disease with symptoms such as language problems, confusion as to place or time, loss of interest in activities, which were previously enjoyed, behavioral changes, and memory loss. Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia affect almost 46.8 million people globally and are estimated to strike about 131.5 million people in 2050. It has been reported that Alzheimer's is the sixth main cause of mortality. The most used drugs, which are currently approved by the Food, and Drug Administration for Alzheimer’s disease are donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine, and the combination of donepezil and memantine. However, most of the drugs present various adverse effects. Recently, the transdermal drug delivery route has gained increasing attention as an emerging tool for Alzheimer's disease management. Besides, transdermal drug delivery systems seem to provide hope for the management of various diseases, due to the advantages that they offer in comparison with oral dosage forms. Herein, the current advancements in transdermal studies with potent features to achieve better Alzheimer's disease management are presented. Many researchers have shown that the transdermal systems provide higher efficiency since the first-pass hepatic metabolism effect can be avoided and a prolonged drug release rate can be achieved. In summary, the transdermal administration of Alzheimer's drugs is an interesting and promising topic, which should be further elaborated and studied.
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Guliyeva, R. "Retinal structural changes in patients with Alzheimer's disease." Oftalmologicheskii Zhurnal 81, no. 4 (August 13, 2019): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31288/oftalmolzh201943337.

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Potocka-Pirosz, Kamila. "Zaburzenia mowy w chorobie Alzheimera o wczesnym początku – studium przypadku." Poradnik Językowy, no. 6/2021/785 (June 15, 2021): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2021.6.5.

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This paper describes a case study of a 56-year-old patient suffering from a rare type of early onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD). The selection of the topic arose from the desire to draw more attention to this group of patients. While numerous publications in the relevant Polish-language literature have been dedicated to speech disorders in late onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD), which is diagnosed in people over 65, there are scarce descriptions of cases of speech disorders in EOAD. The research made use of a survey method (the author’s original survey questionnaire fi lled in by the patient’s wife), and the test method (using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, selected tasks from the so-called Łucki’s tests and the author’s own tests). The analysis of the collected material revealed serious defi cits in the patient’s actualisation of words, fl uency, understanding of compound structures, reading with understanding, and writing, which has resulted in his withdrawal from communication.
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Sokolik, V. "ANTI-AMYLOIDOGENIC EFFECT OF MiR-101 IN EXPERIMENTAL ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE." Biotechnologia Acta 12, no. 3 (June 2019): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech12.03.041.

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24

Harshitha, Gowthami Chamarajan, and Charishma Y. "Alzheimer's Disease: A Survey." International Journal of Artificial Intelligence 8, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijai-0801.220.

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Alzheimer's Diseases (AD) is one of the type of dementia. This is one of the harmful disease which can lead to death and yet there is no treatment. There is no current technique which is 100% accurate for the treatment of this disease. In recent years, Neuroimaging combined with machine learning techniques have been used for detection of Alzheimer's disease. Based on our survey we came across many methods like Convolution Neural Network (CNN) where in each brain area is been split into small three dimensional patches which acts as input samples for CNN. The other method used was Deep Neural Networks (DNN) where the brain MRI images are segmented to extract the brain chambers and then features are extracted from the segmented area. There are many such methods which can be used for detection of Alzheimer’s Disease.
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25

Angale, Ruth. "The Role of Mitochondria in Alzheimer's disease: Neurodegenerative Disease and Future Therapeutic Options." Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery 2, no. 1 (February 19, 2018): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8868/026.

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Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles responsible for life and death. Extensive evidence from animal and clinical studies suggests that mitochondria play a critical role in aging, cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Several lines of research suggest that mitochondrial oxidative damage is an important cellular change in most late-onset neurodegenerative diseases. Further, emerging evidence suggests that structural changes in mitochondria, including increased mitochondrial fragmentation and decreased mitochondrial fusion, are critical factors associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in aging and age-related diseases. In addition, epigenetic factors and lifestyle activities may contribute to selective disease susceptibility for each of these diseases. This paper discusses research that has elucidated features of mitochondria that are associated with cellular dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. This paper also discusses mitochondrial abnormalities and potential mitochondrial therapeutics in AD. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neuronal loss and gradual cognitive impairment. AD is the leading cause of dementia worldwide and the incidence is increasing rapidly, with diagnoses expected to triple by the year 2050. Impaired cholinergic transmission is a major role player in the rapid deterioration associated with AD, primarily as a result of increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the AD brain, responsible for reducing the amount of acetylcholine (ACh). Current drug therapies, known as AChE inhibitors (AChEIs), target this heightened level of AChE in an attempt to slow disease progression. AChEIs have only showed success in the treatment of mild to moderate AD symptoms, with the glutamate inhibitor memantine being the most common drug prescribed for the management of severe AD.
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Shah, Parvaiz Ahmed, and Deeba Aazfa. "Speech Disturbance in Bilingual Female Alzheimers Disease Patients." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (April 30, 2018): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd10828.

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27

Roland, Joshua. "Insomnia in Alzheimer’s Disease." Journal of Alternative, Complementary & Integrative Medicine 7, no. 5 (November 19, 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/acim-7562/100199.

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Emerging data have suggested lack of sleep as being a possible contributor to the development of Alzheimer’s disease pathology, placing insomnia as a prospective target to positively impact underlying disease progression. Diagnosis and treatment of insomnia can be a challenge in general, with even more complexities occurring in the population of Alzheimer's disease. Treatment data is overall limited. However, multiple non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions are available for consideration for management
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Revathi, A., R. Kaladevi, Kadiyala Ramana, Rutvij H. Jhaveri, Madapuri Rudra Kumar, and M. Sankara Prasanna Kumar. "Early Detection of Cognitive Decline Using Machine Learning Algorithm and Cognitive Ability Test." Security and Communication Networks 2022 (January 20, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4190023.

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Elderly people are the assets of the country and the government can ensure their peaceful and healthier life. Life expectancy of individuals has expanded with technological advancements and survey tells that the elderly population will become double in the year 2030. The noninfectious cognitive dysfunction is the most important risk factor among elderly people due to a decline in their physiological function. Alzheimer, Vascular Dementia, and Dementia are the key reasons for cognitive inabilities. These diseases require manual assistance, which is difficult to provide in this fast-growing world. Prevention and early detection are the wise solution for the above diseases. Diabetes and hypertension are considered as main risk factors allied with Alzheimer's disease. Our proposed work applies a two-stage classification technique to improve prediction accuracy. In the first stage, we train a Support vector machine and a Random Forest algorithm to analyze the influence of diabetes and high blood pressure on cognitive decline. In the second stage, the cognitive function of the person with the possibility of Dementia is assessed using the neuropsychological test called Cognitive Ability Test (CAT). Multinomial Logistic Regression algorithm is applied to CAT results to predict the possibility of cognitive decline in their postlife. We classified the risk factor using the operational definitions: “No Alzheimer’s,” “Uncertain Alzheimer’s,” and “Definite Alzheimer’s”. SVM of stage 1 classifier predicts with an accuracy of 0.86 and Random Forest with an accuracy of 0.71. Multinomial Logistic algorithm of stage 2 classifier accuracy is 0.89. The proposed work enables early prediction of a person at risk of Alzheimer's Disease using clinical data.
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Hu, Yan, Guangya Zhou, Chi Zhang, Mengying Zhang, Qin Chen, Linfeng Zheng, and Bing Niu. "Identify Compounds' Target Against Alzheimer's Disease Based on In-Silico Approach." Current Alzheimer Research 16, no. 3 (March 27, 2019): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205016666190103154855.

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Background: Alzheimer's disease swept every corner of the globe and the number of patients worldwide has been rising. At present, there are as many as 30 million people with Alzheimer's disease in the world, and it is expected to exceed 80 million people by 2050. Consequently, the study of Alzheimer’s drugs has become one of the most popular medical topics. Methods: In this study, in order to build a predicting model for Alzheimer’s drugs and targets, the attribute discriminators CfsSubsetEval, ConsistencySubsetEval and FilteredSubsetEval are combined with search methods such as BestFirst, GeneticSearch and Greedystepwise to filter the molecular descriptors. Then the machine learning algorithms such as BayesNet, SVM, KNN and C4.5 are used to construct the 2D-Structure Activity Relationship(2D-SAR) model. Its modeling results are utilized for Receiver Operating Characteristic curve(ROC) analysis. Results: The prediction rates of correctness using Randomforest for AChE, BChE, MAO-B, BACE1, Tau protein and Non-inhibitor are 77.0%, 79.1%, 100.0%, 94.2%, 93.2% and 94.9%, respectively, which are overwhelming as compared to those of BayesNet, BP, SVM, KNN, AdaBoost and C4.5. Conclusion: In this paper, we conclude that Random Forest is the best learner model for the prediction of Alzheimer’s drugs and targets. Besides, we set up an online server to predict whether a small molecule is the inhibitor of Alzheimer's target at http://47.106.158.30:8080/AD/. Furthermore, it can distinguish the target protein of a small molecule.
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Malinchoc, M., W. A. Rocca, R. C. Colligan, K. P. Offord, and E. Kokmen. "Premorbid Personality Characteristics in Alzheimer’s Disease: An Exploratory Case–Control Study." Behavioural Neurology 10, no. 4 (1997): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/362379.

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Linking data from a case–control study of Alzheimer’s disease with data from a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) outpatient study, we identified 13 Alzheimer's disease cases and 16 controls for case–control comparison. The mean time between personality testing and onset of Alzheimer's disease (or corresponding age for controls) was 13 years in cases and 14 years in controls. Alzheimer's disease cases, but not the controls, had scores significantly greater than the normative reference on MMPI scales measuring Social Introversion (p = 0.05), and Pessimism (p = 0.01). When compared to controls, Alzheimer's disease cases had significantly greater scores on the Social Introversion scale (p = 0.03). Despite the small sample size and some design limitations of this exploratory study, our findings may suggest that subjects who score higher on these personality scales have a greater risk of Alzheimer's disease.
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Wang, Huayuan, Ruihua Sun, Yingying Shi, Mingrong Xia, Jing Zhao, Miaomiao Yang, Limin Ma, et al. "Probable Novel PSEN1 Gln222Leu Mutation in a Chinese Family with Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease." Current Alzheimer Research 16, no. 8 (October 11, 2019): 764–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205016666190806161342.

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Background: The rate of occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease is increasing around the world. However, there is still no significant breakthrough in the study of its etiology and pathogenesis. Objective: To screen Alzheimer's disease pathogenic genes, which may be conducive to the elucidation of the pathogenic mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease And predict the pathogenicity by various computer software. Method: Clinical and neuroimaging examination, Whole Exome Sequencing, and Sanger sequencing were performed in the proband. Mutation sites were verified in 158 subjects. Results: We reported a proband carrying a probably novel pathogenic mutation, which clinically manifests as progressive memory loss, visual-spatial disorders, apraxia, psychobehavioral disorders, and temperamental and personality changes. Whole Exome Sequencing detected a novel missense mutation at codon 222 (Q222L), which is a heterozygous A to T point mutation at position 665 (c.665A>T) in exon 5 of the presenilin 1 leading to a glutamine-to-leucine substitution. The mutation was also identified by Sanger sequencing in one family member; nevertheless, it was not detected in the other 7 unaffected family members, 50 sporadic Alzheimer's disease patients and 100 control subjects. Conclusion: A novel mutation in exon 5 of the presenilin 1 gene (Gln222Leu) in a Chinese family with early-onset Alzheimer’s disease has been reported, besides， it was predicted that the missense mutation was probably a novel pathogenic mutation that was reported for the first time in a Chinese family with early-onset Alzheimer’s disease.
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Kholmanskiy, Alexander. "The Geography and Demographics of Mortality from Alzheimer's disease." Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery 5, no. 2 (December 17, 2019): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8868/101.

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Study nature of epidemiological risk factors and patterns of distribution of mortality from Alzheimer's (MA) in 160 countries. An exponential Malthus model was used to construct adequate approximations of statistical data. Proportionality of average lifetime after 55 years (Δt) to education index (Ψ) was established. Ranking of countries by increasing value of ΨΔt showed that MA depends exponentially on ΨΔt and all countries can be divided into three groups in accordance with level of their economic development. In series of countries of low, medium and highly developed, their average values of MA increase exponentially. Growth of MA in developed countries in post-industrial epoch was explained by emergence of a new risk factor Alzheimer's of a mental nature. A mismatch of complexity or, on contrary, primitiveness of profession with level of mental development of worker, provokes development of chronic stress in him, fraught with pathologies of cognitive function metabolism in elderly. The geography of Alzheimer's disease was explained by the dependence of the human mentality on latitudinal climate change and on the chiral factor of a solar nature acting at night on a sleeping person.
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Yagi, Takuya, Daisuke Ito, Yohei Okada, Wado Akamatsu, Yoshihiro Nihei, Hideyuki Okano, and Norihiro Suzuki. "Modeling familial Alzheimer's disease with induced pluripotent stem cells." Rinsho Shinkeigaku 52, no. 11 (2012): 1134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5692/clinicalneurol.52.1134.

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Su, Yingzhen, Chaochao Chen, Chaochao Chen, Hongyan Shuai, Jifang Shi, and Xin Yu. "Meta-Analysis of Music Therapy Effects on Alzheimer's Disease." SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences 8, no. 6 (November 2022): 3126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ssr-iijls.2022.8.6.5.

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R, Singh. "MicroRNA s as Biomarker of Alzheimer’s Disease: Promises and Future Prospect." Neurology & Neurotherapy Open Access Journal 6, no. 1 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/nnoaj-16000158.

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder occurring in the elderly population. Millions of people in the age group of 60 and above are affected by Alzheimer’s disease worldwide. Damage caused by disease is currently irreversible and incurable. Early-onset and diagnosis of AD could help in delaying the progression of the disease. Earlier AD was diagnosed by clinical assessment and postmortem brain pathology. Therefore, improved approaches are required to sensitively track disease development and therapeutic efficacy. The pathological presence of ß amyloid plaques and Tau neurofibrillary tangles in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the hallmark of detection. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a 19-22 nucleotide noncoding RNAs circulating in the blood, regulates gene expression by protein repression. miRNAs are key regulators of gene expression in various biological processes and is emerging as a novel prognostic biomarker in various diseases. Recent evidence suggests the role of miRNAs in disease progression and pathogenesis of AD. Five databases, PubMed” MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Sciences, and Cochrane Library, were searched, using a combination of Mesh database or Emtree headings and free-text terms, to identify literature relating to miRNAs in Alzheimer’s disease. The comprehensive online electronic databases, only peer-reviewed, full-text original research articles including English literature, were included in the current review. The studies followed the inclusion criteria were critically assessed and checked using the PRISMA tool. In this review role of miRNAs as potential biomarkers in AD progression and pathogenesis will be covered with its elaborative function as a novel prognostic biomarker and its future prospects in the clinical implication of the same.
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Sharma, Shivani. "Alzheimer’s disease: Causes, treatment & basic science review." IP International Journal of Comprehensive and Advanced Pharmacology 6, no. 3 (October 15, 2021): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcaap.2021.020.

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Alzheimer’s disease is that the most common cause of dementia in older, individuals and a major public health concern. The goal of this critical evaluation is to provide a short overview of Alzheimer’s disease. The study concentrates on the biochemical aspects of AD and MCI. It is the fourth most common cause of mortality in the United States, and it is spreading to other nations. With Alzheimer's disease, the total size of the brain decreases as the tissue loses nerve cells and connections. The loss of brain cells that occurs as a result of insanity cannot be stopped or reversed. The set up's aims include measurements for gift interventions in addition to an aim to improve research on interference and therapy. Although there are no disease-modifying medications available for Alzheimer's disease, certain options may help to reduce symptoms and enhance quality of life, therefore assisting patients to some extent. In addition, the paper discusses current attempts to create innovative treatments and improvements in the use of biomarkers for diagnosing SD.
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Zhu, Weixun. "Analysis on Stem cell Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease." E3S Web of Conferences 271 (2021): 03072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127103072.

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Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment. At present, conventional drugs have little effect on the prevention and treatment of AD, and the rapidly developing stem cell transplantation therapy provides a new direction for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In this paper, we can conclude that stem cell therapies such as neural stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells have shown curative effects in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease by analyzing existing stem cell research and analysis at this stage, and there will be huge applications in the future. prospect. Stem cells can secrete immunoregulatory factors through paracrine pathways to inhibit inflammation and reduce the accumulation of amyloid. Secrete neurotrophic factors to protect and promote nerve growth. In addition, stem cells can differentiate into neurons after transplantation, replacing damaged and dead nerve cells, and play an important role in rebuilding brain neural circuits and networks. This article analyzes and summarizes the possible ways of stem cell transplantation to treat Alzheimer's disease, which can provide new ideas and methods for future stem cell transplantation therapies.
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Sheela, D., and R. Rohan. "A Pathophysiological and Pharmacological review on Alzheimer’s disease: A Current Need." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 14, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2100.

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Developing countries including India faces major setback in medicine and public health due to the neurodegenerative disorders. Among various neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinsonism, Hunting ton's disorder, Amyotrophic lateral syndrome, Alzheimer's is a usual subtype of dementia which has affected about 25 million people globally in 2000 and this statisticis believed to increase to 114 million in 2050. Aging has been found as one of the factors associated with Alzheimer's disease. Their association was confirmed with an increase in the incidence of this disease. A measure of the main constituent of plaque, cerebrospinal fluid levels of Aβ, and constituent of a neurofibrillary tangle, tau protein are the in-vivo biological markers of Alzheimer's disease patients. From ancient times various herbal plants were used for the treatment of Alzheimer’s. The Pharmacological drugs used were Anticholinesterase, Muscarinic receptor agonist, Glutamate receptor antagonist. The newer monoclonal antibodies were introduced for the treatment but the success rate was merge. Resveratrol, an activator of silent information regulator type1(SIRT1) was the latest drug in treating this neurodegenerative disorder. The multifactorial aetiologies leading to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's made the treatment more complex. At present, the introduction of novel therapy mainly targeting on the pathophysiology of neuroinflammation mediated by microglia and astrocytes gave a newer insight on Alzheimer's. The determination of biomarkers and newer detection techniques can help in the future for early detection in elderly patients and better pharmacotherapy in this complicated disease.
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Liu, Xin, DeRen Hou, FangBo Lin, Jing Luo, JingWen Xie, Yan Wang, and Yi Tian. "The role of neurovascular unit damage in the occurrence and development of Alzheimer’s disease." Reviews in the Neurosciences 30, no. 5 (July 26, 2019): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2018-0056.

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Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with progressive cognitive impairment. It is the most common type of senile dementia, accounting for 65%–70% of senile dementia [Alzheimer’s Association (2016). 2016 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement. 12, 459–509]. At present, the pathogenesis of AD is still unclear. It is considered that β-amyloid deposition, abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein, and neurofibrillary tangles are the basic pathological changes of AD. However, the role of neurovascular unit damage in the pathogenesis of AD has been attracting more and more attention in recent years. The composition of neurovascular unit and the role of neurovascular unit damage in the occurrence and development of AD were reviewed in this paper.
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Bobkova, Natalia V., Daria Y. Zhdanova, Natalia V. Belosludtseva, Nikita V. Penkov, and Galina D. Mironova. "Intranasal administration of mitochondria improves spatial memory in olfactory bulbectomized mice." Experimental Biology and Medicine 247, no. 5 (November 2, 2021): 416–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15353702211056866.

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Here, we found that functionally active mitochondria isolated from the brain of NMRI donor mice and administrated intranasally to recipient mice penetrated the brain structures in a dose-dependent manner. The injected mitochondria labeled with the MitoTracker Red localized in different brain regions, including the neocortex and hippocampus, which are responsible for memory and affected by degeneration in patients with Alzheimer's disease. In behavioral experiments, intranasal microinjections of brain mitochondria of native NMRI mice improved spatial memory in the olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) mice with Alzheimer’s type degeneration. Control OBX mice demonstrated loss of spatial memory tested in the Morris water maze. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that allogeneic mitochondria colocalized with the markers of astrocytes and neurons in hippocampal cell culture. The results suggest that a non-invasive route intranasal administration of mitochondria may be a promising approach to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases characterized, like Alzheimer's disease, by mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Ali Esmail Al-Snafi. "Medicinal plants possessed beneficial therapeutic effects in Alzheimer’s disease and memory deficits." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 17, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 008–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.17.2.0321.

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Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for an estimated 60% to 80% of cases. The treatment of Alzheimer's disease remains challenging. Many medicinal plants possessed beneficial therapeutic effect inAlzheimer’s disease and memory deficits, by their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, NF-κB inhibition, phosphodiesterase inhibition, anti-amyloidogenic, and anticholinesterase activities. In the current article, the medicinal plants with beneficial effects in Alzheimer’s disease and memory deficits were discussed. This article considers not only the therapeutic effect of medicinal plants in AD and memory deficits, but also discussed the mechanisms of their beneficial effects.
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Ruiz-Muelle, Alicia, and María Mar López-Rodríguez. "Dance for People with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review." Current Alzheimer Research 16, no. 10 (November 20, 2019): 919–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205016666190725151614.

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Background: In recent years, several reviews have addressed the effectiveness of dance therapy in dementia, healthy older adults, or the elderly in general. However, reviews regarding the effect of this therapy exclusively on patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease have not been found. Objective: The purpose of this study is to review the available literature describing clinical trials which explore the effects of dancing on psychological and physical outcomes, functionality, cognitive function, and quality of life in patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, this review aims to assess the quality of studies that perform dance therapy interventions in these patients. Methods: This study is a systematic review of randomized and non-randomized clinical trials regarding the effect of intervention including a dancing activity in people diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Results: In total, the evidence for this review rests on 12 studies with a total of 349 participants. The findings of this mini-review confirm the positive effect of dance therapy on physical and cognitive function, functionality, psychological outcomes, and quality of life in people with Alzheimer's disease. Conclusion: Most of the studies implementing dance as part of the therapeutic treatment has shown to improve or slow the worsening in the quality of life of patients with Alzheimer's disease and their caregivers. Future research focused on these patients should use a more exhaustive methodology and make a more detailed description of these kind of interventions.
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Liu, Yue, Daniel K. Chan, John D. Crawford, Perminder S. Sachdev, and Nady Braidy. "The Contribution of Cerebral Vascular Neuropathology to Mild Stage of Alzheimer’s Dementia Using the NACC Database." Current Alzheimer Research 17, no. 13 (March 2, 2021): 1167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205018666210212160902.

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Background: The interaction between cerebral vessel disease (CVD) pathology and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology in the development of dementia is controversial. We examined the association of cerebral vascular neuropathology and cerebrovascular risk factors with the mild stage of Alzheimer's dementia and cognitive function. Methods: This cross-sectional study included men and women aged 60 years or over who had yearly clinical assessments and had agreed to brain autopsy at the time of death, and who contributed to data stored at the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) in the USA. Cognitively normal and impaired subjects with presumptive aetiology of AD, including mild cognitive impairment (ADMCI) and dementia (Alzheimer’s dementia), and with complete neuropathological data, were included in our analyses. We used neuropsychological data proximate to death to create summary measures of global cognition and cognitive domains. Systematic neuropathological assessments documenting the severity of cerebral vascular pathology were included. Logistic and linear regression analyses corrected for age at death, sex and Lewy body pathology were used to examine associations of vessel disease with the severity of Alzheimer's disease dementia, and cognitive function, respectively. Results: No significant relationship was observed between late-life risk factors and Alzheimer’s dementia. The severity of arteriosclerosis and presence of global infarcts/lacunes were related to mild Alzheimer’s dementia (B=0.423, p<0.001; B=0.366, p=0.026), and the effects were significant after adjusting for neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (B=0.385, p<0.001; B=0.63, p=0.001). When vascular brain injuries were subdivided into old and acute/subacute types, we found that old microinfarcts and old microbleeds were associated with mild Alzheimer’s dementia (B=0.754, p=0.007; B=2.331, p=0.032). The old microinfarcts remained significantly associated with mild Alzheimer’s dementia after correcting AD pathologies (B=1.31, p<0.001). In addition, the number of microinfarcts in the cerebral cortex had a significant relation with mild Alzheimer’s dementia, whether or not the data were corrected for AD pathologies (B=0.616, p=0.016; B=0.884, p=0.005). Atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis and white matter rarefaction were found to be significantly associated with faster progression of Alzheimer’s dementia (B=0.068, p=0.001; B=0.046, p=0.016, B=0.081, p=0.037), but white matter rarefaction no longer had a significant effect after adjusting for AD pathologies. We also found that the severity of atherosclerosis was related to impairment in processing speed (β=-0.112, p=0.006) and executive function (β=-0.092, p=0.023). Arteriosclerosis was significantly associated with language (β=-0.103, p=0.011) and global cognition (β=-0.098, p=0.016) deficits. Conclusion: Our study found the significant relation of global, old, acute/subacute and regional cerebral vascular pathologies, but not white matter rarefaction, to the onset and severity of Alzheimer’s dementia. We also showed that late-life risk factors were found to have no relation with Alzheimer’s dementia, and the increased risk of dementia with APOE ε4 is not mediated by CVD. The best interpretation of these findings is that CVD has a potential additive effect with AD pathologies in the development and progression of what is clinically diagnosed as Alzheimer's dementia.
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Kachhadiya, Radhika, Denish Prajapati, Krishna Patel, and Navnit Prajapati. "Synthesis and Virtual Screening of Some Novel Quinazolinone Derivatives as Potent Cholinesterase Inhibitors against Alzheimer’s Disease." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 5 (September 15, 2022): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i5.5625.

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In the past few decades, the cholinergic theory of Alzheimer's disease has been promoted as a crucial tool for the creation of new drugs. In this study, a series of novel quinazolinone scaffold were synthesized, docked and predicted for their ADMET studies for cholinesterase inhibitors against Alzheimer’s disease. Docking study were performed, using Autodock 4.2 for the synthesized compounds 4a-c and were observed to be well accommodated in the active site of AChE compared to standard Donepezil. Compounds 4d-f were most suggested novel quinazolinone derivative that the inhibitor exhibited two hydrogen bonding interactions with AChE. In-silico drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties was predicted using Swiss ADME, pkCSM software. All synthesized compounds 4a-f having better pharmacokinetic profile for potential to act as a cholinesterase inhibitors against Alzheimer’s disease. Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, Quinazolinone, Pharmacokinetic profile, Cholinesterase, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
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Sivaraman, Bhuvaneswari, Vijaykumar Raji, Bala Aakash Velmurugan, and Ramalakshmi Natarajan. "Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme Inhibitor Molecules with Therapeutic Potential for Alzheimer's Disease." CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 21, no. 5 (June 2022): 427–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527320666210928160159.

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: Acetylcholinesterase (AchE), hydrolase enzyme, regulates the hydrolysis of acetylcholine neurotransmitter in the neurons. AchE is found majorly in the central nervous system at the site of cholinergic neurotransmission. It is involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s diseasecausing dementia, cognitive impairment, behavioral and psychological symptoms. Recent findings involved the inhibition of AchE that could aid in the treatment of Alzheimer's. Many drugs of different classes are being analyzed in the clinical trials and examined for their potency. Drugs that are used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease are donepezil, galantamine, tacrine, rivastigmine showing major adverse effects. To overcome this, researchers work on novel drugs to elicit inhibition. This review comprises many hybrids and non-hybrid forms of heteroaromatic and nonheteroaromatic compounds that were designed and evaluated for AchE inhibition by Ellman’s method of assay. These novel compounds may assist future perspectives in the discovery of novel moieties against Alzheimer’s disease by the inhibition of AchE.
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Sianturi, Aditya Gloria Monalisa. "Stadium, Diagnosis, dan Tatalaksana Penyakit Alzheimer." Majalah Kesehatan Indonesia 2, no. 2 (October 25, 2021): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47679/makein.202132.

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Dementia is a general term for loss of memory that can occur along with behavioral or psychological symptoms in patients. The first cause of dementia patients is Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer’s disease is a brain degenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia. In Alzheimer’s disease, there are three development stages, which is stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3 with different clinical symptoms at each stage. There are several clinical criteria for establishing a definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and also support examinations have to be carried out. Until now, Alzheimer’s treatment has not been cured. Giving some pharmacotherapy only to reduce the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Demensia merupakan hilangnya ingatan yang bisa timbul bersama dengan gejala gangguan perilaku maupun psikologis pada seseorang. Penyebab pertama penderita demensia adalah penyakit Alzheimer. Penyakit Alzheimer adalah penyakit degeneratif otak dan penyebab paling umum dari demensia. Pada penyakit Alzheimer terdapat beberapa stadium perkembangan penyakit Alzheimer yaitu stadium 1, stadium 2, dan stadium 3 dengan gejala klinik yang berbeda di setiap stadium. Terdapat beberapa kriteria klinis dalam penegakan diagnosis definitif penyakit Alzheimer serta harus dilakukan pemeriksaan penunjang. Pada tatalaksana penyakit Alzheimer hingga saat ini memang belum dapat disembuhkan, Pemberian obat-obatan hanya untuk mengurangi progresifitas penyakit Alzheimer.
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Shah, Rahul, and Sankha Bhattacharya. "Advanced Nanoparticular Approaches to Combat Alzheimer's Disease." Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology 9, no. 5 (October 2021): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211738509666211123091913.

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: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological disease that affects many of the world's rapidly ageing population. In the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the involvement of amyloid β (Aβ) plaque accumulation and oxidative stress in the brain have important roles. Various drugs have been proposed to prevent and treat AD, but delivering these therapeutic agents to the brain is difficult. Over the last decade, nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery represents one promising strategy to increase the CNS penetration of several therapeutic moieties successfully. Different nanocarriers are being investigated to treat and diagnose AD. NTDDS (nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems) can be used in various methods to improve patient compliance and treatment outcomes. However, literature analysis revealed that clinical activities, such as NTDDS application in Alzheimer's disease research lag behind despite extensive research. This review gives an account of the BBB and discusses the literature on some drugs, which are successfully encapsulated as nanoparticles for a future therapeutic approach. It also emphasizes the current clinical studies for Alzheimer's disease therapy.
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Singh, Balbir, Hasandeep Singh, Brahmjot Singh, Navkaran Kumar, Ankita Rajput, Disha Sidhu, Amandeep Kaur, Saroj Arora, and Sarabjit Kaur. "A Comprehensive Review on Medicinal Herbs and Novel Formulations for the Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease." Current Drug Delivery 19, no. 2 (February 2022): 212–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201818666211015152733.

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Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases reported in the aging population across the globe. About 46.8 million people are reported to have dementia, and AD is mainly responsible for dementia in aged people. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is thought to occur due to the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the neocortex portion of the brain, nitric oxide mediated dysfunctioning of blood-brain barrier, reduced activity of serine racemase enzyme, cell cycle disturbances, damage of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Modern treatment methods target the pathways responsible for the disease. To date, solely symptomatic treatments exist for this disease, all making an attempt to counterbalance the neurotransmitter disturbance. Treatments able to prevent or at least effectively modifying the course of AD, referred to as ‘disease-modifying’ drugs, are still under extensive research. Effective treatments entail a better indulgence of the herbal bioactives by novel drug delivery systems. The herbal bioactive administered by novel drug delivery systems have proved beneficial in treating this disease. This review provides detailed information about the role of medicinal plants and their formulations in treating Alzheimer’s disease which will be highly beneficial for the researchers working in this area.
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Vanaja, Darsi, and Kuna Yellamma. "Molecular Docking Studies on Evolvulus Alsinoides Compounds Against TAU Protein in Alzheimer’s Disease." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/jan2014/7.

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Anum, Asilah, Azliyana Azizan, and Amiera Alias. "Effects of Reminiscence Therapy on Depression for Elderly with Alzheimer’s Disease." Journal of ASIAN Behavioural Studies 5, no. 15 (March 8, 2020): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/jabs.v5i15.341.

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Elderly with Alzheimer's disease may experience various adverse effects on physical and psychological functions, especially depression level. Effective intervention may reduce depressive symptoms. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the effect of individualized reminiscence therapy on depression levels among the elderly with Alzheimer's disease. The findings revealed that individualized-reminiscence therapy significantly affects the elderly with Alzheimer's depression level. In conclusion, reminiscence was beneficial through stressful life changes, reduce depressive symptoms, improving life satisfaction and having a better quality of life among the elderly with Alzheimer's disease.Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Depression; Reminiscence therapyeISSN: 2514-7528 © 2020 The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/jabs.v5i15.341
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