Journal articles on the topic 'Altruism'
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1
Brown, William Michael, Boris Palameta, and Chris Moore. "Are there Nonverbal Cues to Commitment? An Exploratory Study Using the Zero-Acquaintance Video Presentation Paradigm." Evolutionary Psychology 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 147470490300100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470490300100104.
Abstract:
Altruism is difficult to explain evolutionarily if subtle cheaters exist in a population ( Trivers, 1971 ). A pathway to the evolutionary maintenance of cooperation is nonverbal altruist-detection. One adaptive advantage of nonverbal altruist-detection is the formation of trustworthy division of labour partnerships ( Frank, 1988 ). Three studies were designed to test a fundamental assumption behind altruistic partner preference models. In the first experiment perceivers (blind with respect to target altruism level) made assessments of video-clips depicting self-reported altruists and self-reported non-altruists. Video-clips were designed with attempts to control for attractiveness, expressiveness, role-playing ability, and verbal content. Overall perceivers rated altruists as more “helpful” than non-altruists. In a second experiment manipulating the payoffs for cooperation, perceivers (blind with respect to payoff condition and altruism level) assessed altruists who were helping others as more “concerned” and “attentive” than non-altruists. However perceivers assessed the same altruists as less “concerned” and “attentive” than non-altruists when the payoffs were for self. This finding suggests that perceivers are sensitive to nonverbal indicators of selfishness. Indeed the self-reported non-altruists were more likely than self-reported altruists to retain resources for themselves in an objective measure of cooperative tendencies (i.e. a dictator game). In a third study altruists and non-altruists' facial expressions were analyzed. The smile emerged as a consistent cue to altruism. In addition, altruists exhibited more expressions that are under involuntary control (e.g., orbicularis oculi) compared to non-altruists. Findings suggest that likelihood to cooperate is signaled nonverbally and the putative cues may be under involuntary control as predicted by Frank (1988) .
2
Sarasati, Budi, and Ujam Jaenudin. "ALTRUISME PENGOBAT ALTERNATIF." Jurnal Psikologi Integratif 9, no. 2 (October 15, 2021): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/jpsi.v9i2.2216.
Abstract:
Altruism is a basic human trait needed in life. Specifically, it is important to study altruism in the context of professions that intersect with service This study uncovered the altruist side of some alternative medicine profession, using phenomenological approaches. This trait is appeared when they interact with clients and live in the community. The nature of altruist is more about self-awareness of carrying out god's commands. The research subjects consisted of 3 alternative medicine healers, with different skills, namely cupping, prana, and reflexology. They have been practicing alternative medicine for an average of more than 10 years. Alternative medicines have a philosophy of life that helping others and doing good should be part of everyday life. Data collection in this study used in-depth interviews and observation. The results of the study showed that altruist behavior ican be concluded as self-transcendence. Particularly, altruist behavior characteristics of alternative medicine healers are happiness, sacrifice, and devout worship.Keywords: alternative medicine, altruism, self-transcendenceAltruisme adalah sifat dasar manusia yang dibutuhkan dalam kehidupan. Secara spesifik, penting untuk mempelajari altruisme dalam konteks profesi-profesi yang berhubungan dengan pelayanan. Penelitian ini mengungkap sisi altruisme pada beberapa pengobat alternatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi. Sifat altruisme ini tampak saat mereka berinteraksi dengan klien dan hidup di tengah masyarakat. Altruisme adalah perilaku seseorang ketika menolong orang lain secara suka rela tanpa mengharapkan imbalan. Sifat Altruisme lebih kepada kesadaran diri melaksanakan perintah Tuhan. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari 3 orang ahli dalam pengobatan alternatif dengan berbagai keahlian berbeda, yaitu bekam, prana, dan pijat refleksi. Mereka telah membuka praktik pengobatan alternatif rata-rata lebih dari 10 tahun. Para pengobat alternatif mempunyai falsafah hidup bahwa menolong orang lain dan berbuat baik seharusnya menjadi bagian dari kehidupan sehari-hari. Pengambilan data menggunakan wawancara mendalam dan obervasi. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan perilaku altruisme bersifat self transendence. Karakteristik perilaku altruimes para pengobat alternatif adalah kebahagiaan, pengorbanan dan ketaatan beribadah.Kata kunci: Ahli Pengobatan Alternatif, altruisme, self transendence.
3
Sibly, Richard M., and Robert N. Curnow. "Genetic polymorphisms between altruism and selfishness close to the Hamilton threshold rb = c." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 2 (February 2017): 160649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160649.
Abstract:
Genes that in certain conditions make their carriers altruistic are being identified, and altruism and selfishness have shown to be heritable in man. This raises the possibility that genetic polymorphisms for altruism/selfishness exist in man and other animals. Here we characterize some of the conditions in which genetic polymorphisms may occur. We show for dominant or recessive alleles how the positions of stable equilibria depend on the benefit to the recipient, b , and the cost to the altruist, c , for diploid altruists helping half or full sibs, and haplodiploid altruists helping sisters. Stable polymorphisms always occur close to the Hamilton threshold rb = c . The position of the stable equilibrium moves away 0 or 1 with both increases in c , the cost paid by the altruist, and increasing divergence from the Hamilton threshold, and alleles for selfishness can reach frequencies around 50%. We evaluate quantitative estimates of b , c and r from field studies in the light of these predictions, but the values do not fall in the regions where genetic polymorphisms are expected. Nevertheless, it will be interesting to see as genes for altruism are discovered whether they are accompanied by alternate alleles for selfishness.
4
Mouser, Ricky. "Mutual Aid as Effective Altruism." Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 33, no. 2 (June 2023): 201–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ken.2023.a904083.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT: Effective altruism has a strategy problem. Overreliance on a strategy of donating to the most effective charities keeps us on the firefighter's treadmill , continually pursuing the next-highest quantifiable marginal gain. But on its own, this is politically shortsighted. Without any long-term framework within which these individual rescues fit together to bring about the greatest overall impact, we are almost certainly leaving a lot of value on the table. Thus, effective altruists' preferred means undercut their professed aims. Alongside the charity framework, the more effective altruist ought to consider a mutual aid framework, which better acknowledges and honors the unavoidably political commitments of effective altruism to reimagine and remake the world.
5
Naganawa, Takuya, Shinsaku Yamauchi, Noriko Yamagata, Akiko Matsumoto–Oda, and Ryo Oda. "Do Altruists Detect Altruists Easier Than Non–Altruists?" Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science 1, no. 1 (May 4, 2010): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2010.1.
Abstract:
Previous studies indicated that humans have a cognitive architecture for detecting altruism in others based on non–verbal cues. According to the perspective of ‘green beard effect’, green beard gene should produce recognition of the green beard in other individuals, which predicts that altruists can detect altruists easier than non–altruists. In a game situation in which perceivers respond to videotaped altruists and non–altruists, we measured the altruism of perceivers and examined the relationship between degree of altruism and ability to identify altruists. We found no significant relationship between the accuracy with which altruism levels were detected and the altruism level of perceivers.
6
Anggraini, Dewi Aprillia, and Nurul Hartini. "Hubungan antara Altruisme dengan Kesejahteraan Psikologis Relawan pada Lembaga Filantropi Dompet Dhuafa." Buletin Riset Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental (BRPKM) 2, no. 2 (October 28, 2022): 832–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/brpkm.v2i2.38930.
Abstract:
Kesejahteraan psikologis individu sangat penting, terutama bagi relawan. Tingkat kesejahteraan yang rendah dapat berdampak pada kesehatan mental dan perkembangan relawan secara keseluruhan. Munculnya kesejahteraan psikologis dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas altruis. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan uji korelasi antara altruisme dengan kesejahteraan psikologis relawan pada Lembaga Filantropi Dompet Dhuafa. Sebanyak 133 peserta dalam penelitian ini yang menyelesaikan kuesioner menggunakan instrumen altruism scale dan Ryff’s psychological well-being scale. Altruisme dan kesejahteraan psikologis pada relawan memiliki hubungan positif signifikan yang sangat kuat. Menurut analisis data menggunakan pendekatan korelasi Spearman (r(133)= 0,523; p < 0,001). Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa kesejahteraan psikologis relawan akan meningkat atau semakin tinggi, seiring dengan tingginya tingkat altruisme.
7
Kitcher, Philip. "VARIETIES OF ALTRUISM." Economics and Philosophy 26, no. 2 (July 2010): 121–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267110000167.
Abstract:
Discussions of altruism occur in three importantly different contexts. During the past four decades, evolutionary theory has been concerned with the possibility that forms of behaviour labelled as altruistic could emerge and could be maintained under natural selection. In these discussions, an agent A is said to act altruistically towards a beneficiary B when A's action promotes the expected reproductive success of B at expected reproductive cost to A. This sort of altruism, biological altruism, is quite different from the kind of behaviour important to debates about ethical and social issues. There the focus is on psychological altruism, a notion that is concerned with the intentions of the agent and that need have no connection with the spread of anyone's genes. Psychological altruists are people with other-directed desires, emotions or intentions (this is a rough preliminary characterization, to be refined below). Finally, in certain kinds of social scientific research, the important concept is that of behavioural altruism. From the outside, behavioural altruists look like psychological altruists, although their motives and preferences may be very different.
8
Mokos, Judit, and István Scheuring. "Altruism, costly signaling, and withholding information in a sport charity campaign." Evolution, Mind and Behaviour 17, no. 1 (December 2019): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2050.2019.00007.
Abstract:
Are more generous altruists more likely to signal their altruism? According to the theory of costly signaling, altruists signal their altruism in order to enhance their reputations; this theory predicts that above-average altruists will be most likely to signal their altruism. However, previous empirical research has found that average altruists are more likely to signal their altruism than above- and below-average altruists, suggesting adherence to an egalitarian norm. Studies of real-life of altruism, reputation management, and signaling are rare. Here, we examined a sport charity database to look at the behavior of donors and fundraising runners. We observed that average donors are the most likely to publish both their names and the amount, whereas below-average donors are more likely to publish only their name (and hide the amount), and extremely generous donors are more likely to publish only the amount (and hide their name) than less generous donors. We also found that runners who targeted a higher sum or a longer distance garnered larger sums through larger individual donations. These results support egalitarian theories of signaling and show that humans actively manipulate the information about their altruistic act to maximize their reputation.
9
Muhammad, Farhad, and Abdul Muhid. "ALTRUISME GURU DALAM PERSPEKTIF ISLAM." Muslim Heritage 7, no. 2 (December 26, 2022): 323–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21154/muslimheritage.v7i2.4798.
Abstract:
AbstractTeacher Altruism in an Islamic Perspective. Altruism as an active attitude of a person to help others has a significant social impact, in Islam altruism is better known in its terms which is one of the basic attitudes of a Muslim, especially for teachers who are central figures in the education of future generations to become the better person should be one with altruism. This study aims to reveal the similarities and differences between altruism and itsar, and altruistic attitudes of teachers. The method in this study is a literature review, the source of the data is taken from literature and journals related to the research topic. The results of this study are altruism and itsar have similarities in the meaning of both which refer to individual actions that want good for others without getting reciprocity, along with indicators in the form of; attitude of giving, cooperation, donation, helping, honest, and generous, while the difference lies in the spiritual aspect in Itsar’s indicators, so that makes itsar more perfect than altruism. Mu'tsir teachers in Islam are teachers who prioritize the interests of students compared to the teacher himself, making indicators of altruism as the basis of their competence, by adding spiritual competence contained in itsar as a manifestation of faith and charity as a Muslim, and as an accountability answer before Allah SWT. AbstrakAltruisme Guru Dalam Perspektif Islam.Altruisme sebagai sikap aktif seseorang untuk membantu orang lain memiliki dampak sosial yang signifikan, dalam islam altruismelebih dikenal dalam term itsar yang merupakan salah satu sikap dasar seorang muslim, terlebih bagi Guru yang merupakan tokoh sentral dalam pendidikan generasi mendatang untuk menjadi pribadi yang lebih baik haruslah merupakan seorang dengan sikap altruisme. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkapkan persamaan dan perbedaan antara altruisme dan itsar, dan sikap-sikap altruisme guru. Metode dalam penelitian ini merupakan kajian pustaka, sumber datanya diambil dari literatur dan jurnal yang terkait dengan topik penelitian. Hasil penelitian ini adalah altruisme dan itsar memiliki persamaan dalam pengertian keduanya yang merujuk pada tindakan individu yang menghendaki kebaikan bagi orang lain tanpa mendapatkan timbal balik, berikut indikatornya yang berupa; sikap memberi, kerjasama, donasi, menolong, jujur, dan dermawan, sedangkan perbedaannya terletak pada keberadaan aspek spiritual dalam indikator yang dimiliki term Itsar, sehingga cakupan itsar bisa menjadi lebih sempurna dari altruisme. Guru yang mu’tsir dalam Islam merupakan guru yang lebih mengutamakan kepentingan peserta didik dibandingkan dengan diri guru itu sendiri, menjadikan indikator altruisme sebagai dasar kompetensi yang dimilikinya, dengan menambahkan kompetensi spiritual yang terdapat pada itsar sebagai perwujudan iman dan amalnya sebagai muslim, dan sebagai pertanggung jawabannya dihadapan Allah SWT.
10
STEINBERG, DAVID. "Altruism in Medicine: Its Definition, Nature, and Dilemmas." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 19, no. 2 (March 12, 2010): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180109990521.
Abstract:
A significant portion of the practice of medicine is dependent on individual acts of medical altruism. Many of these acts, such as the donation of blood, gametes, stem cells, and organs, entail varying degrees of bodily intrusion and, for the altruist, various combinations of discomfort, risk, and expense. Discussion of the ethics of altruism has typically been fragmented under various rubrics such as blood donation, organ and tissue transplantation, health information, and the assisted reproductive technologies. The ethics of these specific examples of altruism are best explored in conjunction with a broader discussion of their relatively neglected mother discipline, altruism in medicine.
11
Hayward, Max Khan. "Utility cascades." Analysis 80, no. 3 (May 8, 2020): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/anaa011.
Abstract:
Abstract Utility cascades occur when a utilitarian’s reduction of support for an intervention reduces the effectiveness of that intervention, leading the utilitarian to further reduce support, thereby further undermining effectiveness, and so on, in a negative spiral. This paper illustrates the mechanisms by which utility cascades occur, and then draws out the theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, utility cascades provide an argument that the utilitarian agent should sometimes either ignore evidence about effectiveness or fail to apportion support to effectiveness. Practically, utility cascades call upon utilitarians to rethink their relationship with the social movement known as Effective Altruism, which insists on the importance of seeking and being guided by evidence concerning effectiveness. This has particular implications for the ‘Institutional Critique’ of Effective Altruism, which holds that Effective Altruists undervalue political and systemic reforms. The problem of utility cascades undermines the Effective Altruist response to the Institutional Critique.
12
Synowiec, Jakub. "Ethics for everyday heroes – from Utilitarianism to Effective Altruism." Ethics & Bioethics 6, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2016): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ebce-2016-0015.
Abstract:
Abstract Effective Altruism is a very new discipline. The first steps towards creating a community were made in 2009. Although the movement is young, it has already changed lives of many people and its popularity continues to rise. The idea of effective altruism is deeply rooted in philosophy, hence to understand it better an attempt will be made to reconstruct and present the philosophical framework of Effective Altruism. This part is intended to show the development of utilitarian thought that led to Effective Altruism. I intentionally limited this reconstruction to the views of Peter Singer, as his philosophy inspired many effective altruists, especially at the beginning of the movement. I have tried to show that his earliest works were the first steps on the way to effective altruism. In the second part selected details of the idea will be referred to in order to show the current state of development of this branch of utilitarianism. In the last part, selected doubts and critical remarks will be presented that might be inspiration to adapt Effective Altruism to specific conditions of Central and Eastern Europe. It will be argued that advocacy for Effective Altruism is a fair way for effective altruists in countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
13
Brethel-Haurwitz, Kristin M., Elise M. Cardinale, Kruti M. Vekaria, Emily L. Robertson, Brian Walitt, John W. VanMeter, and Abigail A. Marsh. "Extraordinary Altruists Exhibit Enhanced Self–Other Overlap in Neural Responses to Distress." Psychological Science 29, no. 10 (August 21, 2018): 1631–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797618779590.
Abstract:
Shared neural representations during experienced and observed distress are hypothesized to reflect empathic neural simulation, which may support altruism. But the correspondence between real-world altruism and shared neural representations has not been directly tested, and empathy’s role in promoting altruism toward strangers has been questioned. Here, we show that individuals who have performed costly altruism (donating a kidney to a stranger; n = 25) exhibit greater self–other overlap than matched control participants ( n = 27) in neural representations of pain and threat (fearful anticipation) in anterior insula (AI) during an empathic-pain paradigm. Altruists exhibited greater self–other correspondence in pain-related activation in left AI, highlighting that group-level overlap was supported by individual-level associations between empathic pain and firsthand pain. Altruists exhibited enhanced functional coupling of left AI with left midinsula during empathic pain and threat. Results show that heightened neural instantiations of empathy correspond to real-world altruism and highlight limitations of self-report.
14
Dianah, Fairuz, Mohammad Hadi Sucipto, Abdul Djalal, and Mohammad Kurjum. "Altruisme Sebagai Benteng Pertahanan Keluarga Di Era 4.0 (Penafsiran Qs. Al-Hasyr Ayat 9 Perspektif Tafsir Al-Tanwir Wa Al-Tahrir Dan Al-Mizan Fi Al-Tafsir)." Kontemplasi: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin 8, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 229–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21274/kontem.2020.8.1.229-263.
Abstract:
Abstract
This paper discusses altruism in QS. Al-Hasyr verse 9 in Tafsir al-Tanwir wa al-Tahrir and al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir represented by lafadz خصاصة. Altruism is very important to be studied moreover it is related to the problems of the family of the 4.0 era today which are rife with discrimination of women, divorce, and economic problems. Returning to the values of religious altruism is one solution to build a family defense that is sakinah mawaddah and warahmah. The purpose of this study is to understand the comparison of Tafsir al-Tanwir wa al-Tahrir and al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir to understanding altruism khasasah and their implications for family defense in the 4.0 era. To achieve the objectives, the method use id qualitative method with a semantic approach. Through this reading the results obtained in study are; fist; altruism is understood as a voluntary activity carried out by a person or group to help others without expecting anything in return. Second; khasasahin QS. Al-Hasyr verse 9 has several meanings namely; 1) loving his brother because of God, 2) generous and far from being miserly, 3) putting this brother ahead of himself. Through this understanding, the implications derived from the substance of this study are the creation of altruism as a stronghold in the family in this era.
Keywords: altruism, QS. Al-Hasyr: 9, Tafsir al-Tanwir wa al-Tanwir, al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir.
Abstrak
Tulisan ini membahas tentang altruisme dalam QS. Al-Hasyr ayat 9 pada Tafsir al-Tanwir wa al-Tahrir dan al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir yang direpresentasikan oleh lafadz خصاصة. Altruisme sangat penting dikaji apalagi dikaitkan dengan problem keluarga era 4.0 dewasa ini yang marak dengan diskriminasi perempuan, perceraiaan dan problem ekonomi. Mengembalikan pada nilai-nilai altruisme agama menjadi salah satu solusi untuk membangun pertahanan keluarga yang sakinah, mawaddah dan warahmah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami komparasi Tafsir al-Tanwir wa al-Tahrir dan al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir terhadap pemahaman altruisme khasasahdan implikasinya terhadap pertahanan keluarga di era 4.0. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan semantik. Melalui pembacaai ini, hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah; pertama; altruisme dipahami sebagai kegiatan suka rela yang dilakukan seseorang atau kelompok untuk menolong orang lain tanpa mengharapkan imbalan apapun. Kedua; lafad khasasah dalam QS. Al-Hasyr ayat 9 memiliki beberapa makna yaitu; 1) mencintai saudaranya karena Allah, 2) dermawan dan jauh dari sifat kikir, 3) mengutamakan saudaranya daripada dirinya sendiri. Melalui pemahaman ini, implikasi yang didapat dari substansi penelitian ini adalah terciptanya altruisme sebagai benteng pertahanan dalam keluarga di era sekarang ini.
Kata Kunci: altruisme, QS. Al-Hasyr: 9, Tafsir al-Tanwir wa al-Tahrir, al-Mizan fi al-Tafsir.
15
Gintis, Herbert. "Altruism and emotions." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 2 (April 2002): 258–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02300050.
Abstract:
If altruism requires self-control, people must consider altruistic acts as costly, the benefits of which will only be recouped in the future. By contrast, I shall present evidence that altruism is dictated by emotions: Altruists secure an immediate payoff from performing altruistic acts, so no element of self-control is present, and no future reward is required or expected.
16
Fadhlurrohman, Muhammad Dzikron, and Yeniar Indriana. "Kepuasan Hidup Remaja Pondok Ditinjau dari Kelekatan pada Orang Tua dan Altruisme." Jurnal Psikologi Perseptual 8, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24176/perseptual.v8i1.7556.
Abstract:
This study aims to determine the relationship between attachment to parent and altruism to life satisfaction in adolescent boarding schools simultaneously and separately and to find out how much the effective contribution is. The sample in this study amounted to 76 students and students at MTs / MA Al Burhan Semarang. This research uses a population study in which all subjects become the research sample. The scale used as a measuring tool in this study is the scale of life satisfaction, the scale of attachment to parent, and the scale of altruism. The results showed that the three variables simultaneously had a significant relationship between attachment to parents and altruism with life satisfaction. Simultaneously, attachment to parent and altruism gave an effective contribution of 20.7% to life satisfaction. Separately, attachment to parent has a significant relationship with life satisfaction and has an effective contribution of 11.5%. Meanwhile, altruism has a significant relationship with life satisfaction and has an effective contribution of 9.2% to life satisfaction. Therefore, all the hypotheses proposed in this study are accepted. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kelekatan pada orang tua dan altruisme terhadap kepuasan hidup pada remaja pondok secara simultan dan secara terpisah dan juga mencari tahu berapa sumbangan efektifnya. Sampel pada penelitian ini berjumlah 76 siswa dan siswa di MTs/ MA Al Burhan. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan studi populasi dimana semua subjek menjadi sampel penelitian. Skala yang digunakan sebagai alat ukur pada penelitian ini adalah skala kepuasan hidup, skala kelekatan pada orang tua dan skala altruisme. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ketiga variabel secara simultan memiliki hubungan yang signifikan antara kelekatan pada orang tua dan altruisme dengan kepuasan hidup. Secara simultan kelekatan pada orang tua dan altruisme memberi sumbangan efektif sebesar 20,7% terhadap kepuasan hidup. Secara terpisah kelekatan pada orang tua memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan kepuasan hidup dan memiliki sumbangan efektif sebesar 11,5%. Sementara itu, altruisme memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan kepuasan hidup dan memiliki sumbangan efektif sebesar 9,2% terhadap kepuasan hidup. Maka dari itu semua hipotesis yang diajukan pada penelitian ini diterima.
17
Synowiec, Jakub. "Effective altruism for the poor." Ethics & Bioethics 9, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2019): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ebce-2019-0010.
Abstract:
Abstract The aim of the paper is to contribute to the debate on effective altruism. It is an attempt to present it as a universal moral proposition – not only a new charity model for the richest citizens of the world. The article starts with a definition of a hypothetical group of relatively-poor effective altruists. Their hypothetical living conditions and opportunities are juxtaposed with the theory of effective altruism developed by Peter Singer and William MacAskill and with career guides proposed by 80000hours.org – one of the websites gathering effective altruists. In the last part, selected practices for relatively poor effective altruists are described. The conclusion of the paper is, that although most of the reflections behind the concept of effective altruism are developed for the richest people in the world, it is a universal ethical position that can be applied into lives of relatively poor people, whose contribution should not be underestimated.
18
Lim, Chong-Ming. "Effectiveness and Ecumenicity." Journal of Moral Philosophy 16, no. 5 (October 25, 2019): 590–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455243-20180016.
Abstract:
Effective altruism is purportedly ecumenical towards different moral views, charitable causes, and evidentiary methods. I argue that effective altruists’ criticisms of purportedly less effective charities are inconsistent with their commitment to ecumenicity. Individuals may justifiably support charities other than those recommended by effective altruism. If effective altruists take their commitment to ecumenicity seriously, they will have to revise their criticisms of many of these charities.
19
Nahra, Cinara. "ALTRUISM AND MORAL ENHANCEMENT." Kriterion: Revista de Filosofia 61, no. 147 (December 2020): 633–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-512x2020n14704cn.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT In this article I will be discussing what altruism is, distinguishing altruistic motivations (pure and impure) and altruistic behaviour (soft and robust). Pure altruism is when the motivation to benefit another is exclusively to increase the other's welfare, and impure altruism is when the motivation to benefit another is solely to increase your own wellbeing, or includes on some level, increasing your own welfare. Soft altruism is helping behaviour and robust altruism is improving the welfare of another individual at the expense of the altruist. Having made these distinctions I move on to show that altruism is a requirement of morality. I argue that the three main principles of morality (categorical imperative, golden rule and the greatest happiness principle) are not only compatible with, but also recommend soft altruism. Finally I argue that the probability of people continuing to practise altruistic acts is higher when we are purely motivated, and if that is the case not only classic moral enhancement but also biotechnological moral enhancement can have a role in bringing people over to the altruistic side, stimulating their ‘other regarding ’ motivations, thus contributing to spreading altruistic behaviour and morality throughout the world.
20
Mastain, Lisa. "The Lived Experience of Spontaneous Altruism: A Phenomenological Study." Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 37, no. 1 (October 3, 2006): 25–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691624-90000004.
Abstract:
A significant amount of research has been conducted examining the social, psychological and behavioral aspects of altruism (Post, Johnson, McCullough & Schloss, 2003), as well as the characteristics and practices of eminent altruists (Sorokin, 1950) but very little research has been done that seeks to understand the nature of the lived experience of spontaneous altruism. This study seeks to fill the gap left by traditional psychosocial research by using descriptive phenomenological methods (Giorgi, 1989) to reveal the structure and meaning of the lived experience of spontaneous altruism. Three participants wrote descriptions of situations in which they engaged in spontaneous acts of altruism. Altruism was defined as a motivational state with the ultimate goal of increasing another's welfare (Batson, 1991). These descriptions were then expanded and clarified through a follow up interview. The results of the phenomenological analysis produced a structure of the lived experience of spontaneous altruism consisting of 15 constituent themes. These themes detail the complex emotional, psychological and mental processes that work together in the experience of spontaneous altruism. They also point to the possible roles of love, spirituality, ego-autonomy and creativity in the experience of altruism.
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Rokim, Mohammad, Erita Yuliasesti Diah Sari, and Aulia Aulia. "Performance of ASN Nurses during the Covid-19 Pandemic in terms of Self-Efficacy, Altruism, and Interpersonal Communication." Psikostudia : Jurnal Psikologi 11, no. 2 (May 16, 2022): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/psikostudia.v11i2.7365.
Abstract:
Nurses are at the forefront of overcoming the covid-19 pandemic, so nurses are required to have maximum performance, but in fact performance problems are found in nurses such as feeling unsure about overcoming the pandemic, fatigue, and decreased teamwork due to lack of health workers. This study aims to examine the effect of self-efficacy, altruism and interpersonal communication on the performance of ASN nurses during the Covid-19 pandemic. The subjects in this study were ASN nurses at Yogyakarta Hospital. Data collection uses employee performance appraisal (PKP) through the e-PKP system, self-efficacy scale, altruism scale and interpersonal communication scale. The collected data will then be analyzed using multiple linear regression techniques. The results showed that simultaneously self-efficacy, altruism and interpersonal communication have an influence on employee performance. Subsequent results show that there is no effect of self-efficacy on nurse performance, on the other hand there is an influence of altruism on nurse performance, and there is an influence of interpersonal communication on nurse performance. This research has implications for the importance of attention and increasing altruism and interpersonal communication to encourage nurse performance. Perawat merupakan garda terdepan untuk mengatasi pandemi covid-19 sehingga para perawat dituntut memiliki kinerja yang maksimal, tetapi pada faktanya permasalah kinerja ditemukan pada perawat seperti merasa tidak yakin untuk mengatasi pandemi, kelelahan, dan kerjasama tim menurun karena tenaga kesehatan yang kurang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh efikasi diri, altruisme dan komunikasi interpersonal dengan kinerja perawat ASN pada masa pandemi Covid-19. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah perawat ASN di RSUD Yogyakarta. Pengumpulan data menggunakan penilaian kinerja pegawai (PKP) melalui sistem e-PKP, skala efikasi diri, skala altruisme dan skala komunikasi Interpersonal. Data yang terkumpul selanjutnya akan dianalisis menggunakan teknik regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara simultan efikasi diri, altruisme dan komunikasi interpersonal memiliki pengaruh terhadap kinerja pegawai. Hasil berikutnya menunjukkan tidak ada pengaruh antara efikasi diri terhadap kinerja perawat, di sisi lain terdapat pengaruh altruisme terhadap kinerja perawat, dan terdapat pengaruh komunikasi interpersonal terhadap kinerja perawat. Penelitian ini berimplikasi pada pentingnya perhatian dan peningkatan altruisme dan komunikasi interpersonal untuk mendorong kinerja perawat.
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Brethel-Haurwitz, Kristin M., Katherine O'Connell, Elise M. Cardinale, Maria Stoianova, Sarah A. Stoycos, Leah M. Lozier, John W. VanMeter, and Abigail A. Marsh. "Amygdala–midbrain connectivity indicates a role for the mammalian parental care system in human altruism." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1865 (October 25, 2017): 20171731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1731.
Abstract:
Costly altruism benefitting a stranger is a rare but evolutionarily conserved phenomenon. This behaviour may be supported by limbic and midbrain circuitry that supports mammalian caregiving. In rodents, reciprocal connections between the amygdala and the midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG) are critical for generating protective responses toward vulnerable and distressed offspring. We used functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging to explore whether these regions play a role in supporting costly altruism in humans. We recruited a rare population of altruists, all of whom had donated a kidney to a stranger, and measured activity and functional connectivity of the amygdala and PAG as altruists and matched controls responded to care-eliciting scenarios. When these scenarios were coupled with pre-attentive distress cues, altruists' sympathy corresponded to greater activity in the left amygdala and PAG, and functional connectivity analyses revealed increased coupling between these regions in altruists during this epoch. We also found that altruists exhibited greater fractional anisotropy within the left amygdala–PAG white matter tract. These results, coupled with previous evidence of altruists' increased amygdala-linked sensitivity to distress, are consistent with costly altruism resulting from enhanced care-oriented responses to vulnerability and distress that are supported by recruitment of circuitry that supports mammalian parental care.
23
Aiyuda, Nurul, Itto Nesyia Nasution, Kartika Syahrina, and Ade Irma Magdalena. "What are the Reason for Internet Altruistic Behavior?" Journal of Islamic and Contemporary Psychology (JICOP) 3, no. 1s (February 28, 2023): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jicop.v3i1s.12342.
Abstract:
Berkembangnya era digital membawa perubahan perilaku individu. Perilaku yang kita kenal dalam keseharian sekarang sudah banyak ditemukan di dunia maya. Salah satunya adalah altruisme. Altruisme merupakan perilaku sukarela, sedang IAB atau Internet Altruistic Behavioral adalah bentuk altruisme baru di era internet, yang adalah perluasan ke dunia maya dari perilaku altruistik di dunia fisik. Meskipun teori-teori terkait altruism sudah banyak berkembang, namun pergeseran perilaku ke dunia maya menjadi hal baru yang perlu ditelaah lebih lanjut. Tulisan ini menggagas bagaimana perkembangan IAB dan kenapa individu memilih untuk melakukan IAB dibanding altruism secara fisik. Telaah dilakukan dengan mengkaji berbagai literatur terkait IAB dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Diketahui bahwa individu melakukan IAB karena beberapa alasan yang melibatkan situasi personal, eksternal, maupun nilai pribadi. IAB dapat diukur dengan melihat aspek dukungan yang dilakkan lewat internet, panduan penggunaan internet, internet-sharing, maupun bagaimana internet digunakan sebagai reminder.
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Wagstaff, Graham F. "Altruism, self-control, and justice: What Aristotle really said." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 2 (April 2002): 278–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02520057.
Abstract:
As support for his position, Rachlin refers to the writings of Aristotle. However, Aristotle, like many social psychological theorists, would dispute the assumptions that altruism always involves self-control, and that altruism is confined to acts that have group benefits. Indeed, for Aristotle, as for equity theory and sociobiology, justice exists partly to curb the unrestrained actions of those altruists who are a social liability.
25
Zink, Sheldon, and Stacey L. Wertlieb. "Forced Altruism is not Altruism." American Journal of Bioethics 4, no. 4 (September 2004): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265160490906727.
26
Amna, Zaujatul, and Ruhul Aflah. "STEREOTIP “PIDIE KRIET” TERHADAP PERILAKU ALTRUISME." Psikoislamedia : Jurnal Psikologi 5, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/psikoislamedia.v5i2.7006.
Abstract:
“Pidie Kriet” diartikan sebagai “Pidie pelit”. “Pidie kriet” merupakan suatu istilah yang melekat pada masyarakat Pidie, Aceh, Indonesia. Istilah tersebut masih berkembang hingga saat ini terutama di masyarakat Pidie, dimana stereotip tersebut berpengaruh bagi individu karena diasosikan seseorang yang berasal dari pidie diasosikan dengan stereotip dengan orang yang pelit. Hal ini tentunya akan memengaruhi perilaku altruisme dari individu tersebut. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara stereotip “Pidie Kriet” dengan perilaku altruism, yang dilakukan terhadap 120 mahasiswa Pidie yang dipilih dengan menggunakan teknik sampling insidental. Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat hubungan negatif dan signifikan antara stereotip “Pidie Kriet” dengan perilaku altruism (p=0,014, r=0,227). Hal ini dapat diartikan semakin tinggi stereotype pidie kriet dalam diri individu, maka semakin rendah perilaku altruismenya, dan juga sebaliknya. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan pada umumnya subjek memiliki tingkat perilaku altruisme yang tinggi dan stereotip “pidie kriet” yang rendah dalam dirinya. Dengan demikian, dapat dikatakan bahwa stereotip "Pidie Kriet" tidak terlalu memengaruhi perilaku altruisme mahasiswa Pidie tersebut.
27
Hopkins, Ed. "Competitive Altruism, Mentalizing, and Signaling." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): 272–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.6.4.272.
Abstract:
One explanation of altruism is that it arises from “mentalizing,” the process of understanding the mental states of others. Another is based on sexual selection: altruism is a costly signal of good genes. This paper shows that these two arguments are stronger together in that altruists who can mentalize have a greater advantage over nonaltruists when they can signal their type, even though these signals are costly, when such signaling allows better matching opportunities. Finally, it shows how mentalizing leads to higher payoffs for both partners in a long-term relationship, modeled as a repeated game with private monitoring. (JEL C73, D64, D82)
28
Kennedy, P., and A. N. Radford. "Sibling quality and the haplodiploidy hypothesis." Biology Letters 16, no. 3 (March 2020): 20190764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0764.
Abstract:
The ‘haplodiploidy hypothesis’ argues that haplodiploid inheritance in bees, wasps, and ants generates relatedness asymmetries that promote the evolution of altruism by females, who are less related to their offspring than to their sisters (‘supersister’ relatedness). However, a consensus holds that relatedness asymmetry can only drive the evolution of eusociality if workers can direct their help preferentially to sisters over brothers, either through sex-ratio biases or a pre-existing ability to discriminate sexes among the brood. We show via a kin selection model that a simple feature of insect biology can promote the origin of workers in haplodiploids without requiring either condition. In insects in which females must found and provision new nests, body quality may have a stronger influence on female fitness than on male fitness. If altruism boosts the quality of all larval siblings, sisters may, therefore, benefit more than brothers from receiving the same amount of help. Accordingly, the benefits of altruism would fall disproportionately on supersisters in haplodiploids. Haplodiploid females should be more prone to altruism than diplodiploid females or males of either ploidy when altruism elevates female fitness especially, and even when altruists are blind to sibling sex.
29
Johnstone, Rufus A., Michael A. Cant, and Jeremy Field. "Sex-biased dispersal, haplodiploidy and the evolution of helping in social insects." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1729 (July 27, 2011): 787–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1257.
Abstract:
In his famous haplodiploidy hypothesis, W. D. Hamilton proposed that high sister–sister relatedness facilitates the evolution of kin-selected reproductive altruism among Hymenopteran females. Subsequent analyses, however, suggested that haplodiploidy cannot promote altruism unless altruists capitalize on relatedness asymmetries by helping to raise offspring whose sex ratio is more female-biased than the population at large. Here, we show that haplodiploidy is in fact more favourable than is diploidy to the evolution of reproductive altruism on the part of females, provided only that dispersal is male-biased (no sex-ratio bias or active kin discrimination is required). The effect is strong, and applies to the evolution both of sterile female helpers and of helping among breeding females. Moreover, a review of existing data suggests that female philopatry and non-local mating are widespread among nest-building Hymenoptera. We thus conclude that Hamilton was correct in his claim that ‘family relationships in the Hymenoptera are potentially very favourable to the evolution of reproductive altruism’.
30
Campbell, John, Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred D. Miller Jr., and Jeffrey Paul. "Altruism." Philosophical Review 104, no. 3 (July 1995): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2185645.
31
Hoerni, Bernard. "Altruism." Journal International de Bioéthique 18, no. 4 (2007): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/jib.184.0013.
32
Hoerni, Bernard. "Altruism." Journal International de Bioéthique 19, no. 3 (2008): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/jib.193.0013.
33
Hoerni, Bernard. "Altruism." Journal International de Bioéthique 20, no. 3 (2009): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/jib.203.0013.
34
Church, David. "Altruism." British Journal of General Practice 62, no. 605 (December 2012): 627.3–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp12x659187.
35
Iyengar, Erika. "Altruism." American Biology Teacher 77, no. 9 (November 1, 2015): 711–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2015.77.9.12c.
36
Austin, David M. "Altruism." Social Service Review 68, no. 3 (September 1994): 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/604068.
37
Milton, Constance L. "Altruism." Nursing Science Quarterly 25, no. 3 (June 29, 2012): 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894318412447553.
38
Sesardic, Neven. "Altruism." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 50, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjps/50.3.457.
39
West, Stuart A., Andy Gardner, and Ashleigh S. Griffin. "Altruism." Current Biology 16, no. 13 (July 2006): R482—R483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.06.014.
40
Sigmund, Karl, and Christoph Hauert. "Altruism." Current Biology 12, no. 8 (April 2002): R270—R272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(02)00797-2.
41
Konstan, David. "Altruism." Transactions of the American Philological Association 130, no. 1 (2000): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/apa.2000.0006.
42
Sun, Sanxing. "From Defensive Altruism to Pathological Altruism." SAGE Open 8, no. 2 (April 2018): 215824401878258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244018782585.
43
Endang Sulistiyani, Karnowahadi, Dody Setyadi, Hadiahti Utami, Zalena Mohd, and Umi Hidayatur Rohmah. "Managerial Work Efficacy And Business Performance: The Role Of Altruis Innovative." Proceeding of International Conference On Economics, Business Management, Accounting and Sustainability 1 (November 19, 2022): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.55980/icebas.v1i.95.
Abstract:
This study aims to determine the antecedent variables that affect business performance and to determine the role of altruist innovative variables in mediating the relationship between managerial work efficacy and business performance. The object of this research is tour & travel industry in Central Java. The sample of this research is the director of each research object as the leader and main decision maker in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic situation and the new normal era. Methods of data collection by distributing questionnaires, interviews, observation and literature study. The sampling method used purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling technique. Based on statistical results, the six hypotheses that have been proposed show that the five hypotheses have a significant positive effect on all relationships between variables and one hypothesis has no effect. The indirect effect of independent variables on business performance is in two strategies, namely linking managerial work efficacy to business performance through altruism innovative and linking altruism innovative to business performance through the strength of the work team. The dominant influence between variables is shown from the relationship between the strength of the work team on readiness to change. Namely linking managerial work efficacy to business performance through innovative altruism and linking innovative altruism to business performance through the strength of the work team. The dominant influence between variables is shown from the relationship between the strength of the work team on readiness to change. namely linking managerial work efficacy to business performance through innovative altruism and linking innovative altruism to business performance through the strength of the work team. The dominant influence between variables is shown from the relationship between the strength of the work team on readiness to change.
44
ANDRONIC, Răzvan-Lucian. "ALTRUISM, TRUST AND VOLUNTEERING." SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE AIR FORCE 18, no. 2 (June 24, 2016): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.19062/2247-3173.2016.18.2.1.
45
Peck, Joel R. "Sex causes altruism. Altruism causes sex. Maybe." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 271, no. 1543 (May 22, 2004): 993–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2650.
46
Osiński, Jerzy. "Kin altruism, reciprocal altruism and social discounting." Personality and Individual Differences 47, no. 4 (September 2009): 374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.011.
47
Tonkens, Ryan. "The Most Good You Can Do with Your Kidneys: Effective Altruism and the Organ-Shortage Problem." Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine 46, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 350–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhab007.
Abstract:
Abstract Effective altruism is a growing philosophical and social movement, whose members design their lives in ways aligned with doing the most good that they can do. The main focus of this paper is to explore what effective altruism has to say about the moral obligations people have to do good with their organs, in the face of an organ-shortage problem. It is argued that an effective altruism framework offers a number of valuable theoretical and practical insights relevant to ongoing debate about how to resolve the organ-shortage problem. Its recommendations constitute a plausible and promising strategy for increasing the supply of, and decreasing the demand for, human organs, in a way that protects (rather than ignores, or preys upon) the global poor. And, many of its recommendations can be implemented into policy without requiring that citizens actually become effective altruists themselves.
48
Grofman, Bernard. "Memories of an altruist who denied the importance of altruism." Journal of Bioeconomics 18, no. 2 (June 27, 2016): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10818-016-9225-8.
49
Radovanovic, Bojana. "Altruism in behavioural, motivational and evolutionary sense." Filozofija i drustvo 30, no. 1 (2019): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid1901122r.
Abstract:
This paper discusses the relations between three forms of altruism: behavioural, evolutionary and motivational. Altruism in a behavioural sense is an act that benefits another person. It can range from volunteering to a charity and helping a neighbour, to giving money to a non-profit organisation or donating blood. People often dedicate their material and nonmaterial resources for the benefit of others to gain psychological, social and material benefits for themselves. Thus, their altruistic acts are driven by egoistic motivation. Also, the final goal of an altruistic act may be the increase in the welfare of a group or adherence to a certain moral principle or a social norm. However, at least sometimes, the welfare of others is the ultimate goal of our actions, when our altruistic acts are performed from altruistic motivation. In evolutionary sense, altruism means the sacrifice of reproductive success for the benefit of other organisms. According to evolutionary theories, behaviour which promotes the reproductive success of the receiver at the cost of the actor is favoured by natural selection, because it is either beneficial for the altruist in the long run, or for his genes, or for the group he belongs to. However, altruism among people emerges as a distinctly human combination of innate and learned behaviours. Not only do we benefit the members of our own group, but we are capable of transcending our tribalistic instincts and putting the benefit of strangers at our own personal expense as our ultimate goal.
50
Halba, Bénédicte. "VOLUNTEERING FROM ALTRUISM TO OTHERNESSPROSTOVOLJSTVO OD ALTRUIZMA DO DRUGOSTI." Traditiones 43, no. 3 (June 12, 2014): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/traditio2014430305.