Relevant bibliographies by topics / Aluminium smelting cell

Academic literature on the topic 'Aluminium smelting cell'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Aluminium smelting cell"

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Agnihotri, A., S. U. Pathak, and J. Mukhopadhyay. "Cell Voltage Noise in Aluminium Smelting." Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 67, no. 2 (October 5, 2013): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12666-013-0348-5.

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Agnihotri, Anupam, Shail Umakant Pathak, and Jyoti Mukhopadhyay. "Metal Instabilities and its Effect on Cell Performance during Aluminium Smelting." Advanced Materials Research 828 (November 2013): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.828.45.

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The Hall-Heroult process for the production of aluminium is based on the electrochemical reduction of alumina (Al2O3) dissolved in a cryolite (Na3AlF6) based electrolyte. Instability in cell voltage is referred to as noise. Normal voltage noise is inevitable due to bubble evolution and it has little effect on performance parameters such as, current efficiency and power consumption. Metal rolling noise (wavy noise) is caused by the disturbances in cell magnetic field and it affects the cell current efficiency adversely. Investigating the causes of the cell instability in the aluminium smelting cells can lead to better cell performance. Understanding the variation in cell voltage is critical for cells, because magnitude of voltage determines the energy consumption pattern in the process and hence, any saving on voltage can save energy. Voltage affects the current efficiency of the cell and an optimum cell voltage leads to higher current efficiency without compromising on energy consumption. Magnetic, current distribution, heat loss and voltage at zero current measurements along with online current and voltage signal can help to identify the problems and their combined effects on the performance of the cells. In order to estimate the loss in current efficiency of the aluminum electrolysis cells due to metal instabilities, measurements were performed and data analyzed. The present paper analyses the effect of voltage fluctuations (noise) during metal instability along with cause of instability and its effect on current efficiency of the cell. Measurements carried out to estimate the deviations from the normal cell operations are also discussed.
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Pietrzyk, Stanislaw, and Piotr Palimaka. "Testing of Aluminium Carbide Formation in Hall-Heroult Electrolytic Cell." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 2438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.2438.

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The trend in the aluminium smelting industry today is to operate cells with graphitized carbon cathode linings, increased current density and acidic bath chemistry. The resulting problem is an accelerated wear of graphitized cathode blocks, thought to be caused by formation and subsequent dissolution of Al4C3 at the cathode lining surface. The cycle of formation and subsequent dissolution Al4C3 is recognized as one of the most important mechanism causing pothole and surface wear, which results in limiting of the cell lifetime and loss efficiency. A special laboratory test method was developed to elucidate the mechanism of Al4C3 formation in electrolytic cell. The Al4C3 formation in the region between the carbon surface and aluminium as well as between the carbon surface and electrolytic bath has also been studied using X-ray diffraction, as well as optical and scanning electron microscopy. Solid Al4C3 layer was observed at the carbon surface. A possible mechanism which explains the presence of Al4C3 at the metal-bath interface is the transfer of dissolved carbide in the bath from metal-carbon interface.
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Solberg, Ingar. "Wave Detection and Characterization from Current and Voltage Signals of an Aluminium Smelting Cell." Modeling, Identification and Control: A Norwegian Research Bulletin 24, no. 1 (2003): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4173/mic.2003.1.1.

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Jones, Mark Ian, Ron Etzion, Jim Metson, You Zhou, Hideki Hyuga, Yuichi Yoshizawa, and Kiyoshi Hirao. "Reaction Bonded Silicon Nitride - Silicon Carbide and SiAlON - Silicon Carbide Refractories for Aluminium Smelting." Key Engineering Materials 403 (December 2008): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.403.235.

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The widely used Si3N4-SiC sidewall refractories for aluminum smelting cells, and β SiAlON-SiC composites that can be potentially used for this purpose, have been produced by reaction bonding and their corrosion performance assessed in simulated aluminum electrochemical cell conditions. The formation of the Si3N4 and SiAlON phases were studied by reaction bonding of silicon powders in a nitrogen atmosphere at low temperatures to promote the formation of silicon nitride, followed by a higher heating step to produce β SiAlON composites of different composition. The corrosion performance was studied in a laboratory scale aluminum electrolysis cell where samples were exposed to both liquid attack from molten salt bath and corrosive gas attack. The corrosion resistance of the samples was shown to be dependent on the composition but more importantly on the environment during corrosion, with samples in the gas phase showing higher corrosion.
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Becker, AaronJ. "Ceramic materials for aluminum smelting cells." Materials Science and Engineering 71 (May 1985): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(85)90241-1.

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Hyland, M. M., E. C. Patterson, F. Stevens-McFadden, and B. J. Welch. "Aluminium fluoride consumption and control in smelting cells." Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 30, no. 6 (December 2001): 404–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0692.2001.300609.x.

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Liu, Jingjing, Shanghai Wei, John J. J. Chen, Hasini Wijayaratne, Zhaowen Wang, Bingliang Gao, and Mark P. Taylor. "Investigation of the Ledge Structure in Aluminum Smelting Cells." JOM 72, no. 1 (October 29, 2019): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03863-4.

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Feng, Y. Q., W. Yang, M. Cooksey, and M. P. Schwarz. "Development of Bubble Driven Flow CFD Model Applied for Aluminium Smelting Cells." Journal of Computational Multiphase Flows 2, no. 3 (September 2010): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1757-482x.2.3.179.

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Liu, Xiaozhen, Youjian Yang, Zhaowen Wang, Wenju Tao, Tuofu Li, and Zhibin Zhao. "CFD Modeling of Alumina Diffusion and Distribution in Aluminum Smelting Cells." JOM 71, no. 2 (December 3, 2018): 764–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-018-3260-y.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aluminium smelting cell"

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Iffert, Martin Chemical Sciences &amp Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Aluminium smelting cell control and optimisation." Awarded by:University of New South Wales, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/37048.

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The ideal aluminium smelting cell should operate at a fixed temperature and superheat. However, spatial and temporal operating strategies cause changes in temperature, which usually result in variations in superheat as well. Contrasting, in the long term, for mature cells the aluminium fluoride consumption is fairly accurately reflected by the soda and calcium oxide contents of the primary alumina. Therefore the poor control of aluminium fluoride concentration reflects the poor understanding of the causes of variation in aluminium fluoride concentration and molten bath mass within the cell. The aims of this thesis were to i. Develop a better understanding of how the dynamics of the aluminium smelting process impact process conditions ??? hence bath chemistry ii. Subsequently develop and evaluate diagnostic models that may be used to minimise the variations in chemistry in individual operating cells The key control feature to minimise adverse effects is Superheat. The ideal aluminium smelting cell should operate at a fixed temperature and superheat. However, spatial and temporal operating strategies cause changes in temperature, which usually result in variations in superheat as well. In this thesis industrial aluminium reduction cells and their material handling and dry scrubbing operation were analysed in respect to their energy and material balance. A number of experiments were carried out to study the influence of process parameters and operations on the state and path function of a cell. Bath inventory measurements lead to a better understanding of the underlying process behaviour, and it was obvious that energy and mass balance cannot be controlled independently. With regard to the response of bath inventory, bath and liquidus temperature to pot operation, the following interesting phenomena were identified: - some cells are active or inactive with respect to their response to aluminium fluoride additions - positive and negative voltage steps cause non-proportional changes in liquidus and bath temperatures - the liquidus temperature, bath volume and composition can respond rapidly to changes due to alumina feeding Successful application of the results and understanding developed in this research resulted in an energy requirement reduction of 1 kWh/kg
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Xu, Nan Materials Science &amp Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Corrosion behaviour of aluminised steel and conventional alloys in simulated aluminium smelting cell environments." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Materials Science & Engineering, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/18760.

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Aluminium smelting is a high temperature electrometallurgical process, which suffers considerable inefficiencies in power utilization and equipment maintenance. Aluminium smelting cell works in the extreme environments that contain extraordinarily aggressive gases, such as HF, CO and SO2. Mild steel used as a structural material in the aluminium industry, can be catastrophically corroded or oxidized in these conditions. This project was mainly concerned with extending the lifetime of metal structures installed immediately above the aluminium smelting cells. An aluminium-rich coating was developed on low carbon steel A06 using pack cementation technique. Yttria (Y2O3) was also used to improve the corrosion resistance of coating. Kinetics of the coating formation were studied. XRD, FESEM and FIB were employed to investigate the phase constitution and the surface morphology. Together with other potentially competitive materials, aluminium-rich coating was evaluated in simulated plant environments. Results from the long time (up to 2500h) isothermal oxidation of materials at high temperature (800??C) in air showed that the oxidation resistance of coated A06 is close to that of stainless steel 304 and even better than SS304 in cyclic oxidation tests. Coated A06 was also found to have the best sulfidation resistance among the materials tested in the gas mixture contains SO2 at 800??C. Related kinetics and mechanisms were also studied. The superior corrosion resistance of the coated A06 is attributed to the slow growing alpha-Al2O3 formed. Low temperature corrosion tests were undertaken in the gas mixtures containing air, H2O, HCl and SO2 at 400??C. Together with SS304 and 253MA, coated A06 showed excellent corrosion resistance in all the conditions. The ranking of the top three materials for corrosion resistance is: 253MA, coated A06 and SS304. It is believed that aluminised A06 is an ideal and economical replacement material in the severe corrosive aluminium smelting cell environment.
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Wright, Alistair William. "The dynamic simulation and control of aluminium smelting cells." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1560.

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The Hall-Heroult process for the electrolytic production of aluminium from alumina is a costly and difficult to control process that has remained little changed since the early 1900's. A decreasing trend in the real profitability of the process since 1930 has made it necessary for aluminium smelting companies to reduce the expenditure in all aspects of the process in order to remain viable. The most significant proportion of the costs of production is the utilisation of the electrical energy required to produce the aluminium but improvements such as the rebuilding of the cell superstructure in modern low resistance materials are precluded by the capital costs involved. It is generally only possible to make improvements by changes in operational procedure and the control strategy. The introduction of computer control and data logging systems has reduced the manual involvement in cell operation and has allowed control strategies to be standardised on all cells within a smelter. Although the data logging facilities have increased the amount of data that can be collected and improved the understanding of the operation of aluminium smelting cells, the control of remains difficult due to the lack of data that can be continuously monitored, in particular the alumina concentration in the electrolyte. In this work, a mathematical model for the dynamic simulation of aluminium smelting cells is developed. A simulation program is then written incorporating the exact control algorithms from Anglesey Aluminium's GEL TROl computer control system for half-break cells. The aim of the simulation is to study the effects of different operating conditions and control strategies upon the operation of the cell. The simulation is developed to be modular in nature allowing different control systems and cell models to be easily incorporated and tested. The model is evaluated against data from Anglesey Aluminium's halfbreak cells and is successful in predicting the behaviour of these cells. The simulation is also used in plant trials to investigate the effects of different metal tapping schedules.
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Stam, Marco Alexander. "The pursuit of causality in multivariate statistical control of aluminium smelting cells." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/10109.

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Aluminium smelting cells are operated at the limit of their capability by the adaptation of increasingly higher line current and the requirement of maximum flexibility in energy input and raw materials used. Poor controllability and observability limit both energy efficiency and productivity of pot lines under these varying inputs. Based on several key hypotheses which are developed and tested here, a new control approach is demonstrated for smelting cells, to tackle the cell variability over a wide range of time scales and in a way which reduces this variation over time. In the present thesis a novel control scheme has been tested on 10 industrial cells. These results are compared to the period before the test and to a group of 10 reference cells. The control philosophy is based on the determination of cell-specific natural behaviour envelops using Hotelling T2 statistic and cause-specific detection of abnormalities. A sludge cycle is identified as one of the main self-accelerating destabilising mechanisms in smelting cells driving substantial variations in liquid bath mass up to 50%. This overrides the self-regulating side wall ledge mechanism, and moves the liquid bath mass and chemistry out of the optimum operating range. The natural behaviour envelops are based on a moving window of the interchanging of the bath temperature, liquidus point and the rate of alumina accumulation to allow maximum flexibility. The size and shape of these ellipsoidal envelops are characteristic of the presence or absence of bath mass variation through the above sludge cycle. These envelops allow multivariate detection of abnormalities and this detection is combined with online Pareto and root cause analyses. This cell control scheme has been demonstrated to improve the quality of decision-making. Identification of causes of abnormality and their correction or removal through this system allows continuous improvement on a daily basis. For the test cells, the employment of the new control philosophy presented in this thesis has resulted in a higher current efficiency (+2.0%, p=0.075) and significantly lower energy consumption (-0.42 kWh/kg, p=0.034) for 2008 compared to 2007. The new control scheme has been implemented for all cells on both pot lines at Aldel in 2009. In the future, further control system improvements to alumina feeding, along with extension of the multivariate control approach and incorporation of human decision guidance will have even greater implications for the flexibility of smelter operation under the constrained global electricity market conditions prevailing.
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Zhao, Ruijie. "Analysis, simulation and optimization of ventilation of aluminum smelting cells and potrooms for waste heat recovery." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25771.

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En raison des quantités d’énergie requises par la production primaire d’aluminium et le rendement relativement faible, les rejets thermiques de cette industrie sont énormes. Ils sont par contre difficiles à utiliser à cause de leur faible température. De plus, tout changement apporté pour augmenter la température des rejets peut avoir un impact important sur la production. La compréhension du transfert thermique et de l’écoulement d’air dans une cuve peut aider à maintenir les conditions de la cuve lorsque des modifications y sont apportées. Le présent travail vise à développer cette compréhension et à apporter des solutions pour faciliter la capture des rejets thermiques. Premièrement, un circuit thermique est développé pour étudier les pertes thermiques par le dessus de la cuve. En associant des résistances thermiques aux paramètres physiques et d’opération, une analyse de sensibilité par rapport aux paramètres d’intérêt est réalisée pour déterminer les variables qui ont le plus d’influence sur la qualité thermique des rejets de chaleur dans les effluents gazeux. Il a été montré que la réduction du taux de ventilation des cuves était la solution la plus efficace. Ensuite, un modèle CFD a été développé. Un bon accord a été trouvé entre les deux modèles. Deuxièmement, une analyse systématique de la réduction de la ventilation des cuves a été réalisée par la simulation CFD. Trois problèmes qui peuvent survenir suite à une réduction du taux de ventilation sont étudiés et des modifications sont proposées et vérifiées par des simulations CFD. Le premier problème, maintenir les pertes thermiques via le dessus de la cuve, peut être résolu en exposant davantage les rondins à l’air pour augmenter les pertes radiatives. Le second problème soulevé par la réduction de ventilation concerne les conditions thermiques dans la salle des cuves et une influence limitée de la ventilation est observée par les simulations. Finalement, l’étanchéité des cuves est augmentée par une réduction des ouvertures de la cuve de manière à limiter les émissions fugitives sous des conditions de ventilation réduite. Les résultats ont révélé qu’une réduction de 50% du taux de ventilation est techniquement réalisable et que la température des effluents d’une cuve peut être augmentée de 50 à 60˚C.
Due to the high energy requirement and ~50% efficiency of energy conversion in aluminum reduction technology, the waste heat is enormous but hard to be recovered. The main reason lay in its relatively low temperature. Moreover, any changes may affect other aspects of the production process, positively or negatively. A complete understanding of the heat transfer and fluid flow in aluminum smelting cells can help to achieve a good trade-off between modifications and maintenance of cell conditions. The present work aims at a systematic understanding of the heat transfer in aluminum smelting cell and to propose the most feasible way to collect the waste heat in the cell. First, a thermal circuit network is developed to study the heat loss from the top of a smelting cell. By associating the main thermal resistances with material or operating parameters, a sensitivity analysis with respect to the parameters of interest is performed to determine the variables that have the most potential to maximize the thermal quality of the waste heat in the pot exhaust gas. It is found that the reduction of pot draft condition is the most efficient solution. Then, a more detailed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is developed. A good agreement between the two models is achieved. Second, a systematic analysis of the reduction of draft condition is performed based on CFD simulations. Three issues that may be adversely affected by the draft reduction are studied and corresponding modifications are proposed and verified in CFD simulations. The first issue, maintaining total top heat loss, is achieved by exposing more anode stubs to the air and enhancing the radiative heat transfer. The second one is to verify the influence of the draft reduction on the heat stress in potroom and limited influence is observed in the simulations. Finally, the pot tightness is enhanced by reducing pot openings in order to constrain the level of fugitive emissions under reduced pot draft condition. The results have revealed that 50% reduction in the normal draft level is technically realisable and that the temperature of pot exhaust gas can be increased by 50-60 ˚C.
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Dorreen, Mark Murray Radley. "Cell performance and anodic processes in aluminium smelting studied by product gas analysis." 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/2183.

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Aluminium smelting is an energy intensive process, and as a result there has been considerable and ongoing research over a number of decades on the energy efficiency of various aspects of the process. One of the most important measures is current efficiency, which has been shown to have direct relationships with current density, cell temperature, electrolyte chemistry, and anode-cathode distance. The effects of these variables on current efficiency are generally accepted, however there remains debate over the influence of the alumina concentration in the electrolyte on current efficiency. This research relied upon the development of a laboratory scale aluminium smelting cell where the current efficiency was measured via sampling of the product gases. A modified oxygen balance was used, with gas analysis performed using online mass spectrometry. The findings of this research agreed with the accepted current efficiency trends, showing a current density influence of 17.25 %CE per A/cm2, over the range 0.3 and 1.1 A/cm2. The influence of electrolyte chemistry was -7.8 %CE per unit cryolite molar ratio, between cryolite ratios 1.99 and 3. The anode-cathode distance was shown to have no influence on current efficiency in this cell, contradicting the established findings, however this was expected because of the design of the cell with no metal pad at the cathode and therefore constant mass transfer conditions at all the anode-cathode distances used. The most significant finding concerning current efficiency is that the variation with alumina concentration is so small, -0.0376 %CE/wt% Al2O3, that there is effectively no influence. While in many other studies an influence was found, the values and direction of the relationship varied. This suggests that in many cases the observed variation in current efficiency was actually caused by a change in the level of stability in the cell, by processes such as dissolution of sludge from the cathode or the thermal disturbance of alumina feeding, whereas in this research the cell was stable under all operating conditions.
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Xu, Nan. "Corrosion behaviour of aluminised steel and conventional alloys in simulated aluminium smelting cell environments /." 2002. http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/public/adt-NUN20030211.114356/index.html.

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Book chapters on the topic "Aluminium smelting cell"

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Alam, Morshed, Yos Morsi, William Yang, Krishna Mohanarangam, Geoff Brooks, and John Chen. "Investigation of Electrolytic Bubble Behaviour in Aluminium Smelting Cell." In Light Metals 2013, 591–96. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118663189.ch101.

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Gusberti, Vanderlei, Dagoberte S. Severo, Barry J. Welch, and Maria Skyllas-Kazacos. "Modeling the Mass and Energy Balance of Different Aluminium Smelting Cell Technologies." In Light Metals 2012, 929–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48179-1_161.

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Gusberti, Vanderlei, Dagoberte S. Severo, Barry J. Welch, and Maria Skyllas-Kazacos. "Modeling the Mass and Energy Balance of Different Aluminium Smelting Cell Technologies." In Light Metals 2012, 929–34. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118359259.ch161.

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Abbas, Haiam, Mark P. Taylor, Mohammed Farid, and John JJ Chen. "The Impact of Cell Ventilation on the Top Heat Losses and Fugitive Emissions in an Aluminium Smelting Cell." In Essential Readings in Light Metals, 433–38. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118647851.ch62.

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Abbas, Haiam, Mark P. Taylor, Mohammed Farid, and John J. J. Chen. "The Impact of Cell Ventilation on the Top Heat Losses and Fugitive Emissions in an Aluminium Smelting Cell." In Essential Readings in Light Metals, 433–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48156-2_62.

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Geay, Pierre-Yves, Barry J. Welch, and Pierre Homsi. "Sludge in Operating Aluminium Smelting Cells." In Essential Readings in Light Metals, 222–28. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118647851.ch32.

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Geay, Pierre-Yves, Barry J. Welch, and Pierre Homsi. "Sludge in Operating Aluminium Smelting Cells." In Essential Readings in Light Metals, 222–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48156-2_32.

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Haupin, Warren E. "Cathode Voltage Loss in Aluminum Smelting Cells." In Essential Readings in Light Metals, 147–52. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118647851.ch20.

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Haupin, Warren E. "Cathode Voltage Loss in Aluminum Smelting Cells." In Essential Readings in Light Metals, 147–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48156-2_20.

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Alam, Morshed, Yos Morsi, William Yang, Krishna Mohanarangam, Geoff Brooks, and John Chen. "Investigation of Electrolytic Bubble Behaviour in Aluminum Smelting Cell." In Light Metals 2013, 591–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65136-1_101.

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