Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Alusi'

Darbo pavadinimas: UAB „Švyturys-Utenos alus“ marketingo strategija Problema: UAB „Švyturys-Utenos alus“ marketingo strategijos kūrimas Darbo objektas: UAB “Švyturys-Utenos alus” marketingo strategija Darbo tikslas: Sukurti UAB „Švyturys-Utenos alus“ marketingo strategiją Darbo uždaviniai: 1) Atlikti UAB “Švyturys-Utenos alus” veiklos ir finansinių rodiklių analizę 2) Atlikti UAB „Švyturys-Utenos alus“ rinkos segmentavimą 3) Nustatyti UAB „Švyturys-Utenos alus“ tikslinį segmentą 4) Pateikti UAB „Švyturys - Utenos alus“ marketingo strategijas Darbo metodai: 1) mokslinės literatūros analizė, 2) dokumentų analizė, 3) apklausa žodžiu Darbo rezultatai Baigiamojo darbo tikslas pasiektas galutinėje, trečioje darbo dalyje. Darbo eigoje buvo susegmentuota nagrinėjamos kompanijos rinka, remiantis UAB „Švyturys-Utenos alus“ apyvartos analize ir prognoze pasirinktas tikslinis įmonės segmentas, atlikta šio segmento konkurencinė analizė ir pasiūlyta naują prekė, sukurtos konkurencinės, bei marketingo strategijos. Apklausos tyrimo dėka buvo susegmentuota UAB „Švyturys-Utenos alus“ rinka ir nustatytos reikiamos naujo produkto savybės. Darbo struktūra: Darbas susideda iš trijų dalių: pirma dalis – marketingo strategijos teoriniai aspektai, antra dalis – metodologinė ir trečia dalis – marketingo strategijos kūrimas. Sunki šalies ekonominė situacija, naujų konkurentų atsiradimas, neigiamai veikia UAB „Švyturys-Utenos alus“ prekybą. Įmonės pardavimai pradėjo mažėti jau 2008. Padidėjo žmonių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The title of the job – JSC „Švyturys – Utenos alus“ marketing strategy The aim of the job – Create JSC „Švyturys – Utenos alus“ marketing strategy The object of the job – JSC „Švyturys – Utenos alus“ marketing strategy Job tasks: 1) To carry out JSC „Švyturys – Utenos alus“ activity and financial aspects analysis 2) To carry out JSC „Švyturys – Utenos alus“ market segmentation 3) To set target segment of JSC „Švyturys – Utenos alus“ 4) To provide JSC „Švyturys – Utenos alus“ marketing strategies Methods: 1) Analysis of the scientific literature 2) Document analysis 3) Oral survey The aim of the is reached in the final third part. At the final work was carried out the segmentation of the market, selected the target segment of the organization, carried out the competitive analysis. And based by all resarched was offered a new product and designed the marketing strategy for it. During the oral survey was determed the segments of the market and feauteres of new product. The structure of the work. There are three parts in the work: first part – theoretical aspects of the marketing strategy, second part – methodological aspects of the work, third part – creation of marketing strategy. The difficult economic situation in the country, new competitors and another factors impact organization decline of turnover. The company sales decline started in 2008 year. Increased unemployment rate in the country, wages had decreased, people buy only very necessary products and all this... [to full text]

Les principaux objectifs de la thèse sont : - La corrélation de la microstructure des revêtements base aluminium élaborés sur pilote de galvanisation à chaud avec leur comportement électrochimique - L’identification fine des produits de corrosion qui se forment au cours des tests de corrosion accélérés en fonction de la composition et microstructure des revêtements - La mise en évidence des mécanismes de formation des produits de corrosion en lien avec la microstructure des revêtements, la dissolution sélective des phases et la nature de l’environnement corrosif - L’explication des mécanismes de corrosion des revêtements pour application à froid et à chaud / L’identification des compositions les plus robustes et prometteuses pour les applications visées
The main objectives of the thesis are: - To correlate the microstructure of aluminum-based coatings developed on a hot dip galvanizing pilot with their electrochemical behavior - To identify the corrosion products that form during accelerated corrosion tests as a function of the composition and microstructure of the coatings - To demonstration formation mechanisms of corrosion products in relation to the microstructure of the coatings, the selective dissolution of the phases and the nature of the corrosive environment - To explain corrosion mechanisms of coatings for cold and hot application / Identification of the most robust and promising compositions for the targeted applications

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O estudo do processamento de compósitos de matriz metálica pelo método de fundição com agitação é de grande interesse em engenharia pelo seu baixo custo e possibilidade de utilizar equipamentos convencionais de fundição. Nesse trabalho é feito o estudo do processo de síntese de compósitos da matriz da liga A356 reforçada com partículas de alumina, focalizando a influência dos fatores de processo na fração de partícula incorporada. Foram sintetizados lingotes de compósitos variando as condições de processo. Foram desenvolvidos métodos específicos de amostragem estatística associados à análise e processamento de imagens e utilizados na obtenção de estimativas confiáveis da fração volumétrica. Para investigar a influência dos fatores e suas interações foi projetado um experimento fatorial com 4 fatores, definidos em ensaios preliminares. Os resultados confirmam achados teóricos e experimentais anteriores e indicam novos caminhos para se obter uma melhor incorporação de partículas, além de um entendimento do mecanismo da molhabilidade da liga no estado semissólido. Compósitos com maior grau de partículas incorporadas foram examinados por microscópio eletrônico de varredura e microscópio óptico, mostrando que a partícula se aloja preferencialmente na região interdendrítica da matriz.
The study of metal matrix composite processing through stir casting method is of great interest for engineering because of its low cost and possibility of using conventional casting equipment as well. The synthesis of hypoeutectic A356 matrix alloy reinforced with alumina particle was done in this work focusing the influence of the processing factors on the incorporated particle fraction. Ingots of composites were synthesized by varying the process conditions. Methods of statistic sampling connected to the analysis and processing images were developed and used for reliable estimate of volumetric fraction. To investigate the influence of the factors and their interactions, a factorial experiment was planned with four factors defined in a preliminary test. The results confirm theorical and experimental findings and points to a new way of getting better particle incorporation and an insight of the wettability mechanism. Composites with high level of particle incorporation were checked through electronic and optical microscopes showing that the particle stays mainly in interdendritic regions.

Orientador: Carlos Kiyan
Banca: Messias Borges da Silva
Banca: Luis Rogério de Oliveira Hein
Banca: Olivério Moreira de Macedo Silva
Resumo: O estudo do processamento de compósitos de matriz metálica pelo método de fundição com agitação é de grande interesse em engenharia pelo seu baixo custo e possibilidade de utilizar equipamentos convencionais de fundição. Nesse trabalho é feito o estudo do processo de síntese de compósitos da matriz da liga A356 reforçada com partículas de alumina, focalizando a influência dos fatores de processo na fração de partícula incorporada. Foram sintetizados lingotes de compósitos variando as condições de processo. Foram desenvolvidos métodos específicos de amostragem estatística associados à análise e processamento de imagens e utilizados na obtenção de estimativas confiáveis da fração volumétrica. Para investigar a influência dos fatores e suas interações foi projetado um experimento fatorial com 4 fatores, definidos em ensaios preliminares. Os resultados confirmam achados teóricos e experimentais anteriores e indicam novos caminhos para se obter uma melhor incorporação de partículas, além de um entendimento do mecanismo da molhabilidade da liga no estado semissólido. Compósitos com maior grau de partículas incorporadas foram examinados por microscópio eletrônico de varredura e microscópio óptico, mostrando que a partícula se aloja preferencialmente na região interdendrítica da matriz.
Abstract: The study of metal matrix composite processing through stir casting method is of great interest for engineering because of its low cost and possibility of using conventional casting equipment as well. The synthesis of hypoeutectic A356 matrix alloy reinforced with alumina particle was done in this work focusing the influence of the processing factors on the incorporated particle fraction. Ingots of composites were synthesized by varying the process conditions. Methods of statistic sampling connected to the analysis and processing images were developed and used for reliable estimate of volumetric fraction. To investigate the influence of the factors and their interactions, a factorial experiment was planned with four factors defined in a preliminary test. The results confirm theorical and experimental findings and points to a new way of getting better particle incorporation and an insight of the wettability mechanism. Composites with high level of particle incorporation were checked through electronic and optical microscopes showing that the particle stays mainly in interdendritic regions.
Doutor

Tiivistelmä. Tämän pro gradu -tutkielman tarkoituksena oli selvittää, millaisia käsityksiä ensimmäisen vuosikurssin opiskelijoilla oli teknologiapainotteisesta luokanopettajakoulutuksesta opintojen alussa, miten käsitykset mahdollisesti muuttuivat opintojen edetessä, miten opiskelijat käsittävät koulutuksensa painotuksen ja teknologiakasvatuksen. Lisäksi tutkimus avaa, miten opiskelijat päätyivät opiskelemaan teknologiapainotteiseen luokanopettajakoulutukseen. Tutkimuksen teoreettisessa viitekehyksessä tarkastellaan käsitysten muodostumista, teknologiapainotteisen luokanopettajakoulutuksen ja teknologiakasvatuksen luonnetta. Käsitteet ja käsitykset muodostavat perustan, jolla ihmiset tulkitsevat ympärillään olevan maailman ilmiöitä. Teknologiapainotteinen luokanopettajakoulutus on yksi Oulun yliopiston luokanopettajakoulutuksen painotuksista, jossa opiskellaan kasvatustiedettä ja painoalana on teknologiakasvatus. Teknologiakasvatuksen tavoitteena on tekemällä oppimisen avulla teknologisen yleissivistyksen edistäminen ja elinikäinen oppiminen. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan kvalitatiivinen ja lähestymistavaltaan fenomenografinen. Tutkimukseen osallistui yhteensä 13 opiskelijaa, jotka olivat aloittaneet opiskelun teknologiapainotteisessa luokanopettajakoulutuksessa syksyllä 2015. Tutkimuksen aineisto kerättiin vuoden 2016 helmikuussa kyselylomakkeiden avulla. Aineisto analysoitiin aineistolähtöisen sisällönanalyysin menetelmien mukaisesti. Aineiston analysoinnissa on kuitenkin teoriaohjaavan sisällönanalyysin piirteitä. Tutkimustuloksista voidaan todeta ensimmäisen vuosikurssin opiskelijoiden käsittävän teknologiapainotteisen luokanopettajakoulutuksen opintojen alussa sen substanssitason käsitteiden avulla. Käsitteellinen muutos tapahtuu opintojen edetessä koulutuksen luonteen ja teknologiakasvatuksen ymmärtämisen kehittyessä. Vaikuttavina tekijöinä muutoksiin ovat opettajat, muut opiskelijat ja opiskeltavat kurssit. Tutkimusjoukosta suurin osa ei hakenut opiskelemaan teknologiapainotteista luokanopettajakoulutusta ensimmäisenä vaihtoehtonaan. Aiheesta ei ole tehty aiempaa tutkimusta ja yhden vuosikurssin otannan perusteella ei voida tehdä yleistyksiä. Tutkimuksen tulokset antavat suuntaa, miten painotuksesta saatavaa käsitystä pystyttäisiin kehittämään painotuksen luonnetta kuvaavammaksi, jotta koulutukseen hakeutuisi opiskelijoita, jotka kokisivat painotuksen omakseen.

By continued advances in mechanical strength of press hardened boron alloyed steel (22MnB5) weight savings can be achieved by the use of less material. However, with reduced material thickness stiffness problems such as buckling arises and the high strength of the material can’t fully be taken advantage of. A solution to the stiffness problem could be to create a sandwich structure using 22MnB5 steel. To create a sandwich structure the faces have to be joined to the core. Work has been done concerning various methods of joining both coated and uncoated 22Mnb5 after being press hardened. A more direct approach would be to implement a joining process in the hot stamping line prior to forming and quenching. A joining method suitable for this task is Controlled Atmosphere Brazing (CAB), which today is used for both aluminum and steel brazing and could be implemented in a hot stamping furnace. Using a tube furnace with continuous gas flow of N2 overlap braze joints were produced on both AlSi-coated 22MnB5 (USIBOR® 1500P AS150) and plain 22MnB5. Material combination evaluated included two different brazing foil and two different flux paste in combination with various heat cycles. Both one-step braze cycles with brazing directly at austenite temperature and two-step braze cycles with brazing at a lower temperature followed by heat treatment at austenite temperature were developed. Evaluation of braze joint strength was done using tensile testing and the same was done to evaluate the coating strength of USIBOR® 1500P AS150 after heat treatment using adhesive to create an overlap joint. An adhesion pull-off test was used to determine USIBOR® 1500P  AS150 coating strength after various heat cycles. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) was used to investigate amount of Fe-diffusion from substrate into both coating and joint due to heat cycles and to determine phases connected to fracture location of joints. With NiCr-based brazing foil joints between plain 22MnB5 were produced with a braze time of 10 minutes at 950° C that had an avg. shear strength of 20 MPa. Brazing above the liquidus temperature of the filler material for 5 minutes with a higher furnace temperature showed no decrease in shear strength of joints, but reduced time in furnace by 16 minutes giving a total furnace time of 9 minutes. Best results for joints between USIBOR® 1500P AS150 substrates were achieved using a two-step brazing cycle. Brazing was done at 593° C for 35 minutes with AlSi12 brazing foil and flux paste recommended for aluminum brazing. Afterwards specimens where heated for 4 minutes above austenite temperature and had an avg. a shear strength of 5,4 MPa. EDS-analysis showed that fracture in braze joints and in coating of USIBOR® 1500P AS150 was connected to the intermetallic phase Al5Fe2 as well as Fe-diffusion from substrate was higher than in as received conventionally press hardened USIBOR® 1500P AS150. Adhesion pull-off tests indicated that the heat cycles used in this study significantly reduced coating strength compared to as received conventionally press hardened USIBOR® 1500P AS150.
Genom fortsatta framsteg inom hållfasthet av presshärdat borstål (22MnB5) kan viktminskning erhållas med mindre material användning. Med reducerad materialtjocklek uppstår dock styvhetsproblem som buckling och den höga styrkan hos materialet kan inte utnyttjas fullt ut. En lösning på styvhetshetsproblemet vore att skapa en sandwichstruktur med användning av 22MnB5 stål. För att skapa en sandwichstruktur krävs fogning mellan täckskikt och kärna. Arbete har utförts på olika fogningsmetoder för både belagt- och obelagt-22MnB5 efter att det genomgått press härdning. En mer direkt metod vore att implementera fogningsprocessen i presshärdningslinan i ett skede innan formning och släckning. En fogningsmetod lämpad för detta ändamål är Kontrollerad Atmosfärslödning (CAB) som idag används för såväl aluminium- som stållödning och skulle kunna implementeras i en presshärdningsugn. Med hjälp av en rörugn med kontinuerligt N2 gasflöde producerades överlapps lödfogar på både AlSi-belagt 22MnB5 (USIBOR® 1500P AS150) och vanligt 22MnB5. Kombinationen av material som undersöktes inkluderade två olika lödfolier samt två olika flusspastor tillsammans med olika värmecykler. Både enstegs lödcykler med lödning direkt vid austenittemperatur och tvåstegs lödcykler med lödning först vid en lägre temperatur följt av värmebehandling vid asutenittemperatur togs fram. Lödfogar utvärderades genom dragprov vilket också gjordes för att erhålla styrkan hos beläggningen på USIBOR® 1500P AS150 efter värmebehandling då lim användes för att skapa en överlappsfog. Vidhäftningsprovning utfördes för att bestämma adhesionsstyrkan av beläggningen på USBIOR® 1500P efter olika värmecykler. Svepelektronmikroskop (SEM) med Energi Dispersiv Spektroskopi (EDS) användes för att utvärdera mängden Fe diffusion från substrat till både beläggning och fog som följd av olika värmecyklar och för att bestämma faser berörande sprickpropagering i fogar. Med NiCr-baserad lödfolie producerades fogar mellan 22MnB5 stål med en håll tid för lödning om 10 minuter vid 950° C vilka hade medelvärde för skjuvstyrka på 20 MPa. Det visade sig att lödning ovanför tillsatsmaterialets liquidus temperatur i 5 minuter med en högre ugnstemperatur kunde reducera tiden i ugn med 16 minuter utan att påverka styrkan hos fogen, vilket gav en totaltid i ugn om 9 minuter. För fogar mellan USBIOR® 1500P substrat erhölls bäst resultat med en tvåstegs lödcykel. Lödning utfördes vid 593° C i 35 minuter med AlSi12 lödfolie och flusspasta rekommenderad för aluminium lödning. Proverna genomgick sedan en värmecykel över austenittemperatur i 4 minuter och hade medelvärde för skjuvstyrka på 5,4 MPa. Från EDS-analys framkom det att brott i fogar och i beläggning av USIBOR® 1500P AS150 sammanföll med den intermetalliska fasen Al5Fe2 och att Fe-diffusion från substrat var högre än i som levererat industriellt presshärdat USIBOR® 1500P AS150. Det visade sig från vidhäftningsprov att de värmecykler som använts i denna studie tydligt reducerade styrkan i beläggningen jämfört med prover från som levererat industriellt presshärdat USBIOR® 1500P AS150.

The automotive industry of today faces ever harder requirements from regulatory bodies to increase the fuel efficiency, reduce the carbon footprint and increase the safety of their vehicles. The problem is being tackled in different ways; one of them being the use of innovative materials to reduce the overall weight while improving the crash safety of the vehicle. One such material is 22MnB5, an ultra-high strength (UHS) boron-alloyed steel, capable of reaching tensile strength of 1900 MPa. The weldability is a vital factor for applying boron steel in an efficient way into a vehicle construction. Resistance spot welding (RSW) is, among the different welding methods, the primary joining methods used within the automotive industry. The main challenges with RSW of UHS boron steel is the narrow welding window and increased risk of expulsion compared to conventional automotive steel. The aim of this thesis was evaluating how the weldability of three-sheet UHS boron steel combinations could be improved by applying different innovative welding methods. The methods investigated where; three-pulsed welding, two-pulsed welding with force profile and using hollow-cone electrodes instead of regular electrodes. The different methods where evaluated with welding experiments and analysis of the nugget diameter, vicker hardness comparison and tensile strength test of welding nugget. The results from this thesis shows that the current window of three-sheet combinations with UHS boron steel can be significantly improved by using hollow-cone electrodes in RSW. The results also showed that the width of the current window varied depending on the depth of the hole in the electrode, a deeper hole improved the current window but also increased the oxide build-up. Applying a force profile with lowered electrode force during the welding sequence provided an improved process window compared to the constant electrode force when welding a three-sheet combination containing AlSi-coated boron steel. A three-pulse welding sequence performed better than the reference two-pulse welding schedule but still not good enough to meet VCC acceptance criteria.
Bilindustrin står idag inför allt hårdare krav från tillsynsmyndigheter förbättra bränsleeffektiviteten, minska koldioxidavtrycket och öka säkerheten på deras fordon. Problemet angrips från ett flertal olika vinklar. varav en ökad användning av innovativa material för att minska den totala vikten samtidigt som fordonets kraschsäkerhet bibehålls eller ens förbättras. Ett sådant material är 22MnB5, ett höghållfast (UHS) borstål, kapabelt att uppnå brottgränser på 1900 MPa.  Svetsbarheten är en vital faktor för att kunna applicera borstål på ett effektivt sätt i en fordonskonstruktion. Inom bilindustrin är motståndspunksvetsning (RSW) den dominanta svetsmetoden. De största utmaningarna med att punktsvetsa höghållfast AlSi-belagt borstål är det har ett generellt smalare svetsfönstren, samt den ökade risken för sprut under svetsprocessen, jämfört med konventionella stål. Målet med denna avhandling var att utvärdera hur svetsbarheten av tre-plåtskombinationer med höghållfast AlSi-belagt borstål kunde förbättras genom att applicera innovativa svetsmetoder. De utvärderade metoderna var; tre-pulsad svetsning, två-pulsad svetsning med applicerad kraftprofil, samt användning av ihåliga elektroder istället för vanliga elektroder. Metoderna utvärderades genom svetsexperiment och analys av svetslobens storlek, vicker hårdhets mätning samt brottgränsmätning av svetsloben. Resultaten från denna avhandling visar att svetsbarheten för tre-plåts kombinationer med UHS borstål kan förbättras avsevärt genom att använda ihåliga elektroder för punktsvetsning. Resultaten pekar också på att förbättringen beroende på hålets djup i elektroden. Ett djupare hål gav större förbättringar men ökade också uppbyggnaden av oxid och restmetall i elektroden.  Genom att applicera en kraftprofil, där elektrodkraften sänktes under svetsprocessen kunde svetsbarheten förbättras för två-puls svetsning, jämfört med att ha konstant elektrodkraft, vid svetsning av en tre-plåtskombination innehållande höghållfast AlSi-belagt borstål. En tre-puls svetssekvens utförde bättre än referenspulssvetsschemat men fortfarande inte tillräckligt bra för att uppfylla VCC-acceptkriterierna.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this report is to investigate whether the returns of five different trading systems applied is able to outperform the return of a Buy & Hold (B&H) strategy when applied to the Johannesburg Stock Exchange/Financial Times Stock Exchange (JSE/FTSE) Top 40 Index future contract (ALSI). The study starts with an overview of theoretical and empirical studies regarding technical trading systems as well as the application of these technical trading systems in various strategy formats. Five common trading systems were selected for the test. They include the Volatility Channel, the Bollinger Channel Breakout, the Donchian Channel, the Dual Moving Average and the Triple Moving Average systems. The trading systems were applied in three different types of strategies. In the first test the systems were employed using randomly selected parameters to generate trading signals. In the second test the systems were optimised to select the parameters that would yield the most profitable returns over the test period. Finally in the third test a stop loss was added to the systems to investigate whether it would improve returns. In virtually all tests the systems outperformed the B&H approach. This was primarily due to the collapse of world financial markets in 2008 that caused the systems, which are all trend following by nature, to generate large returns. If it had not been for this event, the trend-following systems would all have underperformed the total return generated by the B&H strategy over the duration of the test period. The tests revealed that the selection of the parameters that generate the trade signals for the trading systems can drastically influence the profitability of a trading system. Furthermore the implementation of stop-loss strategies does not necessarily improve the return or drawdown that a system displays, as several of the systems were negatively influenced by the implementation of the stop-loss strategy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie verslag is om te ondersoek of die opbrengs van vyf verskillende verhandelingstelsels die opbrengs van die Koop-en-Hou-strategie kan klop soos toegepas op die JSE/FTSE Top 40 Indeks termynkontrak (ALSI). Die studie begin met ’n oorsig oor teoretiese en empiriese studies oor tegniese verhandelingstelsels, asook die toepassing van hierdie tegniese stelsels in verskeie strategiese formate. Vyf algemene verhandelingstelsels is gekies vir die ondersoek, naamlik die Volatiliteitskanaal (Volatility Channel), die Bollinger Kanaal Uitbreek (Bollinger Channel Breakout), die Donchian Kanaal (Donchian Channel), die Tweeledige Bewegende Gemiddelde (Dual Moving Average) en die Drieledige Bewegende Gemiddelde (Triple Moving Average). Die stelsels is op drie verskillende tipes stategieë toegepas. In die eerste toets was die stelsels geïmplementeer deur lukraak gekose parameters te gebruik om verhandelingseine voort te bring. In die tweede toets was die stelsels geoptimaliseer deur die parameters te kies wat die mees winsgewende opbrengs oor die toetsperiode sou voortbring. In die derde toets was ’n staakverlies (stop loss) geïmplementeer om te ondersoek of dit die opbrengs sou verbeter. Feitlik al die toetse het getoon dat die verhandelingstelsels die Koop-en-Hou-benadering geklop het. Aangesien al die stelsels die algemene tendens in die mark volg, het hulle hoë opbrengste getoon hoofsaaklik as gevolg van die beermark wat die wêreld se finansiële markte in 2008 gekenmerk het. As hierdie gebeurtenis nie plaasgevind het nie, sou hierdie stelsels swakker gevaar het as die Koop-en-Hou-strategie gedurende die tydperk van die toetsperiode. Die toetse het aangedui dat die keuse van die parameters wat verhandelingseine vir die stelsels gegenereer het, die winsgewendheid van ’n verhandelingstelsel drasties kan beïnvloed. Die implementering van ’n staakverlies- (stop-loss) strategie verbeter nie noodwendig die opbrengs van ’n stelsel nie, aangesien verskeie stelsels negatief beïnvloed was deur die staakverlies-strategie.

Devant les externalités négatives découlant de l’intensification de l’agriculture, plusieurs pays industrialisés, dont le Canada, ont mis en place des mesures d’interventions allant de la réglementation à l’accompagnement. Pourtant, la littérature montre que l’adoption de pratiques de gestion bénéfiques (PGB) par les agriculteurs demeure relativement limitée à une clientèle déjà convaincue et que la pérennité de la participation et des aménagements n’est souvent pas assurée au-delà du versement des aides. L’absence de marché pour monétiser les bienfaits environnementaux découlant de l’adoption de PGB ne permet pas non plus une régulation par le marché. Basé sur la collaboration entre les acteurs locaux et l’implication en partie du privé dans le financement de rétribution des agriculteurs pour les services rendus à l’environnement, le programme Alternative Land Use Service (ALUS) se présente comme une voie alternative entre réglementations d’État, démarche volontaire et régulation par le marché. Cette représentation de ce qu’est le programme pourrait bien se traduire dans la réalité, dans la mesure où le programme arriverait dans les faits à faire participer les agriculteurs en grand nombre, et ce, de façon pérenne. Cette étude s’appuie sur une recherche documentaire et une série de 45 entretiens semi-dirigés avec des agriculteurs participants, des coordinateurs et des membres du Partnership Advisory Committee (PAC) dans quatre communautés ALUS de l’Ontario. En mobilisant l’économie de la proximité, le présent travail vise à comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles les agriculteurs participent au programme, et tente de vérifier si les spécificités dont se revendique ALUS incitent les agriculteurs à participer de façon pérenne. L’analyse montre que les spécificités du programme ont un effet différent sur la participation et la pérennité selon le type d’agriculteur, et que la coordination des acteurs est fortement assujettie aux réseaux et au contexte.
Faced with the negative externalities arising from the intensification of agriculture, several industrialized countries, including Canada, have put in place intervention measures ranging from regulation to support. However, the literature shows that the adoption of beneficial management practices (BMPs) by farmers remains relatively limited to a clientele already convinced and that the sustainability of participation is not assured beyond the payment of aid. The absence of a market to monetize the environmental benefits of adopting BMPs also does not allow regulation by the market. Based on the collaboration between local actors and the involvement of the private sector in the financing of farmers' fees for producing environmental services, the Alternative Land Use Service (ALUS) program promote itself as an alternative between regulations, voluntary approaches and regulation by the market. This representation could well be translated into reality, since the program manages to involve farmers in large numbers, on a long-term basis. This study is based on documentary research and a series of 45 semi-structured interviews with participating farmers, coordinators, and Partnership Advisory Committee (PAC) members in four ALUS communities in Ontario. By mobilizing the economy of proximity, the present work aims at understanding farmers' reasons for participating in the program and tries to verify if the specificities that ALUS claims encourage farmers to participate on a long-term basis. The analysis shows that the specificities of the program have a different effect on participation and sustainability depending on the type of farmer, and that the coordination of the actors is highly dependant on networks and context.

Darbo tikslas - įvertinti aukštesniųjų alkoholių ir kitų fuzelio junginių bei fizikinių cheminių rodiklių kitimo tendencijas skirtingų gamintojų aluje. Darbe panaudoti metodai : Ca ir Zn tiriamuosiuose mėginiuose buvo nustatyti taikant atominės absorbcijos liepsnos spektrometrinį metodą. pH nustatytas pH-metru „Mettler Toledo 220”, pagal įrengimo gamintojo nurodymus, vadovaujantis prietaiso instrukcija.Sausosios medžiagos, alkoholio kiekis masės bei tūrio procentais nustatytas pagal LST 1572:2004 Alus. Etilo alkoholio koncentracijos, tikrojo ir pradinio ekstrakto nustatymas. Vikinaliniai diketonai ir kartumas nustatyti Europos aludarių konvencijos oficialiame leidinyje pateiktais metodais: VDK. Europos aludarių knvencijos leidinys, Analytica EBC 9.2.4.1 Vikinaliniai diketonai aluje. Spektroftometrinis metodas, 2000 m. 5-tas leidimas. Kartumas nustatytas metodu, pateiktu Europos aludarių konvencijos leidinyje, Analytica EBC 9.8 Alaus kartumas, 1997 m. 5-tas leidimas.Taip pat buvo atlikta matematinė statistinė duomenų analizė. Aukštesniųjų alkoholių nustatymas atliktas dujų chromatografijos metodu. Išvados. Aukštesniųjų alkoholių (acetaldehido, etilacetato, metanolio, propanolio, izobutanolio, izoamiloalkoholio) kiekiai aluje parodė, kad ryškesnėmis skonio bei aromato savybėmis pasižymi elio alus, o lager tipo aluje šių junginių kiekis mažesnis. Aukštesniųjų alkoholių bei kitų fuzelio junginių kiekis tirtame aluje kito priklausomai nuo alaus rūšies. Skirtingų rūšių alaus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Tasks of work: To identify the higher alcohols and other fusel oil compounds in beer samples; Rate higher alcohols and other compounds changing tendencies in lager-type beers and ale-type beers; to determine the differences of physico-chemical parameters of different beer producers; to perform a comparative evaluation of the test samples safety. The methods used in experiment: content of the Ca(calcium) and Zn (zink) was investigated by atomic absorption flame spectrometry method; pH – with pH meter "Mettler Toledo 220, according to the manufacturer's instruction. Original extract, the amount of alcohol was determined in accordance with LST Beer 1572:2004. Ethyl alcohol concentration, real and original extract determination. Vikinal dicetones and bitterness set the Brewers Convention, Official Journal of the methods: EBC. Journal of European Brewers Convencion, Analytica EBC 9.2.4.1 Vikinal diketones in beer. Spektrofotometrical method, 2000. 5th edition. Set of bitterness method given the Journal Brewers Convention Journal, Analytica EBC 9.8 beer bitterness, 1997. 5 th edition. Higher alcohols and other fusel oil compounds was determine by gas chromatography method. Results: The higher alcohols in beer showed that the highest intensivity of flavor and aroma is in Ale- type of beer, and in lager-type beer these compounds content was found lower. Higher alcohols and other fusel oil compounds were depended on beer type. Physical chemical characteristics of beer were different... [to full text]

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There are several factors that may affect the milk yield in cattle, among which the environmental characteristics and the genetic profile are the most important. The use of tools for genetic evaluation of animals, in particular the identification of SNPs, which are able to interfere with the production capacity, is being widely studied and used in animal production. In this sense, the objective of this study was to investigate the distribution of polymorphic variants of the promoter region and éxon8 in gene of growth hormone receptor (GHR) in Holstein cows in milk. They used data from lactations and milk composition in the first and second lactation of 106 cows in the municipality of Cristalina, Goiás. The blood samples were collected and the genomic material was purified (DNA). The genotypes were analyzed by PCR-FRLP technique using the AluI enzyme in the promoter region and Sspl to the exon8 of the GHR gene, respectively. For the data analysis of lactation and milk composition was performed analyses of varyance and Tukey test. Allelic frequencies of 47.64% were observed for AluI (-) and 52.36% for AluI (+) for the polymorphism of the promoter region, 49.53% for Ssp (-) and 50.47% for Ssp (+ ) for the polymorphism of exon8 of the gene. As to the genotypic frequencies, the promoter region had 12.26%, 70.76% and 16.98% for AluI genotypes (- / -), AluI (+/-) and AluI (+ / +) respectively. While the region of exon8 presented frequencies of 7.55%, 83.96% and 8.49% for genotypes Ssp (- / -), SspI (+/-), and SspI (+ / +) respectively. No statistically significant differences were found (P> 0.05) for the production and composition of milk on the effects of polymorphisms of the promoter region (AluI) and exon 8 (SspI) of the GHR gene. The composition EST and ESD were higher for SspI genotypes (- / -), but with significance level P = 0.06 and P = 0.05 respectively for EST and ESD. The interaction between the two polymorphisms and their effects on milk production and composition, no statistically significant differences were observed (P> 0.05).
Existem vários fatores que podem interferir na produção de leite em bovinos, entre os quais, as características ambientais e o perfil genético são os mais importantes. O uso de ferramentas para avaliação genética dos animais em especial a identificação de SNPs, os quais são capazes de interferir na capacidade produtiva, está sendo amplamente estudado e utilizado na produção animal. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a distribuição das variantes polimórficas da região promotora e do éxon 8 no gene do Receptor do Hormônio do Crescimento (GHR) em vacas da raça Holandesa em lactação. Foram utilizados dados das lactações e composição do leite na primeira e segunda lactação de 106 vacas do município de Cristalina, Goiás. As amostras de sangue periférico foram coletadas e o material genômico foi purificado (DNA). Os genótipos foram analisados pela técnica de PCR-FRLP com o uso da enzima AluI na região promotora e SspI para o éxon 8 do gene do GHR, respectivamente. Para a análise dos dados das lactações e composição do leite foi realizada análise de variância e teste de tukey. Foram observadas frequências alélicas de 47,64% para AluI(-) e 52,36% para AluI(+), para o polimorfismo da região promotora, 49,53% para SspI(-) e 50,47% para SspI(+) para o polimorfismo do éxon 8 do gene. Quanto as frequências genotípicas, a região promotora apresentou 12,26%, 70,76% e 16,98% para os genótipos AluI(-/-), AluI(+/-) e AluI(+/+) respectivamente. Enquanto a região do éxon 8 apresentou frequências de 7,55%, 83,96% e 8,49% para os genótipos SspI(-/-),SspI(+/-) e SspI(+/+) respectivamente. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (P>0,05) para produção e composição do leite sobre o efeitos dos polimorfismos da região promotora (AluI) e éxon 8 (SspI) do gene do GHR. A composição em EST e ESD se mostraram maiores para os genótipos SspI(-/-) porem com níveis de significância P=0,06 e P=0,05 respectivamente para EST e ESD. Quanto a interação entre os dois polimorfismos e seus efeitos sobre a produção e composição do leite, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativa (P>0,05).

Magister Commercii - MCom
Diversification is one of the more familiar concepts in finance because of its ability to curtail risk towards investors. However, for diversification to be efficient, the assets combined should have inversely related price movements. In the same light, previous research done on international portfolio diversification has consistently found that having investments diversified across different global markets that have low to medium correlations helps to get as close to an optimal portfolio as possible. However, previous research also indicates that both global financial integration and exogenous shocks increase correlations among international markets, hence negating the benefits of international portfolio diversification to an extent. Therefore, with global integration on the rise, coupled with economic and political instability in some BRICS nations, the research examines these factors and gauges the current viability of international portfolio diversification from the perspective of a South African investor.

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht den Einsatz einer induktiven Längsfelderwärmung im Wärmebehandlungsprozess der direkten Warmumformung automobiler Karosserieblechbauteile. Zur Charakterisierung des Erwärmungsvorgangs werden sowohl experimentbasierte Regressionsmodelle als auch ein FEM-Simulationsmodell entwickelt. Der Einfluss der induktiven Erwärmung auf die Ausbildung der AlSi-Beschichtung, die Widerstandspunktschweißbarkeit so-wie die Korrosionsbeständigkeit gefertigter Blechbauteile wird dargelegt. Abschließend wird ein Anlagenkonzept entwickelt, das durch den Einsatz der induktiven Längsfelderwärmung eine Verringerung der Erwärmungsdauer um etwa 50 % sowie eine Verkürzung der erforderlichen Ofenlänge um etwa 37 % ermöglicht
The present thesis investigates the usage of longitudinal induction heating in the austenitization process of direct press hardening. In order to describe the induction heating procedure, experiment-based regression models as well as a FEM model are developed. The influence of an induction heating process on the properties of press hardened parts with aluminum-silicon coating is depicted. Therefore, resistance spot welding tests, paint adhesion tests and corrosion tests are performed. Finally, a heating concept for series production including a longitudinal induction heating is developed, which allows a decrease in heating time of about 50 % and a reduction of furnace length of about 37 %

Hot-pressed aluminium and silicon coated boron steel is used in the car industry where high tensile strength is of great importance, such as in the safety cage of a car where deformation has to be kept to a minimum in case of a collision. After hot-pressing the AlSi-boron steel shows excellent properties with high tensile strength, minimal spring back and also shows good protection against corrosion. A thickness of the AlSi coating of 150 [g/m2] for AlSi coated boron steel is typically used by the car industry today. However the coating thickness would be desirable to be minimized to 80 [g/m2]. Welding of this boron steel with 80 [g/m2]have shown difficulties; and it’s not clear why this occurs. In this report the metallurgical properties of the different coating layers will be investigated, simulations with Thermocalc module Dictra will be used, SEM/EDS will be used to characterize phases in coating layers and correlate to weldability. Resistance spot welding tests will also be performed where the welding parameters of pre-pulse, pulse time, time in between pulses and current will be varied to achieve desirable weld plug diameter without expulsion. Hardness testing in form of micro Vickers will executed. The Materials used will be USIBOR® 1500, AS80 with four different annealing times and one sample of AS150.

This thesis discusses the archaeological remains in the Etruscan bridge complex, found during the excavations at San Giovenale in 1959–1963, and 1999. The aim has been to reach a holistic perspective of the bridge complex with the bridge seen as a link between topography, economy, social relationships, politics, symbols and ritual, reflecting its importance for the whole community at San Giovenale and its surroundings. Situated at the border between the two largest city-states Tarquinia and Caere, the site seems to have been an important middle range transit town for foreign ideas, goods and people.

The character of the remains and the various levels of contextual analyses made it possible to distinguish five distinctive functions for the structures at the bridge over the Pietrisco. From a more generalised point of view these suggested that specialized functions may be divided into practical, social and symbolic functions and these aspects have been of help in identifying an object or a structure. Besides practical functions of everyday use, economic and strategic functions have also been considered.

These functions were more or less in use contemporaneously, at least during several hundred years, from about the middle of the 6th down to the first century B.C. Pottery and small finds show that some activity has taken place at the site from the 9th century. Features of continuity, such as in the choice of crossing, the direction of the bridge construction after its destruction, the architectural ground-plans, the use of basins and a well, pottery fabrics of local and Greek imports and shapes, as well as changes in ground-plans, slight changes in the environment due to water erosion, earth-quakes and slides, have been observed. The physical as well as the liminal boundary between land and water as well as between man and spirits was accentuated by the tufa building, the water installations, and the road at the northern abutment. The thesis raises the hypothesis that the Etruscans believed that a crossing of a river via a bridge could violate the spirits of nature on land and in the water and therefore special rites were needed to restore the balance between nature and man before entering the bridge in order to reach safely at the other side of the ravine. The bridge itself can be seen as sacred, a liminal area where time and space do not exist and a place where it is easy to gain contact with the supernatural world.

Bei der Weiterentwicklung von thermisch und mechanisch hoch belasteten Bauteilen existiert ein direkter Zusammenhang zwischen dem Herstellungsprozess, der Mikrostruktur des Bauteils und den daraus resultierenden lokalen Werkstoffeigenschaften. Im Rahmen der „virtuellen Bauteilentwicklung“ kann das Bauteil bezüglich Bauteilqualität und Ausnutzung der Werkstoffeigenschaften unter dem Einfluss von Design, Herstellungsparametern und Einsatzbedingungen optimiert werden. Das Ziel der Arbeit war die Entwicklung von Verformungs- und Lebensdauermodellen am Beispiel einer Aluminium-Silizium-Zylinderkopflegierung (AlSi7MgCu0,5 T6). Dazu sollten für die Prozesskette der „virtuellen Bauteilentwicklung“ die beiden Bausteine der Mikrostruktur und der lokalen Werkstoffeigenschaften zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Die Werkstoffbeschreibung der Zylinderkopflegierung sollte mittels phänomenologischer und konstitutiver Werkstoffmodelle erfolgen. Die Charakterisierung der Mikrostruktur wurde unter Berücksichtigung des Herstellungsprozesses an vier repräsentativen Gefügeklassen qualitativ und quantitativ hinsichtlich des Sekundärdendritenarmabstandes (sDAS), den Primär-, Sekundär- und Ausscheidungsphasen, der Mikroporosität und des Resteutektikums durchgeführt. Bei der Beschreibung des Werkstoffverhaltens der AlSi-Gusslegierung zeigte sich, dass für die Zylinderkopflebensdauer unter praxisrelevanter Beanspruchung vor allem ein geringer sDAS und feine intermetallische Phasen von entscheidender Bedeutung sind. Daher muss der Herstellungsprozess des Zylinderkopfes an den höchst belasteten Stellen des Brennraumdachs ein geringen sDAS mit feinen intermetallischen Phasen bereitstellen. Die nadelförmigen intermetallischen Phasen sind für eine hohe Werkstoffausnutzung und lange Lebensdauer unbedingt zu vermeiden. Die Anwendung des konstitutiven Chaboche-Modells auf die vorliegende Leichtmetalllegierung erfolgte für den BR-Gefügezustand und für drei Temperaturen (RT, 140 °C und 250 °C). Dabei zeigte sich, dass die Nachrechnung der uniaxialen Kriech- und Ermüdungsexperimente bis auf die Abbildung des Kriechverhaltens bei 140 °C bei hohen Kriechspannungen und daher hohen inelastischen Anfangsdehnungen und großen Kriechdehnungen im Primärkriechbereich zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse lieferten. Die Lebensdauernachrechnung von betriebsähnlichen isothermen und anisothermen LCF- Beanspruchungen war mit einer temperaturabhängigen kritischen Schädigungsgröße mit einem Faktor von zwei möglich. Schließlich wurden die aufgestellten phänomenologischen Werkstoffgesetze als Modul der Verformungs- und Lebensdauersimulation im Rahmen der virtuellen Bauteilentwicklung exemplarisch erprobt. Die Schnittstelle zur Gieß- und Erstarrungssimulation war der sDAS. Dadurch war es möglich, eine durchgängige Vorhersage der lokalen Erstarrungszeiten, der lokalen Gefügeparameter (sDAS) und der lokalen Werkstoffeigenschaften zu verwirklichen.

碩士
國立中山大學
物理學系研究所
100
In this thesis, n-type ZnO thin films are grown on buffered p-type Si substrates by RF sputtering. The buffer is a pure nanometer-thick Al layer deposited onto a Si substrate that has a native SiOx over-layer. The Al- layer is meant to react with the native oxide and reduce it back to the pure Si formation when the Al-layer is itself oxidized into AlOx. The pin diodes with ZnO grown on AlOx are expected to outperform those with ZnO on SiOx on the aspects of electrical quality and crystallographic orientations. The transmission electron microscopy was employed to study the epitaxial relationship between the ZnO layers and the Si substrates, the crystal structure, and defects at the ZnO-Al or Al-SiOx interfaces. X-ray diffraction studies through ω-2θ, rocking curve, GIXRD and pole-figure scans were also conducted to see the differences between as-deposited and post-annealing treated samples concerning with the ZnO crystallographic orientations and general qualities. Through comparisons of the leakage current and the tunneling behaviors , the electrical measurements can be used to analyze the pin devices.

The use of proxies in the CAPM model to determine assets expected return has implications for portfolio management. An inefficient proxy can result in the lowering of beta estimates due to a weak regression relationship resulting in the misallocation of capital. For the CAPM equation to be satisfied would require that the proxy should at least have an alpha that centred on zero over a period of time. This would allow the linearity of the model to hold and we would advocate a passive portfolio strategy. If the proxy were mean variance inefficient would indicate that alpha values are present in asset returns that can allow us to rebalance portfolios using optimisation techniques. We test the hypothesis that alpha averages around zero using the market model by regressing Industrial and Gold index excess returns on the market premium. When tested from the SA investor perspective we find that the alpha of the ALSI regression is not zero for the Gold Index but centred on zero for the Industrial Index. The implications are that SA investors would get a fair return holding the ALSI index instead of trade in industrial shares. The result warrants a passive strategy. However, portfolio optimisation demonstrates that a higher return can be achieved by rebalancing the portfolio The regression using the Gold index produced a negative alpha implying that investors should actively sell Gold shares from their portfolios. The ALSI was not an adequate proxy of risk to the SA investor for gold shares. Overall the ALSI is inefficient since it has a nonlinear relationship to one sector of the lSE. Portfolio analysis and rebalancing is required to attain an optimal return. The Markowitz model recommends that all SA investment capital should be fully weighted in the Industrial index only. Introducing an international investment proxied by the Dow Jones significantly improved the returns to SA investors. This is evident in the improved Sharpe ratio achieved by the rand adjusted Dow Jones available to the SA investor. In the absence of exchange restrictions the model recommends that 87% of local investors assets should be moved abroad under the present investment conditions. When tested from the US investor's perspective using dollar returns the data estimates achieved from the regression analysis were: The alpha value of the Industrial index is non-zero and the Gold index alpha centres on zero. The results are a reversal of the Rand tests of the SA investor. Gold shares priced fairly in dollar terms as opposed to Industrial shares. Currency effects of Rand depreciation priced into the dollar return of Industrial shares led to their non-participation in the US investors' portfolio. Due to trade of gold in dollars, the gold shares were priced to provide a fair return to the dollar-adjusted ALSI as opposed to the rand denominated test. Overall, the ALSI was inefficient due to the Industrial sector pricing in dollars resulting in abnormal alpha values over time. Currency depreciation resulted in the distortion ofthe CAPM relationship between the INDI and ALSI. The US investor's domestic index, the Dow Jones was found to lie on the efficiency frontier for tests using the ALSI and the INDI. There was no reason to invest in SA, but if the US investor did chose to invest in SA shares then gold had the lowest beta and the lowest correlation to the Dow Jones. The beta values of the SA indices were all significant and the alpha values were negative when regressed against the Dow Jones. The implication of this would be to invest as much as possible in the international index portfolio as possible. Regression Statistics ALSIXS I:\DIXS GOLDIXS P-values ntercept a 1.18E-05 0.001992 1.51 E-OS DOWJONES 9.87E-15 1.32E-11 5.27E-05. Coefficients intercept a -0.09833 -0.07281 -0.15206 DOWJONES 1.082276 0.985812 0.831916. The Dow Jones introduces a significant diversification benefit to the SA investor's portfolio by increasing returns significantly per unit of risk. The Markowitz model recommends that 87% of SA investor's portfolio should be in the Dow Jones and 13% in the Industrial index. Due to independent pricing of the gold and industrial sectors, the former by international markets in dollars and the latter in rands in SA, a dichotomy is created in the local market. From an SA investor's point of view the CAPM would not capture the correct return of gold shares. It would overstate the expected return since beta of the SA market premium will not include dollar returns. The ALSI is an incorrect proxy for the SA investor analysing gold shares. The Gold sector is only correctly priced from the US investor's perspective once the ALSI is dollar adjusted. The industrial index can use CAPM analysis reliably with the ALSI as market proxy but higher returns are achievable through portfolio rebalancing. Active portfolio management is recommended. Nevertheless, this will not produce results significantly different to the CAPM once standard errors of the mean are accounted for. The results found currency depreciation of the Rand as a major factor contributing to the exodus of SA capital. The dollar had an expected mean return of 12,6% p.a. This substantially increased the rand adjusted Sharpe ratio of the international portfolio compared to its dollar return. The increased Sharpe ratio of the rand denominated international portfolio resulted in a substantial shift of the optimal portfolios weighting away from the domestic portfolio and towards the Dow Jones. International investors optimal portfolios were similarly impeded due to the depreciating currency.
Thesis (MBA)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

碩士
國立中山大學
電機工程學系
87
This thesis is divided into two parts: Part 1 is a design and its performance verification of ALUs for 64-bit advanced micro-processor; Part 2 is a chip design for reducing testing cost of LCD drivers. It is foreseeable that 64-bit microprocessors will be the main stream of the next generation computer technology. In the thesis, we present designs of a set of four non-homogeneous ALUs which can be employed in the next generation 64-bit x86-compatible microprocessors. The entire design is realized by synthesizable Verilog RTL (register-transfer level) codes. The gate level code is generated by Synopsys using COMPASS 0.6um 1P3M cell library, and Faraday 0.25um 1P5M cell library, respec-tively. The correctness of the functionality of the individual ALU is verified in both the RTL code and the gate level code after the synthesization. The area and delay information is also estimated. It is well known that testing LCD drivers always wastes very much time. Besides, the testing time of an IC will be a major factor of the total testing cost. We will propose a method which can effectively reduce the testing cost of the LCD drivers and prove its practicability by designing a real chip in part 2.

MCom
Department of Accountany
The relationship between the Equity Market Risk Premium (MRP) and macroeconomic variables has been a subject of extensive discussion in the finance literature. The MRP is a central component of the main asset pricing models which are used to estimate the cost of equity which is mainly used in investment appraisal, performance measurement and valuation of equity assets. Past studies have identified inflation rate, interest rate, foreign exchange rate and political risk as the key macroeconomic variables that determine the size of the MRP. The test of the impact of these variables on the MRP have however been based mainly on data from developed countries and a few emerging countries. To the researcher’s knowledge, there are no studies that have investigated the impact of these macroeconomic variables on the MRP in South Africa. It is necessary to test the impact of these variables in the context of South Africa as these variables vary across countries. Using time series secondary data that was obtained from the SARB database, JSE database and World Bank database for the period 2002 to 2017, this study investigated the impact of these variables on the MRP in South Africa. A total of 192 observations per series of the inflation rate, interest rate, foreign exchange rate, political risk, JSE-ALSI and 91-days Treasury bill was used in the study. The data used were tested for possible misspecification errors that could arise from using a time series secondary data and the regression model was fitted using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimator. The misspecification tests and models were both implemented on STATA 15 software. The results shows that inflation rate, interest rate and foreign exchange rate have a negative impact on the MRP whilst political risk has a positive impact on the MRP. Furthermore, the result shows that the inflation rate is the only variable amongst other variable tested that has a significant influence on the MRP for the study period. The study, therefore, concludes that inflation rate has the highest impact on the MRP in the context of South Africa. The study recommends that inflation rate should be monitored and kept within its target of 3-6% amongst other variables tested in order to increase investors’ confidence in the security market and also foster economic growth. The main limitations to the study were the limited data sources and insufficient funds.
NRF

Aufgrund fluiddynamischer Effekte bei der Schnellerwärmung für die Warmumformung wird die Applikation der Technologie erschwert. Die vorliegende Arbeit thematisiert diesen Effekt und evaluiert die Triebkräfte sowohl numerisch als auch im Experiment. Aufbauend darauf werden Vermeidungsstrategien aufgezeigt und experimentell validiert um eine Verschiebung der Beschichtung zu verhindern. Es können insbesondere die temperatursensitive Marangonikraft als auch die magnethydrodynamische Wirkung der Lorentzkraft bei einer induktiven Erwärmung als Haupttriebkräfte identifiziert werden, die sich aufgrund identischer Kraftvektorrichtungen überlagern und verstärken. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass für den vorliegenden Fall einer 20-30 μm dünnen AlSi-Beschichtung die Marangonikraft gegenüber der Lorentzkraft um einen Faktor von mindestens 68 überwiegt. Ein vergleichbarer Effekt ist auch bei konduktiver Erwärmung zu beobachten. Hinsichtlich möglicher Vermeidungsstrategien einer globalen Beschichtungsverschiebung bietet die Applikation von lokalen Flussbarrieren mittels Laser, Induktion oder Walztexturierung, sowie das Vermeiden einer freien Flüssigkeitsoberfläche durch Aufbringen einer Zusatzbeschichtung, das größte Potential. In der zweiten Versionierung der Dissertationsschrift wurde auf S. IV im Vorwort, sowie auf S.72, Kapitel 4.2 eine ergänzende Nennung eines Instituts und Kooperationspartners hinzugefügt.
The application of fast heating technologies for hot forming is hindered by fluiddynamic effects and a resulting coating shift. Present thesis investigates this effect to evaluate the driving forces numerically as well as experimentally. Based on this evaluation, strategies are developed and investigated to avoid a global displacement of the AlSi-coating. In case of inductive fast heating the main driving force is represented by a superposition of Lorentzian forces as well as surface tension related Marangoni forces with a force vector pointing from hot to cold regions on the blank. The numerical evaluation shows that in case of 20-30 μm thin layers of AlSi the Marangoni force is at least 68 times higher than the Lorentz force and therefore represents the main driving force. A comparable effect is observable in case of conduction heating. Local flow barriers realized by Laser, inductive heating or texturing as well as the avoidance of a free liquid-surface due to application of additional coating layers show huge potential to prevent a global coating flow.

Text in English with abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Venda
In this qualitative study, the research objective was to present a theoretical framework for the phenomenon of interpersonal leadership relations (denoting both the dyadic relationship between two leader/followers and the leadership communication taking place in the dyad) in knowledge-based organisational contexts. It is posited that the interpersonal leader-follower dyad (LFD) may be viewed from a systems theory perspective as a system consisting of two system parts (individuals). These individuals are labelled ‘leader/followers’ to emphasise their mutual interdependence, and to indicate that these roles may be interchangeable, based on the knowledge needs in a particular situation (in line with the tenets of shared leadership). The dyadic system is influenced by its environment, the organisational context. However, the primary focus of this study is on interpersonal leadership communication as symbolic interaction between the leader/followers in the LFD. These three systemic levels are represented as major themes in the model resulting from this study: Theme 1 – an organisational environment that supports constructive interpersonal leadership relations (ILR); Theme 2 – symbolic interaction in the LFD; and Theme 3 – personal attributes that enhance ILR. The data were collected from two convenience samples. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants in Sample 1, while questionnaires were used to collect data from Sample 2. In both cases, thematic analysis was used to analyse and interpret the data. The major contribution of the study is the resulting theoretical framework of ILR, which comprises a theoretically based definition of ILR; a generic model of ILR; and current guidelines for fostering constructive ILR in knowledge-based contexts, with reference to the three systemic levels. The following definition was phrased based on the study: Constructive interpersonal leadership relations (ILR) in a knowledge-based organisational context is a dyadic process of symbolic communication between two expert leader/followers who mutually influence each other and share meaning to strengthen their relationship and to collaboratively transfer and apply knowledge to achieve organisational goals. In terms of the environment, it was found that organisational leaders should actively model and promote the following: a collaborative leadership concept, workplace spirituality, cultural inclusivity, and adaptation to advancing communication technologies. Regarding symbolic interaction in the LFD, the following communication practices were found to be central to constructive ILR: active listening, supporting followers as unique individuals, respectful communication, considering followers’ input, facilitating constructive redefinition of the other leader/follower’s self, role-taking (taking the perspective of the other leader/follower’s role), awareness of attribution, conflict management through non-threatening, respectful and preferably face-to-face discussion, facilitating a sense of meaning or purpose at work for the other leader/follower, and fostering constructive relationship properties such as trust. It was found that ILR may produce system outputs into the organisation that contribute to the organisational culture and climate, job performance, employee morale and engagement, and staff retention. Personal attributes were organised into personal values and competencies that support ILR. The most important personal values were identified as honesty, love or supportiveness, respect, relationships or engagement, trust, and professional excellence. Essential competencies were identified as listening skills, emotional communication competencies (particularly self-awareness, self-reflection and attending to others’ emotions), engagement skills, conflict management skills, and multicultural competency (including generational skills).
In hierdie kwalitatiewe studie word ’n teoretiese raamwerk voorgelê vir die verskynsel ‘interpersoonlike leierskapsverhoudings‘ (verwysende na beide die diadiese verhouding tussen twee leier/volgelinge en die leierskapskommunikasie wat in die diade plaasvind) in kennisgebaseerde organisatoriese kontekste. Die uitgangspunt is dat die interpersoonlike leier-volgeling-diade (LVD) vanuit ‘n sisteemteoretiese perspektief beskou kan word as ‘n sisteem wat uit twee sisteemdele (individue) bestaan. Hierdie individue word ‘leier/volgelinge‘ genoem om hulle wedersydse interafhanklikheid te beklemtoon; en om aan te toon dat hierdie rolle uitruilbaar mag wees, afhangende van die kennisbehoeftes in ’n gegewe situasie (met verwysing na die teorie van gedeelde leierskap). As ’n sisteem word die LVD ook deur die omringende omgewing of organisatoriese konteks beïnvloed. Die primêre fokus van hierdie studie is egter op interpersoonlike leierskapskommunikasie as simboliese interaksie tussen die leier/volgelinge in die LVD. Hierdie drie sistemiese vlakke word in hierdie studie deur die hooftemas in die studie verteenwoordig en ook as sulks in die voortvloeiende model uitgebeeld: Tema 1 – ’n organisatoriese omgewing wat konstruktiewe interpersoonlike leierskapsverhoudings (ILV) ondersteun; Tema 2 – simboliese interaksie in die LVD; en Tema 3 – persoonlike eienskappe wat ILV bevorder. Die teoretiese raamwerk van ILV bestaan uit die volgende: ’n teoreties gefundeerde definisie van ILV; ’n generiese model van ILV; en ’n raamwerk van huidige riglyne vir die kweek van konstruktiewe ILV in kennisgebaseerde kontekste, met verwysing na die drie sistemiese vlakke van omgewing, diade en individuele leier/volgelinge. Die volgende definisie is op grond van die navorsingsresultate geformuleer: Konstruktiewe interpersoonlike leierskapsverhoudings (ILV) in ’n kennisgebaseerde organisatoriese konteks is ’n diadiese proses van simboliese kommunikasie tussen twee kundige leier/volgelinge wat mekaar wedersyds beïnvloed en betekenis deel om hulle verhouding te versterk en kennis samewerkend oor te dra en aan te wend om organisatoriese doelwitte te bereik. In terme van die organisatoriese omgewing is bevind dat organisatoriese leiers, veral senior leiers, die volgende aktief moet modelleer en bevorder in die organisasie: ’n samewerkende leierskapskonsep, spiritualiteit in die werkplek, kulturele insluiting, en aanpassing by vooruitgang in kommunikasietegnologie. Met verwysing na simboliese interaksie in die LVD is die volgende praktyke bevind as sentraal tot konstruktiewe ILV: aktiewe luistergedrag, die ondersteuning van volgelinge as unieke individue, respekvolle kommunikasie, die inagneming van volgelinge se insette, die fasilitering van die konstruktiewe herdefiniëring van die ander leier/volgeling se self, rol-inneming (die inneem van die rolperspektief van die ander leier/volgeling), bewustheid van attribusie, die bestuur van konflik deur nie-bedreigende, respekvolle en – waar moontlik – aangesig-tot-aangesig bespreking, die fasilitering van ’n sin van doel of betekenis by die werk vir die ander leier/volgeling, en die kweek van konstruktiewe verhoudingseienskappe (vertroue, uitruilbare leier/volgeling-rolle en wedersydse invloed is geïdentifiseer as belangrik). Dit is ook bevind dat ILV sisteemuitsette in die organisasie mag genereer wat bydra tot die organisatoriese kultuur en klimaat, werkprestasie, werknemers se moreel en betrokkenheid, en personeelbehoud. Persoonlike eienskappe is verdeel in waardes en vaardighede wat ILV ondersteun. Die belangrikste waardes is geïdentifiseer as eerlikheid, liefde, respek, verhoudings, vertroue, en professionele uitnemendheid. Die volgende vaardighede is geïdentifiseer as noodsaaklik: luistervaardighede, emosionele kommunikasievaardighede (met spesifieke verwysing na selfbewussyn, selfrefleksie en aandag aan ander se emosies), betrekkingsvaardighede, konflikbestuursvaardighede, en multi-kulturele vaardighede (wat generasievaardighede insluit). Die date is ingesamel uit twee gerieflikheidsteekproewe. Indiepte-, semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude is gevoer met Steekproef 1 (kundiges op gebiede verwant aan ILV in kennisgebaseerde kontekste), terwyl vraelyste gebruik is om data te verkry by Steekproef 2 (leier/volgelinge in kennisgebaseerde kontekste). Tematiese ontleding is in beide gevalle gebruik om die data te ontleed en te interpreteer.
Kha iyi ngudo ya u tandula ‘qualitative’, ndivho ya ṱhoḓisio yo vha u ṋetshedza mutheo wa thiyori kha sia ḽa vhushaka ha vhurangaphanḓa vhukati ha vhathu (zwine zwa amba vhushaka ha tshumisano vhukati ha vharangaphanḓa/vhatevheli vhavhili na vhudavhidzani kha vhurangaphanḓa vhune ha khou bvelela nga kha tshumisano yeneyo) kha nyimele ya tshiimiswa yo ḓitikaho nga nḓivho. Zwo sumbedziswa uri tshumisano ya murangaphanḓa-mutevheli vhukati ha vhathu (leader-follower dyad (LFD)) i nga lavheleswa u bva kha sia ḽa sisiṱeme ya thyori sa sisiṱeme ine ya vha na zwipiḓa zwivhili (vhathu). Vhathu avha vha vhidzwa ‘vharangaphanḓa/vhatevheli’ hu u itela u khwaṱhisedza u ḓitika havho nga muṅwe, na u sumbedza uri mishumo iyi i nga imelelana, zwo ḓitika nga ṱhoḓea dza nyimele yeneyo. (zwi tshi tevhedza vhatevheli vha vhurangaphanḓa uvho). Sisiṱeme ya tshumisano i ṱuṱuwedzwa nga nyimele yayo, nyimele ya tshiimiswa. Fhedziha zwa ndeme kha ngudo iyi ndi nga vhudavhidzani ha vhurangaphanḓa vhukati ha vhathu sa tshiga tsha tshumisano vhukati ha vharangaphanḓa/vhatevheli kha LFD. Maga aya mararu a sisisṱeme a imelelwa nga ṱhoho khulwane kha nḓila yo livhisaho kha ngudo iyi: Ṱhoho 1 – mupo/nyimele ya tshiimiswa i ṱuṱuwedzaho vhushaka ha vhurangaphanḓa vhu vhuedzaho vhukati ha vhathu (interpersonal leadership relations (ILR)); Ṱhoho 2 – Tshiga tsha tshumisano kha LFD; na Ṱhoho 3 – Vhuvha ha muthu vhune ha konisa ILR. Data yo kuvhanganywa u bva kha sambula dzine dza vha dza tsinisa. Mbudziso dzo ṱanḓavhuwaho, dzi sa langiho kufhindulele kha vhavhudziswa dzo itwa hu na vhadzheneli kha Sambula ya u thoma (1), ngeno khwesheya dzo shumiswa u kuvhanganya data kha Sambula 2. Kha nyimele dzoṱhe ho shumiswa ṱhaṱhuvho i re na vhushaka na ṱhoho u itela u ṱhaṱhuvha na u ṱalutshedza data. Zwine ngudo iyi ya vhuedza khazwo ndi mvelelo ya mutheo wa thyori wa ILR, ine ya vha na ṱhalutshedzo yo ḓitikaho nga thyori ya ILR, nḓila ya u angaredza ya ILR; na tsumbanḓila dza zwino u itela mbuelo ya ILR kha nyimele yo ḓitikaho nga nḓivho, zwo lavhelesa kha maga a sisiṱeme. Ṱhalutshedzo i tevhelaho yo vhekanywa zwi ḓitika nga ngudo: Vhushaka ha vhurangaphanḓa Vhuvhedzaho vhukati ha vhathu (ILR) kha nyimele ya tshiimiswa yo ḓitikaho nga nḓivho ndi maitele a tshumisano ya tshiga tsha vhudavhidzani vhukati ha vharangaphanḓa/vhatevheli vha re na nḓivho vhane vha ṱuṱuwedzana na u kovhekana zwine zwa amba u itela u khwaṱhisa vhushaka havho khathihi na u fhirisa na u shumisa nḓivho u itela u zwikelela zwipikwa zwa tshiimiswa. Zwi tshi ya nga nyimele, zwo wanala uri vharangaphanḓa vha tshiimiswa vha tea u vhumba na u ṱuṱuwedza zwi tevhelaho: muhumbulo wa tshumisano kha vhurangaphanḓa, zwa tshimuya mushumoni, u katela zwa mvelele, na u ṱanganedza u shumiswa ha thekhinoḽodzhi ya vhudavhidzani. Maelana na tshumisano nga tshiga kha LFD, maitele a vhudavhidzani a tevhelaho a wanala a one a ndeme kha ILR ire na mbuelo: u thetshelesa nga vhuronwane, u tikedza vhatevheli hu na kupfesesele kwa uri vhathu vho fhambana, vhudavhidzani ha ṱhonifho, u dzhiela nṱha mihumbulo ya vhatevheli, u ṱuṱuwedza u ṱhalutshedza nga nḓila yo fhambanaho i vhuedzaho ya vhaṅwe vharangaphanḓa/vhatevheli vha shumaho u ya nga vhone vhaṋe, u dzhia dzhenelela (u vhona nga nḓila ine vhaṅwe vharangaphanḓa/vhatevheli vha vona ngayo), u tangnedza nḓivho, ndaulo ya phambano nga kha nyambedzano i sa shushedziho, ya ṱhonifho, nga maanḓa nga nyambedzano vhathu vho livhana zwifhaṱuwo, u ṱuṱuwedza nḓivho ya ṱhalutshedzo kana ndivho ya mushumo kha vhaṅwe vharangaphanḓa/vhatevheli, u ṱuṱuwedza zwithu zwi fhaṱaho vhushaka vhu vhuedzaho u fana na u fulufhedzana. Zwo tumbulwa uri ILR i bveledza sisiṱeme ya mvelelo u vha tshiimiswa tshine tsha dzhenelela kha mvelele na vhuḓipfi, kushumele kwa mushumo, u ṱuṱuwedzea na u dzhenelela ha vhashumi, nauri vhashumi vha sa ṱuwe. U ṱanganedzea ha muthu zwo vheekanywa zwi tshi ya nga mikhwa ya muthu ene muṋe na vhukoni zwine zwa tikedza ILR. Mikhwa ya muthu ya ndemesa yo topolwa sa u fulufhedzea, lufuno, ṱhonifho kana u dzhenelela, fulufhelo, na vhukoni kha zwa phurofeshinaḽa. Vhukoni ha ndeme ho sumbedzwa sa vhukoni ha u thetshelesa, vhukoni ha vhudavhidzani ha muhumbulo (nga maanḓa u ḓiḓivha, u ḓilingulula/sedzulusa na u dzhiela nzhele vhuḓipfi ha vhaṅwe vhathu), vhukoni ha u dzhenelela, vhukoni ha ndaulo ya phambano, na vhukoni ha u dzhenelela kha mvelele nnzhi (zwi tshi katela vhukoni ha zwa murafho).
Communication Science
D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)