Journal articles on the topic 'Aluminum mines and mining'
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1
Jorgenson, Mica, and John Sandlos. "Dust versus Dust: Aluminum Therapy and Silicosis in the Canadian and Global Mining Industries." Canadian Historical Review 102, no. 1 (March 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr-2019-0049.
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By the 1930s, silicosis – a debilitating lung disease caused by the inhalation of silica dust – had reached epidemic proportions among miners in the gold-producing Porcupine region of northern Ontario. In response, industrial doctors at the McIntyre Mine began to test aluminum powder as a possible prophylactic against the effects of silica dust. In 1944, the newly created McIntyre Research Foundation began distributing aluminum powder throughout Canada and exported this new therapy to mines across the globe. The practice continued until the 1980s despite a failure to replicate preventative effects of silicosis and emerging evidence of adverse neurological impacts among long-time recipients of aluminum therapy. Situated at the intersection of labour, health, science, and environmental histories, this article argues that aluminum therapy represents an extreme and important example where industry and health researchers collaborated on quick-fix “miracle cures” rather than the systemic (and more expensive) changes to the underground environment necessary to reduce the risk of silicosis.
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Dehnert, Jörg, Jens Stopp, Peter Windisch, and Bernd Schönherrt. "Quick-Erect Stopping System for Radiation Protection and Mine Rescue in Small-scale Mining." Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 37, no. 6 (July 23, 2020): 1807–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42461-020-00261-2.
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AbstractThe Quick-Erect Stopping System (QESS) offers a new way of reducing the radon exposures of miners in Germany, especially during remediation work in old mines. The QESS is a light-weight, modular, and reusable construction kit of interlocking telescopic aluminum tubes, radon-proof foil, and expanding foam. It is designed to seal off radon-rich parts of galleries within only a few minutes. Originally, the QESS was developed to protect miners against radon exposures. Then, the QESS found the attention of several mine rescue teams at a German mining conference. The Student Mine Rescue of the Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg and the Wismut Mine Rescue carried out first mine rescue drills in Freiberg and Schlema. Additionally, a mine rescue drill was carried out by the Front Range Mine Rescue in the Edgar Experimental Mine of the Colorado School of Mines. These drills helped to improve the system and highlighted its potential for mine rescue operations. Now, the QESS is well-suited for small-scale mining. The QESS can be used to seal off galleries in only a few minutes to both protect miners from radon exposures and to support mine rescue operations. Moreover, the QESS was also successfully used in ventilation experiments.
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Evans, Michael J., Kathryn Kay, Chelsea Proctor, Christian J. Thomas, and Jacob W. Malcom. "Linking mountaintop removal mining to water quality for imperiled species using satellite data." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 4, 2021): e0239691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239691.
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Environmental laws need sound data to protect species and ecosystems. In 1996, a proliferation of mountaintop removal coal mines in a region home to over 50 federally protected species was approved under the Endangered Species Act. Although this type of mining can degrade terrestrial and aquatic habitats, the available data and tools limited the ability to analyze spatially extensive, aggregate effects of such a program. We used two large, public datasets to quantify the relationship between mountaintop removal coal mining and water quality measures important to the survival of imperiled species at a landscape scale across Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. We combined an annual map of the extent of surface mines in this region from 1985 to 2015 generated from Landsat satellite imagery with public water quality data collected over the same time period from 4,260 monitoring stations within the same area. The water quality data show that chronic and acute thresholds for levels of aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, conductivity, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, pH, selenium, and zinc safe for aquatic life were exceeded thousands of times between 1985 and 2015 in streams that are important to the survival and recovery of species on the Endangered Species List. Linear mixed models showed that levels of manganese, sulfate, sulfur, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, and zinc increased by 6.73E+01 to 6.87E+05 μg/L and conductivity by 3.30E+06 μS /cm for one percent increase in the mined proportion of the area draining into a monitoring station. The proportion of a drainage area that was mined also increased the likelihood that chronic thresholds for copper, lead, and zinc required to sustain aquatic life were exceeded. Finally, the proportion of a watershed that was mined was positively related to the likelihood that a waterway would be designated as impaired under the Clean Water Act. Together these results demonstrate that the extent of mountaintop removal mining, which can be derived from public satellite data, is predictive of water quality measures important to imperiled species—effects that must be considered under environmental law. These findings and the public data used in our analyses are pertinent to ongoing re-evaluations of the effects of current mine permitting regulations to the recovery and survival of federally protected species.
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Zhou, Xue Lian. "Development and Utilization of Circular Economy and Urban Mining - Chengdu City Based Renewable Resource Industry Survey." Applied Mechanics and Materials 768 (June 2015): 644–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.768.644.
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Along with the process of economic growth and urbanization, China has entered a peak period of electronic appliances and automotive industry products obsolescence. On one hand, municipal waste disposal is increasing and causing environmental pollution and damage; on the other hand, native mineral resources’ exhaustion has increased year by year along with exploitation difficulty and mineral resources import growth. Meanwhile, urban industrial scrap, aka "urban mines", does contain abundant of renewable resources, such as copper, iron, and aluminum. Therefore, based on the theory of circular economy, the exploitation of these "urban mines" is the key strategic industry of China’s "12th five-year plan". This paper is based on the survey of Chengdu city regeneration resources industry situation. We analyzed the current status of regeneration resources recycling industry in Chengdu city, finding problems such as the number of existing garbage collection stations inadequate for renewable resources, and processing technology out of date. Generally speaking, the renewable resources industry in Chengdu is under developed.
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Sheka, I., and Ye Tsivka. "Substantination of carbon fiber as an innovative materials for fistening of mining workings of coal mines." Collection of Research Papers of the National Mining University 64 (2021): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/crpnmu/64.112.
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Purpose. To analyze composite materials and prospects of their use as fastening materials for mining of coal mines.Perform a comparative analysis of the physical and mechanical properties of the innovative material carbon fiber and metallic materials, as well as compare their features. To determine the possibility of using carbon fiber as a fastening material for mining of coal mines. Research methodology. The generalization of physical and mechanical properties of carbon fiber on the basis of its analysis is performed. The features of mechanical properties of carbon fiber, steel and aluminum are compared, which showed that this composite material has the best physical and mechanical properties and it is expedient to use it in the fastening elements of mine workings. Research results. The areas of use of composite materials in industry are analyzed and generalized, and it is concluded that it is better to use carbon fiber as a fastening material for coal mine workings. A comparative analysis of the physical and mechanical properties of carbon fiber and steel is performed, which shows that this composite material has identical (and sometimes even better) properties as metallic materials. The advantages and disadvantages of carbon fiber as a fastening material for mining of coal mines are estimated. It is specified that the restraining factor, today, is the cost of carbon fiber, and later their price will decrease and demand will increase. It is concluded that when using this composite material in the fasteners of mine workings, it is possible to increase the pace of their implementation, reduce the complexity of the work performed and improve working conditions while facilitating the design. Scientific novelty. It is established that carbon fiber as a composite material can be used in the fastening elements of the preparatory workings of coal mines. Practical value. According to the results of the analysis, it is established that carbon plastics can be used in the fastening elements of mine workings, which will promote the development of underground coal mining.
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MURAO, S., K. NAITO, S. HAMASAKI, S. H. SIE, and G. DEJIDMAA. "BISMUTH CONTENT OF ELECTRUM FROM MONGOLIAN ARTISANAL/SMALL-SCALE MINING SITES." International Journal of PIXE 16, no. 01n02 (January 2006): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083506000903.
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Bismuth ( Bi ) content of electrum from Mongolian artisanal/small-scale mining sites was determined by micro-PIXE at CSIRO. This is to provide artisanal/small-scale miners information on the valuable trace element in electrum which they recover from quartz veins. The analysis was done using a 3 MeV micro-beam (30 micrometer in diameter) with an aluminum filter of 125 micrometer thickness. The result showed that electrum grains from the study area contains Bi with a range from 0 to 2,530 ppm.
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Martell, Janice, and Tee Guidotti. "Breathe Deep, Boys: Voices of the McIntyre Powder Project Miners." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 32, no. 1 (February 9, 2022): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10482911221079056.
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Northern Ontario gold and uranium miners represent the largest cohort of industrial laborers who were historically exposed to daily nonconsensual industrial medical treatments involving the inhalation of finely ground aluminum dust known as McIntyre Powder. The daughter of one of those miners founded the McIntyre Powder Project in 2015 to document health issues in exposed miners, in an effort to determine whether her father's Parkinson's was related to aluminum inhalation. In response, 553 miners registered with the McIntyre Powder Project between 2015 and 2021 either directly or by their next-of-kin. This paper compiles their lived experiences of being subjected to McIntyre Powder, which contrasts starkly with the official narrative of the northern Ontario mining industry, which licensed its use globally. Additionally, this paper illuminates concerning industrial practices that emerged from the miners’ disclosures, involving incentivized claims suppression, and raising serious questions about the effectiveness of medical screening and regulatory enforcement.
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Thevi, T., and A. L. Abas. "Effects of Bauxite and Alumina Exposure on Incidence of Cancer - Meta-analysis." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 18, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v18i4.49256.
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Bauxite is an ore from which Aluminium is produced. Malaysia, once the leading producer of bauxite has reduced production as mining activity has caused community outrage. Due to concerns about health concerns, rising pollution and environmental hazards, the government has revoked the licenses of bauxite miners. We therefore did a meta-analysis to assess the relationship between exposure to Bauxite and Alumina with incidence of various types of cancers. Bauxite mines and alumina refineries. Individuals of all ages exposed to Bauxite and Alumina.
Exposure to bauxite and alumina. Incidence due to overall cancers and specific types of cancers. Exposure to bauxite and alumina did not cause variations in incidence of overall cancer and specific types of cancer such as cancer of lip, cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx, cancer of digestive organs and others. We conclude that there is no evidence that bauxite or alumina exposure cause increase incidence of cancer but due to the small number of studies included in this review, we recommend more cohort studies to be done in future.
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Mudd, Gavin M. "Assessing the Availability of Global Metals and Minerals for the Sustainable Century: From Aluminium to Zirconium." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 10855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910855.
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Mining supplies metals and minerals to meet the material and energy needs of the modern world. Typically, mineral resources are widely considered to be ‘finite’ in nature, yet, paradoxically, global production and reported reserves and resources continue to grow. This paper synthesizes an extensive array of data on the long-term trends in cumulative mine production, reserves and resources at a global level as well detailed case studies of Australia, a global leader in many sectors of mining, and lithium, a new metal with rapidly growing demand. Overall, the paper shows that growing mine production has been clearly matched by growing reserves and resources, although there are numerous complex social, environmental and governance factors which are already affecting mines and are expected to increasingly affect mining into the future. Thus it is not possible at present to determine the ‘ultimately recoverable resource’, especially as this is a dynamic quantity dependent on a variety of inter-related factors (e.g., exploration, social issues, technology, market dynamics, environmental risks, governance aspects, etc.). This finding reinforces the need for continuing detailed studies of all metals and minerals to understand their individual supply and use dynamics to help modern society meet its needs and sustainable development goals.
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Proenza, Joaquín A., Lisard Torró, and Carl E. Nelson. "Mineral deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean. Preface." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): A250820. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3a250820.
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The region that encompasses Latin America and the Caribbean is a preferential destination for mining and mineral exploration, according to the Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020 of the US Geological Survey (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/). The region contains important resources of copper, gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, iron, niobium, aluminum, zinc, lead, tin, lithium, chromium, and other metals. For example, Chile is the world’s largest copper producer and the second largest lithium producer. Brazil is the world’s leading niobium producer, the second largest producer of iron ore, and the third-ranked producer of tantalum. Cuba contains some of the largest reserves of nickel and cobalt in the world, associated with lateritic Ni-Co deposits. Mexico is traditionally the largest silver producer and contains the two largest mines in this commodity and, along with Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina, accounts for more than half of the total amount of global silver production. The region also hosts several world-class gold mines (e.g., Pueblo Viejo in the Dominican Republic, Paracotu in Brazil, Veladero in Argentina, and Yanacocha in Peru). Also, Bolivia and Brazil are among the world’s leading producers of tin. The region hosts a variety of deposit types, among which the most outstanding are porphyry copper and epithermal precious metal, bauxite and lateritic nickel, lateritic iron ore from banded iron-formation, iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), sulfide skarn, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), Mississippi Valley type (MVT), primary and weathering-related Nb-bearing minerals associated with alkaline–carbonatite complexes, tin–antimony polymetallic veins, and ophiolitic chromite. This special issue on Mineral Deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean in the Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana contains nineteen papers. Contributions describe mineral deposits from Mexico, Panama, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina. This volume of papers covers four mineral systems (mafic-ultramafic orthomagmatic mineral systems, porphyry-skarn-epithermal mineral systems, iron oxide copper-gold mineral systems, and surficial mineral systems). This special issue also includes papers on industrial minerals, techniques for ore discovery (predictive modelling of mineral exploration using GIS), regional metallogeny and mining history.
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Proenza, Joaquín A., Lisard Torró, and Carl E. Nelson. "Mineral deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean. Preface." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): P250820. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3p250820.
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The region that encompasses Latin America and the Caribbean is a preferential destination for mining and mineral exploration, according to the Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020 of the US Geological Survey (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/). The region contains important resources of copper, gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, iron, niobium, aluminum, zinc, lead, tin, lithium, chromium, and other metals. For example, Chile is the world’s largest copper producer and the second largest lithium producer. Brazil is the world’s leading niobium producer, the second largest producer of iron ore, and the third-ranked producer of tantalum. Cuba contains some of the largest reserves of nickel and cobalt in the world, associated with lateritic Ni-Co deposits. Mexico is traditionally the largest silver producer and contains the two largest mines in this commodity and, along with Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina, accounts for more than half of the total amount of global silver production. The region also hosts several world-class gold mines (e.g., Pueblo Viejo in the Dominican Republic, Paracotu in Brazil, Veladero in Argentina, and Yanacocha in Peru). Also, Bolivia and Brazil are among the world’s leading producers of tin. The region hosts a variety of deposit types, among which the most outstanding are porphyry copper and epithermal precious metal, bauxite and lateritic nickel, lateritic iron ore from banded iron-formation, iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), sulfide skarn, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), Mississippi Valley type (MVT), primary and weathering-related Nb-bearing minerals associated with alkaline–carbonatite complexes, tin–antimony polymetallic veins, and ophiolitic chromite. This special issue on Mineral Deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean in the Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana contains nineteen papers. Contributions describe mineral deposits from Mexico, Panama, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina. This volume of papers covers four mineral systems (mafic-ultramafic orthomagmatic mineral systems, porphyry-skarn-epithermal mineral systems, iron oxide copper-gold mineral systems, and surficial mineral systems). This special issue also includes papers on industrial minerals, techniques for ore discovery (predictive modelling of mineral exploration using GIS), regional metallogeny and mining history.
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Channer, Dominic, Elsa Graffe, and Pedro Vielma. "Geology, Mining, and Mineral Potential of Southern Venezuela." SEG Discovery, no. 62 (July 1, 2005): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/segnews.2005-62.fea.
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ABSTRACT The highly prospective Precambrian Guyana shield south of the Orinoco River in Venezuela can be divided into five main provinces: Imataca, Pastora-Botanamo, Cuchivero, Amazonas, and Roraima. The combination of gold-rich granite-greenstone belts, felsic volcanic and granitic terrains, highly diamondiferous kimberlites, widespread gold and diamond placers, and large unexplored areas makes this region an exciting exploration province. Important mineralization events occurred at different times over a wide range of geologic time, from 3.2 Ga for banded iron formation in Imataca, 2.0 to 1.9 Ga for gold mineralization in Pastora-Botanamo, 0.71 Ga for diamondiferous kimberlite emplacement in Cuchivero, and the Tertiary for formation of enriched iron ores and bauxite ores in Imataca and Amazonas. Iron and aluminum mining is controlled by state mining corporations, with current annual ore production of 23 and 5.2 Mt, respectively. Gold mining is divided between state and private companies and artisanal operations. Total gold production is probably about 750,000 oz per year, including artisanal production. All diamond production is currently artisanal, with total estimated annual production of 500,000 ct. When current project go into production, Venezuela’s gold and diamond production will pass 1.3 Moz/yr and 1 Mct/yr, respectively. Artisanal mining is a key part of the gold and diamond-mining industry in Venezuela, and prospective exploration and mining companies must be aware of this; they should include projects with artisanal miners and local communities in their exploration and development planning.
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Almeida, Sarah Moreira de, Antonio Teixeira de Matos, Gustavo Alves Puiatti, and Raphael Tobias Vasconcelos de Barros. "APPLICATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION WASTE AS A REDUCING AGENT IN THE SOLUBILITY OF IRON TAILING METALS." REVISTA ENGENHARIA NA AGRICULTURA - REVENG 28 (October 23, 2020): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.13083/reveng.v29i1.8733.
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Iron ore tailings has acid pH and high content of metals, such as iron, aluminum and manganese. Regarding the environment, these metals poses a risk of contaminating the soil and underground water. Yet, construction residues usually have high pH and because of this, they can be used to neutralize soil acidity and to reduce metal availability in mining tailing piles. The objective of this study was to evaluate the aplicabilith of CW to promote neutralization of the acidity in iron ore tailings aiming at decreasing the solubility and mobilith of metal found in them. Thus, a sample of construction waste was collected and characterized which was later incorporated at different doses into a sample of iron mining tailing collected in the Iron Quadrangle (Minas Gerais – Brazil). The construction waste raised the pH of the tailing sample from 5.58 to 8.22. Moreover, the incorporation of the waste incorporation decreased the manganese solubility in at least 80%. Despite the lack of national legislations and policies on the use of construction waste for this purpose, the results show that it is a promising technological alternative.
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Shubham Gandhi, Drumil Newaskar, Rohan Apte, and Preet Aligave. "India’s Strategy to Procure Lithium to be a Leading Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturer." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 11, no. 5 (October 29, 2021): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.11.5.17.
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Lithium is one of the foremost valuable metal which is widely used for manufacturing batteries and also has other uses in solar panels, ceramics, glasses and pharmaceuticals. Lithium is third most abundant element after hydrogen and helium but the most lithium deposits are only in Bolivia (21 million tons), Argentina (17 million tons), Chile (9 million tons), Australia (6.8 million tons), China (4.5 million tons). Bolivia, Argentina, Chile forms so called lithium triangle. Due to depleting reserves of fossil fuels and its harmful impact on the environment has forced the globe to shift to Lithium-ion batteries which is much eco-friendlier alternative. India’s push for electric vehicles (EV) may cause a considerable change in its energy security priorities, with securing lithium supplies, a key material for creating batteries, becoming as important as buying oil and gas fields overseas. India doesn't have enough lithium reserves for manufacturing lithium-ion batteries. The majority electric vehicles within the country run on imported batteries, mostly from China. At present a lithium-ion battery accounts for 40% of the overall cost of an electrical vehicle.
Khanij Bidesh Pvt Ltd is a venture firm of three central public sector enterprises namely National Aluminum Company (Nalco), Hindustan Copper Ltd (HCL), Mineral Exploration Company Ltd (MECL). The KABIL would do identification, acquisition, exploration, development, mining and processing of strategic minerals overseas for commercial use and meeting country’s requirement of those minerals. The mission is to not allow India to fall in a very vulnerable position with a probable threat of supply squeeze as went on within the case of petroleum, with India being the world’s third largest oil importer and to amass cobalt and lithium mines in addition on get into purchase agreements of those minerals. This may help in achieving resource security with regard to strategic minerals.
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Monsels, D. A. "Bauxite deposits in Suriname: Geological context and resource development." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 95, no. 4 (March 17, 2016): 405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/njg.2015.28.
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AbstractBauxite, the raw material of aluminum, has been one of the economically vital natural resources for Suriname. Mining operations started about a century ago, and subsequent development of a refinery industry and hydro-electric power made Suriname one of the foremost bauxite and alumina producers worldwide for a long period of time. This paper presents a concise survey of the main geological attributes of its bauxite deposits and examines significant aspects in the development of mining in the country where alumina dominated the export revenues until a decade ago. The lateritic bauxite deposits are spread across the northern part of the country and developed on various parent rocks during Late Cretaceous–Early Tertiary times. Bauxites in the coastal lowlands formed on Cenozoic sedimentary deposits, whereas plateau bauxites originated on various crystalline rocks in inland regions of the Precambrian Guiana Shield. The composition of parent rocks and timing of bauxitisation point to a genetic correspondence with West African bauxites and a strong control of paleoclimatic conditions on the distribution and properties of bauxite in both regions. The more accessible bauxite deposits in the coastal lowlands are almost mined out, whereas the plateau bauxites have been extensively explored but have not been brought into production to date. For economic and environmental reasons, the future of the bauxite industry in Suriname is currently uncertain.
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Karpova, Elena A., Venera G. Gazimova, Vladimir B. Gurvich, Tatyana Yu Obukhova, Olga I. Gogoleva, Eduard G. Plotko, Marina I. Il´ina, and Vadim O. Ruzakov. "The impact of the weakly-fibrogenic bauxite dust on lungs in mine workers." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 12 (January 25, 2021): 1376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-12-1376-1379.
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Introduction. New cases of pneumoconiosis are detected annually at the bauxite mining enterprises of the Sverdlovsk Region. Differential diagnosis of bauxite pneumoconiosis with other interstitial lung diseases using only lung radiography can be difficult. The aim of the work was to clarify the nature of changes in the lungs of workers exposed to weakly fibrogenic dust of bauxite, and the relationship of changes in the lungs with working conditions in cases of difficulty in making the final diagnosis of pneumoconiosis. Material and methods. Underground miners of a working face and underground drifters with a work experience of at least ten years in conditions of exposure to bauxite dust were examined. All patients underwent a plain chest x-ray and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), bodyplethysmography, bronchoscopic examination with trans-bronchial biopsy, and subsequent histological examination of the biopsy. To determine the elemental composition of micro- and nanoparticles in biological tissue samples, scanning electron microscopy with X-ray spectral microanalysis was used. Results. During the histopathological examination of lung tissue biopsy materials by a bright-field method and polarized filter and using electron microscopy, the composition of dust in the lung tissue complied with the composition of industrial aerosol. It is formed during bauxite mining (aluminum, iron, and quartz compounds). High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and bronchoscopy can detect signs of exposure to industrial aerosol of complex composition represented by early interstitial parenchymal fibrosis and changes in bronchial mucosa. This is typical for individuals at risk of occupational respiratory diseases development without radiological features specific to pneumoconiosis. Before X-ray pattern formation, typical for pneumoconiosis, bronchitis syndrome and atrophic changes in the bronchial mucosa are developed. This happens in workers exposed to weakly-fibrogenic dust of a complex composition formed during the mining of bauxite. The changes are permanently observed long after the exposure to the dust factor has ceased.
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Zhao, Dong, Huping Hou, Haiya Liu, Chen Wang, Zhongyi Ding, and Jinting Xiong. "Microbial Community Structure and Predictive Functional Analysis in Reclaimed Soil with Different Vegetation Types: The Example of the Xiaoyi Mine Waste Dump in Shanxi." Land 12, no. 2 (February 10, 2023): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020456.
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We explored the characteristics of soil bacterial communities and their ecological functions under different types of vegetation reclamation in open-pit mines on the Loess Plateau, which is the guiding significance for the selection of vegetation and the improvement of restoration effect in mining areas. The research object was to reclaim the soil of the aluminum mine waste dump in Xiaoyi County, Shanxi. The soil characteristics were measured under different types of vegetation reclamation. The soil bacterial community under different vegetation reclamation was measured using the 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing technology. The ecological function was predicted using the PICRUSt method. The correlation between soil physical and chemical properties and bacterial community structure and function was analyzed. From the results, (1) the bacterial compositions of the reclaimed soil samples were 33 phyla, 90 classes, 121 orders, 207 families, 298 genera, and 140 species. The abundance and diversity of the soil microbial community showed the rule of yellow rose > lespedeza and sweet wormwood herb > alfalfa. (2) Proteobacteria were the dominant bacteria in alfalfa and sweet wormwood herb samples, accounting for 36.09%–43.36%. Proteobacteria and actinobacteria were the dominant bacteria in the yellow rose and lespedeza samples accounted for 53.34%–53.39%. α-Proteobacteria, actinobacteria, and β-proteobacteria were the dominant bacteria of the four vegetation types. The relative abundance of the α-proteobacteria and β-proteobacteria was positively correlated with soil organic carbon (SOC) and negatively correlated with soil total kalium (TK). Actinobacteria were positively correlated with available kalium (AK) and negatively correlated with SOC and total nitrogen (TN). (3) There was no difference in the primary functions of the soil bacterial community after the reclamation of different plants, and the main functions were metabolism, genetic information processing, and environmental information processing, with the function abundance accounting for 81.52%. (4) The abundance of functional genes in the metabolism of other amino acids, folding, sorting, and degradation and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism were relatively rich in the rhizosphere soil of yellow rose. The abundance of functional genes in signal molecules and interaction, transport, and catabolism in the rhizosphere soil of lespedeza was the highest. The abundance of functional genes in carbohydrate metabolism, translation, and energy metabolism in the rhizosphere soil of alfalfa was the highest. Therefore, there were significant differences in the structure and function of rhizosphere soil microbial communities among yellow rose, lespedeza, sweet wormwood herb, and alfalfa, and they were also affected by the soil properties. Hence, we concluded that the differences and diversity of soil microbial structure and function can help select plants for the sustainable development of soil remediation in mining areas.
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Bauman, J. M., J. Adamson, R. Brisbin, E. T. Cline, and C. H. Keiffer. "Soil Metals and Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Associated with American Chestnut Hybrids as Reclamation Trees on Formerly Coal Mined Land." International Journal of Agronomy 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9731212.
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Hybrid chestnut(Castanea dentata×C. mollissima)has the potential to provide a valuable agroforestry crop on formerly coal mined landscapes. However, the soil interactions of mycorrhizal fungi and buried metals associated with mining are not known. This study examined soil, plant tissue, and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) root colonization on eight-year-old hybrid (BC1F3and BC2F3) and American chestnuts on a reclaimed coal mine in Ohio, USA. Chestnut trees were measured and ECM colonization on roots was quantified. Leaves, flowers, and soil were analyzed for heavy metals. Differences were not detected among tree types regarding metal accumulation in plant tissue or ECM colonization. BC2F3hybrids had greater survival and less cankers than American chestnuts (P= 0.006 and <0.0001). Taller trees were associated with greater ECM root colonization and correlated with an increase in Al uptake (P= 0.02 and 0.01). When comparing tissue, manganese and aluminum were in higher concentrations in leaves than flowers, where copper and selenium were significantly higher in floral tissue (P< 0.05). All trees were flowering at this time meriting further examination in nut tissue. Block effects for selenium and zinc indicate the variability in reclaimed soils requiring further monitoring for possible elemental transfer to nut and wood tissue.
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Radusinović, Slobodan, Robert Šajn, Božica Jovanović, Duška Rokavec, Katarina Hribernik, Vasilije Abramović, Matej Draksler, Ivan Danilović, and Mia Jovanović. "The primary and secondary mineral resources of Montenegro and their mapping into the European data model." Geologia Croatica 75, Special Issue (October 17, 2022): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.20.
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Primary and secondary mineral resources are of strategic importance to the EU economy. Montenegro, as a country candidate for membership in the EU, is required to follow (and later to implement) European policies, strategies as well as initiatives, including those related to mineral resources and the mining sector. The importance of providing access to mineral raw materials in the future is recognized by the EU, as well as meeting the needs of European industry, maintaining employment and ensuring further development. Considering the overall economic situation in Montenegro, it is important to encourge the mining sector and other industries based on the use of mineral resources in making a greater contribution to the development and sustainability of society as a whole and also increase the share of national GDP. The potential for discovery and utilization of primary and secondary mineral resources in Montenegro is demonstrated. The most important metallic mineral resources are bauxite, lead and zinc, while conventional energy resources include coal (oil and gas potential has yet to be proven). In addition, there are abundant non-metallic mineral raw materials - industrial minerals and construction materials. Secondary mineral resources, especially aluminous red mud (bauxite residue), are also significant and have been the subject of research in recent years. Tailings from flotation processes at operating and abandoned lead and zinc mines might also be of interest for metal recovery. Bottom and flay ash from thermal power plants, slag from steel production, as well as marlstone and limestone from the hanging wall of coal deposits may also have potential. Waste rocks could be used particularly for secondary aggregate production. A database was developed and the most important deposits of primary and secondary mineral resources in Montenegro were mapped during the RESEERVE project. Mineral data were harmonised so as to be INSPIRE compliant. In addition, some novel geochemical exploration results of secondary mineral resources are presented.
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Whitson, Joseph. "Monumental Mines." Public Historian 41, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2019.41.3.49.
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Through an analysis of three interpreted mines in northeastern Minnesota, this article illuminates how the region’s public history is complicit in the ongoing process of settler colonialism. Largely controlled by iron mining interests, the region’s public history and tourism industry is deeply invested in the future of mineral extraction, representing mining and white-ethnic mining culture as natural and indigenous to the landscape. This narrative erases Ojibwe presence in the region, ignoring both the role mining played in past environmental injustices as well as how it continues to threaten Ojibwe political and resource sovereignty.
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Davis, Richmond P. "SUBMARINE MINES AND MINING." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 20, no. 3 (March 18, 2009): 674–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1908.tb02136.x.
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Ferreira, Adriano Mota, Henrique Takuji Fukuma, Rafael Brito de Moura, Alexandre Silveira, Rafael Oliveira Tiezzi, and Raul Alberto Sodré Villegas. "Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Materials at water treatment plant on the Poços de Caldas Plateau Region, Brazil." Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental 27, no. 1 (February 2022): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-415220200044.
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ABSTRACT Oil and gas, mining, among others, are examples of facilities where naturally occurring radioactive materials can be found. This study aims to evaluate the presence of natural radioactive series, especially those of 238U and 232Th, in the water treatment plants of Poços de Caldas City, Minas Gerais. The presence of these series was investigated in samples of raw water, treated water, sludge from decanters, and scale from Parshall gutters. The sludge, input, and scale samples were submitted to the gamma spectrometry technique to determine the 226Ra, 228Ra, and 210Pb radionuclides. For U and Th, ultraviolet visible spectrophotometry was performed, and for the alpha and beta total values, radiochemical separation and subsequent alpha and beta total counts were performed. The results indicate that water samples are within the Ministry of Health Ordinance n° 5 (2017). Due to the different concentrations of radionuclide activity in the sludge, it was not possible to affirm the same order of magnitude with the sediment from the catchments. However, the values are in accordance with those established by the European Union Council for Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Materials. In the scale, the contents of 1192, 1704, and 301 Bq kg−1 were identified for 226Ra, 228Ra, and 210Pb, respectively. In the inputs of aluminum sulfate and calcium hydroxide, no relevant activities were identified. The results obtained in the study can serve as an indicative regarding the need for a more detailed evaluation of the radiological issue in question concerning public water supplies.
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Chen, Haoyi, Zhiheng Cheng, and Dezhong Kong. "Evaluation of mining capacity of mines using the combination weighting approach: A case study in Shenmu Mining Area in Shaanxi Province, China." Science Progress 104, no. 4 (October 2021): 003685042110440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504211044032.
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Aiming at the low mining rate in mines, Xingelao, Dabianyao, and Dongliang Coal Mines in Shenmu Mining Area, Shaanxi Province, China were taken as research objects. Based on this, this study constructed an evaluation index system for the mining capacity of the mines from the perspectives of geological factors, mechanical equipment, humans, and mining design. Moreover, the factors influencing the mining capacity of the mines were evaluated using a combination weighting approach based on an improved analytic hierarchy process and an entropy weight method. A standard cloud was generated based on the mapping standards of each index and a comprehensive cloud was obtained according to comprehensive weight and a backward cloud algorithm. Finally, by combining the comprehensive cloud with local and overall scores of the mines, the mining capacities of the mines were evaluated. The research results demonstrate that the key factor restricting the mining capacity of the mines is the geological environment and five major third-grade indexes affecting mining capacity are igneous rock intrusion, collapse column, scouring zone of the ancient river bed, mechanization level and coal pillar width. In addition, the corresponding suggestions and measures were put forward according to the main factors influencing the mining rate of the mines. In accordance with the weights and scores of each index, the overall scores of the mines were calculated. Dongliang, Dabianyao, and Xingelao Coal Mines were ranked in order based on scores. The research results provide a theoretical basis for improving the mining capacity of the mines under similar geological conditions.
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Pretes, Michael. "Touring mines and mining tourists." Annals of Tourism Research 29, no. 2 (April 2002): 439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(01)00041-x.
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Robbins, Bruce. "The Sweatshop Sublime." Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 117, no. 1 (January 2002): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081202x63537.
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There is a passage in David Lodge's 1988 Novel nice work in which the heroine, a marxist-feminist critic who teaches English literature, looks out the window of an airplane and sees the division of labor.Factories, shops, offices, schools, beginning the working day. People crammed into rush-hour buses and trains, or sitting at the wheels of their cars in traffic jams, or washing up breakfast things in the kitchens of pebble-dashed semis. All inhabiting their own little worlds, oblivious of how they fitted into the total picture. The housewife, switching on her electric kettle to make another cup of tea, gave no thought to the immense complex of operations that made that simple action possible: the building and maintenance of the power station that produced the electricity, the mining of coal or pumping of oil to fuel the generators, the laying of miles of cable to carry the current to her house, the digging and smelting and milling of ore or bauxite into sheets of steel or aluminum, the cutting and pressing and welding of the metal into the kettle's shell, spout and handle, the assembling of these parts with scores of other components—coils, screws, nuts, bolts, washers, rivets, wires, springs, rubber insulation, plastic trimmings; then the packaging of the kettle, the advertising of the kettle, the marketing of the kettle, to wholesale and retail outlets, the transportation of the kettle to warehouses and shops, the calculation of its price, and the distribution of its added value between all the myriad people and agencies concerned in its production and circulation. The housewife gave no thought to all this as she switched on her kettle.
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Edmonds, Clive N. "Chapter 12 Subsidence – chalk mining." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 29, no. 1 (2020): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/egsp29.12.
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AbstractOld chalk and flint mine workings occur widely across southern and eastern England. Over 3500 mines are recorded in the national Stantec Mining Cavities Database and more are being discovered each year. The oldest flint mines date from the Neolithic period and oldest chalk mines from at least medieval times, possibly Roman times. The most intensive period for mining was during the 1800s, although some mining activities continued into the 1900s. The size, shape and extent of the mines vary considerably with some types only being found in particular areas. They range from crudely excavated bellpits to more extensive pillar-and-stall styles of mining. The mines were created for a series of industrial, building and agricultural purposes. Mining locations were not formally recorded so most are discovered following the collapse of the ground over poorly backfilled shafts and adits. The subsidence activity, often triggered by heavy rainfall or leaking water services, poses a hazard to the built environment and people. Purpose-designed ground investigations are needed to map out the mine workings and carry out follow-on ground stabilization after subsidence events. Where mine workings can be safely entered they can sometimes be stabilized by reinforcement rather than infilling.
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Otto, James. "Mining directory 1996/1997 US mines and mining companies." Resources Policy 23, no. 4 (December 1997): 202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4207(97)90038-6.
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Soares de Almeida, Gabriel, Eduardo Duarte Marques, Francisco José da Silva, Claiton Piva Pinto, and Emmanoel Vieira Silva-Filho. "APPLICATION OF pXRF (FIELD PORTABLE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE) TECHNIQUE IN FLUVIAL SEDIMENTS GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS – BULE STREAM, MINAS GERAIS STATE, BRAZIL." Journal of Sedimentary Environments 4, no. 2 (June 11, 2019): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/jse.2019.43279.
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A new methodology based on a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) was applied in this work to analyze the geochemical dispersion halo of a sulfide mineralization along the Bule Stream sediments (Ouro Branco, Minas Gerais State, Brazil). The study area, located in the Iron Quadrangle (QF), has an important sulfide occurrence of antimony and zinc, which was explored between 1920s and 1930s. Stream sediment samples were collected along the Bule Stream and from some of its tributaries. Aluminum, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn and Ti contents were obtained by the pXRF “mining mode” and quantified in percentage (%), while the results for Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Cr, Ag, Sb and Sr were carried out by the pXRF “soil mode”, quantified in parts per million (ppm). The statistical treatment of data by Spearman correlation based on geochemical data and some sediment features were discussed, such as the geochemical affinities between the analyzed elements and supergene processes which control the elemental dispersion. Aluminum, Ca and Mg contents were compared with that of the Upper Continental Crust (UCC), since the composition of the Bule Stream sediments should be related to the composition of the source rocks. The results indicate that the Al contents reflect the surrounding soil maturity. The concentrations of Ca and Mg increase in weathered resistant mineral phases, mainly dolomite. The Fe enrichment is associated with geological units containing this element, such as dolomite/ferruginous itabirites (BIF). The high Mn content is related to the QF unity with larger dolomite occurrence (Gandarela Formation). Secondary environmental characteristics can justify the enrichment of Zn and Cu in the study area. All types of rocks have significant concentration of Cr. The comparison of the elemental concentrations of Bule Stream sediments with the average concentration of the elements in the Earth's upper crust (UCC) reveals intense weathering rate of the parent rocks characterized by high maturity of the geological material, enrichment of Fe and Mn and most of the analyzed trace metals. The results of an enrichment factor with three different normalizers (Al representing clay minerals; Fe + Mn representing oxides/hydroxides and; Ca + Mg representing carbonates) indicate that the carbonate phase is the main conveyor of trace elements. APLICAÇÃO DA TÉCNICA DE pXRF NA ANÁLISE GEOQUÍMICA DE SEDIMENTOS FLUVIAIS – RIBEIRA BULE, ESTADO DE MINAS GERAIS, BRASIL ResumoUma nova metodologia baseada na fluorescência de raios X portátil (pXRF) foi aplicada neste trabalho para analisar o halo de dispersão geoquímica de uma mineralização de sulfeto ao longo dos sedimentos Córrego do Bule (Ouro Branco, Minas Gerais, Brasil). A área de estudo, localizada no Quadrilátero Ferrífero (QF), tem uma importante ocorrência de sulfeto de antimônio e zinco, que foi explorada entre as décadas de 1920 e 1930. Amostras de sedimentos fluviais foram coletadas ao longo do Córrego do Bule e em de alguns dos seus afluentes. Os teores de Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn e Ti foram obtidos por pXRF em “mining mode” e quantificados em porcentagem (%), enquanto os resultados de Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Cr, Ag, Sb e Sr foram obtidos pelo pXRF em “soil mode” e foram quantificados em partes por milhão (ppm). Este trabalho analisa o tratamento estatístico dos dados por correlação de Spearman com base em dados geoquímicos e algumas características do sedimento, assim como as afinidades geoquímicas entre os elementos analisados e os processos supergênicos que controlam a dispersão dos elementos químicos. Os teores de Al, Ca e Mg foram comparados com os da Crosta Continental Superior (UCC), uma vez que a composição dos sedimentos do Córrego do Bule devem estar relacionados à composição das rochas geradoras. Os resultados indicam que o teor de Al reflete a maturidade do solo ao redor. As concentrações de Ca e Mg aumentam nas fases minerais resistentes às intempéries, principalmente dolomita. O enriquecimento de Fe está associado a unidades geológicas que contêm esse elemento, como o itabirito dolomítico e/ou dolomito ferruginoso (BIF). O alto teor de Mn está relacionado à unidade de QF com maior ocorrência de dolomita (Formação Gandarela). Características ambientais secundárias podem justificar o enriquecimento de Zn e Cu na área de estudo. Todos os tipos de rochas possuem concentração significativa de Cr. A comparação das concentrações elementares dos sedimentos da corrente de Bule com as concentrações médias dos elementos da Terra (UCC) revela intensa taxa de intemperismo das rochas-mãe caracterizadas pela alta maturidade do material geológico, enriquecimento de Fe e Mn e a maioria dos metais traço analisados. Os resultados de um fator de enriquecimento com três diferentes normalizadores (Al representando minerais argilosos; Fe + Mn representando óxidos / hidróxidos e; Ca + Mg representando carbonatos) indicam que a fase carbonatada é o principal transportador de elementos químicos.Palavras-chave: Geoquímica. Quadrilátero de Ferro. Sedimentos. Fluorescência Portátil de Raios X. Metais. Fatores de Enriquecimento.
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Gaule, Sally. "Mining photographs: David Goldblatt’sOn the Mines." Social Dynamics 40, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 122–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2014.884266.
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Tyuleneva, Tatyana. "Improvement of production control of coal mining enterprises with underground mining method." E3S Web of Conferences 303 (2021): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130301017.
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Production safety is one of the problems of competitiveness of underground mining enterprises, one manifestation of which is the reduction and minimization of the number of accidents and incidents of personal injury or even death. To solve this problem, it is necessary to improve the system of production control of coal mines in order to eliminate these factors. Relative indicators of accidents and injuries at underground coal mines of Russia in comparison with the average indicators are considered, and also importance of the human factor in the occurrence of dangerous production situations and the evaluation of their causes and effects are revealed. In addition, the article considers the most common violations of safety requirements for underground coal mining, analyzes the experience of foreign countries in improving the production control system, assesses the possibility of its application for improving production control at Russian coal mines, and determines main areas for implementing a risk-based approach at coal mining enterprises.
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Kasztelewicz, Zbigniew. "Approaches to Post-Mining Land Reclamation in Polish Open-Cast Lignite Mining." Civil And Environmental Engineering Reports 12, no. 1 (June 26, 2014): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2014-0006.
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Abstract The paper presents the situation regarding the reclamation of post-mining land in the case of particular lignite mines in Poland until 2012 against the background of the whole opencast mining. It discusses the process of land purchase for mining operations and its sales after reclamation. It presents the achievements of mines in the reclamation and regeneration of post-mining land as a result of which-after development processes carried out according to European standards-it now serves the inhabitants as a recreational area that increases the attractiveness of the regions.
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Papastefanaki, Leda. "Family, Gender, and Labour in the Greek Mines, 1860–1940." International Review of Social History 65, no. 2 (November 8, 2019): 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859019000580.
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AbstractTo date, research on work in the mines in Greece has ignored the significance of gender in the workplace, since mining is associated exclusively with male labour. As such, it is considered, indirectly, not subject to gender relations. The article examines the influence of family and gender relations on labour in the Greek mines in the period 1860–1940 by highlighting migration trajectories, paternalistic practices, and the division of labour in mining communities.Sources include: official publications of the Mines Inspectorate and the Mines and Industrial Censuses, the Greek Miners’ Fund Archive, British and French consular reports, various economic and technical reports by experts, literature and narratives, the local press from mining regions, and the Archive of the Seriphos Mines.
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Sweatman, Winston, and Kevin White. "MISG, mines and variability." ANZIAM Journal 63 (June 7, 2022): C43—C55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21914/anziamj.v63.17154.
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In 2016, a Mathematics-in-Industry Study Group (MISG) project considered the construction of mining sequences, that is, the process connecting ore extraction with specific orders. In particular, the meeting considered the potential for using knowledge about geological variability within the ore. This article revisits this MISG project and the approach developed for thinking about the problem as the build for an order progresses. We provide new perspectives on this approach and outline possible ways for further development. References L. Caccetta and S. P. Hill. An application of branch and cut to open pit mine scheduling. J. Global Opt. 27 (2003), pp. 349–365. doi: 10.1023/A:1024835022186 M. Ibrahimov, A. Mohais, S. Schellenberg, and Z. Michalewicz. Scheduling in iron ore open-pit mining. Int. J. Adv. Man. Tech. 72.5–8 (2014), pp. 1021–1037. doi: 10.1007/s00170-014-5619-8 M. Menabde, G. Froyland, P. Stone, and G. A. Yeates. Mining schedule optimisation for conditionally simulated orebodies. Advances in Applied Strategic Mine Planning. Ed. by R. Dimitrakopoulos. Springer International Publishing, 2018, pp. 91–100. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-69320-0_8 W. L. Sweatman, K. White, A. Albrecht, M. Peron, P. Pudney, and D. Whittle. Mining sequencing to control blend quality. Proceedings of the 2016 Mathematics and Statistics in Industry Study Group, MISG-2016. Ed. by P. Pudney and A. J. Roberts. Vol. 58. ANZIAM J. 2018, pp. M33–M66. doi: 10.21914/anziamj.v58i0.12475
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Le, Thao Qui, Nam Xuan Bui, Hieu Dinh Vu, and Hoa Thu Thi Le. "Research on selective sequence of appropriate mining technology for placer titanium mines in Binh Thuan province." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 5 (October 10, 2020): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.ktlt2020.03.
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Binh Thuan province has significant reserves of placer titanium, occupies approximately 92% total reserves of Vietnam. Geological condition of the deposit is quite uncomfortable for mining activities. At present, selection of appropriate mining technology for placer titanium mines in Binh Thuan province is a scientific and practical problem. In this paper, authors researched and developed a selective sequence of appropriate mining technology for placer titanium mines in Binh Thuan province, consists of (1) feasible mining technological schemes, (2) appropriate mining order, (3) possibility of providing water for mine, (4) ensuring slope stability, (5) comfortable alternatives for land rehabilitation and restoration, and (6) high economic effect. With this selective sequence, the appropriate mining technology for placer titanium mines in Binh Thuan province can be selected, and contributes to enhance mining effect, ensures safety and protect environment.
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Morony, Michael. "The Early Islamic Mining Boom." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 62, no. 1 (December 6, 2019): 166–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341477.
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AbstractThe present article shows that, according to archaeological and literary evidence, an expansion in mining occurred in the early Islamic world as a result of changes in mining technology at the end of Late Antiquity. The production of gold, silver, copper, iron, and other minerals is shown to have peaked in the eighth and ninth centuries and then to have declined during the tenth and eleventh centuries due to insecurity and/or exhaustion of the mines. Mining development was financed privately, and mines were usually private property.
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Liu, X., L. Li, and Y. Yang. "Development status of coal mining in China." Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 123, no. 1 (February 23, 2023): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/1506/2023.
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Coal mining in China is facing the transition from output to quality. Based on the total mining capacity and average production, the current situation of coal mining at mine, city, and province levels is analysed, and data in support for the layout of sustainable mining development and the optimization of output provided. The results show that 87% of China's coal is mined by underground methods, with an average production capacity of 0.93 Mt/a per mine. Open pit mining accounts for 13%, with an average mine production capacity of 5.73 Mt/a. The average mining capacity of coal mines in China is 1.05 Mt/a, with 1181 coal mines with an average capacity less than 0.3 Mt/a, accounting for 35% of the total coal mines but contributing only 4.51% to output. They are distributed in about 48 cities in six provinces, seriously restricting the transition to green coal mining. The coal industry should speed up the closure of small coal mines in key provinces and cities, eliminate outdated production capacity in the central region, increase the speed and proportion of coal resources moving westward, and promote high-quality development of coal mining.
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Ren, Gao Feng, Zhao Ming Qian, and Zhong Chun Hu. "Research on Secondary Resource Utilization and Mining Damage Control in Gob-Effect Gypsum Mines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 253-255 (December 2012): 1093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.1093.
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Room-and-pillar mining method plays a dominant role in gypsum mines, which owns a low resource recovery ratio and has left many gobs leading a series of safety production problems to mining enterprises. To get an utmost resource recovery and avoid gob collapse, a secondary utilization scheme has been made by feasibility analysis and theoretical calculation. In this scheme, theoretical calculation about the occurrence conditions of mining damage has been done, and the deep research direction of the mining damage mechanism in gob-effect gypsum mines has been pointed out. This research and its train of thought could provide the gob-effect gypsum mines with reference that would increase ore recovery ratio and prevent mining damage.
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Xu, Shi Da, Yuan Hui Li, and Jian Po Liu. "Application of Wasteless Mining in Hongtoushan Copper Mine." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 722–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.722.
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As we all know, a large number of waste rock which caused many serious problem produced in mining. The pollution caused by waste rock in mining is threating the human society seriously in some aspects. Wasteless mining is more and more popular to relieve the burden of mines. As one of the deepest mines in China, Hongtoushan Copper Mine began to establish waste rock filling system in 1995. After three phases of the waste rock filling system, all the waste rock was used to fill the goaf in underground mining in 2012. The wasteless rock mining had brought RMB 8 million and good social benefits. It offered a good suggestion for similar mines in China.
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Ma, Baodong, Xiangru Yang, Yajiao Yu, Yang Shu, and Defu Che. "Investigation of Vegetation Changes in Different Mining Areas in Liaoning Province, China, Using Multisource Remote Sensing Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 24 (December 20, 2021): 5168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13245168.
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Mining can provide necessary mineral resources for humans. However, mining activities may cause damage to the surrounding ecology and environment. Vegetation change analysis is a key tool for evaluating damage to ecology and the environment. Liaoning is one of the major mining provinces in China, with rich mineral resources and long-term, high-intensity mining activities. Taking Liaoning Province as an example, vegetation change in six mining areas was investigated using multisource remote sensing data to evaluate ecological and environmental changes. Based on MODIS NDVI series data from 2000 to 2019, change trends of vegetation were evaluated using linear regression. According to the results, there are large highly degraded vegetation areas in the Anshan, Benxi, and Yingkou mining areas, which indicates that mining activities have seriously damaged the vegetation in these areas. In contrast, there are considerable areas with improved vegetation in the Anshan, Fushun, and Fuxin mining areas, which indicates that ecological reclamation has played a positive role in these areas. Based on Sentinel-2A data, leaf chlorophyll content was inferred by using the vegetation index MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI) after measurement of leaf spectra and chlorophyll content were carried out on the ground to validate the performance of MTCI. According to the results, the leaf chlorophyll content in the mines is generally lower than in adjacent areas in these mining areas with individual differences. In the Yingkou mining area, the chlorophyll content in adjacent areas is close to the magnesite mines, which means the spillover effect of environmental pollution in mines should be considerable. In the Anshan, Benxi, and Diaobingshan mining areas, the environmental stress on adjacent areas is slight. All in all, iron and magnesite open-pit mines should be monitored closely for vegetation destruction and stress due to the high intensity of mining activities and serious pollution. In contrast, the disturbance to vegetation is limited in resource-exhausted open-pit coal mines and underground coal mines. It is suggested that land reclamation should be enhanced to improve the vegetation in active open-pit mining areas, such as the Anshan, Benxi, and Yingkou mining areas. Additionally, environmental protection measures should be enhanced to relieve vegetation stress in the Yingkou mining area.
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Mocek, Piotr. "Research on the Environmental Impact of Industrial Noise Emitted By Mine and Mining Plants." Management Systems in Production Engineering 30, no. 2 (May 19, 2022): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mspe-2022-0018.
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Abstract The article presents the results of measurements of environmental noise accompanying the operation of devices operated in surface facilities of hard coal mines and noise generated in technological processes related to the loading and transport of spoil and materials necessary for production. The research results presented in the article are part of the program of “Consequences of excessive noise in the mining environment of hard coal mines”, the overarching goal of which is to reduce the emission of industrial noise. The research described in the article, carried out using the sampling method, was introduced in order to determine the actual values of noise levels emitted to the external environment from mines and mining plants, as well as to identify the acoustic power levels of devices and processes constituting the main sources of noise in mines. The obtained results showed that mines and mining plants are often not fully aware of the scale of the environmental impact of undesirable noise they emit. Therefore, the current periodic measurements of environmental noise should be replaced with permanent monitoring, which will be beneficial not only for the environment, residents of housing estates located near mines, but also for the mining plants themselves.
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Deng, Bao Ping, Shuai Liu, Chen Wang, Yao Dong Jiang, and Hong Wei Wang. "Numerical Investigation on Passing through Goaf in Coal Mine Failurezone." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 1518–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.1518.
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Random mining by small coal mines left many destruction districts with a large range in Fenxi mining district. According to incomplete statistics, the destroyed areas by small coal mines amount to nearly one hundred square kilometers and have over three hundred million tons of resource reserves in Xinliu, Xinyu and Xinyang these three fields. Small coal mines tend to use outdated techniques such as replacing mining with advancement, small excavation with large stoping and room pillar mining technique, which have a stoping rate of only 10% to 25%. Some of the wellheads were not closed seamlessly, which resulted in self-combustion; some were damaged due to the mining of the lower coal seam. A serious security risk existed during the mining of the lower coal seam due to the uncertainty of gas, water and roof pressure. In addition, the destructed area by small coal mines is badly large in Shanxi Province and even the whole country which remains a huge amount of resources. The implementation of this subject is significant.
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CLARY, RENEE M. "THE ROYAL SCHOOL OF MINES: HENRY DE LA BECHE’S CONVERGENCE OF PROFESSIONALIZATION AND PUBLIC ADVOCACY." Earth Sciences History 39, no. 2 (November 12, 2020): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-39.2.291.
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ABSTRACT Several European countries instituted mining schools in the late 1700s, including France, Germany, Hungary, and Russia. However, since England’s mining industry was privatized with little government involvement, Great Britain was decades behind with the creation of a school of mines. In 1835, Henry De la Beche (1796–1855) became the first director of the Ordnance Geological Survey, precursor to the British Geological Survey. De la Beche used this position to advance geology’s professionalization, which would include the establishment of an applied geology museum, mining records storehouse, and a school of mines. The Museum of Economic Geology, displaying the country’s mineral resources and geology, was De la Beche’s first success. Founded in 1835, it opened to the public in 1841. The Mining Records Office opened in 1840 as a repository for plans of working and abandoned mines. An early public advocate for workers’ safety, De la Beche lobbied for government inspections of collieries, immediate reporting of mining accidents, and proper plans of mines. The School of Mines was De la Beche’s third accomplishment in geology’s professionalization. As an outgrowth of the museum, it was formally opened in 1851 along with the larger Museum of Practical Geology, the Museum of Economic Geology’s successor. De la Beche’s intent for the School of Mines—instruction as a combination of science and practice—seems modern in its approach. In 1843, funding was allocated for lectures on the practical applications of geology, but these were not implemented until the School of Mines opened in 1851. In his effort to educate everyone—from miner to mine owner—De la Beche transcended social boundaries and supported open, public lectures. As a result, some considered him a class traitor. De la Beche used his position to advocate for advancement of the mining industry to include miner safety and public education. Therefore, while the Royal School of Mines emerged later than many of its European counterparts, it was part of a systematic professionalization of geology, coupled with education and a public advocacy for mining participants.
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Elmardi Suleiman Khayal, Dr Osama Mohammed, and Dr Elhassan Bashier Elagab. "A REVIEW STUDY IN MINING INDUSTRY." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 6 (October 1, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i06.001.
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a comprehensive literature review of mining extraction and industry was made. The review discusses thoroughly mining industry from different viewpoints that includes general introduction, historical background of mining industry, mines development and life cycle, mining extraction techniques, machines used in mining processes, mineral processing, environmental effect on operators and the surrounding area, mining industry, safety precautions in mining industry, human rights abuses occurring within mining sites and communities in close proximity, mines records, metal reserves and recycling, and finally the mining industry in Sudan which includes history, production & impact, legal frame work, commodities, gold extraction and outlook.
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Mei, Yong. "Deep Mining Optimization of Rock Burst Mines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 3859–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.3859.
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To prevent threaten of impact disaster, high-pressure water is injected into coal face, which is most widely used in impact-type mine. In such cases, by analyzing the rock burst tendency of a particular type of deep mining pit and occurrence of the mining process, rock samples drilled from the coal mine were taken for the conventional mechanical properties test and rock burst tendency test respectively under dry and wet state. Cuttings volume indicator affected by injection has been optimized to improve the prediction sensitivity. "One shift anti-impact, two-shift production "patterns labor organization model, adjusted development system layout and cut drilling index optimizations, as well as the allocation of high-pressure water injection drilling means, greatly improving the water injection effect, which probably provide a reference for similar mines to safe and efficiently mining.
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Xu, Leran. "Does Green Transition Affect the Performance of Domestic Mining Enterprises." SHS Web of Conferences 151 (2022): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202215101025.
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The rise of green economy and sustainable development requires enterprises to pay more attention to comprehensive performance in the process of performance evaluation. With the rise of the concept of green mine, mine performance evaluation also pays more attention to environmental protection and comprehensive utilization of resources. The comprehensive performance evaluation index system of mines is constructed from three aspects: economic output performance, comprehensive development and utilization performance, and environmental governance performance. The comprehensive performance of 18 major mines in Songxian County, Henan Province is evaluated by using the analytic hierarchy process and entropy method. The results show that the overall performance of the main mines in Songxian County is low, and most of the mines have poor performance in comprehensive development and utilization and environmental governance. The task of building green mines is still very heavy.
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Balovtsev, S. V. "Higher rank aerological risks in coal mines." Gornye nauki i tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia) 7, no. 4 (December 26, 2022): 310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2022-08-18.
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The steady trend of complication of mining and geological factors in underground coal mining and at the same time the processes of mining intensification cause growth of dynamic manifestations of natural factors of mining, such as sudden coal and gas outbursts, rock bursts, rock collapses, leading to gas and dust explosions and fires. This requires developing the models of different phenomena manifestation risks, which enable improving the process safety of a mining enterprise. In this study, based on the methodology of aerological risk assessment in coal mines, a structural analysis of aerological risks was carried out. The criteria of hazard of mining-geological and mine engineering factors and vulnerability of schemes and methods of ventilation, ventilation facilities, and main fans were developed. A hierarchical structure of aerological risks of higher ranks was developed. The presented risk structure allows determining the area of superposition of hazards of coal mining and vulnerability of ventilation systems for each mine and its individual facilities, as well as quantifying these areas in the form of aerological risks. The ranges of aerological risk values of higher ranks for super-category mines and mines hazardous by sudden coal and gas outbursts for different ventilation modes were established. The presented methodology enables forecasting and reducing aerological risks in course of designing, operation, liquidation, and conservation of coal mines.
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Li, Hanting, Miaomiao Xie, Huihui Wang, Shaoling Li, and Meng Xu. "Spatial Heterogeneity of Vegetation Response to Mining Activities in Resource Regions of Northwestern China." Remote Sensing 12, no. 19 (October 6, 2020): 3247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12193247.
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Aggregated mining development has direct and indirect impacts on vegetation changes. This impact shows spatial differences due to the complex influence of multiple mines, which is a common issue in resource regions. To estimate the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation response to mining activities, we coupled vegetation changes and mining development through a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model for three cumulative periods between 1999 and 2018 in integrated resource regions of northwestern China. Vegetation changes were monitored by Sen’s slope and the Mann–Kendall test according to a total of 72 Landsat images. Spatial distribution of mining development was quantified, due to four land-use maps in 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2017. The results showed that 80% of vegetation in the study area experienced different degrees of degradation, more serious in the overlapping areas of multiple mines and mining areas. The scope of influence for single mines on vegetation shrunk by about 48%, and the mean coefficients increased by 20%, closer to mining areas. The scope of influence for multiple mines on vegetation gradually expanded to 86% from the outer edge to the inner overlapping areas of mining areas, where the mean coefficients increased by 92%. The correlation between elevation and vegetation changes varied according to the average elevation of the total mining areas. Ultimately, the available ecological remediation should be systematically considered for local conditions and mining consequences.
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Kim, Yangkyun, and Sean S. Lee. "Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Assessing Mining Subsidence Risk." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041302.
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Subsidence at abandoned mines sometimes causes destruction of local areas and casualties. This paper proposes a mine subsidence risk index and establishes a subsidence risk grade based on two separate analyses of A and B to predict the occurrence of subsidence at an abandoned mine. For the analyses, 227 locations were ultimately selected at 15 abandoned coal mines and 22 abandoned mines of other types (i.e., gold, silver, and metal mines). Analysis A predicts whether subsidence is likely using an artificial neural network. Analysis B assesses a mine subsidence risk index that indicates the extent of risk of subsidence. Results of both analyses are utilized to assign a subsidence risk grade to each ground location investigated. To check the model’s reliability, a new dataset of 22 locations was selected from five other abandoned mines; the subsidence risk grade results were compared with those of the actual ground conditions. The resulting correct prediction percentage for 13 subsidence locations of the abandoned mines was 83–86%. To improve reliability of the subsidence risk, much more subsidence data with greater variations in ground conditions is required, and various types of analyses by numerical and empirical approaches, etc. need to be combined.
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Molina, Snider, Ismael Soto, Lily Sun, and Ke Cheng Liu. "Pervasive Environment for Gases Detection and Collapses in Underground Mines." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 2056–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.2056.
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Safety is an element of extreme priority in mining operations; currently many traditional mining countries are investing in the implementation of wireless sensors capable of detecting risk factors. The objective of this research is to contribute to the implementation of sensors for continuous monitoring inside underground mines providing technical parameters for the design of sensor networks applied in underground coal mines. The analyzed of applying these systems in terms of Benefit, Opportunity, Cost and Risk are discussed. Finally, a dynamic assessment of safety at underground mines it is proposed, this approach offers a contribution to design personalized monitoring networks, the experience developed in coal mines provides a tool that facilitates the application development of technology within underground coal mines.
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Nguyen, Ngoc Minh, and Duc Thang Pham. "Tendencies of Mining Technology Development in Relation to Deep Mines." Mining science and technology 4, no. 1 (April 27, 2019): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2019-1-16-22.
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Mineral demand rapidly increases; as a result, underground mining activities gradually dig into the earth’s crust to deeper levels. For instance, the depth of coal mines has reached 1500 m, whereas the depth of mines for nonferrous metals has already achieved around 4500 m. Deep mining faces a number of technical and environmental challenges, first of all, great rock mass stresses, high temperature and long winding distance. The traditional technologies are hardly capable to provide the development and extraction efficiency and safety. That is why the need in developing and implementation of new modern mining technologies arose. In roadheading, TBM (tunnelboring machine) method is gradually introduced. A TBM combines the functions of rock breaking, support installation, mucking and conveying rock. In mining industry, smart mining based on mechanized and automated mining methods is successfully implemented at coal mines. Besides, a technical concept of fluidized mining for deepseated mineral resources (6000 m and more) was proposed. This paper presents the review of the current global status of deep mining and highlights some of the newest technological achievements in roadheading and the mineral extraction processes.