Relevant bibliographies by topics / Aluminum alloy in electrohydraulic forming

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Aluminum alloy in electrohydraulic forming'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Aluminum alloy in electrohydraulic forming.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Aluminum alloy in electrohydraulic forming"

1

Wei, Ya Nan, Fei Fei Zhang, Bo Wei, Hui Xu, and Kai He. "Experimental and Numerical Analyses of Tubular Electrohydraulic Forming Process." Key Engineering Materials 871 (January 2021): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.871.80.

Full text
Abstract:
Electrohydraulic forming (EHF) is a kind of high speed forming process, which deforms the metal by shock wave through instantaneous discharge of high voltage in water. Compared with the traditional forming methods, this high speed forming process can greatly improve the formability of the materials. There are many processing factors that affect the forming efficiency and performance of the electrohydraulic forming process, one of which is the discharge voltage between the electrodes. In this paper, three electrohydraulic forming experiments with various die shapes were carried out under various discharge voltage conditions. And the bulge height and axial length of the aluminum alloy A6061 tubes under different conditions were compared. Besides, finite element numerical simulation was also performed to quantitatively investigate the deformation history of the tube.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Oke, Sunday Ayoola, Kenechukwu Obinna Okponyia, and Olusola Adeyemi. "Applications of AHP, FAHP, BWM, Entropy, and CRITIC Methods in Electrohydraulic Forming Process Parametric Evaluation for Automotive Panels Using the 1100 Aluminum Alloy Sheets." International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management 4, no. 2 (December 28, 2022): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/ijieem.v4i2.5527.

Full text
Abstract:
Although multicriteria selection methods are flexible and extensively used in machining, less attention has been paid to their comprehensive test performance in the electrohydraulic forming process. In this study, five new applications of multicriteria selection methods are proposed to analyze available parameters in the electrohydraulic forming process and select parameters best suited for further analysis and improvement of the process. The analyzed parameters are the stand-off distance, electrode gap, voltage, and medium, while the multicriteria methods are the AHP, FAHP, BMW, entropy, and CRITIC. The proposed methods were demonstrated on experimental data from the literature utilizing an impulse magnetizer system (walker type). For each method, the prioritized parametric results were obtained. All the methods assign the first position to the medium as a parameter with consensus on the voltage parameter has the worst (lowest) value of weights in all the methods. The weights of the medium parameter for the best results are 0.5030 (AHP method), 0.5600 (FAHP method), 0.5230 (best-worst method), 0.4090 (entropy method), and 0.5000 (CRITIC method). The worst parameter for all the methods is the voltage of 0.0320 (FAHP method). The results obtained from the proposed applications were compared with one another and found to be effective for multicriteria selection decisions. This article offers new methods to establish the parametric values of the electrohydraulic forming process for machining composites made of AA1100 sheets.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Woo, Min-A., Woo-Jin Song, Beom-Soo Kang, and Jeong Kim. "Evaluation of formability enhancement of aluminum alloy sheet in electrohydraulic forming process with free-bulge die." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 101, no. 1-4 (November 14, 2018): 1085–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2989-3.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Yu, Haiping, Lichao Sun, Xu Zhang, Shoulong Wang, and Chunfeng Li. "Experiments on electrohydraulic forming and electromagnetic forming of aluminum tube." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 89, no. 9-12 (August 16, 2016): 3169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9261-5.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Langstädtler, Lasse, Holger Pegel, Marius Herrmann, Christian Schenck, and Bernd Kuhfuss. "Electrohydraulic incremental bulk metal forming." MATEC Web of Conferences 190 (2018): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819003001.

Full text
Abstract:
Electrohydraulic forming is a working media based high speed technique that is usually applied for sheet metal processing. In this process a shock wave acts as a flexible punch that transmits the punching force in a very short period of time. This force is usually used to accelerate the workpiece towards the passive tool. In Contrast to sheet forming, the electrohydraulic method is still not adapted to bulk forming. Although, the exchange of a mechanical rigid punch by a shockwave with a flexible shape enables special advantages especially if parts with millimeter dimensions or smaller are to be processed. But in case of deep and small cavities with a high aspect ratio are to be filled, the forming energy is not transferable within one shock wave. To overcome these obstacles the incremental electrohydraulic forming is introduced. As an example, the electrohydraulic extrusion of cylindrical samples (aluminum Al99.5) with an initial diameter of 1.5 mm was performed with a series of consecutive shock waves.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Shim, Ji-Yeon, and Bong-Yong Kang. "Development of Electrohydraulic Forming Process for Aluminum Sheet with Sharp Edge." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2715092.

Full text
Abstract:
Electrohydraulic forming (EHF), high-velocity forming technology, can improve the formability of a workpiece. Accordingly, this process can help engineers create products with sharper edges, allowing a product’s radius of curvature to be less than 2 mm radius of curvature. As a forming process with a high-strain rate, the EHF process produces a shockwave and pressure during the discharge of an electrical spark between electrodes, leading to high-velocity impact between the workpiece and die. Therefore, the objective of this research is to develop an EHF process for forming a lightweight materials case with sharp edges. In order to do so, we employed A5052-H32, which has been widely used in the electric appliance industry. After drawing an A5052-H32 Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) via a standard limiting dome height (LDH) test, improvements to the formability via the EHF process were evaluated by comparing the strain between the LDH test and the EHF process. From results of the combined formability, it is confirmed that the formability was improved nearly twofold, and a sharp edge with less than 2 mm radius of curvature was created using the EHF process.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Ahmed, Meraj, D. Ravi Kumar, and M. Nabi. "Enhancement of Formability of AA5052 Alloy Sheets by Electrohydraulic Forming Process." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 26, no. 1 (November 30, 2016): 439–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2446-0.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Kimura, Minami. "Emboss Forming of Superplastic Aluminum Alloy." Proceedings of the Materials and processing conference 2003.11 (2003): 387–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemp.2003.11.387.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Priem, Didier, Surendar Marya, and Guillaume Racineux. "On the Forming of Metallic Parts through Electromagnetic and Electrohydraulic Processing." Advanced Materials Research 15-17 (February 2006): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.15-17.655.

Full text
Abstract:
Forming of metallic parts by the application of high intensity transitory magnetic pulses or shock waves is a challenge task from industrial perspectives as this offers extended scope of forming highly precise parts that result from material behavior at high deformation rates. Electromagnetic forming requires that the part must be intrinsically very conducting. The electrohydraulic forming is exempt from this material constraint as the deformation is generated by a shock wave in a fluid through electric discharge in between the electrodes. The application of a static pressure during forming is used to reduce the discharge energy for a given deformation. Work has been conducted to form different parts through these two techniques involving aluminum, copper and steels. The paper presents the technical obstacles still facing the electromagnetic techniques and gives examples of formed parts and joints in relation with microstructures.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Zhou, Ji Ming, Zhen Li, Le Hua Qi, and Xin Kang Wang. "Liquid-Solid Microextrusion of Aluminum Alloy." Solid State Phenomena 256 (September 2016): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.256.175.

Full text
Abstract:
Liquid-solid microextrusion is one type of microplastic forming processes at elevated temperature and can be used in the forming of pins, screws, shafts, and gears in micro-scale. Microextrusion setup operated by use of ball screw was designed and fabricated by authors. Microshaft of diameter 1 mm was extruded in the liquid-solid state at different forming temperature from Al-Mg alloy ER5356 billet of 4 mm in diameter. Heating temperature in the furnace for billet were set 650, 700, 750, and 800 degree C which was corresponding to the forming temperature range from 475 to 631 degree C because of temperature drop during transfer from furnace to mold. Forming load ranged from 4kN to 8kN. Microstructural observation shows that the grain size was reduced greatly compared to the original billet material. Microindention hardness shows that the extruded pin was strengthened which caused by small grain size.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aluminum alloy in electrohydraulic forming"

1

Yang, Haoliang. "Creep age forming investigation on aluminum alloy 2219 and related studies." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/39352.

Full text
Abstract:
By the middle of the 20th Century, traditional mechanical metal forming methods were showing to be inadequate for producing components comprising of large high strength aluminium alloy panels with complex curvatures, such as those used in modern aircraft and aerospace metal structures. To deal with this problem, a new forming method was conceived by Textron, which has proven to be very useful for forming components with these shape characteristics and good mechanical properties. The method is called Creep Age Forming (CAF). The research described in this thesis is a study of CAF of a 2219 aluminium alloy, which is used for fabricating the isogrid structure for fuel tanks of launch vehicles. The main aim of the research is to develop experimental and modelling tools for CAF of AA2219 sheet structures. A series of creep-ageing tests and stress-relaxation tests have been conducted on AA2219 at 175 °C. The age-hardening, creep deformation and stress relaxation behaviour of AA2219 have been investigated. Based on the experimental investigation, a novel set of physically based, unified creep constitutive equations has been established. A small scale CAF test rig was designed to validate the springback prediction from FE simulation. The experimental result and simulation are in good agreement. Development of FE procedures for simulating creep-ageing behaviour of the material and springback has been performed to predict and assess the springback behaviour of metal sheet in typical forming tools.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Nguyen, Vu Thua 1965. "Prediction of spring-back in thin sheet of aluminium alloy." Monash University, School of Physics and Materials Engineering, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5855.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Imbert, Boyd Jose. "Increased Formability and the Effects of the Tool/Sheet Interaction in Electromagnetic Forming of Aluminum Alloy Sheet." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/857.

Full text
Abstract:
This thesis presents the results of experimental and numerical work carried out to determine if electromagnetic forming (EMF) increases the formability of aluminum alloy sheet and, if so, to determine the mechanisms that play a role in the increased formability. To this end, free form (open cavity) and conical in-die samples were produced to isolate high strain rate constitutive and inertial effects from the effects of the interaction between the die and the sheet. Aluminum alloys AA5754 and AA6111 in the form of 1mm sheet were chosen since they are currently used in automotive production and are candidates for lightweight body panels. The experiments showed significant increases in formability in the conical die samples in areas where significant contact with the tool occurred, with no significant increase recorded for the free-formed samples. This indicates that the tool/sheet interaction is playing the dominant role in the increase in formability observed. Metallographic and fractographic analysis performed on the samples showed evidence of microvoid damage suppression, which may be a contributing factor to the increase in formability. Numerical modeling was undertaken to analyse the details of the forming operation and to determine the mechanisms behind the increased formability. The numerical calculations were performed with an explicit dynamic finite element structural code, using an analytical electromagnetic pressure distribution. Microvoid damage evolution was predicted using a microvoid damage subroutine based on the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman constitutive model. From the models it has been determined that the free forming process is essentially a plane-stress process. In contrast, the tool/sheet interaction produced in cone forming makes the process unique. When the sheet makes contact with the tool, it is subject to forces generated due to the impact, and very rapid bending and straightening. These combine to produce complex non-linear stress and strain histories, which render the process non-plane stress and thus make it significantly different from conventional sheet forming processes. Another characteristic of the process is that the majority of the plastic deformation occurs at impact, leading to strain rates on the order of 10,000 s-1. It is concluded that the rapid impact, bending and straightening that results from the tool/sheet interaction is the main cause of the increased formability observed in EM forming.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Sutton, Scott Christopher. "Characterization and Modeling of Lightweight Alloys in the Warm Forming Regime." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524129785253984.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Shah, Manan Kanti. "Material Characterization and Forming of Light Weight Alloys at Elevated Temperature." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306939665.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Alves, José Augusto Camargo. "Estudo da conformabilidade de abas convexas da liga de alumínio AA2024-O no processo de hidroconformação de chapas." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264433.

Full text
Abstract:
Orientador: Sérgio Tonini Button
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T02:21:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alves_JoseAugustoCamargo_M.pdf: 12204746 bytes, checksum: 78b1a8db87093cdc58baaa854932096e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: O processo sheet hydroform, ou hidroconformação de chapas, é realizado por meio de uma prensa composta por uma membrana de borracha, preenchido com um fluido hidráulico cuja função é atuar como uma matriz, exercendo esforços sobre uma chapa de metal (blank), que é então empurrada contra um punção rígido, fazendo-o adquirir o formato deste. Embora este processo seja amplamente utilizado para a produção de pequenos lotes de peças metálicas de formato complexo e de espessura reduzida, ele exige habilidades de quem o define, pois se por um lado pode ser visto como simples por empregar apenas um molde maciço, por outro, a ausência de um sistema macho-fêmea capaz de garantir um completo travamento do blank pode ser encarado como um problema por permitir movimentos indesejados do material, que muitas vezes resultam na formação de rugas ou outros defeitos. Baseando-se nesses conceitos, o propósito deste trabalho foi o de mapear, por meio de simulações e ensaios práticos, a conformabilidade de abas convexas da liga de alumínio AA2024-0 de quatro espessuras quando submetidas a diferentes combinações de raio de curvatura e comprimento de aba. Deste modo, foi possível definir quais combinações destes parâmetros possibilitam a obtenção de componentes conformados adequadamente, isentos de rugas e outros defeitos macroscópicos, e ainda, quais condições levam à formação de irregularidades na aba conformada acima do limite preestabelecido, exigindo o emprego de prensa-chapas especiais, também conhecidos como dams, capazes de evitar a ocorrência de tais desvios. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se constatar que a ocorrência de rugas está associada principalmente à altura da aba conformada e não se altera significativamente quando a espessura do blank é modificada. Além disso, foi possível notar que raios de curvaturas maiores proporcionam menores valores de deformação compressiva na região conformada, permitindo obter abas mais altas e sem rugas
Abstract: Hydroform, or sheet metal fluid forming, is performed using a fluid cell press, in which the hydraulic fluid acts on the metallic blank pushing it against the male tool, acquiring its geometry. It is widely employed to manufacture small batches of complex and low thick components. If by one point of view it can be seen as simple, involving just a single rigid block as tool, by the other hand the absence of a rigid punch in certain cases can be a limitation, since it may allow the blank to move incorrectly during the process, causing wrinkles or other macro defects. Based on this limitation, the aim of this study was to define, using computational simulations and practical tests, the shrink flange formability limit of four different thickness aluminum alloy sheets when submitted to different combinations of curvature radius and flange length. As result, it could be seen which combinations can lead the material to be formed properly and which may cause failures, requiring special blank holders, known as dams, to avoid this problems. Based on the results, it can be verified that wrinkles nucleation is mainly associated with flange height and it does not change significantly when using blanks with different thicknesses. Furthermore, it could be noted that bigger curvature radius implies in smaller compressive strain on formed region, allowing to obtain higher flanges without wrinkles in these conditions
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Otomar, Heber Pires. "Estudo comparativo da estampabilidade da liga de aluminio AA1050 partindo de placas obtidas por vazamento direto e bobinas obtidas por vazamento contínuo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-12082010-172944/.

Full text
Abstract:
A estampabilidade das ligas de alumínio é um assunto que interessa à vários segmentos industriais, pois é largamente aplicada na fabricação de peças e componentes. Entre dois processos de solidificação do alumínio, a solidificação de placa (DC) e o vazamento contínuo via caster (CC), o processo caster apresenta um histórico de condições inferiores para estampagens mais críticas nestas ligas. Este estudo visa avaliar as diferenças entre os processos de fabricação para chapas na liga AA1050 laminadas para 1,80mm, na condição recristalizada, durante a laminação e tratamento térmico e, caracterizar a microestrutura e textura. Ensaios de conformabilidade foram utilizados para identificar qual processo apresenta o melhor desempenho para estampagem. Para realização do estudo foram analisados três lotes de produção da Companhia Brasileira de Alumínio CBA, proveniente de processo de vazamento tipo placa (DC), e dois outros lotes provenientes de processo de vazamento tipo caster (CC) sendo, um com homogeneização intermediária e outro sem homogeneização. Os materiais foram processados em laminadores e fornos de escala industrial. A estrutura metalúrgica foi caracterizada através de ensaios metalográficos ao longo dos processos, obtendo-se a distribuição de intermetálicos e a estrutura cristalina através de microscopia ótica. A microscopia eletrônica também foi empregada para identificação dos precipitados. Ensaio de tração foi utilizado para identificar a variação das propriedades mecânicas ao longo do processo. Na condição final, ou seja, após laminação para 1,80mm de espessura com posterior recozimento foram utilizados os ensaios de orelhamento (earing), Erichsen, análise da anisotropia e levantamento da curva limite de conformação (CLC), para identificar qual processo apresenta o melhor resultado de conformação. A fim de entender as mudanças ocorridas nos materiais, foi estudada a macrotextura gerada no material ao longo da espessura da chapa. Na condição final foi realizada a microtextura no processo placa e caster sem homogeneização. A microestrutura dos materiais apresentou resultados distintos entre os processos, o material de placa mais homogêneo, tanto na distribuição dos intermetálicos quanto na estrutura granular. As propriedades mecânicas do caster, (LRT, LE e Dureza) ficaram um pouco superiores às do material de placa. O ensaio de Erichsen indicou que o material de placa resistiu a uma maior profundidade de conformação. No ensaio de orelhamento o caster sem homogeneização apresentou o menor índice, porém o material de placa apresentou a maior profundidade de conformação. As texturas encontradas ao longo dos processos foram principalmente a tipo Goss , Cubo e Cubo rodado . Também foram identificadas texturas típicas de cisalhamento após a laminação a frio, Dillamore {4 4 11} e Taylor {11 11 8}. A textura tipo S~ que é favorável a conformabilidade de metais CFC, apareceu ao final dos processos. Na curva limite de conformação (CLC) foi possível identificar que o caster com homogeneização apresentou o melhor resultado que os outros dois processos. Os ensaios de conformabilidade indicaram que o material de placa tem uma estampagem mais profunda, enquanto que o material de caster sem homogeneização tem um orelhamento menor.
Stampability of aluminum alloys is a subject of interest to several industrial sectors because they are largely used in the fabrication of several parts and components. The choice is based upon the stampability and the relative manufacturing capability in relation to other aluminum alloys that contain larger amounts of alloying elements and, consequently, higher mechanical properties. When comparing two solidification processes, namely the direct chill (DC) and the continuous casting (CC) via caster, the CC process historically presents inferior performance for the more critical stampings in these alloys. This study aims at the evaluation of the differences between the fabrication processes (routes) of AA1050 rolled to 1,80mm sheets in the conditions as annealed, rolled and after heat treatment and to characterize their microstructure and texture. Stamping tests have been performed to identify which process presents best stamping performance. To carry out these studies three production lots from the Companhia Brasileira de Alumínio CBA have been employed namely one from the DC method and two other lots from the DC method, one with and one without an intermediate homogenization treatment. All materials have been processed in rolling mills and ovens in an industrial scale. The metallurgical structure has been characterized by optical and electronic microscopy throughout the processes analyzing the intermetallics and precipitate distribution. Tensile tests have been perfumed to identify the evolution of the mechanical properties throughout the process. In the final condition, i.e., after rolling down to 1,80mm and annealing, earing tests, Erichsen drawing tests and anisotropy have been evaluated together with the Forming Limit Diagram( FLD), to evaluate which process presented the best results in terms of formability. In order to understand the changes that occurred, the macrotexture has been studied along the thickness of the rolled sheets. In the final condition, the microtexture of the DC and the CC without homogenization have been compared. Different microstructures have been obtained for the studied processes: the DC material was more homogeneous, both in terms of intemetallic distribution and grain size. The mechanical properties of the CC material, in terms of TS, YS and hardness, were sligthly higher than those for the DC material. Erichsen test showed that the DC material takes higher deformations. Earing tests showed that the CC material without homogeneization presented the best results however the DC material presented better cup height. The textures analyzed for the different process stages were mainly of the Goss , Cube and rotated Cube types. Also some typical shear textures of the Dillamore {4 4 11} and Taylor {11 11 8} types have been observed in cold rolled sheets. The S~ type, which is favourable for the formability of FCC metals, showed up in the final processing stages. The FLD showed that the CC with homogenization presented better results when compared to the other two processing routes. The stamping tests showed that the DC material presents higher drawability while the CC material without homogenization presents lower earing index.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

ZAHEER, Omer. "RESHAPING AS NOVEL CIRCULAR ECONOMY STRATEGY FOR SHEET METAL BASED END-OF-LIFE COMPONENTS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/533264.

Full text
Abstract:
Making materials consumes about 21% of the global energy demand a specifically metals production, it accounts for about 8% of total global energy consumption. In fact, in the past few decades, the use of lightweight alloys has become increasingly widespread in many major industrial sectors thanks to the weight reduction associated with their applications. Most lightweight materials like aluminum alloys are characterized by high-energy demands primary production cycles that are responsible for a relevant share of the global CO2 emissions. Circular economy strategies such us longer life, more intense use, repair, product upgrades, modularity, remanufacturing, component re-use and open/closed loop recycling are strategies to put in place urgently to reduce the environmental impact. Although recycling of is metals the most used strategies and is being improved in terms of efficiency, it is mandatory moving towards more virtuous circular economy strategies, such us product/component reuse. A potentially effective strategy would be the incorporation of metal reuse techniques that would enable material recuperation at low environmental costs and in consequence, reducing the environmental impact of material production. Several researchers have bought forward strategies in response to the metal reuse question. In this dissertation, a novel reuse strategy for sheet metal-based End-of-life components is proposed. Specifically, a proposal towards the use of Single Point Incremental Forming for the Reshaping of End-of-Life sheet metal components has been presented. In particular, the suitability of this strategy as a circular economy enabler, has been studied with a particular focus on the technical feasibility of the SPIF process for the function of Reshaping, the quality of the end products of Reshaping and the energy efficiency along with the equivalent CO2 emissions of this strategy has been focused upon. Dissertation Structure Chapter 1, titled “Introduction”, deals with the general introduction to the metal recycling issues and capabilities, with particular focus on the lightweight alloys. The first subsection 1.1 introduces the concept of circular economy, followed by the metal reuse framework (section 1.2) which discusses the existing state of art on the various approaches proposed and studied in the past. Section 1.3 provides an introduction to the Single point Incremental forming process and it’s mechanics, followed by the proposed approach explained in section 1.4. Chapter 2, titled “SPIF used as a Reshaper: Technical Feasibility”, contains the analysis of the technical feasibility of the proposed Reshaping strategy. Section 2.1 provides an introduction to the Deep Drawing process and technical aspects of the same. Section 2.2 details the procedure adopted, in terms of the experimental campaigns, and the results of analysis conducted. The discourse is then shifted towards the study of the effectiveness of Reshaping using conventional forming processes (section 2.3). The final sub-section of this chapter is a discussion of the overall outcome of the technical feasibility analysis and the direction towards which the research would focus after having obtained the said results (Section 2.4). The work presented in this chapter was published as: 1) Ingarao G, Zaheer O, Campanella D, Fratini L (2020) Re-forming end-of-life components through single point incremental forming. Manufacturing Letters, 24:132-135. 2) Zaheer O, Ingarao G, Di Lorenzo R, Fratini L (2021) On the effectiveness of SPIF process to re-form End-of-Life components as compared to conventional forming approach. SHEMET 2021. Chapter 3, namely “Formability and Geometrical Accuracy Performances”, focuses on the analysis of the geometrical accuracy of the Reshaping technique. The first section 3.1 deals with the analysis of the geometrical accuracy of the End-of-Life component, in terms of the non-worked zones of the component during the Reshaping process. This research work was also focused on analyzing the effects of different process parameters (those of the original forming process, as well as, those of the Reshaping process) on the geometrical accuracy of the End-of-Life component. Section 3.2 was rather focused on the variation of the SPIF process formability when used as a Reshaper for different kinds of End-of-Life parts (Sheet metal components having different types of pre-strainings). Consequently, the geometrical accuracy of Reshaping pertaining to the different types of End-of-Life components was also analyzed in order to better understand the correlation between the pre-straining type/level and the obtainable geometry by SPIF. Finally, in section 3.3 the key findings of this chapter are summarized. The work presented in this chapter was published as: 1) Zaheer O, Ingarao G, Pirrotta A, Fratini L (2021) Geometrical deviation of end-of-life parts as a consequence of reshaping by single point incremental forming. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 115:1579-1588. 2) Zaheer O, Ingarao G, Di Lorenzo R, Fratini L (2021) Understanding formability and geometrical accuracy of SPIF process used as Reshaping approach. ESAFORM 2021. Chapter 4, titled, “Energy Efficiency Analysis”, covers the performance of the Reshaping strategy in comparison to two other recycling techniques (Conventional and solid state recycling). This study was carried out in light of the overall energy consumption and the CO2 emissions relative to the entire process cycles. Section 4.1 covers the cumulative energy demand and CO2-emission analysis followed by the system boundary identification and assumptions. The energy demands and CO2 emissions of the three routes are compared to using experimental measurements of necessary data and LCI techniques in section 4.3. The results of these analysis and their relative discussions are elaborated in sections 4.4 and 4.5. This work presented in this chapter was published as: 1) Ingarao G, Zaheer O, Campanella D, Di Lorenzo R, Fratini L (2020) An energy efficiency analysis of single point incremental forming as an approach for sheet metal based component reuse. Procedia CIRP, 90:540-545. 2) Ingarao G, Zaheer O, Fratini L (2021) Manufacturing processes as material and energy efficiency strategies enablers: The case of Single Point Incremental Forming to reshape end-of-life metal components. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 32:145-153. Chapter 5, titled “Reshaping by Hydroforming: Feasibility Analysis”, focuses on the studying the potential of carrying out the Reshaping strategy using an alternative forming process, i.e. Hydroforming. Section 5.1 cover the description of the designed experimental campaign and the technical parameters utilized. The results of this research (section 5.2) detail the key findings of the study and the influence of the process parameters on the process efficiency and quality of the obtained Reshaped components. Chapter 6, titled “Conclusion”, provides a summary of the general results obtained for the entire research scope, highlighting the advances of the state of the art enabled by the research presented in this dissertation (section 5.1). Section 5.2 finally provides a general outlook of the investigated process, the milestones yet to be studied and a focus on the possible future developments of this work.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Siqueira, Gonçalo. "Caracterização microestrutural, mecânica e tratamento térmico da liga AA-6082 obtida pelo processo de conformação por spray." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-16012013-093254/.

Full text
Abstract:
O processo de conformação por spray é interessante devido à capacidade de conjugar, em apenas uma etapa do processo, a vantagem da técnica de solidificação rápida combinada com alta produtividade dos processos de fundição convencional. Este processo permite a obtenção de materiais livre de macrossegregações, livre de porosidades e com microestrutura refinada. A evolução recente das pesquisas está levando ao desenvolvimento de novas ligas e os resultados têm sido interessantes. O processo de solidificação rápida inerente da conformação por spray permite a produção de ligas com composições diferentes das obtidas pela fundição convencional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de caracterizar mecanicamente uma liga de alumínio AA-6082 conformada por spray. Os resultados de testes de dureza Vickers são apresentados para seções de um preformado em relação a sua altura (em um arranjo tridimensional). O material foi avaliado na condição como conformado por spray e após tratamento térmico de solubilização a 525 ºC por 1 h, seguido por envelhecimento a 125 ºC por períodos distintos de 1 h, 10 h, 100 h e 500 h. É mostrado que o a liga AA 6082 conformada por spray mostra uma boa estabilidade térmica em relação a variação da dureza durante o envelhecimento.
The spray forming technology combines in a single step the advantages of the rapid solidification techniques and high the productivity of the conventional casting processes, allowing obtention of preforms with a refined microstructure, almost without porosity and macrosegregation free. The development and research efforts are leading to interesting alloys and materials production. The rapid solidification processes inherent to the spray forming allow the production of alloys with different compositions from those obtained by conventional ingot processes. The aim of this work was to carry out mechanical properties characterization of a spray formed AA-6082 alloy. The hardness results are presented in different sections related to the height of the spray formed preform (in a three-dimensional arrangement). The material was evaluated in the as sprayed condition and after heat treatment of solution at 525 ºC for 1 h, and aging for 1 h, 10 h, 100 h and 500 h periods. It was shown that the spray formed AA-6082 aluminum alloy is very stable regarding hardness variation during aging.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Otani, Lucas Barcelos. "Solidificação da liga de alumínio 319 conformada por spray." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8903.

Full text
Abstract:
Submitted by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-07-03T18:18:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLBO.pdf: 5087062 bytes, checksum: ed0430974a336dc3223e730ae90cc724 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-07-03T18:18:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLBO.pdf: 5087062 bytes, checksum: ed0430974a336dc3223e730ae90cc724 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-07-03T18:18:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLBO.pdf: 5087062 bytes, checksum: ed0430974a336dc3223e730ae90cc724 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-03T18:18:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLBO.pdf: 5087062 bytes, checksum: ed0430974a336dc3223e730ae90cc724 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-03
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
The main application of 319 aluminum alloy is for manufacturing components for automobile industry. One of the main concerns related to the recycling of this metal is regarding the incorporation of impurities as iron, for instance. Due to its low solubility in solid aluminum, the presence of this element leads to the formation of intermetallic compounds such as α-Al8Fe2Si and β-Al9Fe2Si2, the most common iron phases in Si-containing Al-alloys. The β phase is harmful to mechanical properties because of its platelet like morphology. Spray forming is an advanced processing technique which can mitigate the deleterious effect of these intermetallic phases. However, the solidification process of spray formed metals is still an open discussion. In these sense, the aim of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of the solidification process of spray formed 319 aluminum alloy. The work was divided in three stages: the first evaluated the presence and morphology of intermetallic phases by varying the pouring temperature and Fe content (0.6 and 1.2 in mass percent); the second evaluated the eutectic Al-Si morphology through varying the processing conditions; and finally, the third evaluated the solute distribution in the final microstructure, in this case other aluminum alloys were studied together with the 319 (2024 and 7050). The basis for discussion the phenomena was a solidification model for spray formed metals recently proposed in the literature, which defines the process in two stages, being the final solidification occurring at low cooling rate. The results showed that by controlling the processing parameters it is possible to mitigate the β-Al9Fe2Si2 formation, as well as to alter the eutectic Al-Si morphology. The third stage indicated the possibility of maintenance of certain solute in solid solution on the periphery of aluminum grains. It could be concluded that the solidification model was adequate to explain the phenomena presented in this work.
A liga de alumínio 319 possui como aplicação a fabricação de componentes da indústria automobilística. Um dos principais problemas relacionados à reciclagem destas ligas é a incorporação de impurezas como o ferro. Devido à baixa solubilidade deste elemento, sua presença leva a formação de compostos intermetálicos, sendo o α-Al8Fe2Si e o β-Al9Fe2Si2 os mais comuns em sistemas com silício. A fase β é a mais danosa às propriedades mecânicas devido à sua morfologia de placas, sendo que uma rota de processamento que se mostra viável no sentido de mitigação do efeito deletério deste intermetálico é a conformação por spray. Apesar disso, o processo de solidificação desta técnica ainda é um assunto debatido na comunidade científica. Neste contexto, este trabalho possui o objetivo de contribuir para um melhor entendimento sobre o processo de solidificação da liga de alumínio 319 conformada por spray. O trabalho foi dividido em três etapas: a primeira avaliou a presença dos intermetálicos de ferro variando-se a temperatura de vazamento e o teor de ferro (0,6% e 1,2% em peso); a segunda avaliou a morfologia do eutético Al-Si através das alterações das condições de spray; e, por fim, a terceira avaliou a distribuição de soluto na microestrutura, neste caso, outras ligas de alumínio foram estudadas (2024 e 7050). A discussão dos fenômenos foi realizada a partir de um modelo de solidificação para materiais conformados por spray que divide o processo em duas etapas distintas, sendo a solidificação final ocorrendo a uma taxa de resfriamento relativamente lenta. Os resultados mostraram que através do controle das condições de spray é possível mitigar a formação do intermetálico β-Al9Fe2Si2, assim como alterar a morfologia do eutético Al-Si. A terceira etapa indicou a manutenção de certos elementos em solução sólida em regiões adjacentes aos contornos de grão. Pôde-se concluir que o modelo de solidificação utilizado foi adequado para explicar os fenômenos descritos nas etapas realizadas.
CNPq: 135810/2015-9
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Books on the topic "Aluminum alloy in electrohydraulic forming"

1

Richter, Steven Kent. Grain growth characteristics of a superplastically deformed Ti-6Al-4V alloy. 1992.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Kannan, K. Effects of alloy modification and thermo-mechanical processing on recrystallization of Al-Mg-Mn alloys. 1994.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Effect of Thermal Exposure, Forming, and Welding on High-Temperature, Dispersion-Strengthened Aluminum Alloy: Al-8fe-1v-2si. Independently Published, 2018.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Book chapters on the topic "Aluminum alloy in electrohydraulic forming"

1

Bonnen, John J. F., Sergey F. Golovashchenko, Scott A. Dawson, Alexander V. Mamutov, and Alan J. Gillard. "Electrohydraulic Sheet Metal Forming of Aluminum Panels." In Light Metals 2012, 449–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48179-1_76.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Bonnen, John J. F., Sergey F. Golovashchenko, Scott A. Dawson, Alexander V. Mamutov, and Alan J. Gillard. "Electrohydraulic Sheet Metal Forming of Aluminum Panels." In Light Metals 2012, 449–54. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118359259.ch76.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Changela, Kandarp, K. Hariharan, and D. Ravi Kumar. "Cryorolling of Aluminum Alloy Sheets and Their Characterization: A Review." In Metal Forming Processes, 77–99. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003226703-5.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Nishiwaki, Takeshi, Ryota Sako, and Hideo Tsutamori. "Hydro-Mechanical Deep Drawing of Locally Solution-Treated Aluminum Alloy Sheets." In Forming the Future, 2729–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_226.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Sharma, S., A. Sharma, and S. Kumar. "Semi Solid Forming of A356 Al Alloy by Rapid Slurry Forming Process." In ICAA13: 13th International Conference on Aluminum Alloys, 1441–50. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118495292.ch219.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Haga, Toshio, Kouta Inoue, Hideto Harada, and Ryoji Nakamura. "Micro-forming of aluminum alloy by cold rolling." In Proceedings of the 36th International MATADOR Conference, 41–44. London: Springer London, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-432-6_9.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Zeng, Zhi Peng, Yan Shu Zhang, Yi Zhou, and Quan Lin Jin. "Superplastic Forming of Aluminum Alloy Car Body Panels." In Materials Science Forum, 3025–28. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-960-1.3025.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Wang, Qiang, Mu Meng, Xubin Li, and Zhimin Zhang. "Investigation of Forward–Backward–Radial Extrusion Process of Aluminum Alloy Wheel Hub." In Forming the Future, 1055–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_88.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Li, Yantao, Wenzheng Dong, Qiquan Lin, and Zhigang Wang. "Constitutive Model and Plate Forging Ability of 5052 Aluminum Alloy Under Different Temperatures." In Forming the Future, 973–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_81.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Alimov, Artem, Ivan Kniazkin, and Nikolay Biba. "Development and Implementation of Static Recrystallization Model of 6XXX Aluminum Alloy Using Industrial Experiments." In Forming the Future, 1715–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_144.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Aluminum alloy in electrohydraulic forming"

1

SUCKOW, T. "Damage prediction in roll forming of the high strength aluminum alloy AA7075." In Material Forming. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902479-86.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract. The high-strength AA7075 alloy offers great potential for lightweight construction thanks to its high specific strength. However, high strength and low ductility are challenging for forming the material in the peak-aged T6-condition in terms of material failure and springback. Therefore, this alloy is usually formed in temperature-supported process routes, which poses major challenges for process design. For cold forming of the alloy in the T6-condition, a reliable prediction of material failure is required in terms of process design. Within this study, this is achieved by applying the modified Mohr-Coulomb (MMC) criterion and an increment based damage evolution rule to the FE-model. To validate the failure prediction and verify the general applicability to different profile geometries, two U-profiles and a V-profile are roll formed. Failure occurs during forming for all profile geometries and the experimental results show a good agreement with the failure prediction. The quality of the damage prediction strongly depends on the calibration for the MMC criterion and the setup of the FE-model, depending on the mesh size and the element type used.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Yoon, J. W., F. Barlat, and R. E. Dick. "Sheet Metal Forming Simulation for Aluminum Alloy Sheets." In SAE 2000 World Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-0774.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Oliveira, Dino A., M. J. Worswick, and M. Finn. "Simulation of Electromagnetic Forming of Aluminum Alloy Sheet." In SAE 2001 World Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-0824.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Wang, Kaifeng, John E. Carsley, Thomas B. Stoughton, Jingjing Li, Lianhong Zhang, and Baiyan He. "Forming an age hardenable aluminum alloy with intermediate annealing." In NUMISHEET 2014: The 9th International Conference and Workshop on Numerical Simulation of 3D Sheet Metal Forming Processes: Part A Benchmark Problems and Results and Part B General Papers. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4850136.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Han, Kyu Bin, Ryan George, Srihari Kurukuri, Michael J. Worswick, and Sooky Winkler. "Springback of aluminum alloy brazing sheet in warm forming." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF GLOBAL NETWORK FOR INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND AWAM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (IGNITE-AICCE’17): Sustainable Technology And Practice For Infrastructure and Community Resilience. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5008096.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Song, Y. L., L. Hua, J. Lu, P. Geng, and D. G. Dai. "Research Progress on Plastic Forming of Aluminum Alloy Sheet." In 4th International Conference on Advanced High Strength Steel and Press Hardening (ICHSU2018). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813277984_0057.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Usuda, Matsuo, Koji Hashimoto, Tatsuo Amaike, Tomohisa Katayama, Yuuji Abe, and Masakatu Yoshida. "Forming Performance of Aluminum Alloy Sheets for Automobile Body Panels." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/950924.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Giuseppina, Ambrogio, Citrea Teresa, Filice Luigino, and Gagliardi Francesco. "Numerical simulation of high speed incremental forming of aluminum alloy." In NUMISHEET 2014: The 9th International Conference and Workshop on Numerical Simulation of 3D Sheet Metal Forming Processes: Part A Benchmark Problems and Results and Part B General Papers. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4850096.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Li, Xiaoqiang, Honghan Yu, Guiqiang Guo, and Dongsheng Li. "Single-point incremental forming of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheets." In NUMISHEET 2014: The 9th International Conference and Workshop on Numerical Simulation of 3D Sheet Metal Forming Processes: Part A Benchmark Problems and Results and Part B General Papers. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4850103.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Ogawa, Kyohei, Shinichi Nishida, Shogo Imai, Daichi Uematsu, Makoto Hagiwara, Mizuki Kawawa, and Kentaro Tsunoda. "Screw Forming by Semi-Solid Forging of Aluminum Alloy A7075." In JSME 2020 Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing/Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/lemp2020-8509.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract This paper reports the screw forming of aluminum alloy A7075 by semi-solid forging. The experimental devices are a servo press machine and a die cushion. The program motion was used for forging. The nominal diameter of screw is M10. The molten aluminum alloy A7075 was stirred and then semi-solid forged into a female screw under 40 tons with 10 seconds holding during forging. The solid phase rate was 0.3. The microstructure of the specimen that is isometric crystal had sphericalization, and refinement. In the results of compression test at room temperature, the maximum compression rate was 29.4% and the maximum nominal stress was 540 MPa. The screw tightening torque was estimated over 57.55 N · m by torque test. This value indicates for produced M10 screw that the strength is over strength category 8.8 of JIS. These results are indicated that the produced screw is suitable for general applications. In the results of optical observation, the male screw of die transferred to the aluminum forgings. And the surface of screw portion had crack free surface. In summary, screw forming by semi-solid forging of aluminum alloy A7075 was possible.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Aluminum alloy in electrohydraulic forming"

1

Sunwoo, A., R. Lum, and R. Vandervoort. Concurrent solid state diffusion bonding and superplastic forming of aluminum alloy 7475. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/74169.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Vandervoort, Richard, and Kevin Brown. 7XXX Aluminum Alloy Superplastic Forming Development Close Out Report CRADA No. TC-0154-91. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1438801.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Lesuer, D., and T. Sun. Development of Weldable Superplastic Forming Aluminum Alloy Sheet Final Report CRADA No. TC-1086-95. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1408988.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Lesuer, D. Development of Weldable Superplastic Forming Aluminum Alloy Sheet Final Report CRADA No. TC-1086-95. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/790147.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Aluminum alloy in electrohydraulic forming' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography