Dissertations / Theses: 'Aluminia'

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Alkebro, Jesper. "Multiphase oxide ceramics in the aluminia-yttria system." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPL109N.

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Dans l'objectif de créer des structures d'oxydes multiphasées, le broyage à haute énergie a servi comme pré-traitement aux mélanges de poudres alumine-yttrine avant pressage et frittage. Le travail initial de modélisation du broyage planétaire a été suivi par une étude de l'évolution de phases et le frittage au cours des traitements thermiques des poudres broyées. Le broyage menait à la destruction du réseau cristallin et, dans certains cas, la formation d'une phase perovskite Y AIO3. Au traitement thermique suivant, les températures de transformation ont diminué en fonction du temps de broyage et le futtage a été amélioré, produisant des densités relatives aussi élevées que 96 pour cent après frittage sous argon 1 h à 1500 degrés C. La dispersion d'une deuxième phase dans une matrice de la phase dominant a été observée après le frittage. La taille de grains a pu être estimé à 5 micron à partir des surfaces de rupture
As a means of creating dispersed multiphase oxide structures, high-energy milling bas been used for pre-treating alumina-yttria powder mixtures before pressing and sintering. Initial modeling of planetary ball-milling was followed by a study of phase development and sintering of the milled Dowders. Milling injected defects into the crystal structures which were gradually destroyed and in some cases yttrium alumnium perovsklte was formed, an intermediate phase of the alumma-yttria system. Ln heat treatment, transformation temperatures fell as a function of milling time and sintering properties were also improved giving relative densities as high as 96 per cent after sintering 1 h in 1500 degrees C. A dispersion of a second phase in the dominant matrix phase was observed but further improvement of the process should be needed to make it finer. The grain size could be estimated to be around 5 microns from fracture surface images

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Ergin, Guvenc. "Étude de la mouillabilité des particules granulaires par les alliages d'aluminium durant la filtration d'aluminium /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2006. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Thèse (D.Eng.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2006.
La p. de t. porte en outre: Thèse présentée à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi pour l'obtention du doctorat en ingénierie. CaQCU Bibliogr.: f. 130-147. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

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Pelzer, Katrin. "Ruthenium nanoparticles synthesis, characterisation and organisation in aluminia membranes and mesoporous materials ; applications in catalysis /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=971183279.

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Suarez, Jimmy. "Modélisation de la combustion diphasique de l’aluminium et application sur la post-combustion d'une charge explosive condensée dans l'air." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0099.

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La combustion de l'aluminium est un phénomène présent dans de nombreux domaines, tels que le domaine du spatial, de la défense et de l'automobile. Une fois allumée, une particule d'aluminium représente un excellent vecteur d'énergie pour l'écoulement environnant grâce à sa grande densité énergétique. Sa combustion avec l'air, ou avec d'autres oxydants, a fait l'objet de quelques études expérimentale et numérique, ce qui a mis en avant l'une des particularités de cette combustion diphasique. Lors de la combustion de l'aluminium, elle produit une espèce appelée alumine qui existe uniquement en phase liquide dans ses gaz brûlés. Cette particularité rend la modélisation de la combustion diphasique de l'aluminium complexe à modéliser. L'objectif de cette thèse est divisé en deux parties. La première partie est de développer un modèle de combustion diphasique de l'aluminium avec l'air. Cette modélisation est une simulation Euler- Lagrange réalisée avec AVBP, qui est un code de simulation mis en place par le CERFACS. Elle prend en compte la combustion rapide de l'aluminium en phase gazeuse et les changements de phase qui interviennent comme la fusion et l'évaporation de l'aluminium, mais aussi la condensation et la solidification de l'alumine. Une méthode de germination est développée pour permettre la condensation de l'alumine dans les gaz brûlés et suivre de façon lagrangienne sa croissance derrière la flamme aluminium-air. Cette modélisation nous a permis de simuler des flammes aluminium-air 1D et 2D pour les comparer aux données expérimentales trouvées dans la littérature. La seconde partie de cette thèse est l'analyse de la dispersion et de la participation énergétique de l'aluminium dans la post-combustion d'une charge explosive. Le phénomène de post-combustion est très lumineux et rapide, ce qui empêche expérimentalement de connaître l'évolution de l'état des particules d'aluminium contenues initialement dans la charge explosive. Ces simulations permettent de suivre la dispersion des particules et leurs interactions avec les différentes phases qui composent la post-combustion. Un modèle de combustion de particule isolée est repris de la littérature et adapté à notre cas d'étude. Ainsi l'influence de la présence physique des particules et de la chaleur dégagée par leur combustion a pu être évaluée sur l'évolution de la boule de feu et la propagation du choc secondaire. L'ensemble de ces travaux de thèse, que ce soit pour la modélisation de la flamme aluminium-air et l'analyse de l'impact de l'aluminium sur la post-combustion, a montré des résultats convaincants par rapport aux données de la littérature. Les modèles numériques utilisés et développés sont prometteurs pour des futures études sur la combustion de l’aluminium
The combustion of aluminum is a phenomenon present in many fields, such as the space, defense and automotive fields. Once ignited, an aluminum particle represents an excellent energy carrier for the surrounding flow with its high energy density. Its combustion with air, or with other oxidants, has been the subject of some experimental and numerical studies, which has highlighted one of the particularities of this two-phase combustion. During the aluminum combustion, it produces a species called alumina which exists only in the liquid phase in its burning gases. This particularity makes the modeling of the two-phase combustion of aluminum complex to model. The objective of this thesis is divided into two parts. The first part is to develop a model of two-phase combustion of aluminum with air. This modeling is an Euler-Lagrange simulation created with AVBP, which is a simulation code implemented by CERFACS. It takes into account the rapid combustion of aluminum in the gaseous phase and the phase changes that occur such as the melting and evaporation of aluminum, but also the condensation and solidification of alumina. A germination method is developed to allow the condensation of alumina in the burning gases and to follow its growth in a Lagrangian way behind the aluminum-air flame. This modeling allowed us to simulate 1D and 2D aluminum-air flames to compare them to the experimental data found in the literature. The second part of this thesis is the analysis of the dispersion and the energetic participation of aluminum in the post-combustion of an explosive charge. The phenomenon of post-combustion is very bright and rapid, which experimentally prevents knowing the evolution of the state of the aluminum particles initially contained in the explosive charge. These simulations make it possible to follow the dispersion of the particles and their interactions with the different phases that make up the post-combustion. An isolated particle combustion model is taken from the literature and adapted to our case study. Thus the influence of the physical presence of particles and of the heat released by their combustion could be evaluated on the evolution of the fireball and the propagation of the secondary shock. All of this thesis work, whether for the modeling of the aluminum-air flame and the analysis of the impact of aluminum on the post-combustion, showed convincing results compared to the data of the literature. The numerical models used and developed are promising for future studies on the combustion of aluminum

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Souza, Fabiana de. "Extração e caracterização de ácido húmico do carvão candiota e avaliação reológica do seu uso como defloculante em uma suspensão de aluminia." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/171400.

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O carvão mineral Candiota tem elevado teor de cinzas e baixo rank, portanto não apresenta aplicação na metalurgia e sua utilização fica destinada à geração de energia. No entanto, carvões sub-betuminosos apresentam grande potencial de utilização na extração de ácidos húmicos (AH), cuja pesquisa se intensificou nas últimas décadas. No presente trabalho o carvão Candiota foi utilizado para extração alcalina de ácido húmico, o qual foi caracterizado de acordo com suas propriedades físico-químicas e superficiais. Os AHs são moléculas orgânicas de alto peso molecular e possuem atributos de polieletrólito. A caracterização do AH em pH alcalino mostrou grande quantidade de carga superficial negativa e baixa turbidez em suspensão. O AH apresentou a melhor condição para atuação como defloculante pelo mecanismo eletroestérico, devido à conformação estendida de sua molécula em pH alcalino, contrastando com a forma aglomerada em pH ácido, como comprovado pela análise microestrutural em MEV. A avaliação do AH como defloculante foi realizada em suspensão de alumina (60 % em massa). A quantidade ótima de AH foi determinada na curva de defloculação (viscosidade em função da concentração de defloculante), de modo que a adição de 0,016 % de AH (em pH 11) foi suficiente para obtenção de viscosidade baixa e adequada para os estudos reológicos. Nas curvas de fluxo e de viscosidade, a suspensão defloculada com AH mostrou comportamento pseudoplástico e levemente tixotrópico. O comportamento reológico em cisalhamento constante foi considerado adequado para baixas taxas de cisalhamento, e as propriedades da suspensão em repouso mostraram uma excelente estabilidade coloidal. De maneira geral, o comportamento do AH na defloculação foi similar ao do defloculante comercial poliacrilato de sódio utilizado no presente estudo a fim de se comparar os dados obtidos. Ambos defloculantes apresentaram efetiva redução e estabilização da viscosidade da suspensão. Os resultados sugerem uma barbotina adequada para processamento por colagem com características similares às utilizadas industrialmente. Como comprovação, foi realizada a colagem em molde de gesso. Após sinterização a 1600°C, a peça obtida não apresentou falhas visíveis, e a caracterização tecnológica mostrou que a dispersão e estabilização da suspensão promoveram uma microestrutura homogênea e com alta densificação (98,7 % do valor teórico).
The Candiota coal is a low rank and high ash content material, so it does not present application in metallurgy and its use is destined to the generation of energy. However, sub-bituminous coal present great potential for the use in humic acid extraction (HA), whose research was intensified in the last decades. In the present work the Candiota coal was used as raw-material for alkaline extraction of humic acid, which was characterized according to its physicochemical and superficial properties. AHs are organic molecules of high molecular weight and attributes of polyelectrolyte. The characterization of HA at alkaline pH showed large amount of negative surface charges and low turbidity in suspension. The HA presented the best condition for deflocculation of ceramics suspensions by the electroesteric mechanism, due to the extended configuration of its molecule at alkaline pH, in contrast to the agglomerated form at acidic pH, as evidenced by microstructural analysis in SEM. The evaluation of HA as a deflocculant was performed in alumina suspensions (60 % by weight). The optimal amount of HA was determined in the deflocculation curve (viscosity x deflocculant concentration), so that the addition of 0.016 % HA (at pH 11) was sufficient to obtain low and suitable viscosity for the rheological studies. In the flow and viscosity curves, the suspension deflocculated with HA showed a pseudoplastic and slightly thixotropic behavior. The rheological behavior at constant shear was considered suitable for low shear rates and the properties of the slurry at rest showed an excellent colloidal stability. In general, the behavior of the HA on deflocculation was similar to the commercial deflocculant sodium polyacrylate, used in the present study in order to compare the obtained data. Both deflocculants presented effective reduction and stabilization of the suspension viscosity. The results suggest that the slurry is suitable for processing by slip casting method with characteristics similar to industrially processed slurries. After sintering at 1600 °C, the cast piece showed no visible defects, and the technological characterization showed that the dispersion and stabilization of the suspension promoted a homogeneous microstructure with high densification (98.7 % of theoretical value).

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Roselló, Serra Maite. "Estrategias de resistencia a aluminio en dos variedades de Oryza Sativa: exclusión vs detoxificación." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399682.

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El arroz (Oryza sativa) es un cultivo altamente tolerante a Al. Entre otros mecanismos, una mayor expresión de los genes STAR1 / STAR2 como también de Nrat1 y ALS1 puede al menos en parte ser responsable de la tolerancia inducible por Al en esta especie. Se analizaron las distintas respuestas a Al en dos variedades de arroz Nipponbare y Modan. Todos los marcadores de toxicidad / tolerancia analizados (crecimiento de la raíz, azul de Evans, tinciones con hematoxilina y morin) indicaron una tolerancia a Al superior en la variedad Nipponbare que en Modan. Nipponbare acumuló mucho menos Al en las raíces que Modan. El suministro de aluminio provocó la expresión más fuerte de STAR1 en Nipponbare que en Modan. En las raíces de Nipponbare se encontró un aumento claramente mayor de la acumulación de ácido abscísico (ABA) inducido por Al que en las raíces de Modan. Se observaron altos niveles de ABA y JA en Nipponbare después de 48 h de exposición a Al. Estos picos coincidieron en el tiempo con el nivel de expresión más alto de STAR1. Se propone que ABA y JA puede ser necesario para la remodulación de la pared celular facilitado por el mayor transporte de UDP-glucosa a las paredes a través del complejo STAR1 / Star2. En contraste, en las raíces de Modan la expresión tanto de NRAT1, que codifica para una membrana plasmática transportadora de Al, como de ALS1, que codifica para un transportador de Al localizado el tonoplasto, mejoraron considerablemente en presencia de Al. Por otra parte, Modan tenía una mayor expresión de ASR1 inducido por Al, un gen que se ha propuesto para codificar una proteína que actúa como secuestrador de oxígeno reactivo. En conclusión, la estrategia de exclusión de Al de Nipponbare, mediada al menos en parte por STAR1 y probablemente regulada por ABA, produjo una mejor protección contra la toxicidad de Al que la estrategia de acumulación y desintoxicación interna de Modan mediada por NRAT1, ALS1 y ARS1.

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Nafisi, Shahrooz. "Effects of grain refining and modification on the microstructural evolution of semi-solid 356 alloy = Effets de l'affinage des grains et de la modification sur l'évolution microstructurale de l'alliage 356 semi-solide /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2006. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Laserna, Ayora Victor. "Small Molecule Activation for the Formation of Heterocyclic Compounds." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457704.

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La tesi se centra en l'activitat dels aminotrifenolatos d'alumini en l'activació de epòxids i la seva posterior acoblament a altres molècules en la formació de diferents heterocicles. El catalitzador és un àcid de Lewis que en interaccionar amb el epòxid augmenta la electrofilia d'aquest, afavorint processos d'obertura de cicle i acoblament a heterocumulenos com el CO2 o el SO2. Hem aconseguit descriure metodologies per a la síntesi de oxazolidinones, carbamats, sulfits cíclics o carbonats cíclics. Molts d'aquests processos ja havien estat descrits amb anterioritat per epòxids terminals, per això nosaltres ens hem centrat en epòxids cíclics la reactivitat és menor ia més els seus productes són més interessants en ser més similars a productes naturals. Estudiant els diferents mecanismes relacionats amb aquestes reaccions i variant les condicions i components dels nostres sistemes catalítics hem aconseguit que totes les nostres síntesi siguin estereoselectives i en algun cas fins i tot estereodivergente.
La tesis se centra en la actividad de los aminotrifenolatos de aluminio en la activación de epoxidos y su posterior acoplamiento a otras moleculas en la formación de distintos heterociclos. El catalizador es un acido de Lewis que al interaccionar con el epóxido aumenta la electrofilia de este, favoreciendo procesos de apertura de ciclo y acoplamiento a heterocumulenos como el CO2 o el SO2. Hemos conseguido describir metodologías para la sintesis de oxazolidinonas, carbamatos, sulfitos cíclicos o carbonatos cíclicos. Muchos de estos procesos ya habían sido descritos con anterioridad para epóxidos terminales, por ello nosotros nos hemos centrado en epóxidos cíclicos cuya reactividad es menor y además sus productos son más interesantes al ser mas similares a productos naturales. Estudiando los distintos mecanismos relacionados con estas reacciones y variando las condiciones y componentes de nuestros sistemas catalíticos hemos conseguido que todas nuestras síntesis sean estereoselectivas y en algún caso incluso estereodivergente.
This thesis focuses on the activity of aluminium aminotriphenolates in the activation of epoxides and their couplings to other molecules in the formation of a series of heterocycles. The catalyst is a Lewis Acid which interacts with the epoxide enhancing its electrophilicity, favoring ring opening processes and couplings to heterocumulenes such as CO2 or SO2. We describe methodologies for the synthesis of oxazolidinones, carbamates, cyclic sulfites or cyclic carbonates. Many of these processes had already been described for other catalyst systems, but we have focused on the less reactive cyclic epoxides, whose products are more interesting as they have similarities to many natural products. Studying the different reaction mechanisms related to these reactions and changing the components and conditions of our catalytic system we have achieved complete stereoselectivity in our reactions and even in some cases stereodivergence.

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Saoudi, Abdelhamid. "Prédiction de la rupture par fatigue dans les pièces automobiles en alliages aluminium /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2008. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Thèse (D.Eng.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2008.
La p. de t. porte en outre: Doctorat en ingénierie, thèse pour l'obtention du titre de Philosophiae Doctor en ingénierie. CaQQUQ Comprend des réf. bibliogr. (f. 174-178). Publié aussi en version électronique. CaQQUQ

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Mohamed, Adel. "Effet des additifs sur la microstructure et les propriétés mécaniques des alliages d'aluminium-silicium /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2008. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Thèse (D.Eng..) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2008.
La p. de t. porte en outre: Thèse présenté[e] à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi comme exigence partielle du doctorat en ingénierie. CaQQUQ Comprend des réf. bibliogr. (f. [292]-314). Publié aussi en version électronique. CaQQUQ

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Blanchette, Hugues. "Développement d'un système de contrôle de qualité pour les lopins d'aluminium semi-solide[s] obtenus avec le procédé SEED /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2006. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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El, Sebaie Ossama. "L'effet de l'addition du "mischmetal", du taux de refroidissement et du traitement thermique sur la microstructure et la dureté des alliages Al-Si de type 319, 356, et 413 = Effect of mischmetal, cooling rate and heat treatment on the microstructure and hardness of 319, 3456, and 413 Al-Si alloys /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2006. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Lebeau, Thomas. "Wetting of alumina-based ceramics by aluminum alloys." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68039.

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During the last 20 years, ceramic fiber reinforced metal matrix composites, referred to as MMCs, have provided a relatively new way of strengthening metals. High specific modulus and a good fatigue resistance in dynamic loading conditions or for high temperature applications make these composites very attractive for replacing classic alloys. The first requirement for the fabrication of MMCs, especially by processes involving liquid metals, is a certain degree of wetting of fibers by the liquid metal which will permit a good bonding between the two phases.
The conventional experimental approach to wettability consists of measuring the contact angle of a drop of the liquid metal resting on flat substrate of the ceramic reinforcement materials.
This work deals with the fabrication of eutectic $ rm ZrO sb2/Al sb2O sb3 (ZA), ZrO sb2/Al sb2O sb3/TiO sb2$ (ZAT), and $ rm ZrO sb2/Al sb2O sb3/SiO sb2$ (ZAS) ceramic substrates and the study of their wetting behavior by different classes of Al alloys. Wetting experiments were performed under high vacuum or under ultra high purity Ar atmosphere. Four major variables were tested to study the wetting behavior of the different ceramic/metal systems. Variables include holding time, melt temperature, alloy and ceramic compositions.
Ceramic materials were sintered under vacuum at temperatures ranging from 1500$ sp circ$C to 1790$ sp circ$C for 2.5 hours, and achieved over 96% of the theoretical density. An experimental set-up was designed to measure in-situ contact angles using the sessile drop method. For any ceramic substrate, a temperature over 950$ sp circ$C was necessary to observe an equilibrium wetting angle less than 90$ sp circ$ with pure Al; by alloying the aluminum, wetting could be observed at lower temperatures ($ theta$ = 76-86$ sp circ$ at 900$ sp circ$C for Al-10wt%Si, $ theta sim72 sp circ$ at 850$ sp circ$C for Al-2.4wt%Mg). Finally, ZAS specimens reacted with molten Al alloys over 900$ sp circ$C to produce Zr-Al based intermetallics at the metal/ceramic interface.

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Mearini, Gerald Thaddeus. "Mechanical properties of thin aluminum/alumina multilayer films." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1056049755.

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Golbahar, Behnam. "Effect of grain refiner-modifier interaction on the performance of A356.2 alloy." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2008. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Thèse (M.Eng.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2008.
La p. de t. porte en outre: Mémoire présenté à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi comme exigence partielle de la maîtrise en ingénierie. CaQQUQ Comprend des réf. bibliogr. (f. 149-155). Publié aussi en version électronique. CaQQUQ

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Mattos, João Jose Ifarraguirre de. "Propriedades de fadiga e micromecanismos de fratura da liga de aluminio-silicio AlSi7Mg0,6 utilizada em cabeçote de motor diesel." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265248.

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Orientador: Itamar Ferreira
Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação e Instituição de Quimica
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Resumo: O crescente uso das ligas alumínio-silício fundido na indústria automotiva deve-se principalmente a redução de peso, consumo de combustível e níveis de emissões. Isto inclui a liga de alumínio-silício EN AlSi7Mg0,6, equivalente a liga ASTM A357.0, que é empregada em cabeçotes de motores Diesel. É importante conhecer o impacto na integridade e confiabilidade deste componente na presença de defeitos intrínsecos dos processos de fundição convencional como a de molde permanente. Tais defeitos, como porosidades e filmes de óxidos, quando localizados na superfície, ou próxima a esta, são nucleadores de trincas de fadiga. Neste estudo é analisado o impacto na resistência à fadiga e nos micromecanismos de fratura pelo ensaio de corpos-de-prova fresados com dimensões de 7x14x60mm, retirados do cabeçote da linha de produção e submetidos a ensaio de flexão em três pontos. As superfícies de fratura dos espécimes foram analisadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) a fim de caracterizar os micromecanismos de fratura e o local de iniciação da trinca de fadiga. A resistência à fadiga média, para 1 milhão de ciclos, foi determinada como sendo ao redor de 140MPa. Foi observado na superfície de fratura dos espécimes testados, um claro contraste entre o micromecanismo da zona de fadiga (estrias) e zona final de fratura (alvéolos), sendo que o fator predominante para nuclear trincas de fadiga foram poros próximos da superfície.
Abstract: The increase usage of casting aluminum-silicon alloys in the automotive industry is due to reduce weight, fuel consumption, and emissions level. This includes the aluminum-silicon cast alloy EN AlSiMg0.6 (ASTM A357.0) which is used to make Diesel engine cylinder head. It is important to know the impact on the integrity and reliability of this component in the presence of intrinsical defects of conventional casting parts produced on permanent mold process. Such defects, as porosity and oxide film, when locate on the surface or subsurface of casting parts, could be a fatigue crack initiators. In this paper is analyzed the impact on the fatigue strength and micromechanisms of fracture, by using 7x14x60mm specimens machined from cylinder head drew from production assembly line, and submitted to three point bending tests. Fracture surface of the specimens were observed by SEM to characterize the micromechanisms and the initiation fracture local. The average fatigue strength, based on 1 million of cycles, is about 140MPa. It was observed on the fracture surface of fatigue test specimens, a clear contrast between the micromechanisms of fatigue zone (striations) and the final fracture zone (dimples) and fatigue crack initiation occurs at the porosities near the surface.
Mestrado
Materiais
Mestre em Engenharia Automobilistica

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Pereira, Marinalda Claudete [UNESP]. "Estudo morfológico e cinético da corrosão por pites em liga de alumínio 1050." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103764.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as características morfológicas da corrosão localizada na liga de alumínio 1050 e a cinética de crescimento em tamanho dos pites induzidos por ensaios de imersão estática em solução de NaCl, pH 6,0, aerada naturalmente à temperatura ambiente. As amostras foram examinadas antes e após o ensaio de corrosão por microscopia ótica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura e, posteriormente foram analisadas através de um método de captura, processamento digital e análise de imagens, recentemente desenvolvido pelo grupo de Corrosão e Eletroquímica da FEG/UNESP. Exames na superfície da liga após 168h de imersão em NaCl 0,0043 mol/L indicaram um ataque localizado na matriz adjacente às partículas Al:Fe:Si e Al:Fe as quais revelaram um caráter catódico. Mediante análise da variação temporal dos parâmetros obtidos concluiu-se que a área dos pites não muda significativamente enquanto a densidade e a fração de área corroída aumentam com o tempo. A variação temporal indicou que velocidade de corrosão, em termos de propagação superficial, diminui com o tempo de imersão. As características morfológicas e os tamanhos dos pites nos perfis da superfície corroída foram estudados. Os pites induzidos não podem ser representados por uma única geometria, senão pela distribuição morfológica seguinte: i) sem exclusão das cavidades: hemisférico > transição A > transição B > irregular > cônico > cilíndrico; ii) com exclusão das cavidades: hemisférico > transição A > transição B > irregular ~cônico, sem evidências dos pites cilíndricos. Os pites mais profundos foram encontrados especialmente na classe de transição B. A velocidade de crescimento em profundidade (P) ou em largura (L) dos pites foi melhor representada, após a exclusão das cavidades, mediante a lei cinética seguinte:...
This work aim has beem to study the morphologic characteristics of localized corrosion on aluminum alloy 1050 and the growth kinetics in size of pits induced by static immersion tests in NaCl solution, pH 6.0, naturally aerated at room temperature. The samples have been examined before and after the corrosion test by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy and subsequently analyzed by a capturing method, digital processing and image analysis, recently developed by the Corrosion and Electrochemistry group of FEG / UNESP. Investigations on the alloy surface after 168h immersion in NaCl 0.0043 mol / L has showed a localized attack on the matrix adjacent to the particles Al: Fe: Si and Al: Fe which have disclosed a cathodic character. By analyzing the temporal variation of obtained parameters it has been concluded that pits area does not change significantly while density and corroded area fraction increase with the time. Temporal variation has indicated that corrosion rate in terms of propagating surface, decreases with immersion time. The morphological characteristics and pits sizes in the corroded surface profiles have been studied. The induced pits may not be represented by a unique geometry, but by the following morphologic distribution: i) without cavities exclusion: hemispheric > transition A > transition B > irregular > conical > cylindrical ii) excluding cavities: hemispheric > transition A > transition B > irregular ~ conical, without cylindrical pits evidence. The deepest pits have been found particularly in transition B class. The pits growth rate in depth (P) or in width (L) has been better represented, after cavities exclusion, by the following kinetics law: P or L = ktm, with k and m empirical values that depend on a combination of different factors

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Manurung, Posman. "Microstructural design and characterisation of alumina/aluminium titanate composites." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, 2001. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=13269.

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A new but relatively simple processing study was conducted to investigate the microstructure-property relationships of alumina/aluminium titanate (AAT) composites. The objectives of this study were: (a) to develop a process for fabricating AAT and β-spodumene modified AAT composites using a solid-state reaction method and functionally-graded AAT using an infiltration technique, and (b) to evaluate the effects of dispersed aluminium titanate (AT) on the phase relations, microstructure and mechanical properties of alumina-based composites. The study has revealed that the processing procedures played an important rule in the microstructural development of AAT composites. The microstructure and properties of AAT composites have been found to be strongly influenced by the presence of dispersed AT. The phase relations in the AAT system have been characterised by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and neutron diffraction (ND). Rietveld analysis showed that the AT content increased in proportion with the amount of rutile added. The dynamic ND study showed that AT commenced to form at ~1310°C The presence of AT caused a reduction of hardness but an improvement in fracture toughness. In addition, the presence of AT hindered the processes or kinetics of sintering and densification. The use of β-spodumene has been investigated as a liquid-phase-sintering aid for the densification of AAT composites. XRD, ND, differential thermal analysis (DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Vickers indentation were used to characterise the effect of β-spodumene on the phase relations, densification, microstructure and mechanical properties of AAT composites. The presence of β-spodumene was found to have a profound influence on the phase relations, densification, microstructure and properties of AAT composites.
The addition of β-spodumene caused a small reduction of AT content and a commensurate increase of alumina phase. Functionally-graded AAT composites have been successfully synthesised through infiltration of porous alumina preform with a solution containing TiCl4. The infiltration kinetics of liquid into porous alumina preform has also been investigated and modelled. It was found that the infiltration rate equation proposed by Washburn was proven to be suitable for describing the kinetics of infiltration in terms of preform sintering temperature, viscosity, and multiple infiltrations. The influence of applied pressure was consistent with the model proposed by Travitzky and Shlayen, where the applied pressure enhanced the rate of infiltration. Pre-sintering of alumina preform at 900, 1000 and 1100°C for 2 h resulted in different rates of infiltration which may be attributed to a varying degree in tortuosity of the pore channels. The graded composition character of functionally-graded AAT composites has been determined by XRD and grazing incidence synchrotron diffraction (GISRD). Graded compositions from Rietveld refinement analysis showed that the concentration of AT decreased with depth. In contrast, the α-A12O3 content increased with depth. Microstructural examination by SEM showed that the content of AT grains was the most abundant near the surface and decreased gradually with an increase in depth. The hardness results showed that FGM had a soft graded-region (AT rich) but hard non-graded alumina region.
The lower hardness in the graded region can be attributed to the presence of intrinsically soft AT phase. The presence of graded AT caused a considerable improvement in damage tolerance. The isothermal decomposition of AT at 1100°C both in air and vacuum has been studied. Both ex-situ and in-situ studies have been conducted to examine the effect of environment on the decomposition behaviour of AT. The addition of MgO was effective in enhancing the thermal stability of AT against decomposition both in air and in vacuum.

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19

Panchula, Martin Lawrence. "Synthesis and sintering of nanocrystalline alumina and aluminum nitride." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/85366.

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Di, Paolo Pereyra Celeste Gisela. "Evaluación de los efectos de la exposición crónica a aluminio a través de la dieta en ratones Tg2576. Papel protector de la melatonina." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461611.

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La Malaltia d'Alzheimer (AD) és una malaltia neurodegenerativa progressiva, irreversible i d'origen fins ara desconegut. La hipòtesi de la interacció dels metalls (i en els últims añys, en concret l'alumini) amb altres factors per causar l'AD ha anat guanyant importància gràcies a estudis en els quals s'ha trobat nivells de tres a cinc vegades més grans d'alguns metalls (Cu, Fe, Zn, al ...) acumulats al cervell de pacients de l'AD. La hipòtesi d'aquest treball ha estat: La melatonina és capaç de protegir el cervell contra els danys bioquímics i cognitius ocasionats per l'exposició crònica a alumini en un model de ratolí transgènic per a la Malaltia d'Alzheimer. Per a això s'ha avaluat l'aprenentatge i la memòria, s'han mesurat les concentracions de metalls en diferents teixits i també s'ha quantificat la concentració de caspasa-3 i SOD2 present en còrtex i hipocamp. Finalment, la sobreexpressió del gen APP sembla generar un augment en l'activitat. El tractament amb AlCit provoca dèficits d'aprenentatge i impedeix la retenció de la memòria a llarg termini en els ratolins Tg2576. La melatonina no sembla tenir cap efecte sobre la concentració dels metalls estudiats. Tampoc es va apreciar un efecte significatiu del tractament amb melatonina sobre la quantitat de Aß en el còrtex i hipocamp. Els grups tractats amb alumini i citrat van mostrar els majors nivells de caspasa-3 i SOD2 tant en els grups wild-type com en els Tg2576 i la melatonina no va produir un efecte protector estadísticament significatiu.
La Enfermedad de Alzheimer (AD) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa progresiva, irreversible y de origen hasta ahora desconocido. La hipótesis de la interacción de los metales (y en los últimos, en concreto el aluminio) con otros factores para causar la AD ha ido ganando importancia gracias a estudios en los que se ha encontrado niveles de tres a cinco veces mayores de algunos metales (Cu, Fe, Zn, Al…) acumulados en el cerebro de pacientes de la AD. La hipótesis de este trabajo ha sido: La melatonina es capaz de proteger al cerebro contra los daños bioquímicos y cognitivos ocasionados por la exposición crónica a aluminio en un modelo de ratón transgénico para la Enfermedad de Alzheimer. Para ello se ha evaluado el aprendizaje y la memoria, se han medido las concentraciones de metales en diferentes tejidos y también se ha cuantificado la concentración de caspasa-3 y SOD2 presente en córtex e hipocampo. Finalmente, la sobreexpresión del gen APP parece generar un aumento en la actividad. El tratamiento con AlCit provoca déficits de aprendizaje e impide la retención de la memoria a largo plazo en los ratones Tg2576. La melatonina no parece tener ningún efecto sobre la concentración de los metales estudiados. Tampoco se apreció un efecto significativo del tratamiento con melatonina sobre la cantidad de Aβ en el córtex e hipocampo. Los grupos tratados con aluminio y citrato mostraron los mayores niveles de caspasa-3 y SOD2 tanto en los grupos wild-type como en Tg2576 y la melatonina no produjo un efecto protector estadísticamente significativo.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, irreversible neurodegenerative disease with an unknowning origin. The hypothesis of the interaction of metals (and nowadays, in particular aluminum) with other factors to cause AD has been gaining importance through studies in which levels of different metals accumulated in the brains of AD patients (Cu, Fe, Zn, Al ...) were three to five times higher. The hypothesis of this study was: Melatonin is able to protect the brain from the biochemical and cognitive damages caused by chronic exposure to aluminum in a transgenic mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. For this purpose, learning and the memory have been evaluated, the concentrations of metals in different tissues have been measured and the concentration of caspase-3 and SOD2 present in cortex and hippocampus had been quantified. Finally, overexpression of the APP gene appears to generate an increase in activity. Treatment with AlCit causes learning deficits and inhibits long-term memory retention in Tg2576 mice. Melatonin does not appear to have any effect on the concentration of the metals studied. Also, there was no significant effect of melatonin treatment on the amount of Aβ in the cortex and hippocampus. The aluminum and citrate treated groups showed the highest levels of caspase-3 and SOD2 in both wild-type and Tg2576 groups and melatonin did not have a statistically significant protective effect.

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André, Bérangère. "Structure et réactivité de poudres d’aluminium nanostructurées." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4301.

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Les poudres d'aluminium sont depuis longtemps utilisées comme additifs dans de nombreuses formulations pour la pyrotechnie ou les propergols. Introduites en quantité relativement faible dans les propergols des fusées, elles permettent d'accroître significativement les vitesses de combustion. Cependant, les mécanismes à l'origine de cette meilleure réactivité restent encore mal compris et vont bien au-delà d'une simple explication en terme d'augmentation de l'état de division. Au cours de cette thèse nous avons élaboré des poudres d'aluminium par broyage à haute énergie, technique mécanique peu couteuse qui pourrait être une alternative aux procédés de fabrication actuels. Nous montrons que cette méthode permet l'obtention de particules micrométriques ou nanométriques suivant les conditions de broyage. Les particules sont polycristallines et présentent une morphologie en plaquette. Les poudres nanométriques obtenues présentent une réactivité comparable voire même supérieure aux nanopoudres sphériques actuellement élaborées par électro-explosion de fil ou voie plasma. Nous montrons que cette bonne réactivité est lié à la morphologie des particules ainsi qu'à la microstructure de la couche d'alumine native qui passive l'aluminium
Aluminium nanopowders have been using for a long time as additives in many formulations for propergol or in pyrotechnics. Introduced in small quantity in rocket propergol they allow to increase the combustion rate. However, the reactivity of aluminium particles is not really understood and not just linked to the size reduction effect. All along this study, we have elaborated aluminium powders using high energy mechanical milling, a mechanical technique with a low cost which could be an alternative process of powders fabrication. We prove that this method allows elaboration of micro and nano-particles as a function of the mechanical parameters. The particles are polycristallines with flake morphology. The obtained nanopowders have a similar reactivity, or better than spherical nanopowders obtained by wire electrical explosion or plasma. We proove that this good reactivity is linked to the particles morphology, as well as also to the microstructure of the native alumina core shell

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22

Mushait, A.-N. "Electron spin resonance studies of doped alumina and aluminium nitride." Thesis, Durham University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381946.

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Silva, Beethoven Max Alves da. "Influencia da microestrutura inicial e material de molde na tixoconformação da liga A356." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263687.

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Orientador: Maria Helena Robert
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Neste trabalho investiga-se a influência da microestrutura inicial e do material do molde na tixoconformação da liga A356. São produzidas e testadas em operações de tixoforjamento pastas obtidas por três distintos processos: fusão parcial controlada de estrutlJ'aS dendríticas grosseiras, fusão parcial controlada de estruturas ultra-refinadas e pastas obtidas por agitação mecânica do líquido durante solidificação. É produzido ainda um compósito A356 + Ab03 obtido por compofundição. Os tixoforjados foram submetidos à análise metalográfica para caracterização microestrutural, medindo-se a fração da fase primária e o tamanho médio de glóbulo ou roseta da fase sólida. Os resultados obtidos mostram a viabilidade da utilização de moldes não metálicos e operações de tixoconformação com produtos de bom acabamento superficial e dimensional. As forças de tixoforjamento são dependentes da condição inicial da matéria-prima, de forma que forças maiores são requeridas com o aumento do parâmetro microestrutural básico (espaçamento interdendrítico, tamanho de glóbulo e tamanho de roseta) da matéria-prima
Abstract: This research aims the influence of initial microstructure and die material on thixofonning of A356 alloy. Obtained slurries are produced and tested in thixoforging operation by three distinct processes: controlled partial melting of coarse dendritic structures, controlled partial melting of ultra-refined structures and obtained slurries by liquid mechanical stirring during solidification. It is still produced a composite A356 + AbO:i obtained by compocasting. Thixoforged samples were submitted to metalographic analysis for microstructural characterisation, measuring the primary phase fraction and globule average size or 50lid phase rosette. Obtained results showed the viability of non-metallic dies in thixoforming operations with good superficial and dimensional finishing produds. Thixoforging forces are dependent on initial condition of raw material, 50 that higher forces are required with the increasing of basic microstructural parameter Onterdentritic spacing, globule size and rosette size) of raw material
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

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24

Yang, Deyu. "Rôle d'addition de magnésium sur l'occurence de la fonte naissante dans les alliages expérimentaux et commerciaux Al-Si-Cu et son influence sur la microstructure et les propriétés de traction de l'alliage = Role of magnesium addition on the occurence of incipient melting in experimental and commercial Al-Si-Cu alloys and its influence on the alloy microstructure and tensile properties /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2006. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Santini, Paul. "Composites unidirectionnels alliage d'aluminium / fibre d'alumine élaborés par fonderie moyenne pression : Choix des matériaux et analyse des paramètres microstructuraux permettant l'obtention de hautes caractéristiques mécaniques." Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAL0143.

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Ce travail de thèse a porté sur la mise au point de composites unidirectionnels à renfort alumine et matrice d'alliage aluminium élaborés par fonderie moyenne pression. Le travail s'est articulé autour des axes suivants: - L'étude théorique du procédé de fonderie et la détermination de conditions optimales d'élaboration. - La réalisation de divers systèmes fibre / matrice permettant l'étude de l'influence de paramètres tels que la microstructure de la matrice, la nature de l'interface fibre - matrice, la composition chimique de la fibre, sur la résistance mécanique du composite. - L'étude des systèmes hautes performances Nextel 610 / A9 et Nextel 610 / 7475. - La comparaison, dans le cas des composites à matrice non alliée, des performances obtenues en résistance mécanique en sens long avec les valeurs fournies par divers modèles théoriques de rupture
This work deals with the study of unidirectional aluminum alloys matrix composites reinforced with alumina fibers, elaborated by medium pressure casting. This investigation was based on the following points: - The theoretical study of the infiltration process and the determination of the best processing conditions. - The fabrication of different types of fibre/matrix systems in order to study the influence of parameters such as the microstructure of the matrix, the nature of the fiber-matrix interface, the chemical composition of the fiber, on the mechanical resistance of the composite. - The study of high performance Nextel 610 / A9 and Nextel 610 / 7475 systems. - The comparison, in the case of the unalloyed matrix composites, between the mechanical resistance obtained from longitudinal tensile tests and the values taken from different theoretical rupture models

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Almeida, Filho Claudio de. "Sintese de materiais via sol-gel : casos : titanato de aluminio e alumina ativada." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 1998. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/77956.

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Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnologico
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As matérias-primas cerâmicas alumina ativada e titanato de alumínio (ba-AI2TiO5) foram preparados pelo método sol-gel. A alumina ativada na forma de microesferas foi produzida por geleificação externa utilizando nitrato de alumínio como precursor. Obteve-se microesferas não densas de pseudoboemita, com poros de até 50 mm de diâmetro, que apresentaram área superficial específica de aproximadamente 250 m2/ g. Quando estas microesferas foram calvinadas a 500°C a área superficial específica aumentou para 300 m2/ g. Os testes de calcinação desse material mostrou a g-alumina já formada a 350 °C e a a-alumina bem cristalizada a 1100 °C. Para produzir pó de titanato de alumínio utilizou-se alcóxidos de alumínio e de titânio como precursores com adição de ácido clorídrico. O gel mais translúcido preparado promoveu sob tratamento térmico uma evolução estrutural atípica: a cristalização direta da fase titanato de alumínio a 900 °C. Nesta temperatura a fase titanato de alumínio foi detectado após 3 horas de tratamento. Com 5 horas de tratamento a 900 °C a fase apresentou-se bem cristalizada e permaneceu assim com 10 horas de tratamento. A 1400 °C ocorreu a formação de titanato de alumínio em todas as amostras preparadas.

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Oguocha, Ikechukwuka N. A. "Characterization of aluminum alloy 2618 and its composites containing alumina particles." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0021/NQ37903.pdf.

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Nadeau, Jean. "Identification d'un modèle linéaire pour l'analyse dynamique du procédé d'électrolyse de l'aluminium /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1993. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Riverin, Gaston. "Purification de l'aluminium par cristallisation fractionnée /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1993. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Silva, Cássia Cavalcanti da [UNESP]. "Utilização da curva de resfriamento na análise do refino de grão da liga AA 356." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94396.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A liga AA 356 é uma liga de alumínio de grande importância porque é amplamente utilizada na indústria automobilistica e aeronáutica. Para melhorar as propriedades mecânicas dessa liga, são usados inoculantes para o refino de grãos; essas propriedades, apresentadas pelo produto final, dependem também das condições em que o metal foi fundido e solidificado. Os componentes solidificados em molde de metal, com uma taxa de extração de calor maior, têm propriedades mecânicas superiores àqueles solidificados em moldes de areia, que têm uma taxa de extração de calor mais baixa. A curva de resfriamento é usada como uma ferramenta para avaliar a eficácia de refino de grão e, é influenciada por fatores como o material do molde, a taxa de resfriamento e adições de inoculantes para refino de grão. Com o uso da curva de resfriamento, algumas propriedades da liga podem ser obtidas, tais como: o calor latente de solidificação, a fração sólida, as temperaturas liquidus e solidus, o tempo local de solidificação, além de identificar a presença de inoculantes para o refino de grão. A primeira derivada da curva melhora a precisão das informações apresentadas na curva de resfriamento. Essa derivada representa a taxa de resfriamento. Para o desenvolvimento desse trabalho alguns lingotes foram refundidos variando-se o material do molde e, consequentemente, a taxa de resfriamento; adicionando-se ou não inoculante para o refino de grão na forma de liga mãe Al-5Ti-1B, na proporção de 0,05%. As curvas de resfriamento para as solidificações foram plotadas e analisadas. Confirmou-se que a curva de resfriamento com sua primeira derivada fornecem, além das temperaturas solidus e liquidus, as temperaturas de transformações de fases e informações sobre a eficácia do refino de grão. Variando-se o material...
The AA 356 alloy is an aluminum alloy of great importance because it is widely used in the automobile and aeronautic industries. To improve the mechanical properties of this alloy, inoculants are used for grain refinement; these properties, presented by the final product, also depend on conditions, under which the metal was melted and solidified. The components solidified in a metal mold, with a higher heat extraction rate, have mechanical properties superior to the ones solidified in sand molds that have a lower heat extraction rate. The cooling curve is used as a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of grain refinement and it is influenced by factors as: mold material, cooling rate and of inoculants additions for grain refinement. With the use of the cooling curve analysis can be obtained some properties of the alloy, such as: the latent heat of solidification, the solid fraction, the solidus and liquidus temperatures, the local time of solidification. In addition, to evaluate the presence of inoculants for grain refinement. The first curve derivative improves the accuracy of the information given in the cooling curve. That derivative represents the cooling rate. For this work development, some ingots were remelted varying the mold material and, consequently, the cooling rate; also added or not the grain refinement inoculants in the form of master alloy Al-5Ti-1B, at the rate of 0.05%. Cooling curves for solidifications were plotted and analyzed. It was confirmed that the cooling curve with its first derivative provides, in addition to the liquidus and solidus temperatures, the phase transformation temperatures and information about the effectiveness of grain refinement. Varying the material of molds and through optical microscopy techniques... (Complete abstract click eletronic access below)

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Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Oliveira da Palma [UNESP]. "Efeito no processo ECAP (EQUAL CHANNEL ANGULAR) na microestrutura e nas propriedades mecânicas de uma liga comercial de alumínio AA3104." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94461.

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A Engenharia tem buscado a fabricação de materiais com elevados valores de resistência mecânica e tenacidade. Uma das formas de obter tais propriedades é promover a redução do tamanho de grão do material. A fim de reduzir o tamanho de grãos e obter tais propriedades neste trabalho foi aplicado o processo ECAP (Equal Channel Angular Pressing) em amostras da Liga de Alumínio AA3104, liga de Al-Mn não Tratável Termicamente. As amostras de alumínio foram deformadas plasticamente por cisalhamento simples na região de interseção dos canais. A repetição deste processo resulta no encruamento do material. Os resultados mostram que após o processamento a microestrutura esta com grãos alongados devido ao encruamento do material e por meio de ensaios de dureza Vickers verifica-se um aumento de dureza após 3 passes de ECAP aplicados
A constant search in Engineering is the manufacturing of materials with high values of strength and tenacity. One way to obtain such properties is to promote the reduction of grain size of the material. In order to reduce the size of grains and obtain such properties in this work was applied the ECAP (Equal Channel Angular Pressing) process in samples of Aluminum Alloy AA3104, Al-Mn alloy is non-heat treatable. A sample of aluminum was deformed by simple shear in the intersection of the channels that leads to a severe plastic deformation. The repetition of the process results in a material with a cold work hardening. The results show that after the processing ECAP microstructure with elongated grains and by Vickers hardness testing the hardness increase after the three pass of ECAP applied

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Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Oliveira da Palma. "Efeito no processo ECAP (EQUAL CHANNEL ANGULAR) na microestrutura e nas propriedades mecânicas de uma liga comercial de alumínio AA3104 /." Guaratinguetá, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94461.

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Orientador: Angelo Caporalli Filho
Banca: Valdir Alves Guimarães
Banca: Wyser José Yamakami
Resumo: A Engenharia tem buscado a fabricação de materiais com elevados valores de resistência mecânica e tenacidade. Uma das formas de obter tais propriedades é promover a redução do tamanho de grão do material. A fim de reduzir o tamanho de grãos e obter tais propriedades neste trabalho foi aplicado o processo ECAP (Equal Channel Angular Pressing) em amostras da Liga de Alumínio AA3104, liga de Al-Mn não Tratável Termicamente. As amostras de alumínio foram deformadas plasticamente por cisalhamento simples na região de interseção dos canais. A repetição deste processo resulta no encruamento do material. Os resultados mostram que após o processamento a microestrutura esta com grãos alongados devido ao encruamento do material e por meio de ensaios de dureza Vickers verifica-se um aumento de dureza após 3 passes de ECAP aplicados
Abstract: A constant search in Engineering is the manufacturing of materials with high values of strength and tenacity. One way to obtain such properties is to promote the reduction of grain size of the material. In order to reduce the size of grains and obtain such properties in this work was applied the ECAP (Equal Channel Angular Pressing) process in samples of Aluminum Alloy AA3104, Al-Mn alloy is non-heat treatable. A sample of aluminum was deformed by simple shear in the intersection of the channels that leads to a severe plastic deformation. The repetition of the process results in a material with a cold work hardening. The results show that after the processing ECAP microstructure with elongated grains and by Vickers hardness testing the hardness increase after the three pass of ECAP applied
Mestre

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33

Liu, Li. "Évaluation de la propreté des alliages d'aluminium de fonderie A356.2 et C357 à l'aide de la technique PoDFA /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1997. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Gianelli, Bruno Fernando [UNESP]. "Avaliação de ciclo de vida comparativa dos processos de anodização e oxidação eletrolítica com plasma de liga de alumínio." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110888.

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Este projeto se propôs a realizar o tratamento superficial de ligas de alumínio por meio de método de oxidação eletrolítica com plasma (PEO) e elaborar uma avaliação de ciclo de vida (ACV) comparativa entre este processo e o de anodização convencional. Com tal intuito definiu-se como unidade funcional, uma amostra de alumínio AA5052-H34, com 11,1 cm2, sendo que para o processo de PEO empregou-se uma solução de 20 gramas de Na2SiO3 por litro de água deionizada, mantendo a densidade de corrente em i=0,01 a/cm2 e utlizando a mesma solução em 06 séries consecutivas de tratamento. Os resultados de caracterização dos filmes indicaram que as propriedades dos revestimentos começam a divergir após a terceira reutilização da solução. Assim, a quantidade de insumos foi alterada para 6.67 g (Na2SiO3)/333mL (H2O), influenciando a ACV desse tratamento superficial. As resistências à corroção e abrasão foram avaliadas para determinar a vida útil das amostras revestidas por ambos os processos. Com isso verificou-se que a correta relação entre a unidade funcional de ambos os tratamentos é de 26 amostras anodizadas por amostra tratada via PEO. Baseado nos dados expostos realizou-se a ACV dos processos, constatando cinco categorias de impacto relevantes: Combustíveis Fósseis, Respiráveis Inorgânicos, Carcinogêneos, Mudança Climática e Minerais, todas elas com um impacto maior para a anodização. Sendo assim, é possível constatar o menor impacto ambiental do processo de oxidação por plasma eletrolítico em comparação à anodização convencional
The ain of the present was to perform a surface treatment of aluminum alloys through the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) method and implement a life cycle assessment (LCA) comparison between this process and the conventional anodizing. Within this context it was defined a functional unit an aluminum AA5052-H34 sample with 11.1 cm2, whit the PEO process performed using a solution of 20 grams of Na2SiO3 per liter of deionized water and a current density kept at i=0,01 A/cm2. The same solution has been reused for 6 consecutive treatments. The results of film characterization revealed the diverge of the coating properties after the third reutilization of the solution, changing the amount of inputs used to 6.67 g (Na2SiO3) / 333 mL (H2O), affecting the LCA for this surface treatment. Corrosion and wear resistances have been adopted as indicative of the lifetime of samples coated by both methods. According to the results, the corrent relationship between the functional unit of both treatments was defined as 26 anodized as 26 anodized samples to each PEO sample. Based on the above data a LCA was performed for both processes, finding out five relevant impact categories: Fossil Fuels, Inorganic Resp., Carcinogens , Climate Change and Minerals, all them with greater impact on the amodizing. According to the results, it is possible to note a lower environmental impact of PEO surface treatment as compared to conventional anodizing

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Gianelli, Bruno Fernando. "Avaliação de ciclo de vida comparativa dos processos de anodização e oxidação eletrolítica com plasma de liga de alumínio /." Bauru, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110888.

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Orientador: Nilson Cristino Cruz
Banca: Maria Zanin
Banca: Sandro Donnini Mancini
Banca: Antonio Riul Júnior
Banca: Rogério Pinto Mota
Resumo: Este projeto se propôs a realizar o tratamento superficial de ligas de alumínio por meio de método de oxidação eletrolítica com plasma (PEO) e elaborar uma avaliação de ciclo de vida (ACV) comparativa entre este processo e o de anodização convencional. Com tal intuito definiu-se como unidade funcional, uma amostra de alumínio AA5052-H34, com 11,1 cm2, sendo que para o processo de PEO empregou-se uma solução de 20 gramas de Na2SiO3 por litro de água deionizada, mantendo a densidade de corrente em i=0,01 a/cm2 e utlizando a mesma solução em 06 séries consecutivas de tratamento. Os resultados de caracterização dos filmes indicaram que as propriedades dos revestimentos começam a divergir após a terceira reutilização da solução. Assim, a quantidade de insumos foi alterada para 6.67 g (Na2SiO3)/333mL (H2O), influenciando a ACV desse tratamento superficial. As resistências à corroção e abrasão foram avaliadas para determinar a vida útil das amostras revestidas por ambos os processos. Com isso verificou-se que a correta relação entre a unidade funcional de ambos os tratamentos é de 26 amostras anodizadas por amostra tratada via PEO. Baseado nos dados expostos realizou-se a ACV dos processos, constatando cinco categorias de impacto relevantes: "Combustíveis Fósseis", "Respiráveis Inorgânicos", "Carcinogêneos", "Mudança Climática" e "Minerais", todas elas com um impacto maior para a anodização. Sendo assim, é possível constatar o menor impacto ambiental do processo de oxidação por plasma eletrolítico em comparação à anodização convencional
Abstract: The ain of the present was to perform a surface treatment of aluminum alloys through the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) method and implement a life cycle assessment (LCA) comparison between this process and the conventional anodizing. Within this context it was defined a functional unit an aluminum AA5052-H34 sample with 11.1 cm2, whit the PEO process performed using a solution of 20 grams of Na2SiO3 per liter of deionized water and a current density kept at i=0,01 A/cm2. The same solution has been reused for 6 consecutive treatments. The results of film characterization revealed the diverge of the coating properties after the third reutilization of the solution, changing the amount of inputs used to 6.67 g (Na2SiO3) / 333 mL (H2O), affecting the LCA for this surface treatment. Corrosion and wear resistances have been adopted as indicative of the lifetime of samples coated by both methods. According to the results, the corrent relationship between the functional unit of both treatments was defined as 26 anodized as 26 anodized samples to each PEO sample. Based on the above data a LCA was performed for both processes, finding out five relevant impact categories: "Fossil Fuels", "Inorganic Resp.", "Carcinogens ", "Climate Change" and "Minerals", all them with greater impact on the amodizing. According to the results, it is possible to note a lower environmental impact of PEO surface treatment as compared to conventional anodizing
Doutor

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Pratapa, Suminar. "Synthesis and character of a functionally-graded aluminium titanate/zirconia-alumina composite." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, 1997. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14696.

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A functionally-graded Al(subscript)2TiO(subscript)5/ZrO(subscript)2-Al(subscript)2O(subscript)3 (AT/zirconia-alumina) composite has been successfully synthesized by an infiltration process involving an alpha-Al(subscript)2O(subscript)3-ZrO(subscript)2 (90:10 by weight) green body and a solution containing titanium chloride. The mass gain after infiltration has been used to estimate the amount of new phase introduced into the system. The phase composition character of the functionally-graded material (FGM) has been determined by x-ray diffraction. The Rietveld "whole pattern" refinement method was applied to diffraction patterns of the sample which were collected from the surface and at several depths which were made by polishing away the material. Absolute weight fraction determination using the Rietveld external standard method showed that the concentration of AT reduces linearly from the surface to the core. In contrast, the alpha-alumina content increases with depth in a complementary manner. Low level amorphous phase was also observed. Other functionally-graded microstructural profiles examined were x-ray characteristic line intensity of Ti, Ti dot-mapping, and alpha-alumina grain size. The FGM also exhibits graded character in both thermal and mechanical properties, i.e. thermal expansion, microhardness, and Young's modulus. The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of the FGM increased with polishing-depth and approached that of the zirconia-alumina reference sample at a depth of 0.5 mm.
Relatively lower thermal expansion and softer surface layer in comparison to those of the core (TEC value of 5.9 x 10(subscript)-6 degrees celsius(subscript)-1 and microhardness of 6 GPa compared to 7.4 x 10(subscript)-6 degrees celsius(subscript)-1 and 12 GPa, respectively) render possibilities to implement the material to which thermal shock resistance surface but hard core, such as a metal melting crucible, are required. Load-dependent microhardness was obviously observed on the surface of the material but only slight dependence was observed in the core. This observation indicated that the material exhibit "quasi-ductile" surface but brittle core. In comparison to the reference specimen, the FGM displayed damage-tolerance and remarkable machinability.

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Dehurtevent, Marion. "Élaboration d'une céramique dentaire par stéréolithographie." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017VALE0036.

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La stéréolithographie, technique additive de mise en forme couche par couche, permet de limiter les contraintes de l’usinage mais doit répondre aux exigences des normes dentaires en vigueur pour son utilisation clinique. L’effet de la formulation de différentes céramiques alumineuses mises en barbotines et de l’orientation des modèles lors de la mise en forme ont été évalués. Ces travaux ont permis de développer et d’optimiser les différentes étapes de stéréolithographie à masque dynamique sans racleur et les propriétés physiques et mécaniques des céramiques densifiées adaptées à une application dentaire. Pour cette application, la mise en forme des barbotines était assurée lorsque la viscosité est inférieure ou égale à 138 mPa.s. Lorsque la viscosité était supérieure ou égale à 151 mPa.s, la mise en forme est impossible. L’augmentation du taux de matière sèche des barbotines d’alumine a augmenté la viscosité et la durée minimale nécessaire à la mise en repos avant photo-polymérisation. La diminution de la proportion de la phase organique a permis de limiter l’apparition de défauts et d’augmenter les propriétés mécaniques des céramiques. Le compromis entre un taux de matière sèche élevé et une viscosité maximale à ne pas dépasser a permis de sélectionner la barbotine avec un taux matière sèche de 80% et une grande granulométrie, comme meilleure formulation pour une utilisation dentaire. Lors de la mise en forme, l’augmentation de la surface des couches polymérisées a augmenté la durée de mise en repos des barbotines mais également le risque d’apparition de défauts dans les pièces. Ceci est à l’origine d’une diminution des propriétés mécaniques des céramiques. La surface maximale des couches pour ce type de procédé doit donc être limitée. Parallèlement, l’analyse microstructurale de l’alumine pure densifiée a montré une texturation. En effet, l’axe principal des grands grains suit l’orientation des couches, ce qui peut induire des propriétés mécaniques anisotropes. Plus précisément, lorsque ces grains étaient orientés perpendiculairement à la charge, la ténacité (par flexion) des céramiques a augmenté par rapport à celles des céramiques dont l’axe principal des grains était orienté parallèlement à la charge. Enfin, la répartition du stress dans une infrastructure de bridge, analysée par la méthode des éléments finis, était comparable entre les céramiques mises en forme par stéréolithographie et les céramiques usinées commercialisées. En vue d’une utilisation clinique, les céramiques mises en forme par stéréolithographie sans racleur doivent donc être orientées afin de présenter la plus faible surface de couche. Si l’axe principal des grands grains dans la céramique suit l’axe de la mise en forme, ces particules doivent être orientées perpendiculairement à la charge occlusale. Enfin, des études complémentaires sont nécessaires pour étudier la précision d’adaptation d’une infrastructure sur la préparation dentaire afin d’optimiser son ajustage
Stereolithography is a layer-by layer additive manufacturing method. It allows to reduce the strains that occur with milling methods. Its use for clinical purposes needs to follow dental material standards. The impact of slurry composition and the influence of layer orientation on mechanical and physical properties have been studied. This work permitted to develop and optimize a stereolithographic manufacturing process with digital light processing with no blade in order to obtain suitable physical and mechanical properties of alumina ceramics for dental applications. The slurries could be processed by stereolithography when their viscosity was below 138 mPa.s. Viscosity values beyond 151 mPa.s caused deformations in the printed layers. High dry matter content increased the viscosity and the minimal time needed to relax the slurries before photopolymerization. Reduction of the organic phase reduced the formation of defects and thus increased mechanical strength of the ceramics. The compromise between a high dry matter content and low viscosity that is compatible with stereolithography manufacturing was found for 80% dry matter content slurries having large particle size. The great layer surfaces increased the period needed to relax the slurries between two polymerizations, and the risk of defects to appear. This can reduce mechanical strength of the ceramics. To avoid this drawback, the maximal surface of the printed layers should be limited. In addition, microstructural analysis showed a texturation of pure densified alumina. In fact, the main axis of large particles followed the orientation of the printed layers. This led to anisotropic mechanical properties. Moreover, an orientation of these particles perpendicular to the load increased fracture toughness (measured by flexural strength) of the ceramics compared to those of ceramics presenting particles oriented parallel to the load. Finally, compared finite element analysis of a bridge framework showed similar strain repartition between stereolithographic and subtractive methods. In conclusion, stereolithography with no blade of dental ceramics need to orientate the models in order to present the smallest layer surfaces. If the axis of the large particles is the same as the printing axis, these particles must be oriented in order to be perpendicular to masticatory forces. More studies are required to evaluate the marginal gap between prosthetic frameworks and dental crown preparations to allow clinical use

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Hafley, Johanna L. "A comparison of the aging kinetics of a cast alumina-6061 aluminum composite and a monolithic 6061 aluminum alloy." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26927.

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Electrical resistivity and hardness measurements were conducted during isothermal aging treatments of an alumina particulate reinforced 6061 aluminum metal matrix composite and a monolithic 6061 aluminum control material. Transmission electron microscopy was utilized to examine the microstructural changes accompanying the changes in the resistivity of the monolithic during aging. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the growth kinetics and thermal stability of the metastable phases in the control sample. From DSC experiments, the heats of formation of the metastable phases were determined as functions of aging time and temperature. These results were used to characterize the aging behavior of the matrix material. Keywords: Aluminum composite, Conductivity, Aluminum alloys. (jes)

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Nielsen, Guilherme Fernandes [UNESP]. "Filmes orgânicos contendo óxido de alumínio depositados a plasma." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99661.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Filmes finos de alumina vêm sendo amplamente estudados em função de suas propriedades físicas e químicas. Em aplicações industriais, filmes de alumina são utilizados, por exemplo, em ferramentas de corte e em circuitos microeletrônicos. Neste trabalho empregou-se o processo de PECVD (do inglês, Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) para sintetizar fimes contendo óxido de alumínio. Os filmes foram depositados a partir de plasmas excitados por radiofrequencia (13,56 MHz) em misturas de acetilacetonato de alumínio e argônio. Uma configuração experimental inédita foi empregada para permitir a incorporação de alumínio nos filmes: o pó do organometálico foi colocado diretamente no eletrodo por onde um plasma de argônio foi excitado. A pulverização catódica aliada a sublimação do organometálico faz com que haja, em determinadas condições, a deposição de filmes contendo alumina. Foram avaliados os efeitos da pressão do plasma e da potência do sinal de excitação nas propriedades dos filmes resultantes. A técnica de perfilometria foi utilizada para determinar a espessura da camada depositada. Difração de raios X (DRX), com a incidência de ângulos rasantes, foi empregada para investigar a estrutura do material. As técnicas de espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS) foram respectivamente utilizadas para analisar a estrutura e a composição química dos filmes. A morfologia das amostras preparadas sobre aço-inoxidável foi analisada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) enquanto a dureza foi avaliada por nanoindentação. Foram obtidos filmes amorfos com espessuras de até 7 μm que contêm carbono, alumínio, oxigênio e hidrogênio. Observou-se que as proporções de alumínio e carbono são altamente dependentes da energia cinética dos íons presentes no plasma...
Recently aluminium oxide thin films have been widely studied due to their important physical and chemical properties. Depositions in cutting tools and in microelectronic circuits are examples of industrial applications of industrial applications of aluminum oxide films. In this work, alumina-containing films were prepared by PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) using a new configuration of the plasma system; the metalorganic powder was placed directly on the powered electrode while the substrates were mounted on the grounded topmost electrode. The plasma was excited by applying radiofrequency (13.56 MHz) power to the lower electrode in an argon atmosphere. The sputtering combined with the sublimation of organometallic compound enabled the growth of an alumina-containing organic layer. The effect of the plasma excitation parameters on the properties of the resulting films was studied. Film thickness was measured using profilometry. Grazing angle incidence X-ray diffractometry (GAXRD) was used to determine the structure of the films. Fourier trasnform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques were used to analyze chemical structure and coposition, respectively. The surface morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) while film hardness was evaluated by nanoindentation Amorphous organic films were deposited with thicknesses of up to 7 μm. The films were composed of aluminum, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, the proportions of carbon and aluminum being strongly dependent on the kinetic energy of the ions. The film surface was uniform but presented particulares and, in some cases, wrinkles. The proportion of such defects depends on the plasma excitation parameters

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40

Gagné, Stéphane. "Effets de l'augmentation de la teneur en titane sur l'affinage des grains de l'alliage A356.2 /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2005. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Burtin, Pierre. "Transformation des alumines de transition en alumine alpha. Influence d'éléments étrangers sur la stabilité des alumines." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1985. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845793.

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Les oxydes et hydroxydes d'aluminium sont des produits chimiques très répandus industriellement. La principale utilisation des alumines est la production de l'aluminium, mais elles sont également très employées dans l'industrie des abrasifs, des céramiques et des matériaux réfractaires. De même parmi les oxydes métalliques utilisés dans les processus catalytiques, l'alumine est l'un des plus employés. Elle peut être utilisée comme catalyseur intrinsèque, ou comme l'un des éléments d'un catalyseur multicomposant ou encore comme support d'un catalyseur métallique. En tant que support de catalyseur, une des applications de l'alumine est l'épuration des gaz d'échappement des véhicules automobiles rendue obligatoire depuis quelques années dans certains pays (1974 pour les U.S.A. et le Japon), et qui le deviendra également dans certains pays de la Communauté Européenne au cours des prochaines années (vers 1989 en Allemagne) Les normes ainsi imposées pour la composition des effluents gazeux rejetés par les moteurs et leur teneur en composés nocifs nécessitent de la part du catalyseur une bonne efficacité. D'autre part le support du catalyseur est caractérisé par la nature du produit, sa résistance mécanique, sa texture et sa stabilité. Toutes ces propriétés doivent être conservées dans les conditions d'utilisation. L'épuration des gaz d'échappement demande donc un système catalytique très performant, notamment pour les propriétés mécaniques et surtout pour la résistance à l'attrition. Et ces propriétés ne doivent pas être affectées aux hautes températures (1000 à 1100°C). A ces températures le support doit également rester neutre vis-à-vis des espèces catalytiques (métal ou oxyde) déposées à sa surface.

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42

Moreira, Lucas Tadeu Silva [UNESP]. "A influência da aplicação de fluído de corte no torneamento da liga de aluminio AA 7075." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94423.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Atualmente, dentre os tipos de metais utilizados na indústria metal-mecânica, as ligas de alumínio têm sido largamente utilizadas, principalmente na indústria aeroespacial, devido suas propriedades físicas e mecânicas. As ligas de alumínio mais utilizadas são as da série 7000, as quais apresentam ótimas propriedades após o tratamento térmico, sendo o Zn o seu principal elemento de liga seguido de Mg, Cu e Cr. Nas operações de usinagem existentes, o torneamento permanece como a operação mais importante no trabalho destas ligas, onde o aumento da produtividade e a redução dos custos de fabricação são a chave para o sucesso dos negócios. Testes de laboratório realizados anteriormente mostraram que a redução da temperatura de corte se apresenta como um fator importante para o aumento da vida da ferramenta. Em contrapartida, na última década, algumas pesquisas tiveram como meta restringir ao máximo o uso de fluidos refrigerante e/ou lubrificante na indústria metal-mecânica. Dentre os fatores que justificaram esse procedimento estão os custos operacionais da produção, as questões ecológicas acompanhadas das exigências legais de conservação do meio ambiente e a preservação da saúde do ser humano. Desta maneira, a técnica da mínima quantidade de fluido (MQF) ganhou espaço, baseada também na necessidade do uso de lubrificantes ecologicamente corretos e com altíssima taxa de redução de calor. O trabalho proposto visa estudar a influência da aplicação das técnicas de lubrirefrigeração abundante e de mínima quantidade de fluido (MQF) no processo de torneamento da liga de alumínio AA 7075, estabelecendo uma relação entre o comportamento da rugosidade, forma do cavaco e o desgaste da ferramenta de corte. Através dos resultados deste trabalho foi possível...
Currently, among the types of metals used in metalworking industry, aluminum alloys have been widely used, especially in the aerospace industry because of their physical and mechanical properties. Aluminum alloys are the most commonly used 7000 series, which have excellent properties after heat treatment, the Zn being the main alloying element followed by Mg, Cu and Cr. In existing machining operations, turning remains the most important operation in the work of these alloys, where increasing productivity and reducing manufacturing costs are the way to business success. Laboratory tests have shown previously that reducing the cutting temperature is presented as an important factor for increasing the tool life. In contrast, in the last decade, some research had the goal much to restrict the use of refrigerant fluids and / or lubricant in metalworking industry. Among the factors that justified this procedure are operational costs of production, ecological issues accompanied by the legal requirements of environmental conservation and preservation of the health of human beings. Thus, the technique of the minimum quantity of fluid (MQF) gained space, also based on the need to use environmentally friendly lubricants and with high reduction ratio of heat. The proposed work aims to study the effect of applying the techniques of lubrication and cooling wet and minimal quantity of fluid (MQF) in the process of turning aluminum alloy AA 7075, establishing a relationship between the behavior of the roughness, chip and wear of the cutting tool. Through the results of this study has shown the potential use of the technique of minimal quantity of fluid (MQF) in machining of aluminum alloy AA 7075, considering his behavior was not below in relation to tool wear, the roughness of surfaces and the chip formed when compared... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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43

Moreira, Lucas Tadeu Silva. "A influência da aplicação de fluído de corte no torneamento da liga de aluminio AA 7075 /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94423.

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Orientador: Marcos Valerio Ribeiro
Banca: Marcelino Pereira do Nascimento
Banca: Amauri Hassui
Resumo: Atualmente, dentre os tipos de metais utilizados na indústria metal-mecânica, as ligas de alumínio têm sido largamente utilizadas, principalmente na indústria aeroespacial, devido suas propriedades físicas e mecânicas. As ligas de alumínio mais utilizadas são as da série 7000, as quais apresentam ótimas propriedades após o tratamento térmico, sendo o Zn o seu principal elemento de liga seguido de Mg, Cu e Cr. Nas operações de usinagem existentes, o torneamento permanece como a operação mais importante no trabalho destas ligas, onde o aumento da produtividade e a redução dos custos de fabricação são a chave para o sucesso dos negócios. Testes de laboratório realizados anteriormente mostraram que a redução da temperatura de corte se apresenta como um fator importante para o aumento da vida da ferramenta. Em contrapartida, na última década, algumas pesquisas tiveram como meta restringir ao máximo o uso de fluidos refrigerante e/ou lubrificante na indústria metal-mecânica. Dentre os fatores que justificaram esse procedimento estão os custos operacionais da produção, as questões ecológicas acompanhadas das exigências legais de conservação do meio ambiente e a preservação da saúde do ser humano. Desta maneira, a técnica da mínima quantidade de fluido (MQF) ganhou espaço, baseada também na necessidade do uso de lubrificantes ecologicamente corretos e com altíssima taxa de redução de calor. O trabalho proposto visa estudar a influência da aplicação das técnicas de lubrirefrigeração abundante e de mínima quantidade de fluido (MQF) no processo de torneamento da liga de alumínio AA 7075, estabelecendo uma relação entre o comportamento da rugosidade, forma do cavaco e o desgaste da ferramenta de corte. Através dos resultados deste trabalho foi possível... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Currently, among the types of metals used in metalworking industry, aluminum alloys have been widely used, especially in the aerospace industry because of their physical and mechanical properties. Aluminum alloys are the most commonly used 7000 series, which have excellent properties after heat treatment, the Zn being the main alloying element followed by Mg, Cu and Cr. In existing machining operations, turning remains the most important operation in the work of these alloys, where increasing productivity and reducing manufacturing costs are the way to business success. Laboratory tests have shown previously that reducing the cutting temperature is presented as an important factor for increasing the tool life. In contrast, in the last decade, some research had the goal much to restrict the use of refrigerant fluids and / or lubricant in metalworking industry. Among the factors that justified this procedure are operational costs of production, ecological issues accompanied by the legal requirements of environmental conservation and preservation of the health of human beings. Thus, the technique of the minimum quantity of fluid (MQF) gained space, also based on the need to use environmentally friendly lubricants and with high reduction ratio of heat. The proposed work aims to study the effect of applying the techniques of lubrication and cooling wet and minimal quantity of fluid (MQF) in the process of turning aluminum alloy AA 7075, establishing a relationship between the behavior of the roughness, chip and wear of the cutting tool. Through the results of this study has shown the potential use of the technique of minimal quantity of fluid (MQF) in machining of aluminum alloy AA 7075, considering his behavior was not below in relation to tool wear, the roughness of surfaces and the chip formed when compared... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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44

Silva, Cássia Cavalcanti da. "Utilização da curva de resfriamento na análise do refino de grão da liga AA 356 /." Guaratinguetá [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94396.

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Orientador: Carlos Kiyan
Coorientador: Kratus Ranieri
Banca: Ana Paula Rosifini Alves Claro
Banca: Mirian de Lourdes Noronha Motta Melo
Resumo: A liga AA 356 é uma liga de alumínio de grande importância porque é amplamente utilizada na indústria automobilistica e aeronáutica. Para melhorar as propriedades mecânicas dessa liga, são usados inoculantes para o refino de grãos; essas propriedades, apresentadas pelo produto final, dependem também das condições em que o metal foi fundido e solidificado. Os componentes solidificados em molde de metal, com uma taxa de extração de calor maior, têm propriedades mecânicas superiores àqueles solidificados em moldes de areia, que têm uma taxa de extração de calor mais baixa. A curva de resfriamento é usada como uma ferramenta para avaliar a eficácia de refino de grão e, é influenciada por fatores como o material do molde, a taxa de resfriamento e adições de inoculantes para refino de grão. Com o uso da curva de resfriamento, algumas propriedades da liga podem ser obtidas, tais como: o calor latente de solidificação, a fração sólida, as temperaturas liquidus e solidus, o tempo local de solidificação, além de identificar a presença de inoculantes para o refino de grão. A primeira derivada da curva melhora a precisão das informações apresentadas na curva de resfriamento. Essa derivada representa a taxa de resfriamento. Para o desenvolvimento desse trabalho alguns lingotes foram refundidos variando-se o material do molde e, consequentemente, a taxa de resfriamento; adicionando-se ou não inoculante para o refino de grão na forma de liga mãe Al-5Ti-1B, na proporção de 0,05%. As curvas de resfriamento para as solidificações foram plotadas e analisadas. Confirmou-se que a curva de resfriamento com sua primeira derivada fornecem, além das temperaturas solidus e liquidus, as temperaturas de transformações de fases e informações sobre a eficácia do refino de grão. Variando-se o material... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The AA 356 alloy is an aluminum alloy of great importance because it is widely used in the automobile and aeronautic industries. To improve the mechanical properties of this alloy, inoculants are used for grain refinement; these properties, presented by the final product, also depend on conditions, under which the metal was melted and solidified. The components solidified in a metal mold, with a higher heat extraction rate, have mechanical properties superior to the ones solidified in sand molds that have a lower heat extraction rate. The cooling curve is used as a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of grain refinement and it is influenced by factors as: mold material, cooling rate and of inoculants additions for grain refinement. With the use of the cooling curve analysis can be obtained some properties of the alloy, such as: the latent heat of solidification, the solid fraction, the solidus and liquidus temperatures, the local time of solidification. In addition, to evaluate the presence of inoculants for grain refinement. The first curve derivative improves the accuracy of the information given in the cooling curve. That derivative represents the cooling rate. For this work development, some ingots were remelted varying the mold material and, consequently, the cooling rate; also added or not the grain refinement inoculants in the form of master alloy Al-5Ti-1B, at the rate of 0.05%. Cooling curves for solidifications were plotted and analyzed. It was confirmed that the cooling curve with its first derivative provides, in addition to the liquidus and solidus temperatures, the phase transformation temperatures and information about the effectiveness of grain refinement. Varying the material of molds and through optical microscopy techniques... (Complete abstract click eletronic access below)
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45

Keles, Ozgur. "Production And Characterization Of Alumina Fiber Reinforced Squeeze Cast Aluminum Alloy Matrix Composites." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609726/index.pdf.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different levels of Saffil alumina fiber addition, magnesium content in aluminum alloy matrix and casting temperature on the mechanical behavior, microstructure and physical properties of short fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites. The main alloying element silicon was kept constant at 10 wt%. Magnesium contents were selected as 0.3 wt% and 1 wt%. Saffil alumina fiber preforms varied from 10 to 30 vol%. The casting temperatures were fixed at 750 °
C and 800 °
C. Micro porosity was present at the fiber-fiber interactions. Closed porosity of the composites increased when fiber vol% increased, however, variation in casting temperature and magnesium content in matrix did not have influence on porosity. Hardness of the composites was enhanced with increasing fiber vol%, magnesium content in matrix and decreasing casting temperature. Alignment of fibers within the composite had an influence on hardness
when fibers were aligned perpendicular to the surface, composites exhibited higher hardness. The highest hardness values obtained from surfaces parallel and vertical to fiber orientation were 155.6 Brinell hardness and 180.2 Brinell hardness for AlSi10Mg1 matrix 30 vol% alumina fiber reinforced composite cast at 800 °
C and at 750 °
C, respectively. 30 vol% Saffil alumina fiber reinforced AlSi10Mg0.3 matrix composite cast at 750 °
C showed the highest flexural strength which is 548 MPa. Critical fiber content was found as 20 vol% for all composites.

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46

Li, Q. F. "Studies in the solidification behaviour of aluminium alloy/alumina metal matrix composites (MMC's)." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260364.

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47

Dyrøy, Are. "Quantification and mitigation of segregation in the handling of alumina in aluminium production." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2006. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6154/.

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This thesis addresses the development, evaluation and modelling of an anti-segregation system ("AS-System") for.use in larger silos handling alumina in the aluminium smelting industry. This work is unlike much of what has gone before because it is much more grounded in the technical and economic consequences of segregation for a particular manufacturing process. Segregation of particulates, i.e. separation of components due to differences in properties such as size, density etc., has an extensive literature going back as far as 1915, but this focuses mainly on the segregation process itself and largely ignores the context and the consequences. The consequence of segregation is loss of homogeneity; the impact that has on any given process, is generally not addressed very deeply. Surveying the literature on segregation, and studying the total processes of aluminium production, creates a basis for understanding the importance of segregation for aluminium production, as well as the importance of powder technology in general for this industry. A method for quantification of segregation in this production process, based on sampling, has been established. This was intended to give the fundamental information necessary for measuring the extent of the problem and the degree of improvement achieved. By placing sampling points along the logistic chain for the alumina, and by sampling these points for a long enough period, information about the influence of the various handling steps on the bulk solids can be identified. Segregation by particle size is the main type of influence, although the work has shown that attrition is another. Standardised statistical expressions have been used for analysing the bottlenecks of the logistic loops, and study of the results has led to a useful way of expressing the level of segregation, the change of segregation level in a handling step (silo filling and discharge), and improvements in this change. The degree of segregation when handling alumina has proven to be quite considerable in terms of effects on the production process. The effects on the efficiency of the aluminium smelting process, and the environment, have both been evaluated. Variations in the alumina due to segregation have been found to correlate with both dust concentration in the smelter pot room, and anode effects (an unwanted upset in the smelting process). An economical evaluation of an investment in anti segregation systems has been made. This evaluation has shown significant economic consequences, clearly justifying both the investigations of segregation, and the implementation of anti segregation measures. To remedy the effects of air current segregation in the aluminium industry, a complete Anti Segregation System (AS-System) based around Anti Segregation Tubes (AST) utilising a special inlet configuration has been developed. In a number of full size installations, this solution has proved itself capable of handling the variations and transients of process conditions which occur in the industry, with a large operational capacity range, due to the special inlet configuration. The effect of the full scale installed anti segregation systems have been measured, and compared to other systems. The AS-System clearly demonstrated a homogenising effect no matter how low the ingoing variations in particle size were. Other commercial systems which have been evaluated have turned out to be no more than Segregation Effect Damping Systems, since they only seem to reduce the segregation effect after it has happened, instead of trying to eliminate the problem by directly attacking the segregation mechanism itself which is what the AS-System does. A new scaled down test rig for the AS-System was developed, consisting of three ASTs fed from a central distributor. To test the potential effect of the AS-System, to determine its efficiency in countering segregation, tests with repeated filling and emptying of a scale silo were carried out. The results clearly showed that the AS-System very much reduced segregation, compared to conventional filling, even in a small-scale silo. Improved models have been developed for the function of the AST and these have been verified against measurements from the new test rig. The early version of the test rig for the AST used only one centre-mounted tube, with one pressure measurement in the top of the tube. The first models were based on the assumption of the pressure being linear, and assumed full dispersion of the falling material inside the tube; and calibrated from the single pressure measurement inside at the top of the tube. Although this simple model calculated very conservative values of the negative pressure, the model was used for the initial development and design of the AST, and later the ASSystem (Anti Segregation System). A second model was derived, where the material velocity was calculated based on free fall. This model was also based on the idea of full dispersion, but was in better agreement with measured values during further tests, which showed a considerable deviation from the original assumption of a linear pressure distribution once intermediate pressure measurements were available. When using the multi-phase-flow-simulation-program-code FLUENT to simulate the pressure distribution of the AST, the results were quite disappointing, however the FLUENT program was able to identify an initial positive pressure generated by the flow from the inlet box to the tube. Implementing this initial pressure into the simple non-linear model above, both the trend and values correspond quite well with the measured values. A single particle drag model was tried, but dismissed after calculating the maximum possible capacity for known tubes and finding the predictions to be unrealistically low. A new approach was introduced, modelling the fall of the powder in a continuous layer along the inner wall of the tube on one side, creating skin drag along the surface between the falling solid powder and the air. The length of the tube and the width of the chosen AST profile define this surface. This approach assumes that the powder falls like a layer along the tube wall. Previous theory for pressure drop in pneumatic conveying inspired this approach, but it had not previously been used for gravity flow in vertical tubes, and as a result the novel Solid Surface Body Drag Model (SSBDM) was developed. This analytical model gives very good correspondence with the measured data for the pressure distribution inside the AST, yet is extremely simple to use. When comparing the model with measured data, the SSBDM was able to predict the pressure distribution within the error boundaries of the test measurements. A method for design of the AST was derived from the SSBDM, using a dimensionless parameter function determined for the pressure drop model. The models giving the design indicate that the capacity is more than proportional to the cross sectional area of a chosen tube profile, which is in agreement with observations. The model suggests that the capacity is proportional to the cross sectional area in the power of 1.25. This model allowed the study of the effect of tube shape, which revealed that a square profile for the AST does not seem to be the optimum design; rather, a rectangular profile should be chosen for maximum capacity. The model suggests that the capacity is proportional to the width of the side of the tube along which the powder layer is falling, but proportional to the perpendicular side in a rectangular profile in the power of 1.5. The model gives an equation for pressure drop which can also be utilised to place the first valve on the tube. It also shows that for high capacities, and large silos, a system consisting of several ASTs should be chosen (AS-System). Predictions from the model have been tested against the measured capacities of full scale installed systems and give good agreement. Overall, the AS-System has been shown to be cost-effective in reducing segregation; results measured from the full scale installations show a homogenising factor (reduction in variation of the material being handled) of 1-1.5. As a result of these verifications and the simplicity of the model presented in this thesis, the plant engineer can confidently design a system which will function correctly and make a positive, predictable improvement in the homogeneity of the alumina in his plant.

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48

Hentour, Karim. "Nouveaux revêtements nanocomposites chargés en espèces carbonées pour applications tribologiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30229.

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Les aciers inoxydables austénitiques sont très utilisés dans l’industrie. Reconnus pour leur résistance à la corrosion, ils le sont également pour leur forte susceptibilité à l’usure adhésive (grippage). Cela a pour conséquence une dégradation accélérée des matériaux, ce qui conduit à des pannes brutales, à des pertes de performances et à une augmentation des coûts d’exploitation. Le CETIM et le CIRIMAT explorent des solutions basées sur des revêtements protecteurs afin de diminuer le coefficient de frottement et le volume d’usure. Des sols chargés en carbone sont élaborés et déposés par trempage-retrait sur des substrats en acier inoxydable 304L. Après gélification et traitement thermique en atmosphère inerte, des revêtements carbone-céramique d’une épaisseur d’environ 2 à 7 μm sont obtenus. Deux matrices (alumine et alumine-silice) sont étudiées, ainsi que différentes charges carbonées: du graphite commercial et des nanotubes de carbone (NTC) dont le nombre de parois moyen est égal à 2, 8 ou 20. Des essais tribologiques rotatifs bille-plan réalisés selon la norme ASTM G99 (bille en acier, charge normale 2N, vitesse 10 cm/s, 250 m de glissement) ont montré que les revêtements graphite-alumine présentent un plus faible coefficient de frottement et une plus faible usure que les revêtements alumine et NTC-alumine. Nous montrons que la surface totale de carbone disponible dans l’échantillon est le paramètre pertinent et que l’exfoliation progressive du graphite en graphène oligocouche (2-5) pendant l’essai permet de générer in situ de nouvelles surfaces, tandis que les NTC ne subissent pas d’endommagement majeur. Nous mettons en évidence la formation d’un tribofilm lubrifiant au contact bille/revêtements composites. Nous nous sommes donc orientés vers la pré-exfoliation du graphite dans le sol par différentes méthodes. Nous mettons en évidence qu’une méthode impliquant de grandes contraintes de cisaillement permet la pré-exfoliation efficace du graphite, la surface de carbone étant alors 1300 fois plus grande qu’avec la dispersion par sonde à ultrasons. Nous montrons que ce sont les échantillons GBC-alumine qui présentent les plus faibles volumes d’usure (0,0023 mm3) et coefficient de frottement (0,14) de ce travail. Le dernier chapitre est consacré à l’étude de l’adhérence du revêtement au substrat et du comportement tribologique des revêtements lors d’un essai industriel sévère (ASTM G133). Il est notamment mis en évidence que les revêtements à matrice alumine-silice présentent une meilleure adhérence que ceux à matrice alumine
Austenitic stainless steels are widely used in industry. Recognized for their resistance to corrosion, they are also known for their high susceptibility to adhesive wear (seizure). This results in accelerated material degradation leading to sudden failures, loss of performance and increased operating costs. CETIM and CIRIMAT are actively exploring solutions based on protective coatings in order to reduce the friction coefficient and the wear volume. Carbon-loaded sols are prepared and deposited by dip-coating on 304L stainless steel substrates. After gelation and heat-treatment in an inert atmosphere, carbon-ceramic coatings about 2 to 7 μm thick are obtained. Two matrices (alumina and alumina-silica) are studied, as well as different carbonaceous fillers: commercial graphite and carbon nanotubes (CNT) with an average number of walls equal to 2, 8 or 20. Rotative friction tests performed according to the ASTM G99 standard (steel ball, normal load 2N, velocity 10 cm/s, distance 250 m) have shown that the graphite-alumina coatings show a lower friction coefficient and a lower wear than the alumina- and CNT-alumina coatings. We show that the total available carbon surface area in the sample is the relevant parameter and that the progressive exfoliation of graphite to flew-layered-graphene (2-5) during the test generates new surfaces in situ whereas the CNT do not sustain any major damage. We bring to light the formation of a lubricating tribofilm in the contact between the friction ball and the composite coating. Therefore, we have focused on the pre-exfoliation of graphite in the sol by different methods. We show that a method involving high shear stresses allows an efficient pre-exfoliation of graphite, the carbon surface area being 1300 times higher than when performing the dispersion using an ultrasonic probe. We show that the BLG-alumina samples have the lowest wear volumes (0.0023 mm3) and friction coefficient (0.14) reported in this work. The last chapter is devoted to the study of the adhesion of the coating to the substrate and to the tribological behavior of the coatings in a severe industrial test (ASTM G133). It is notably demonstrated that the alumina-silica matrix coatings show a better adhesion than the alumina-matrix ones

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49

Babicz, Sylvain. "Etude diélectrique des isolants plats anodisés pour la conception de machines électriques." Thesis, Artois, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ARTO0204/document.

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L’augmentation de la classe de température des machines électriques tournantes atteint son maximum avec des vernis organiques spéciaux pouvant supporter jusqu’à 280 °C. La rupture technologique se trouve alors dans la substitution d’un vernis organique par une matière inorganique. La famille des céramiques répond aux critères. Ces céramiques sont de bons diélectriques et résistent à de fortes températures. Dans ces travaux, le conducteur étudié se présente sous la forme d’un ruban et se compose d’une âme conductrice en aluminium, dont la couche isolante a été obtenue par le processus électrochimique d’anodisation. Ce processus permet de faire croître sur l’aluminium une couche d’alumine de quelques micromètres. L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse est de caractériser ce type de conducteur pour démontrer la possibilité ou non de l’utiliser comme conducteur pour la réalisation de bobinages pour des machines dites « hautes températures », pouvant fonctionner jusqu’à des températures ambiantes de 400 °C. Des mesures de TADP, TEDP, tensions de claquage sont effectuées sous des conditions environnementales variables (hautes températures, températures négatives, humidité variable). Les actionneurs réalisés avec ce type de conducteur seront alimentés par un convertisseur provoquant des fronts raides et des surtensions. Un modèle théorique de bobine est donc proposé, basé sur l’étude du spectre d’impédance de celle-ci, et permettant de prédire l’amplitude du premier dépassement suite à un front raide. L’amélioration de l’isolation des bobines se fait par une imprégnation à l’oxyde de bore, après confection des bobines, renforçant la couche d’alumine sur les bords du ruban
The use of state of the art organic enamels, capable to withstand 280 °C, makes the temperature class increase of electrical machine reaching its maximum. A technological breakthrough can be found by the substitution of organic enamel by a ceramic based insulation. Those materials are good dielectrics and their temperature resistance is very high compared to a classical technology. In this work, the studied conductor is an aluminum tape which insulation is obtained by an anodisation, an electrochemical process. This surface treatment makes the aluminum oxidizing: a thin layer of a few micrometres is obtained, thus representing the insulation layer of the conductor. The objectives of those PhD works is to identify and characterize this particular type of conductor so as to demonstrate the ability of using an anodized aluminum tape to makeelectrical machine running up to 400 °C. Measurements of PDIV, PDEV, and breakdown voltage are carried under various environmental conditions (temperatures varying from -70 °C up to 650 °C, variable humidity level). The use of an inverter to supply this high temperature machine induces steep fronts and over voltages. As a consequence, a theoretical model of a coil, made with this kind of conductor, is then proposed and based upon the impedance spectrum of the coil. The aim of this model is to help the designer to predict the first over voltage amplitude and to make the insulation of the first coil according to that. At least, a coil insulation improvement is depicted, using boron oxide: an impregnation is held to reinforce the alumina layer on the edge of the tape

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50

Zimmer, Andre. "Influência da aspersão térmica por plasma e suas altas taxas de resfriamento na cristalinidade de fases do sistema Al2O3-TiO2-Al2TiO5." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/18584.

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Esta tese investigou o efeito da taxa de resfriamento em partículas de Al2O3, Al2O3 - TiO2, e Al2TiO5 aspergidas por pistola a plasma e submetidas a diferentes taxas de resfriamento (alta: aspersão contra um substrato metálico a 100 mm de distância da pistola de plasma, e baixa: contra uma superfície de água, a 300 mm de distância). Os resultados foram avaliados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (com EDX) e por difração de raio X para a caracterização de fases e cálculo de tamanho de cristalito por Single Line. O óxido Al2TiO5 na forma de pó quase amorfo com composição estequiométrica de tialita (tialita*) aspergido foi obtido por coprecipitação, a partir dos precursores TiCl4 e Al(NO4)3, tratado termicamente a 400, 600, 800, 900, 1000, 1200, 1300 e 1400 °C, com 6 h de patamar. Nos tratamentos térmicos com 6 horas de patamar a 800 °C e mais nitidamente a 900 °C, é identificada a formação parcial da fase tialita; desta forma, foram realizados tratamentos térmicos a 900, 1000 e 1100 °C, porém com 30 minutos de patamar. A Al2O3-a com tamanho de cristalito micrométrico foi obtida para menores taxas de resfriamento. Com o aumento da taxa de resfriamento, predominaram nanocristalitos de alumina Al2O3-g, coexistindo com fase amorfa. Já para a titânia, a fase rutilo pode ser obtida mesmo com altas taxas de resfriamento. Quando a tialita* foi submetida à alta taxa de resfriamento, levou exclusivamente à formação da fase metaestável tialita b como estrutura cristalina. No entanto, o mesmo pó, a taxas de resfriamento não tão altas, resultou na obtenção de tialita b, Al2O3-a e rutilo. Tratamentos térmicos da tialita* propiciaram a formação de tialita b, e incipientemente anatásio, com tamanho de cristalito muito pequeno (abaixo de 30 nm). À medida que a temperatura de tratamento térmico aumentou, surgiram simultaneamente as fases Al2O3-a, rutilo e tialita b. A obtenção de fases metaestáveis só foi possível quando o tamanho de cristalito era pequeno – abaixo de 100 nm, o que evidenciou a importância do número de átomos na superfície, como fator de estabilização (ou metaestabilização) de fases obtidas foras do equilíbrio.
This thesis investigated the effect of cooling rate of Al2O3, Al2O3 - TiO2 and Al2TiO5 particles plasma sprayed and subjected to different cooling rates (high: to spray against a metal substrate to 100 mm away from the plasma gun, and low: against a surface of water, 300 milimeters away). The results were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (with EDX) and X ray diffraction to characterize phases and crystallite size through Single Line. The sprayed Al2TiO5 oxide was a quasi-amorphous powder with stoichiometric composition of tialite (tialita*) obtained by co-precipitation from precursors TiCl4 and Al(NO4)3, heat treated at 400, 600, 800, 900, 1000, 1200, 1300 and 1400 °C with 6 hours of dwell. In the heat treatments with 6 hour of dwell at 800 ° C and more explicitly at 900 °C, is identified partial formation of tialite phase; then, heat treatments were performed at 900, 1000 and 1100 ° C, but with 30 minutes of dwell. Basically, a-Al2O3 with micrometer crystallite size was obtained for smaller cooling rates. By increasing the cooling rate, there were predominantly g-Al2O3 nanocrystallites coexisting with amorphous phase. However, for the titania, the rutile phase could be obtained even with high cooling rates. When tialita* was subjected to high cooling rate, exclusively, metastable b tialite was observed as crystalline phase. However, the same powder, with cooling rates not so high, resulted in b tialite, a-Al2O3 and rutile. Heat treatments of tialita* provided the formation of b tialite, and incipiently anatase with crystallite size very small (below 30 nm). As the heating treatment temperature was increased, there were simultaneously a-Al2O3, rutile and b tialite phases. Metastable phases were obtained only when the crystallite size was small - less than 100 nm. This highlighted the importance of the number of atoms on the surface as a stabilizing factor (or metastabilization) to produce phases out of equilibrium.

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