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Journal articles on the topic 'Aluminum Anodic oxidation Technique'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Klakurková, Lenka, Martin Juliš, and Pavel Gejdoš. "Analysis of Causes of Baby Stroller Construction Damage." Defect and Diffusion Forum 405 (November 2020): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.405.179.

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The paper deals with the complaint between the manufacturer and the customer. The object of the dispute is a damaged stroller construction made by welding Al-Mg-Si aluminum alloy profiles with the final surface layer produced by anodic oxidation. The aim of the analysis is to identify clearly the causes of breaking the aluminum structure using fractographic and metallographic techniques.

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2

Elkais, Ali, Milica Gvozdenovic, Branimir Jugovic, Tomislav Trisovic, Miodrag Maksimovic, and Branimir Grgur. "Electrochemical synthesis and corrosion behavior of thin polyaniline film on mild steel, copper and aluminum." Chemical Industry 65, no. 1 (2011): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind100901069e.

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The electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) on mild steel, aluminum and copper from the sodium benzoate solutions has been investigated. It has been shown that thin, highly adherent, polyaniline films on the investigated metals could be obtained by anodic oxidation with current densities in the range of 0.5 and 1.5 mA cm-2. The corrosion behavior of mild steel, aluminum and copper with polyaniline coating in 0.5 mol dm3 NaCl (pH 3) solutions, has been investigated by polarization technique. The corrosion current densities, porosity and protection efficiency was determined. It has been shown that polyaniline coating provided corrosion protection of all mentioned metals.

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3

Lv, Peng Xiang, Guan Xin Chi, Dong Bo Wei, and Shi Chun Di. "Design of Scanning Micro-Arc Oxidation Forming Ceramic Coatings on 2024 Aluminium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 1296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.1296.

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Micro-arc oxidation (MAO), also called plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), anodic spark deposition (ASD), or micro-arc discharge oxidizing (MDO), is an effective surface treatment technique which come from anodic oxidation technology. Via increasing the anodic voltage breaking through faraday area to a high stage accompanied by micro-arc discharge phenomenon, It indicated the ceramic coatings thickness increase along with the scanning times increase, while the thickness increment reduces. The phase composition, morphology and element distribution was studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and line scanning. The morphology of the ceramic coatings shows it divided into compact layer and loose layer. And it composes of α-Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3.

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4

Park, Ilhwan, Carlito Tabelin, Hiroyuki Inano, Kensuke Seno, Kazuki Higuchi, Mayumi Ito, and Naoki Hiroyoshi. "Formation of surface protective coatings on arsenopyrite using Al-catecholate complex and its mode of inhibition of arsenopyrite oxidation." MATEC Web of Conferences 268 (2019): 06015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926806015.

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Arsenopyrite is the most common arsenic-bearing sulfide mineral in nature. It is readily oxidized and releases toxic arsenic (As) into the environment when exposed to atmospheric conditions via anthropogenic activities like mining, mineral processing, extractive metallurgy, and underground space developments. Carrier-microencapsulation (CME) is a technique that uses metal(loid)-organic complexes to selectively form protective coatings on the surfaces of sulfide minerals. In this study, CME using Al-catecholate complexes (i.e., Al-based CME) was investigated to suppress the oxidation of arsenopyrite. Aluminum(III) and catechol form three complex species depending on the pH and among them, [Al(cat)]+ was the most effective in suppressing arsenopyrite oxidation. Its suppressive effect was improved as [Al(cat)]+ concentration increased due most likely to the formation of a more extensive surface protective coating at higher concentrations. Surface characterization of leaching residues using SEM-EDX and XPS indicates that CME-treated arsenopyrite was covered with bayerite (γ-Al(OH)3). The results of electrochemical studies showed that the surface protective coatings suppressed both anodic and cathodic half-cell reactions of arsenopyrite oxidation.

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5

Zhou, Yiming, Ronghong Cui, Yujian Song, Tao Chen, Xianghong Fan, Binlin Ma, and Tianyu Zhang. "Monitoring cracks of metal structure based on grating thin-film sensor." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 39, no. 6 (December 2021): 1204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20213961204.

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The hole edge of a metal structure is the most likely crack position in an aircraft structure. The quantitative monitoring of a hole-edge crack is important for structural health monitoring. Therefore, this paper presented a grating thin-film sensor based on the potentiometric method. Firstly, the anodic oxidation process was used to prepare thin film on 2A12-T4 aluminum alloy matrix to prevent the aluminum alloy matrix from interfering with the monitoring signal of the sensor. Then the DC superimposed pulsed bias arc ion plating technique was used to prepare the grating thin-film sensor on the surface of the specimen. The output characteristics of the grating thin-film sensor are obtained with its finite element model, and the factors affecting the sensitivity of the sensor are analyzed. Finally, the fatigue crack monitoring tests were carried out to verify the quantitative monitoring capability of the grating thin film sensor. The experimental results show that it is feasible for the grating thin-film sensor to quantitatively monitor the fatigue crack at the hole edge of an aircraft metal structure.

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6

Bouznif, Sourour, and Mahmoud Bali. "Coupling of the coagulation/flocculation and the anodic oxidation processes for the treatment of textile wastewater." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 70, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 587–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2021.166.

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Abstract The increased demand for textile products leads to an increase in the quantity of wastewater discharged. It becomes indeed one of the most critical health and environmental problems in the world. The main challenge, therefore, is to develop innovative techniques for treating this wastewater with low production costs and better efficiency. The major objective of this work was to investigate the efficiency of the coupling of the coagulation–flocculation and the anodic oxidation processes on the platinum electrode in the removal of organic, mineral, and microbial pollution contained in textile effluents. A series of experiments is carried out on samples prepared in the laboratory, in which the textile effluent was mixed with a secondary effluent from an urban wastewater treatment plant. The treatment consists of two steps: a coagulation–flocculation process using aluminum salts as a coagulant and an anodic oxidation on the platinum electrode using photovoltaic panels for the production of electric current. The treatment at optimized conditions reveals that the coupling of the two processes made it possible to achieve satisfactory results. The abatement rates were 95.97% for the turbidity, 90% for COD, 100% for BOD, 100% for , 53.6% for , and 100% for . The coupling of the two processes ensured the complete elimination of fecal germs. Thanks to the satisfactory results, the obtained permeate can be reused in the dyeing process in the textile industry.

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7

Choudhari, Khoobaram S., Chang-Hwan Choi, Santhosh Chidangil, and Sajan D. George. "Recent Progress in the Fabrication and Optical Properties of Nanoporous Anodic Alumina." Nanomaterials 12, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12030444.

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The fabrication of a thick oxide layer onto an aluminum surface via anodization has been a subject of intense research activity for more than a century, largely due to protective and decorative applications. The capability to create well-defined pores via a cost-effective electrochemical oxidation technique onto the surface has made a major renaissance in the field, as the porous surfaces exhibit remarkably different properties compared to a bulk oxide layer. Amongst the various nanoporous structures being investigated, nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) with well-organized and highly ordered hexagonal honeycomb-like pores has emerged as the most popular nanomaterial due to its wide range of applications, ranging from corrosion resistance to bacterial repelling surfaces. As compared to conventional nanostructure fabrication, the electrochemical anodization route of NAA with well-controlled pore parameters offers an economical route for fabricating nanoscale materials. The review comprehensively reflects the progress made in the fabrication route of NAA to obtain the material with desired pore properties, with a special emphasis on self-organization and pore growth kinetics. Detailed accounts of the various conditions that can play an important role in pore growth kinetics and pore parameters are presented. Further, recent developments in the field of controlling optical properties of NAA are discussed. A critical outlook on the future trends of the fabrication of NAA and its optical properties on the emerging nanomaterials, sensors, and devices are also outlined.

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8

Kim, Seung-Jun, Tae-Hyun Kim, Jeong-Ho Kong, Yongsung Kim, Chae-Ryong Cho, Soo-Hyung Kim, Deug-Woo Lee, Jong-Kweon Park, Dongyun Lee, and Jong-Man Kim. "Dual-scale artificial lotus leaf fabricated by fully nonlithographic simple approach based on sandblasting and anodic aluminum oxidation techniques." Applied Surface Science 263 (December 2012): 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.09.127.

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9

Bruera, Florencia A., Gustavo R. Kramer, María L. Vera, and Alicia E. Ares. "Low-Cost Nanostructured Coating of Anodic Aluminium Oxide Synthesized in Sulphuric Acid as Electrolyte." Coatings 11, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030309.

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The anodic oxidation of aluminium is an electrochemical technique that allows obtaining nanostructures with easily adjustable morphology depending on the synthesis variables, for its application in medicine, engineering, biotechnology, electronics, etc. In this work, low-cost aluminium oxide nanostructured films were synthesized and morphologically characterized using two anodization steps in sulphuric acid, varying the concentration and temperature of the electrolyte and anodization voltage. The order of the porous matrix, pore diameter, interpore distance, pore density, thickness, and porosity were measured and statistically analyzed. The results showed that under the proposed conditions it is possible to synthesize low-cost nanoporous aluminium oxide films, with a short-range ordering, being the best ordering conditions 10 °C and 0.3 M sulphuric acid at 20 V and 5 °C and 2 M sulphuric acid at 15 V. Furthermore, it was determined that the pore diameter and the interpore distance vary proportionally with the voltage, that the pore density decreases with the voltage and increases with the concentration of the electrolyte, and that the thickness of the oxide film increases with electrolyte concentration, temperature, and anodization voltage.

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10

Hermon, S., D. Grange, Y. Pellet, G. Lloret, S. Oyonarte, F. Bosch, and M. Coste. "Zero Liquid Discharge approach in plating industry: treatment of degreasing effluents by electrocoagulation and anodic oxidation." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 3 (August 1, 2008): 519–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.690.

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Degreasing waste effluents issued from a surface treatment plant were treated by electrochemical techniques in an attempt to reduce COD so that clean water can be returned to the rinse bath. Electrocoagulation, both with iron and aluminium anodes, and anodic oxidation with boron doped diamond (BDD) anodes were tested. In the electrocoagulation tests, the nature of the anodes did not impact significantly the reduction of COD. Electrocoagulation showed good COD removal rates, superior to 80%, but it was not able to reduce COD down to low levels. Anodic oxidation was able to reduce COD down to discharge limits; the oxidation efficiency was superior to 50%. Economical calculations show that anodic oxidation is best used as a polishing step after electrocoagulation. The bulk of the COD would be reduced by electrocoagulation and, then, anodic oxidation would reduce COD below discharge limits. The maximum treatable flow is somewhat hindered by the small sizes of current BDD installation but it would reach 600 m3/year if anodic oxidation is coupled with electrocoagulation, the operational cost being 2.90 €/m3.

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11

Slyngborg, Morten, Yao-Chung Tsao, and Peter Fojan. "Large-scale fabrication of achiral plasmonic metamaterials with giant chiroptical response." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 7 (June 24, 2016): 914–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.7.83.

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A variety of extrinsic chiral metamaterials were fabricated by a combination of self-ordering anodic oxidation of aluminum foil, nanoimprint lithography and glancing angle deposition. All of these techniques are scalable and pose a significant improvement to standard metamaterial fabrication techniques. Different interpore distances and glancing angle depositions enable the plasmonic resonance wavelength to be tunable in the range from UVA to IR. These extrinsic chiral metamaterials only exhibit significant chiroptical response at non-normal angles of incidence. This intrinsic property enables the probing of both enantoimeric structures on the same sample, by inverting the tilt of the sample relative to the normal angle. In biosensor applications this allows for more precise, cheap and commercialized devices. As a proof of concept two different molecules were used to probe the sensitivity of the metamaterials. These proved the applicability to sense proteins through non-specific adsorption on the metamaterial surface or through functionalized surfaces to increase the sensing sensitivity. Besides increasing the sensing sensitivity, these metamaterials may also be commercialized and find applications in surface-enhanced IR spectroscopy, terahertz generation and terahertz circular dichroism spectroscopy.

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12

He, Ji Yan, Jian Dan Ren, and Yan Bin He. "Fabricating Anodic Aluminum Oxide by Anodic-Oxidation." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 5522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.5522.

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Uniform parallel pores and controllable pore diameter make Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) membrane one of the best materials in synthesis of one-dimensional nano-structured material. High orderly AAO template was prepared by anodic-oxidation. The prepared AAO membrane’s apertures ranged from 30 nm to 75 nm. Within a few microns, holes were orderly arranged. The fabricating methods of AAO template in different electrolyte were studied and the factors which affect the pore distribution, such as electrolyte types, voltage and concentration were discussed.

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13

MITA, Ikuo. "Crackless anodic oxidation coatings on aluminum." Jitsumu Hyomen Gijutsu 33, no. 11 (1986): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj1970.33.460.

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14

Cassayre, Laurent, Pierre Chamelot, L. Arurault, L. Massot, and Pierre Taxil. "Oxidation of Stoichiometric Nickel Ferrites Used as Inert Anodes for Aluminium Electrolysis in Molten Cryolite Mixtures." Materials Science Forum 595-598 (September 2008): 593–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.595-598.593.

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Thanks to their good electronic conductivity and their low solubility in cryolite melts, nickel ferrites are considered to be among the most suitable ceramic materials that could be used as inert anodes in the electrowinning of aluminium. In this work, electrodes composed of single phased and stoichiometric nickel ferrite NixFe3-xO4 (0≤x<1) have been studied by electrochemical techniques (linear voltammetry and potentiostatic electrolysis) in a molten cryolite mixture at 960°C. The aim was to understand the oxidation reactions susceptible to take place inside the material under anodic polarization and oxygen evolution. Ex situ characterization of the electrodes by SEM-EDX and microprobe analysis allows proposing a degradation mechanism of the pure nickel ferrites: the formation of haematite Fe2O3 at the grain boundaries was evidenced and it resulted in a slow degradation. The influence of the Ni content in the ceramic phase was investigated, and it was shown that rich-Ni compositions exhibit a better resistance to corrosion.

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15

KANEKO, Hideaki, Shoichi TSUCHIYA, Satoshi ENDO, and Masatsugu MAEJIMA. "Lubricant on Anodic Oxidation Coating of Aluminum." Journal of the Surface Finishing Society of Japan 65, no. 9 (2014): 432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.65.432.

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16

Anicai, L., C. Trifu, and L. Dima. "Anodic oxidation and coloring of aluminum powders." Metal Finishing 98, no. 12 (December 2000): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(01)80003-9.

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17

Cojocaru, Costel Sorin, Jean Marie Padovani, Travis Wade, Corrado Mandoli, Gérard Jaskierowicz, Jean Eric Wegrowe, Anna Fontcuberta i Morral, and Didier Pribat. "Conformal Anodic Oxidation of Aluminum Thin Films." Nano Letters 5, no. 4 (April 2005): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl050079b.

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18

Nolte, Marius, and Meinhard Knoll. "Lateral anodic oxidation of nanoscale aluminum films." Electrochemistry Communications 25 (November 2012): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2012.09.016.

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19

Choi, Seung Won, Hyung Jin Kim, Woong Ki Jang, Young Ho Seo, and Byeong Hee Kim. "Tubular Nano-Mesh Fabrication by Aluminum Anodic Oxidation." Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 34, no. 7 (July 1, 2017): 501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7736/kspe.2017.34.7.501.

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20

Muraki, Kenichi, and Katsutoshi Kuribayashi. "New Fabrication of Multiple-Layer Microcoil Using Anodic Oxidized Aluminum." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 11, no. 5 (October 20, 1999): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1999.p0431.

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A multiple-layer microcoil is a promising candidate for micromagnetic sensors for probing cracks in pipes in power stations and plants. We proposed fabrication of multiple-layer microcoils combining Al anodic oxidation and photolithography, and conducted experiments with the following results: 1) Sputter-deposited Al was anodically oxidized and thickness of Al2O3 formed controlled by anodic-oxidation time. 2) A pattern with Al and Al2O3 was made by masking Al with photoresist to prevent anodic oxidation. 3) A multiple-layer Al and Al2O3 was fabricated by combining Al anodic oxidation and photolithography. 4) As these results shown, multiple-layer microcoils having both high inductance and low resistance were fabricated as proposed using a simple process and having a high potential application to smaller multiple-layer microcoils.

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21

Chang, Yi, and Zhiyuan Ling. "Preparation of Highly Ordered Anodic Aluminum Oxide Membranes with Wide-Range Tunable Pore Intervals in Mixed Electrolytes." Nano 11, no. 05 (April 25, 2016): 1650051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179329201650051x.

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Highly ordered anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes with pore interval from 100[Formula: see text]nm to 520[Formula: see text]nm were fabricated successfully in the mixed electrolytes, which are composed of 0.3[Formula: see text]M oxalic acid and 1[Formula: see text]wt.% phosphoric acid/0.01[Formula: see text]M aluminum oxalate. The study results show that oxalic acid volume percentage has an approximate linear relationship with the optimal anodic oxidation voltage. The optimal anodic oxidation voltage is basically equal to the critical oxidation voltage. The theoretical analysis suggests that the anodic oxidation current is closely related to the ionization constants of acid radical ion in the electrolyte. Since the secondary ionization constant of oxalic radical ion is greater than that of phosphoric acid radical ion, the optimal anodic oxidation voltage increases and the steady anodic oxidation current decreases with the decrease of oxalic acid volume percent.

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22

Sun, Haiou, Liangcai Li, Zhongyi Wang, Bin Liu, Meng Wang, and Yunliang Yu. "Corrosion Behaviors of Microarc Oxidation Coating and Anodic Oxidation on 5083 Aluminum Alloy." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (November 20, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6082812.

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The microarc oxidation (MAO) coating and anodic oxidation coating were prepared on 5083 aluminum alloy. The surface morphology, elemental composition, and electrochemical behavior of the two coatings were analyzed. The results proved that the corrosion resistance of the MAO coating is superior than that of the anodic oxidation coating. The protective ability of the coating deteriorated gradually with the increase in immersion time. The corrosion process is controlled by ion diffusion throughout the coatings.

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23

Zhang, Li Wei, Ji Da Chen, Bin Xie, Zhi Ping Qiu, Juan Bu, and Na Zhang. "Formation of Antithermal Shock Composite Membrane on Aluminum Alloy through Anodic Oxidation." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 1414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.1414.

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In order to improve antithermal shock of anodic oxidation membrane on aluminum alloy for heat dissipation substrate of high-power integrated circuit, an organic/inorganic composite membrane on aluminum alloy was investigated through one-trip anodic oxidation. The microstructure, ingredient and performance of composite membrane was characterized through scanning electron microscope(SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectrometer(EDS), microscopic hardness meter, dielectric withstand test station and so on. The results indicated that the structure of composite membrane formed on aluminum alloy 6061 was multilayers piled up of bar-like pieces, which was definately different from traditional anodic oxidation membrane. The breakdown voltage and hardness were 1400V and 282 HV respectively, which were little lower than 1600V and 394HV of traditional anodic oxidation membrane. Composite membrane has a high resistivity in the order of 1014Ω×cm, which was equal to that of traditional anodic oxidation membrane. However, the antithermal shock properties of composite membrane were more excellent than traditional ones, its did not change after processing 10 cycles of heat/cool treatment. In contrast, the resistivity and configure of traditionals changed significantly. In conclusion, the composite membrane formed with one-trip anodic oxidation possessed good insulation, high antithermal shock, as well as breakdown voltage, which is potential for application as heat disspation substrate in high-power integrated circuit.

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24

KOBAYASHI, Kenzo, and Ken-ichi SHIMIZU. "Behavior of .GAMMA.-alumina during anodic oxidation of aluminum." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 38, no. 2 (1988): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.38.91.

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25

Kopp, Olga, Monika Lelonek, and Meinhard Knoll. "Interpore distance during anodic oxidation of curved aluminum surfaces." Electrochimica Acta 56, no. 24 (October 2011): 8868–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.07.102.

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26

Nelson, J. C., and R. A. Oriani. "Stress generation during anodic oxidation of titanium and aluminum." Corrosion Science 34, no. 2 (February 1993): 307–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(93)90009-6.

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27

Jing, Chaojie, Ruijue Wang, Fangchao Zhao, Lunwu Zhang, Qiongyao He, and Xiaoqiang Tong. "Preparation of 1060, 2024 and 7075 Aluminum Alloy Anodic Oxide Films." Coatings 11, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): 1498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121498.

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On aluminum alloys of grades 1060, 2024 and 7075, regular and highly uniform oxide films were formed by anodic oxidation. Anodizing was carried out at a constant pressure in a phosphoric acid solution of various concentrations. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), the optimal characteristics of the method of anodic oxidation for forming uniform oxide films on aluminum alloys were determined: anodic oxidation time, temperature, voltage and the concentration of H3PO4. It was found that, in the process of anodizing, the films have gone through four stages: a non-porosity stage, a mixed stage, an ordered porosity stage and a disordered porosity stage.

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28

Asoh, Hidetaka, Mami Ishino, and Hideki Hashimoto. "Indirect oxidation of aluminum under an AC electric field." RSC Advances 6, no. 93 (2016): 90318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra12811d.

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29

Liu, Zhi Yang, and Guo Feng Ma. "Ceramic Surface Treatment of Aluminum Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 837 (April 2020): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.837.46.

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The ceramic surface treatment of aluminum alloy is an important means to improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of aluminum alloy.This paper focuses on the process and research status of aluminum alloy anodic oxidation technology and aluminum alloy micro-arc oxidation technology and analyzes the future development direction.

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30

Meng, Xiang Feng, Guo Ying Wei, Xi Xi Zhao, and Hong Liang Ge. "Study on Anodic Oxidation of 2024 Aluminum Alloys in Sulfuric-Citric Acid." Materials Science Forum 788 (April 2014): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.788.236.

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Porous anodic alumina has been obtained through anodic oxidation in a mixed solution of sulfuric and citric acid. We investigated the microstructure and morphology of 2024 aluminum after being anodically oxidized under different voltage and temperature. Hardness and corrosion resistance of anodized aluminum has been also investigated. The results show that after anodization, many nanoholes appeared on the surface layer of the coating. Thickness of the anodized film increased from 2.7μm to 26.3μm with the voltage changing from 10 V to 18 V. Aodized films with the thickness of 18μm could be obtained under the temperature of 47°C. When the oxidation voltage is 12V, the hardness of the oxidation film reached 126HV. Maximum hardness (130 HV) could be achieved when the oxidation temperature was 57°C. After being dealt with in the NaCl solution, the electrochemical corrosion resistance of the anodic film got a sharp increase, and the anodic oxidation voltage had a great impact on the anodized film. When the oxidation voltage was 16V, the corrosion resistance of the film reached the highest value and the corrosion voltage was-0.7V. From the polarization curves, it has been found that the films obtained under the temperature of 37°C possessed more positive corrosion potential (-0.73V) and optimal anticorrosion performance.

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31

Zhang, Xiao Feng, Jing Sheng Zhang, Yong Lai Lu, Yan Dong Liu, Li Liu, Yu Zuo, and Wen Gang Li. "Influence of Anodizing Process on Cohesive Property of Anodic Films on Aluminum Alloy with Rubber." Advanced Materials Research 11-12 (February 2006): 657–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.11-12.657.

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The bonding properties between the solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR) and 2A70 aluminum alloy with treatment of anodic oxidation by sulfuric acid or ethane acid were investigated. The influences of three treating methods were also studied. Two drying methods, which are vacuum method and normal pressure method affected on the properties of adhesive molecular immerging into the hole dispersing on the surface of aluminum alloy, were discussed. The results revealed that prolonging the time for anodic oxidation by both sulfuric acid and ethane acid can increase the thickness of the aluminum oxide layer.

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32

Duyunova, V. A., I. A. Kozlov, M. S. Oglodkov, and A. A. Kozlovа. "MODERN TRENDS IN THE ANODIC OXIDATION OF ALUMINUM-LITHIUM AND ALUMINUM ALLOYS (review)." Proceedings of VIAM, no. 8 (2019): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2019-0-8-79-89.

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33

Wu, Jianxin, Qilua Ye, Bin Yang, and Chong Gao. "Study on the anodic oxidation performance of a rolled AA5252 aluminum alloy sheet with different thicknesses." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2085, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2085/1/012023.

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Abstract Microstructures of AA5252 aluminum alloy sheets from surface to the center were observed by use of scanning electron microscope with electron backscatter detector assembly, and treated by anodic oxidation. Results showed that changes of the grain structures and textures of the AA5252 alloy sheets occur from the surface to the center layers. The anodic oxidation surface quality of the AA5252 aluminum alloy is closely related to the area ratio and distribution uniformity of Cube texture.

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34

Schmutz, Patrik, Thomas Suter, and Noemie Ott. "Light Metal Alloys Local Reactivity, from AFM Based Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (AFM-SKPFM) to Scanning Electrochemical Nanocapillary (SEN)." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 11 (October 9, 2022): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0211747mtgabs.

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Materials surface heterogeneities obviously plays a crucial role in reactivity issues and generate various types of detrimental localized corrosion attacks. In corrosion science, a first question to be addressed is how these various materials microstructure affect oxidation / passivation and localized corrosion initiation mechanisms. A methodology for microscale characterization of initial stage of surface reactions has been developed based on the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (AFM-SKPFM). In very early work, potential mapping with micrometer lateral resolution (lateral detection limit of materials surface heterogeneities is better but the signal has to be deconvoluted) allowed to clearly identify "cathodic" and anodic sites on Al- alloys [1]. Careful potential calibration and surface conditioning with solution exposure generating the formation of an electrochemical double layer allow obtaining local thermodynamic information closely linked to "practical electrochemical potential series" measured in bulk solution conditions. This contribution will start by revisiting some "historical" examples of AFM-SKPFM characterization (a tribute to Jerry Frankel's activities) of aluminum and magnesium alloys [1,2]. These materials surfaces will further be used to show how reaction kinetic information on corrosion processes can be obtained with similar lateral resolution by means of the newly developed Scanning Electrochemical Nanocapillary (SEN) technique. After introducing the SEN technique and methodology, the presentation will focus on showing how the combination of these two approaches allows refining the local corrosion mechanism assessment of heterogeneous materials. The SEN technique is very versatile and allows various types of electrochemical measurements to be performed with constant tracking of the topography. The technique is based on a nanocapillary glass tip (< 100 nm) excited laterally by a piezoelectric element. A control of the capillary vibration damping when approaching the surface and a feedback loop (like the tapping mode in AFM) allows a very precise control of the approach and electrolyte contact on the surface. The glass capillary filled with the electrolyte of interest integrates a reference and Pt counter electrodes to perform electrochemical measurements exposing only the area of interest to aggressive electrolytes. Using its "hopping" mode (a scan with electrochemical characterization of successive individual nanoscale areas), corrosion initiation susceptibility can be addressed. This will be illustrated through the surface reactivity study of model Al-Cu-Mg microscale intermetallics and Mg-based alloys, using SEN OCP linescans. In addition information about extend of the attack can be subsequently retrieved from SEM observations. Using the precise positioning ability of the SEN setup with X, Y and Z direction piezos, potentiodynamic polarization measurements can furthermore be performed on selected area of interest. The example of an Mg-Fe composite material will be used to discuss its local electrochemical behavior. After the presentation of the SEN characterization results, additional aspects of the measured potential by AFM-SKPFM will also be discussed as adsorbed species, especially strong dipolar molecules, can significantly contribute to the measured signal [3]. Modification of the AFM-SKPFM setup towards atmospheric corrosion investigation will finally be presented. This environmental AFM/SKPFM bridges the gap between the full electrochemical local characterizations that can be offered by the SEN technique and an "electrochemical reaction" diagnostic obtained by SKPFM in thin water layer. The example of a very reactive WC-Co composite will be presented to demonstrate the reactivity issue, galvanic coupling controlling local dissolution processes [4]. Acknowledgements Gerald Frankel for the great time I spent at Ohio State University in the Fontana Corrosion Center developing the AFM-based SKPFM methodology. Empa for internal project financial support of the SEN instrument. References [1] P. Schmutz, G.S. Frankel, J. Electrochem. Soc., 145(7) (1998), 2285-2295 [2] P. Schmutz, V. Guillaumin, S. Lillard, J. Lillard, G.S Frankel, J. Electrochem. Soc., 150(4) (2003), B99-110 (2003) [3] A. Vetushka, L. Bernard, O. Guseva,, Z. Bastl, J. Plocek, I. Tomandl, A. Fejfar, T. Baše, P. Schmutz, Physica Status Solidi (B) Basic Research, 253(3) (2016), 591-600 [4] S. Hochstrasser(-Kurz), C. Latkoczy, D. Günther, S. Virtanen, P.J. Uggowitzer, P. Schmutz, J. Electrochem. Soc., 155(8) (2008), C415-C426

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35

Skopintsev, Vladimir Dmitrievich, Lev Nisonovich Margolin, and Vladimir Viktorovich Farafonov. "Development of anodic oxidation technology of aluminum and its alloys." Electroplating and Surface Treatment 27, no. 2 (2019): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47188/0869-5326_2019_27_2_9.

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MITA, Ikuo, Hidetoshi KODAMA, and Takeshi YAMAZAKI. "Formation of Cobalt Blue Films by Anodic Oxidation of Aluminum." Journal of the Surface Finishing Society of Japan 43, no. 8 (1992): 794–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.43.794.

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37

Gombár, Miroslav, Alena Vagaská, Ján Kmec, and Peter Michal. "Microhardness of the Coatings Created by Anodic Oxidation of Aluminum." Applied Mechanics and Materials 308 (February 2013): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.308.95.

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Microhardness is a basic controlled quality parameter according to functional coatings, which is linked with a number of physico-chemical properties, such as coating strength, abrasion resistance, resistance to deformation, life. Life of the coating from a diagnostic point of view is influenced by chemical, physical, technological and material conditions of the process of creating film. The paper deals with analysis of the microhardness coating created by anodic oxidation of aluminum with a direct link to the chemical and physical factors controlled by the Design of Experiments methodology at constant anode current density 2 A.dm-2.

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Shingubara, Shoso, Yusuhiko Murakami, Kazunori Morimoto, and Takayuki Takahagi. "Formation of aluminum nanodot array by combination of nanoindentation and anodic oxidation of aluminum." Surface Science 532-535 (June 2003): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6028(03)00433-3.

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YU, YUNDAN, HONGLIANG GE, GUOYING WEI, LI JIANG, and DONG ZHANG. "2024 ALUMINUM OXIDE FILMS PREPARED BY THE INNOVATIVE AND ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY OXIDATION TECHNOLOGY." Surface Review and Letters 27, no. 12 (August 26, 2020): 2050020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x20500201.

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A kind of environment-friendly anodic oxidation technology was used to oxidize 2024 aluminum alloys from mixed acid solutions to effectively improve the anticorrosion and mechanical performances. The influences of anode oxidation method on surface morphology, microstructure, composition, electrochemistry parameter, anticorrosion property were studied. Aluminum alloy oxidation is actually a dynamic equilibrium process of the formation and dissolution of oxide film which is composed of porous and non-porous layer. With the treatment of anodic oxidation, [Formula: see text]-Al2O3 and [Formula: see text]-Al2O3 structures were obtained on the surface of aluminum alloys, which contributed directly to the increase of anticorrosion performance. The potassium dichromate solution was used to seal the surface of oxide films to further improve the anticorrosion property. The oxide films sealed with potassium dichromate were covered with leaf-like structures resulting in larger corrosion resistance that attributed directly to the decrease of corrosion current.

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Dumitrascu, Valentin Marian, and Lidia Benea. "Improving the Corrosion Behaviour of 6061 Aluminum Alloy by Controlled Anodic Formed Oxide Layer." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 1 (February 15, 2017): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.1.5393.

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This research work investigates the influence of anodic oxide film obtained in sulphuric electrolyte on the corrosion behavior of 6061 aluminum alloy in natural sea water. Corrosion behavior of untreated and anodized 6061 aluminum alloy was studied using electrochemical methods such as: open circuit potential and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. All the tests were performed in an aerate sea water with pH=7.63 at room temperature (25oC). The electrochemical results are in good agreement with optical microscopy images. The polarization resistance of aluminum oxide film increases as compared with the untreated aluminum alloy this showing an improving of corrosion resistance after anodic oxidation. These results demonstrate the advantages of the as-fabricated anodic oxide layer as a barrier thin film to marine corrosion.

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Ohtsu, Naofumi, Shinji Komiya, Kouta Sakamoto, Taisuke Kuji, and Futoshi Sumisa. "Fabrication of Antibacterial Titanium Implant Using Anodic Oxidation Technique." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 1326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.1326.

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In the present study, we demonstrated that antibacterial titanium can be simply fabricated by anodic oxidation technique, which involves connecting the Ti to the anode and then applying a direct current through the electrolyte. The substrate was soaked in 100−mM NH4NO3, 100−mM (NH4)2SO4, and (NH4)3PO4aqueous solutions, after which a constant current of 50 mA cm-2 was galvanostatically applied for 30 min. The substrate was thereafter annealed at 723 K in air for 5 h, in order to improve the crystallinity. The XRD pattern showed the layer comprised TiO2 with anatase and/or rutile type structures. All the anodized substrate could degrade methylene blue solution under ultraviolet (UV) and visible light illuminations. Antibacterial activities of the treated substrates were estimated using Escherichia coli (E.coli). The anodized Ti substrate showed sufficient antibacterial activity under weak UV light illumination with the intensity of 100 μW cm-2. In conclusion, anodic oxidation is expected as one of the promising surface treatments, in order to improve the safety of Ti devices in human use.

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Kociubczyk, Alex Iván, María Laura Vera, Carlos Enrique Schvezov, Eduardo Heredia, and Alicia Esther Ares. "TiO2 Coatings in Alkaline Electrolytes Using Anodic Oxidation Technique." Procedia Materials Science 8 (2015): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2015.04.049.

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Chang, Huey Ling, Chih Ming Chen, Chin Huang Sun, and Jin Shyong Lin. "Investigation of the Preparation of Anodized Nanoporous Alumina Array." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 766–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.766.

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This study produced a regularly arranged membrane, called anodic aluminum oxide (referred AAO), by mean of anodic oxidation treatment. The structure of AAO can be molecular self-assembly and its pore size is consistent. Also, the manufacturing process cost is low. These properties make the AAO be a nanotemplate material. This study further created a high quality of nanostructured film by electrochemical mould with the design of electrolyzer. In addition, a uniform nanothin film was grown on the aluminum surface in the stable control of current and temperature according to the conditions of different anode treatment. This film can form a nanopore array which the diameter can be controlled the size ranging from 15 nm to 400 nm. As results, the study can produce nanoporous template for various aperture by mean of anodic oxidation.

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UE, Makoto, Tomohiro SATO, Hitoshi ASAHINA, Kazuhiko IDA, and Schoichiro MORI. "Anodic Oxidation of Aluminum in Quaternary Ammonium Carboxylate/γ-Butyrolactone Electrolytes." Denki Kagaku oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku 60, no. 6 (June 5, 1992): 480–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5796/electrochemistry.60.480.

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FUKUDA, Yutaka, Toshiro FUKUSHIMA, and Masaichi NAGAYAMA. "Anodic oxidation of aluminum-foreign metal composites in 13M H2SO4 solutions." Journal of the Metal Finishing Society of Japan 36, no. 3 (1985): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj1950.36.116.

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Heydari Astaraee, Asghar, Reza Miresmaeili, Sara Bagherifard, and Mario Guagliano. "Effects of surface nanocrystallization on the anodic oxidation behavior of Aluminum." Forces in Mechanics 4 (October 2021): 100028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.finmec.2021.100028.

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Kang, Yoo Su, Woong Ki Jang, Young Ho Seo, and Byeoung Hee Kim. "On Large Area Aluminum Anodic Oxidation Process Using Electric Field Simulation." Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers 26, no. 6 (December 31, 2017): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.7735/ksmte.2017.26.6.599.

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WEI, Xiao-wei, and Chao-yin CHEN. "Influence of oxidation heat on hard anodic film of aluminum alloy." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 22, no. 11 (November 2012): 2707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(11)61521-5.

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Wu, Huiquan, and Kurt R. Hebert. "Electrochemical transients during the initial moments of anodic oxidation of aluminum." Electrochimica Acta 47, no. 9 (February 2002): 1373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4686(01)00862-3.

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Ue, Makoto, Hitoshi Asahina, and Shoichiro Mori. "Anodic Oxidation of Aluminum in Organic Electrolytes under Nearly Anhydrous Conditions." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 142, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 2266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2044285.

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