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1
Lang, Chao, Manish Kumar, and Robert J. Hickey. "Current status and future directions of self-assembled block copolymer membranes for molecular separations." Soft Matter 17, no. 46 (2021): 10405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sm01368h.
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Block copolymer separation membranes are energy efficient alternatives to thermal processes but are limited to nanometer ranges. Here, the review discusses synthetic and self-assembly strategies to overcome current constraints and advance the field.
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Hinzpeter, Jaime, Alvaro Zamorano, Maximiliano Barahona, Germán Möller, Joaquín Espinoza, Miguel del Campo, Robin Piron, Joaquín M. Sepúlveda, Tamara Bustamante, and Nestor Lagos. "Management of Arthrofibrosis of the Knee after an Arthroscopic Meniscectomy with Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin. Case Report." International Physiology Journal, no. 2 (April 20, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2578-8590.ipj-18-2018.
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Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin in a patient with arthrofibrosis of the knee. Arthrofibrosis is a common complication of knee surgery that tends to manifest itself as a limitation of the musculoskeletal ranges. Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin has been proposed as an alternative treatment for painful musculoskeletal pathologies. Subjects: Use of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin in arthroscopic menisectomy. Case report. Methods: Three doses of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin were administered in an intra-articular manner on different days. Functionality, musculoskeletal ranges, pain at rest and pain during motion were evaluated. Results: The current alternatives for management of arthrofibrosis include the use of oral steroids, physiotherapy, mobilization under anesthesia and the liberation of arthroscopic debris. This case is the first report of the use of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin. The adverse effects the patient presented coincided with those described in the literature but without the presence of severe reactions. Improvement in functional tests, progress in musculoskeletal ranges and a decrease in the level of pain were achieved. Adverse effects included parenthesia and a feeling of weightlessness.
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XU, ZESHUI, and QINGLI DA. "PROJECTION METHOD FOR UNCERTAIN MULTI-ATTRIBUTE DECISION MAKING WITH PREFERENCE INFORMATION ON ALTERNATIVES." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 03, no. 03 (September 2004): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622004001161.
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In this paper, we study the uncertain multiple attribute decision making problems with preference information on alternatives (UMADM-PIA, for short), in which the information on attribute weights is not precisely known, but value ranges can be obtained. A projection method is proposed for the UMADM-PIA. To reflect the decision maker's preference information, a projection model is established to determine the weights of attributes, and then to select the most desirable alternative(s). The method can reflect both the objective information and the decision maker's subjective preferences, and can also be performed on computer easily. Finally, an illustrative example is given to verify the proposed method and to demonstrate its feasibility and practicality.
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Basilio, Marcio Pereira, Valdecy Pereira, and Fatih Yigit. "New Hybrid EC-Promethee Method with Multiple Iterations of Random Weight Ranges: Applied to the Choice of Policing Strategies." Mathematics 11, no. 21 (October 26, 2023): 4432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11214432.
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The decision-making process is part of everyday life for people and organizations. When modeling the solutions to problems, just as important as the choice of criteria and alternatives is the definition of the weights of the criteria. This study will present a new hybrid method for weighting criteria. The technique combines the ENTROPY and CRITIC methods with the PROMETHE method to create EC-PROMETHEE. The innovation consists of using a weight range per criterion. The construction of a weight range per criterion preserves the characteristics of each technique. Each weight range includes lower and upper limits, which combine to generate random numbers, producing “t” sets of weights per criterion, allowing “t” final rankings to be obtained. The alternatives receive a value corresponding to their position with each ranking generated. At the end of the process, they are ranked in descending order, thus obtaining the final ranking. The method was applied to the decision support problem of choosing policing strategies to reduce crime. The model used a decision matrix with twenty criteria and fourteen alternatives evaluated in seven different scenarios. The results obtained after 10,000 iterations proved consistent, allowing the decision maker to see how each alternative behaved according to the weights used. The practical implication observed concerning traditional models, where a single final ranking is generated for a single set of weights, is the reversal of positions after “t” iterations compared to a single iteration. The method allows managers to make decisions with reduced uncertainty, improving the quality of their decisions. In future research, we propose creating a web tool to make this method easier to use, and propose other tools are produced in Python and R.
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Cleaves, David A., and Kevin Birch. "Decision Analysis and Sensitivity Testing of Reforestation Strategies1." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 6, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/6.3.73.
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Abstract Decision analysis might provide better guidance in silvicultural decisions if users could understand the relative impact of component assumptions and subjective judgments more easily. A reforestation project in western Oregon that involved four alternatives was structured as a decision analysis problem. The optimal solution ranked the alternatives based on their probabilistically weighted soil expectation value (SEV). The solution was tested to determine its sensitivity across realistic ranges in costs, probabilities, and biological responses. Relative rankings were most sensitive to cost components with wide natural ranges (such as prescribed burning) and to variations in 15-year survival and growth predictions; rankings were least sensitive to probability estimates. Rankings were quite stable even when the detail in the parameters was increased. A systematic sensitivity analysis pointed out the impact of errors or uncertainty in judgment and focused the decision maker's effort in information gathering and reanalysis. West. J. Appl. For. 6(3):73-78.
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LI, HAN-LIN, and LI-CHING MA. "RANKING DECISION ALTERNATIVES BY INTEGRATED DEA, AHP AND GOWER PLOT TECHNIQUES." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 07, no. 02 (June 2008): 241–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622008002922.
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Data Envelop Analysis (DEA) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) are widely used methods in ranking decision alternatives. However, current DEA models are difficult to discriminate decision-making units through articulating the decision makers' preferences. While AHP and Gower plot models have to specify complete pairwise preferences without providing assisting information. This study develops an iterative method of ranking decision alternatives by integrating DEA, AHP and Gower plot techniques. The developed method first utilizes a modified DEA model to narrow the ranges of a decision maker's preferences. Then, the tentative ranks of the decision alternatives, computed by embedding the decision maker's preferences, are depicted via Gower plots to illustrate the cardinal and ordinal inconsistencies of these preferences. The decision maker then adjusts the preferences iteratively until the inconsistencies are within the tolerance.
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Rippy, Kerry C., Emily Volk, Reagan Beers, Eric Kozubal, Kristin Gauderman, and Judith Vidal. "Corrosion of Metal Alloys in Potassium Acetate Solutions for Liquid Desiccant Dehumidification and Air Conditioning." Energies 15, no. 12 (June 17, 2022): 4421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124421.
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For commercial buildings, liquid desiccant air conditioners (LDACs) could provide up to 80% energy savings compared to high-efficiency vapor compression AC, but commonly utilized liquid desiccants are highly corrosive. This precludes the use of metallic components, necessitating specialized plastics and thereby driving up cost, weight, and limiting operational temperature and pressure ranges. Less corrosive alternatives are sought. Here, potassium acetate solutions are investigated as less-corrosive alternatives to the chloride salt solutions that are typically used in LDAC systems. Corrosion evaluations for a Cu alloy (C12200) and two Al alloys (Al3003 and Al1100) in both potassium acetate and chloride salt solutions are presented. We show that yearly corrosion rates are lower in potassium acetate solutions by up to three orders of magnitude. Active corrosion behavior is largely absent in potassium acetate solutions but is present in chloride salt solutions. Furthermore, solid corrosion products are observed in chloride salt solutions. Thus, we conclude that potassium acetate is a promising candidate as a less corrosive alternative liquid desiccant for LDAC systems with metallic components.
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Lozano, Luis M., Eduardo García-Cueto, and José Muñiz. "Effect of the Number of Response Categories on the Reliability and Validity of Rating Scales." Methodology 4, no. 2 (January 2008): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241.4.2.73.
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The Likert-type format is one of the most widely used in all types of scales in the field of social sciences. Nevertheless, there is no definitive agreement on the number of response categories that optimizes the psychometric properties of the scales. The aim of the present work is to determine in a systematic fashion the number of response alternatives that maximizes the fundamental psychometric properties of a scale: reliability and validity. The study is carried out with data simulated using the Monte Carlo method. We simulate responses to 30 items with correlations between them ranging from 0.2 to 0.9. We also manipulate sample size, analyzing four different sizes: 50, 100, 200, and 500 cases. The number of response options employed ranges from two to nine. The results show that as the number of response alternatives increases, both reliability and validity improve. The optimum number of alternatives is between four and seven. With fewer than four alternatives the reliability and validity decrease, and from seven alternatives onwards psychometric properties of the scale scarcely increase further. Some applied implications of the results are discussed.
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Alyabs, Norah, and Sy Han Chiou. "The Missing Indicator Approach for Accelerated Failure Time Model with Covariates Subject to Limits of Detection." Stats 5, no. 2 (May 10, 2022): 494–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/stats5020029.
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The limit of detection (LOD) is commonly encountered in observational studies when one or more covariate values fall outside the measuring ranges. Although the complete-case (CC) approach is widely employed in the presence of missing values, it could result in biased estimations or even become inapplicable in small sample studies. On the other hand, approaches such as the missing indicator (MDI) approach are attractive alternatives as they preserve sample sizes. This paper compares the effectiveness of different alternatives to the CC approach under different LOD settings with a survival outcome. These alternatives include substitution methods, multiple imputation (MI) methods, MDI approaches, and MDI-embedded MI approaches. We found that the MDI approach outperformed its competitors regarding bias and mean squared error in small sample sizes through extensive simulation.
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Esteves, Rita, Maria João Calejo, João Rolim, José Luís Teixeira, and Maria Rosário Cameira. "Framework for Assessing Collective Irrigation Systems Resilience to Climate Change—The Maiorga Case Study." Agronomy 13, no. 3 (February 24, 2023): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030661.
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In order to increase water productivity at the Collective Irrigation System (CIS) level it is crucial to adapt the existing irrigation infrastructure, enhancing water intake at the source, as well as its transport and delivery efficiency. Rehabilitation may involve structural changes and thus, a large capital investment. This investment should be proportionate to the increase in climate resilience associated to different rehabilitation alternatives. A methodology framework was developed to evaluate CIS resilience to climate change considering different rehabilitation alternatives. The assessed components were: (i) crop production systems; (ii) on-farm irrigation systems; and (iii) project rehabilitation alternatives for the conveyance and distribution of the irrigation water from the source to the farmer fields. This framework was applied to the Maiorga CIS, in central Portugal, to test the methodology performance in assessing the impacts of climate change on the supply-demand balance of the proposed rehabilitation alternatives and to evaluate their climate resilience, for the representative concentration pathways, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, and two time periods, 2041–2070 and 2071–2100. For each scenario, period, and rehabilitation alternative, irrigation requirements at the source (demand) and stream flows (supply) were computed and the supply-demand balance was performed. Projected increases in irrigation water demand varied between 5.5% for RCP4.5/2071–2100 and 35.7% for RCP8.5/2071–2100. For RCP4.5, 11% (2050) and 9% (2080) reductions in irrigation water supply were projected, while for RCP8.5 the reduction ranges between 13% (2050) and 30% (2080). The proposed framework determined that the rehabilitation alternatives considering just one type of water source, without flow regularization and with open channel distribution to the farmer’s field, have proved to be unviable due to low resilience to climate change.
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Valenzuela Ramos, Marisel Roxana, Gustavo Canales-Sermeño, and Ruth D. Chacaltana-Limaco. "Eagle syndrome: a review of the literature." World Health Journal 1, no. 2 (November 26, 2020): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47422/whj.v1i2.6.
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Introduction: Eagle syndrome (ES) is a very unusual pathology caused by the elongation of the styloid process (SP), it can cause various clinical symptoms, the size ranges between approximately 25 to 30 mm, when it exceeds these parameters it is classified as attached as elongated process. Objective: To describe the general aspects, diagnosis and treatment of Eagle Syndrome. Development: Eagle Syndrome is a complex pathology that requires extensive knowledge of its signs and symptoms to establish a correct diagnosis and subsequently an adequate treatment. Conclusion: Contrast-enhanced CT examination can easily diagnose this disease, it is important to consider a differential diagnosis. Surgery is the best alternative when conservative management fails, it reduces morbidity. Recognizing diagnostic tools, applicable images, and alternatives is crucial for successful treatment.
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Thenoux, Guillermo, Alvaro González, and Felipe Halles. "Chilean Structural Design Guide for Low-Volume Roads." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-39.
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The practical and theoretical principles used for development of the Chilean Structural Design Guide for Low-Volume Roads 2002 and the guide’s conceptual model and hypotheses are presented. The design guide is a simplified methodology for selection of different pavement structure alternatives for a variety of conditions (traffic, soil support capacity, and climate). The design guide provides solutions for four traffic ranges, six ranges of soil support capacity, and three climate conditions (dry, normal, and saturated). The design charts contain more than 150 solutions. Pavement structural design was solved by mechanistic analysis with the BISAR computer program and fatigue models developed in South Africa. The design guide may be considered an engineering application with upto- date research tools and results.
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Hiskey, Jonathan, Mary Fran T. Malone, and Alejandro Diaz-Dominguez. "Authoritarian Recall: Mexico’s Drug War and Subnational Patterns of Opposition to Democracy." Journal of Politics in Latin America 12, no. 1 (April 2020): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1866802x20913287.
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In times of crisis, citizens’ support for democracy can depend on how well they think their democracy can address that crisis compared to authoritarian alternatives. Mexico is in the midst of just such a crisis, as its war on drug trafficking organisations has brought an unprecedented rise in violence and, in some areas, posed a direct challenge to the state’s capacity to govern. At the same time, its subnational political landscape ranges from vibrant, multi-party states to those with continued connections to a dominant one-party past. We leverage these variations in subnational political context and levels of drug-related violence to examine how the subnational political context mediates the relationship between a crisis and support for non-democratic alternatives. When faced with a violent shock to the system, public attitudes towards democracy depend in part on one’s experiences with non-democratic alternatives and whether these authoritarian options appear to solve the crisis at hand more effectively.
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Phalan, Ben, Malvika Onial, Andrew Balmford, and Rhys E. Green. "Reconciling Food Production and Biodiversity Conservation: Land Sharing and Land Sparing Compared." Science 333, no. 6047 (September 1, 2011): 1289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1208742.
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The question of how to meet rising food demand at the least cost to biodiversity requires the evaluation of two contrasting alternatives: land sharing, which integrates both objectives on the same land; and land sparing, in which high-yield farming is combined with protecting natural habitats from conversion to agriculture. To test these alternatives, we compared crop yields and densities of bird and tree species across gradients of agricultural intensity in southwest Ghana and northern India. More species were negatively affected by agriculture than benefited from it, particularly among species with small global ranges. For both taxa in both countries, land sparing is a more promising strategy for minimizing negative impacts of food production, at both current and anticipated future levels of production.
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Dulekgurgen, E., S. Doğruel, and D. Orhon. "Effect of chemical and biological treatment on COD fingerprints of textile wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 10 (May 1, 2007): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.332.
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Particle size distribution (PSD) via sequential filtration/ultrafiltration was used as the tool for COD fractionation and colour profiling of textile wastewaters before and after treatment. Profiles prior to treatment suggested PSD-based COD fingerprints characteristic for the influents. Treatment efficiencies were determined via comparing the profiles of the effluents from chemical- and biological-treatment to those of the corresponding influents. COD fingerprints of the wastewaters from the textile plants, applying different treatment alternatives, were different especially at the upper size range; yet profiles after treatment were similar, with the soluble fraction (<2 nm) being almost the only apparent one. Half of the overall COD-removal via chemical treatment was at the particulate- and upper colloidal-ranges, revealing that this alternative was effective at higher ranges, but not at the soluble fraction. In contrast, biological treatment was effective at both ends of size distribution, with total removal at the particulate range and 50% elimination at the soluble portion. Overall colour content and PSD-based colour profiles of the influents were also different. Chemical treatment was successful in removing colour originating from the entire colloidal range, but was not efficient at the soluble fraction. Conversely, colour removal efficiency of biological treatment was moderate throughout the entire size spectrum.
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Esangbedo, Moses Olabhele, and Ada Che. "Grey Weighted Sum Model for Evaluating Business Environment in West Africa." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3824350.
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As West Africa investments grow, the decision in which country to begin investment is of great importance to investors. The complexity of the criteria involved draws us to use a Multicriteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approach to address this problem. In this paper, we use grey numbers in representing ranges of data and propose Grey Weighted Sum Model (GWSM) for evaluating and ranking of alternatives. Sensitivity analysis is carried out considering wide ranges of uncertainties to verify the changes that can affect the results. The Gambia is ranked the best country in West Africa. The GWSM is highly recommended for long-term investors because GWSM considers the uncertainty of a business environment over a period of years. Finally, GWSM can be used in conjunction with various weighting techniques putting the preferences of the investors into consideration.
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Zinke, Peggy, Dag Sandvik, Ingrid Nesheim, and Isabel Seifert-Dähnn. "Comparing Three Approaches to Estimating Optimum White Water Kayak Flows in Western Norway." Water 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121761.
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Background: Modern water management strategies aim to assess the impact of water regulation alternatives on all relevant ecosystem services, including white water (WW) recreation. Therefore it is important to estimate the optimum kayak flow range for river reaches that are potentially relevant for WW kayaking. Methods: We used the grade V run of the Teigdalselva River as an example and compared the results of three different approaches: (i) a hydro-morphological analysis of kayak runs using public data sources; (ii) a citizen science method that is based on photos and videos of kayak-activities on the web; and, (iii) interviews with elite kayakers. Results: For the hydro-morphological analysis, we found that some optimal flow ranges for WW kayak could be estimated based on empirical regional regression as a function of the natural mean flow and the geomorphic run type. The interviewed kayakers suggested a wider range of optimal flows, in particular, higher maxima. The test of the citizen science approach provided flows that ranged in the middle of the estimates made by the two other approaches for prescribing optimum kayak flow ranges. Conclusions: We recommend a combination of different methods for water management studies that are related to flow requirements for white water kayak. Estimations based on the empirical regression functions should be always complemented by at least one other approach.
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Khorshidi, Meisam, Ahmad Goli, Marko Orešković, Kamiar Khayambashi, and Mahmoud Ameri. "Performance Evaluation of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Different Proportions of Alternative Materials." Sustainability 15, no. 18 (September 5, 2023): 13314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151813314.
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With the increasing scarcity and cost of virgin materials for asphalt mixtures, the exploration of alternative components has intensified. Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), crumb rubber (CR), steel slag (SS), and waste engine oil (WEO) have emerged as promising alternatives. Individually, RAP enhances rutting resistance but may compromise cracking tolerance; CR boosts cracking resistance; WEO affects cracking and rutting differently; and SS can influence moisture sensitivity. However, their combined impacts on asphalt performance, specifically on moisture damage, rutting, and cracking resistance, remain underexplored. In this study, 44 mixtures were assessed with varying RAP (0–75%), WEO (0–15%), and CR (0–15%) contents, alongside a constant SS aggregate (0% or 20%). The results indicate that specific combinations of these alternative materials can satisfy all performance thresholds for rutting, cracking, and moisture damage. To pinpoint ranges of optimal material contents for different high-traffic scenarios, prediction models were crafted using techniques like feed-forward neural network (FNN), generalized linear model (GLM), support vector regression (SVM), and Gaussian process regression (GPR). Among these, GPR demonstrated superior efficacy, effectively identifying regions of satisfactory performance.
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Gomes, Julio. "O efeito da padronização das notas sobre os resultados da avaliação dos cursos de Engenharia Civil." Revista Principia - Divulgação Científica e Tecnológica do IFPB 1, no. 39 (April 17, 2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18265/1517-03062015v1n39p54-62.
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This study aims to present an analysis of the effect of grade standardization on the results of the assessment of Civil Engineering undergraduate courses. The analyzed data came from the assessment carried out in the year 2014. Initially, it was performed a theoretical analysis of the equations that define the standardization procedure to assess the effect on mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation of original grades. Following, it is presented a comparison between the statistics of original grades and standard grades to show the effect of different scale amplitudes of the evaluation components. It was also calculated the correlation among the variables used to define the course preliminary concept (CPC). The results showed low correlation between the variables Note and IDD and the other variables that are part of the CPC. Finally, we presented two alternatives to define scale ranges to the evaluation components, and compared the CPC values calculated from those two alternatives to the CPC values calculated from the current standardization procedure. The results showed that the current standardization procedure increased the relative frequency of both 2 and 3 concepts, and decreases the relative frequency of 4 concept compared to the two alternatives suggested.
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Thimm, Tatjana, Christine Bild, and Michael Kalff. "Climate change in low mountain ranges: Opportunities in sustainable Black Forest tourism." European Journal of Tourism Research 23 (October 1, 2019): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v23i.389.
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The aim of this paper is to portray the risks of climate change for low mountain range tourism and to develop sustainable business models as adaption strategy. A mixed-method-approach is applied combining secondary analysis, a quantitative survey, and qualitative in-depth-interviews in a transdisciplinary setting. Results show, that until now, climate change impacts on the snow situation in the Black Forest – at least above 1,000 m – have been mild and compensated by artificial snowmaking, and up to now have not had measurable effects on tourism demand. In general, the Black Forest appears to be an attractive destination for more reasons than just snow. The climate issue seems to be regarded as a rather incidental occurrence with little importance to current business decisions. However, the authors present adaption strategies as alternatives for snow tourism, e. g. the implementation of hiking hostels, since climate change will make winter tourism in the Black Forest impossible in the long run.
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Manservigi, Lucrezia, Mauro Venturini, and Enzo Losi. "Optimal selection of pumps as turbines for maximizing electrical energy production." E3S Web of Conferences 238 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123801005.
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A Pump as Turbine (PAT) is a renewable energy technology that can be a cost-effective and reliable alternative to hydraulic turbines in micro and small hydropower plants. In order to further favour PAT exploitation, a general procedure that allows the identification of the most suitable turbomachine to install is required. To this purpose, this paper develops a novel methodology aimed at selecting the best PAT that, among several alternatives, maximizes energy production. The methodology comprises two steps, which only require the knowledge of the best efficiency point of the considered pump and the hydraulic parameters of the site. The novel methodology is validated in this paper by calculating the electrical energy production of a simulated water distribution network coupled with several PATs, whose performance curves, both in direct and reverse modes, are taken from the literature. For the sake of generality, the considered turbomachines account for different geometrical characteristics, rotational speeds and operating ranges.
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Zhou, Nerve, Thandiwe Semumu, and Amparo Gamero. "Non-Conventional Yeasts as Alternatives in Modern Baking for Improved Performance and Aroma Enhancement." Fermentation 7, no. 3 (June 27, 2021): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7030102.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae remains the baker’s yeast of choice in the baking industry. However, its ability to ferment cereal flour sugars and accumulate CO2 as a principal role of yeast in baking is not as unique as previously thought decades ago. The widely conserved fermentative lifestyle among the Saccharomycotina has increased our interest in the search for non-conventional yeast strains to either augment conventional baker’s yeast or develop robust strains to cater for the now diverse consumer-driven markets. A decade of research on alternative baker’s yeasts has shown that non-conventional yeasts are increasingly becoming important due to their wide carbon fermentation ranges, their novel aromatic flavour generation, and their robust stress tolerance. This review presents the credentials of non-conventional yeasts as attractive yeasts for modern baking. The evolution of the fermentative trait and tolerance to baking-associated stresses as two important attributes of baker’s yeast are discussed besides their contribution to aroma enhancement. The review further discusses the approaches to obtain new strains suitable for baking applications.
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Zygiridis, Theodoros T. "A Short Review of FDTD-Based Methods for Uncertainty Quantification in Computational Electromagnetics." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9247978.
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We provide a review of selected computational methodologies that are based on the deterministic finite-difference time-domain algorithm and are suitable for the investigation of electromagnetic problems involving uncertainties. As it will become apparent, several alternatives capable of performing uncertainty quantification in a variety of cases exist, each one exhibiting different qualities and ranges of applicability, which we intend to point out here. Given the numerous available approaches, the purpose of this paper is to clarify the main strengths and weaknesses of the described methodologies and help the potential readers to safely select the most suitable approach for their problem under consideration.
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Sherif, Ahmed, Khaled Tarabieh, Islam Mashaly, and Mariam Amer. "Identifying Façade Orientations with Closely Similar Thermal Performance for Unifying Façade Design Features in Hot Arid Climate." Buildings 13, no. 10 (October 19, 2023): 2639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102639.
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Large-scale residential projects require architects to balance energy efficiency, thermal comfort, and cost-effectiveness in designing building units distributed in different orientations. Applying a single design to all orientations may not result in comfort conditions and energy efficiency; meanwhile, creating a unique design solution for each orientation can be time-consuming and costly to implement. Despite numerous studies recommending design alternatives for particular orientations, the ranges where orientation changes do not demand a change in the façade design still need to be determined. This research aims to identify ranges for which changes in building orientation do not necessitate changes in the façade design. It involves conducting parametric energy and thermal comfort simulations in a test room and testing the findings using real-life datasets from a large-scale residential project. Glass type, window-to-wall ratio (WWR), and utilization of shading devices were among the design parameters investigated. Results show that for all-year-round occupancy projects, a common solution can be applied for orientation changes between 0° to 10° from the north, −10° from the south, and ±5° from east and west for WWR of less than 50% in hot arid climates. These ranges can increase for small WWRs and when reflective glazing or shading devices are applied. This helps streamline design and construction processes, lower costs, and save energy in large-scale residential projects.
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Xia, Meimei. "Multi-Criteria Decision Making Analysis Based on Target-Oriented OWA Operator." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 28, no. 06 (November 25, 2020): 911–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488520500403.
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The target-oriented multi-criteria decision making is investigated based on the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator. The criteria evaluations are measured by using the likelihood of satisfying the targets of criteria. To aggregate the target-oriented criteria evaluations, the target-oriented OWA operator is firstly introduced, in which the target-oriented criteria evaluations are reordered and then aggregated by using the weight vector associated with the position of criteria evaluations. Four types of targets about criteria evaluations and four types of attitudinal characters about criteria weight vector are introduced, based on which, models are given to identify the potential best alternative(s), and estimate the ranges of attitudinal characters about criteria weight vector for each potential best alternative. The proposed models can not only analyze the sensitivity of each potential best alternative, but also can explore the impact of targets about criteria evaluations and attitudinal characters about criteria weight vector on the decision results. Models are further established to find the best and worst ranking orders of each alternative based on targets about criteria evaluations, and give decision analysis by considering specific ranking orders of alternatives. The proposed method considers the targets about criteria evaluations and attitudinal character about criteria weight vector at the same time and can provide decision makers more choices. Several examples are given to illustrate the proposed methods.
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Mitin, S. G., P. Yu Bochkarev, V. V. Shalunov, and I. A. Razmanov. "DETERMINATION OF SUSTAINABLE LEVELS OF DESIGN ALTERNATIVES SELECTION IN THE WORKFLOW CAP SYSTEM." Vektor nauki Tol'yattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 3 (2021): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2073-5073-2021-3-48-56.
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The development of the mechanical treatment workflow CAP system is aimed at the solution of a crucial task of reduction of terms and the improvement of quality of multiproduct machining manufactures work preparation, as the existing workflow CAP systems have not got the possibility of fast response to changes in a production situation often arising within the multiproduct manufacture. The authors of this paper developed the workflow CAP system, which contains the requirements of the design activity full automation, design solution multivariance, and the feedback with the engineering process implementation subsystem. The paper deals with the development of a mathematical model and the technique of searching for sustainable levels of selecting design alternatives depending on the production situation for the whole design procedures of the workflow CAP system. The authors prove the application of a mathematical tool of genetic algorithms; describe the mathematical model using its terms. As a gene, the level of selection in a separate project procedure is specified. A chromosome is a set of genes according to the project procedures. The objective function determines the minimum total time of processing of the specified nomenclature of parts based on the ranges of gene aggregates resulting from crossing and mutation operations. The result of the work is the mathematical model and the technique for identifying the sustainable levels of selection in each project procedure ensuring the possibility of self-adjustment of the workflow CAP system depending on the production situation.
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Pokorny, Nikola, and Tomáš Matuška. "Glazed Photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) Collectors for Domestic Hot Water Preparation in Multifamily Building." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 28, 2020): 6071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156071.
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Photovoltaic–thermal collector generates electrical and thermal energy simultaneously from the same area. In this paper performance analysis of a potentially very promising application of a glazed photovoltaic–thermal collector for domestic hot water preparation in multifamily building is presented. Solar system in multifamily building can be installed on the roof or integrated in the façade of the building. The aim of this simulation study is to show difference of thermal and electrical performance between façade and roof installation of a glazed photovoltaic-thermal collectors at three European locations. Subsequently, this study shows benefit of photovoltaic-thermal collector installation in comparison with side-by-side installation of conventional system. For the purpose of simulation study, mathematical model of glazed photovoltaic-thermal collector has been experimentally validated and implemented into TRNSYS. A solar domestic hot water system with photovoltaic–thermal collectors generates more electrical and thermal energy in comparison with a conventional system across the whole of Europe for a particular installation in a multifamily building. The specific thermal yield of the photovoltaic–thermal system ranges between 352 and 582 kWh/m2. The photovoltaic–thermal system electric yield ranges between 63 and 149 kWh/m2. The increase in electricity production by the photovoltaic–thermal system varies from 19% to 32% in comparison with a conventional side-by-side system. The increase in thermal yield differs between the façade and roof alternatives. Photovoltaic-thermal system installation on the roof has higher thermal yield than conventional system and the increase of thermal yield ranges from 37% to 53%. The increase in thermal yield of façade photovoltaic-thermal system is significantly higher in comparison with a conventional system and ranges from 71% to 81%.
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Braasch, Jonas. "Acoustical affordances and challenges with indigenous and orchestral wind instruments." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 4_supplement (October 1, 2023): A185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0023209.
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All our orchestral wind instruments evolved over many centuries from indigenous prototypes. The latter were developed using found hollow objects like animal horns for early brass instruments, vulture bones for flutes, and termite-infested eucalyptus branches for the Australian didjeridu. Already over 40,000 years ago, the concept of finger holes was conceived that allowed musicians to play various scales on instruments. During the Rennaissance and early Baroque, wind instrument ranges were extended to 1 1/2 octaves and beyond on a diatonic scale and extended cross-fingering capabilities, but it was during the romantic period that our orchestral instruments reached their final form, with chromatic extended tonal ranges and known well balanced timbral qualities. Built on an industrial scale, these instruments became a commodity without real alternatives for subsequent music styles, including jazz, rock, and classical avant-garde. These styles often sought a new timbral expressiveness that can go beyond the intended design of orchestral instruments. In this paper, it will be discussed how different wind instrument designs offer(ed) unique opportunities for music genres over time and how the original design of indigenous instruments better meets some of the more recent requirements than our commonly used orchestral instruments.
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Andrews, Lawrence S., John P. Perkins, James A. Thrailkill, Nathan J. Poage, and John C. Tappeiner II. "Silvicultural Approaches to Develop Northern Spotted Owl Nesting Sites, Central Coast Ranges, Oregon." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/20.1.13.
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Abstract The life-history requirements of northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina), a federally listed “threatened” species, are associated with late-successional habitats. Nesting sites are an important habitat requirement for spotted owls. We used an individual-tree, distance-independent growth model to explore a range of management scenarios for young Douglas-fir stands (age class 50 years) and estimated which scenarios promoted the development of forest patches that emulate the species mix and diameter distributions at known spotted owl nest sites in the central Coast Ranges of Oregon. Our modeling indicates that without silvicultural intervention or natural disturbances, the young stands (170–247 trees/ac) investigated did not develop features associated with spotted owl nest sites within 160-year total stand age. Silvicultural simulations that modeled heavy thinnings at ages 50 and 80 years, followed by tree-planting and additional thinnings developed forest patches structurally similar to our sample of spotted owl nest sites. We infer that silvicultural activities in federally managed, late-successional reserves may need to include alternatives beyond the scope of those permitted under current land use guidelines to accelerate the development of stand structures that better meet the nesting site requirements of spotted owls. West. J. Appl. For. 20(1):13–27.
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Toulemonde, Thomas, and Bertrand De Bastiani. "A recent feedback of wooden multi-storey buildings in France." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 4 (February 1, 2023): 3668–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0515.
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Wooden structures are becoming quite common in the French architectural landscape, and ACOUSTB has made it a specialty regarding acoustics. Its experience ranges from office buildings to residential buildings, and from small to high-rise constructions. Airborne and impact noise insulation are of first importance. Structural aspects, construction methods and architecture are also discussed. Constructive solutions concern both CLT and traditional wood joists flooring systems, alternatives to floating screeds in office buildings and visible wooden structures in dwellings. Buildings are described, then selected constructive solutions are presented and debated with respect to targeted acoustic performance. Finally, in-situ measurement results are compared with the theory that underlays them, as well with the targeted performance.
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Ana, Cordeiro, Klautau Alex, Wagner Santos, Leiliane Silva, Danielly Oliveira, Kátia Silva, and Israel Cintra. "PADRONIZAÇÃO DO TAMANHO MÍNIMO DA PIRAMUTABA Brachyplatystoma vaillantii APROVEITADA EM ARRASTOS INDUSTRIAIS NO NORTE DO BRASIL: AUMENTO DA PRODUTIVIDADE SEM IMPACTO A BIODIVERSIDADE." ACTA OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES 10, no. 1 (2022): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46732/actafish.2022.10.1.49-53.
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Establish a minimum capture size to amazon catfish fished by bottom trawl nets in Northern Brazil is an alternative in order to reduce the impact on ichthyofauna and contribute to income generation for the fishing sector. Thus, this paper aims to discuss the need to standardize a minimum size of capture and propose alternatives for your use with commercial value, without increasing the current fishing effort and the impact on stock. Previous papers define that the size ranges of zoological length from 28 to 39 cm may present sexually mature individuals, its possible to use individuals with a size of 30 to 35 cm that are currently discarded at random, according to the fisherman's decision. The lack of pattern of minimum size represents a waste of fishing effort and usable protein of around 14%, which could have been used if the 30 cm length had been adopted. For this, we highlight the need for greater research efforts on the reproduction of piramutaba, considering the immense migration area of the species and the intense fishing pressure, which reflects on the life cycle of the species.
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Chaturvedi, S. K., and L. M. Murphy. "Energy Conservation Potential of Large Capacity Solar-Assisted Heat Pumps for Low Temperature IPH Applications." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 107, no. 4 (November 1, 1985): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3267694.
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Energy conservation and economic potential of large capacity (∼MWth) solar-assisted water-to-water heat pumps (SAHP) is evaluated for year round low temperature (<100° C) industrial process heating applications at four locations in the United States. The long-term thermal performance of the SAHP system is determined by a recently proposed utilizability method that accounts for the variable coefficient of performance of the SAHP system. The large SAHP system appears to be an attractive energy conservation alternative to fuel oil and electricity for locations with high solar resources and low electricity costs. In all but one location, the SAHP system was clearly superior to the solar only systems, such as flat plate and concentrating collectors, from the point of view of the annualized delivered energy cost. For the ranges of collector area and load temperatures considered in this study, the large SAHP system has clearly superior energy conservation potential at all four locations compared to other alternatives such as fuel oil or electricity. However, the practial suitability of SAHP cycle, as determined by the levelized cost of delivered energy, is unfavorable at all four locations when compared with fuel oil.
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RAJ, MARIA HERBERT, DHASAN MOHAN LAL, and SURESH PREMIL KUMAR. "OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT OF R407C/HC290/HC600a REFRIGERANT MIXTURE FLOWING THROUGH A FIN-AND-TUBE EVAPORATOR." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 21, no. 01 (March 2013): 1350003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201013251350003x.
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R22 has been used as a refrigerant in residential air-conditioners and heat pumps for many decades. Even as the Montreal protocol set the phasing out of R22 due to its ODP, many alternatives to R22 are found in published literature. The M20 refrigerant mixture is one such alternative with specific advantages. This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of the M20 refrigerant mixture, flowing through a fin-and-tube evaporator, experimentally studied in an appliance tested in a psychrometric test facility. The experimental setup consisted of a window air-conditioner fixed in a psychrometric room with instruments to measure the temperatures/pressures of the refrigerant and mass flow rate of the refrigerant as well as air. The experiment was carried out in accordance with the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and American Society of Heating Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) test conditions. M20 being considered as an alternative for R22, the overall heat transfer coefficient of the M20 refrigerant mixture has been evaluated, and compared with that of R22. It can be observed that the heat transfer coefficient of R22 is better than that of the M20 refrigerant mixture, for the prevailing flow conditions in the evaporator. The reduction in the overall heat transfer coefficient of the M20 refrigerant mixture as compared to R22, ranges from 7.3% to 20.7%.
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Güth, Werner, and Matteo Ploner. "Mentally perceiving how means achieve ends." Rationality and Society 29, no. 2 (November 23, 2016): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043463116678114.
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Mental modeling ranges from pure categorization, for example, of linguistic concepts, to cognitive representation of complex decision tasks involving stochastic uncertainty and strategic interaction. In the tradition of consequentialistic bounded rationality, we assume to choose among choice alternatives by anticipating their likely implications. Such deliberation basically requires causal relationships linking own choices (means) and determinants beyond own control, such as chance events and choices by others (scenarios), to the relevant outcome variables (ends). We suggest a general framework of mental representation whose aspects are illustrated for stochastic choice and strategic interaction tasks. We also discuss how this framework can be experimentally implemented, showing how experimental research can shed light on mental modeling and—more generally—cognitive processes, in addition to eliciting the usual choice data.
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García Oya, José, Rubén Martín Clemente, Eduardo Hidalgo Fort, Ramón González Carvajal, and Fernando Muñoz Chavero. "Passive RFID-Based Inventory of Traffic Signs on Roads and Urban Environments." Sensors 18, no. 7 (July 22, 2018): 2385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18072385.
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This paper presents a system with location functionalities for the inventory of traffic signs based on passive RFID technology. The proposed system simplifies the current video-based techniques, whose requirements regarding visibility are difficult to meet in some scenarios, such as dense urban areas. In addition, the system can be easily extended to consider any other street facilities, such as dumpsters or traffic lights. Furthermore, the system can perform the inventory process at night and at a vehicle’s usual speed, thus avoiding interfering with the normal traffic flow of the road. Moreover, the proposed system exploits the benefits of the passive RFID technologies over active RFID, which are typically employed on inventory and vehicular routing applications. Since the performance of passive RFID is not obvious for the required distance ranges on these in-motion scenarios, this paper, as its main contribution, addresses the problem in two different ways, on the one hand theoretically, presenting a radio wave propagation model at theoretical and simulation level for these scenarios; and on the other hand experimentally, comparing passive and active RFID alternatives regarding costs, power consumption, distance ranges, collision problems, and ease of reconfiguration. Finally, the performance of the proposed on-board system is experimentally validated, testing its capabilities for inventory purposes.
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Javed, Nuzhat, Sana Muhammad, Shazia Iram, Muhammad Wajahat Ramay, Shaan Bibi Jaffri, Mariem Damak, György Fekete, Zsolt Varga, András Székács, and László Aleksza. "Analysis of Fuel Alternative Products Obtained by the Pyrolysis of Diverse Types of Plastic Materials Isolated from a Dumpsite Origin in Pakistan." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010024.
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The current energy crisis and waste management problems have compelled people to find alternatives to conventional non-renewable fuels and utilize waste to recover energy. Pyrolysis of plastics, which make up a considerable portion of municipal and industrial waste, has emerged as a feasible resolution to both satisfy our energy needs and mitigate the issue of plastic waste. This study was therefore conducted to find a solution for plastic waste management problems, as well as to find an alternative to mitigate the current energy crisis. Pyrolysis of five of the most commonly used plastics, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high- and low-density polyethylene (HDPE, LDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS), was executed in a pyrolytic reactor designed utilizing a cylindrical shaped stainless steel container with pressure and temperature gauges and a condenser to cool down the hydrocarbons produced. The liquid products collected were highly flammable and their chemical properties revealed them as fuel alternatives. Among them, the highest yield of fuel conversion (82%) was observed for HDPE followed by PP, PS, LDPE, PS, and PET (61.8%, 58.0%, 50.0%, and 11.0%, respectively). The calorific values of the products, 46.2, 46.2, 45.9, 42.8 and 42.4 MJ/kg for LPDE, PP, HPDE, PS, and PET, respectively, were comparable to those of diesel and gasoline. Spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis proved the presence of alkanes and alkenes with carbon number ranges of C9–C15, C9–C24, C10–C21, C10–C28, and C9–C17 for PP, PET, HDPE, LDPE, and PS, respectively. If implemented, the study will prove to be beneficial and contribute to mitigating the major energy and environmental issues of developing countries, as well as enhance entrepreneurship opportunities by replicating the process at small-scale and industrial levels.
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Iroegbu, Austine Ofondu Chinomso, and Suprakas Sinha Ray. "Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications." Nanotechnology Reviews 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1696–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0105.
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Abstract Fossil-based resources are finite; thus, materials derivable from these resources are nonsustainable. As no methods for renewing the depleting fossil reserves have been discovered, humanity must seek renewable, sustainable, and efficient alternatives to satisfy its material needs and preserve civilization. Solar energy remains the “capital income” of the global community and is pivotal to meeting the current needs of humankind by using biorenewable resources. Hence, the scientific community should ultimately shift its focus away from the well-established field of fossil-based chemistry to the less examined area of biorenewable chemistry. Although nature-based materials offer enormous opportunities as eco-friendly and renewable resources toward materials sustainability, their application ranges are beset with limitations compared to conventional materials – hence, enhancing their properties for advanced applications toward sustainable development represents a very challenging task. This review discusses the existing techniques for various synergizing approaches developed in the fields of biology, chemistry, materials science, and nanotechnology to overcome the limitations of biorenewable nanocomposites, expand their application range into previously restricted areas, and establish biorenewables as viable alternatives to conventional materials fabricated from fossil-based resources. In addition, we briefly outline various preparation methods for biobased nanocomposites as their limitations and directions for future studies.
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Ayhan, Mustafa Batuhan. "A New Decision Making Approach for Supplier Selection: Hesitant Fuzzy Axiomatic Design." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 17, no. 04 (July 2018): 1085–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622018500189.
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This paper deals with the hesitancy in decision making. Since the decision makers generally doubt to evaluate the alternatives and the criteria in hesitant situations, the existing methods do not satisfy them. Therefore, hesitant versions of Fuzzy-AHP (HF-AHP) and Fuzzy Axiomatic Design (HF-AD) are introduced in this paper. HF-AHP lets the decision makers to use hesitant fuzzy linguistic terms while performing the pairwise comparisons when they are indecisive. HF-AD is used to define the system and design ranges of the items in a hesitant situation. In addition, a case study is revealed as a numerical example in which the best supplier is selected among six alternatives regarding five criteria. In that case study, both weighted and unweighted versions of HF-AD are used. In the weighted version, HF-AHP is used to determine the weights of the criteria. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis is performed to check the robustness of the decision. Moreover, these proposed techniques are compared with non-hesitant versions. According to the results, the decision makers feel more confident with the hesitant versions. Hence, the primary contributions of this study are to develop HF-AD and HF-AHP which are helpful for the decision makers to express their preferences in hesitant situations.
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Pavlov, A. V. "Modeling of quantum-like cognitive phenomena by the Fourier-holography technique under the choice of alternatives." Computer Optics 45, no. 4 (July 2021): 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-co-830.
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The article is dedicated to the search for a biologically motivated mechanism of the cognitive phenomenon of violation of the classical formula of total probability for the disjunction of incompatible events, which is considered by a number of researchers as a quantum-like phenomenon. A classical mechanism implemented by the 6f Fourier holography scheme of the resonant architecture that does not require reference to quantum mechanics either in its physical nature or at the level of formalism is demonstrated. In the analysis, the decision-making is interpreted as a choice of alternatives by using the non-cooperative game "Prisoner's Dilemma". The approach to the task is based on the search for a mechanism for forming a conditional estimate under a condition that contradicts the rule of monotonous decision logic. It is demonstrated that this estimate, in contrast to the unconditional and conditional one with a non-contradictory condition, is formed by logic with exception. The ring architecture of the holographic setup corresponds to the biologically inspired neural network concept of the excitation ring and implements cognitive dissonance on logic with exception. Conditions and ranges of violation of the classical formula of total probability in relation to the correlation radius of the reference image recorded in a hologram storing the monotone logic inference rule are analytically determined. The analytical model is confirmed by a quantitative coincidence of the results of numerical modeling with the published results of natural experiments.
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Araújo, Rafael G., Brian Alcantar-Rivera, Edgar Ricardo Meléndez-Sánchez, María Adriana Martínez-Prado, Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal, Roberto Parra-Saldivar, and Manuel Martínez-Ruiz. "Effects of UV and UV-vis Irradiation on the Production of Microalgae and Macroalgae: New Alternatives to Produce Photobioprotectors and Biomedical Compounds." Molecules 27, no. 16 (August 22, 2022): 5334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165334.
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In the last decade, algae applications have generated considerable interest among research organizations and industrial sectors. Bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, and Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) derived from microalgae may play a vital role in the bio and non-bio sectors. Currently, commercial sunscreens contain chemicals such as oxybenzone and octinoxate, which have harmful effects on the environment and human health; while microalgae-based sunscreens emerge as an eco-friendly alternative to provide photo protector agents against solar radiation. Algae-based exploration ranges from staple foods to pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. This review aims to identify the effects of UV and UV-vis irradiation on the production of microalgae bioactive compounds through the assistance of different techniques and extraction methods for biomass characterization. The efficiency and results focus on the production of a blocking agent that does not damage the aquifer, being beneficial for health and possible biomedical applications.
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Kolahdouz, Mohammadreza, Buqing Xu, Aryanaz Faghih Nasiri, Maryam Fathollahzadeh, Mahmoud Manian, Hossein Aghababa, Yuanyuan Wu, and Henry H. Radamson. "Carbon-Related Materials: Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes in Semiconductor Applications and Design." Micromachines 13, no. 8 (August 4, 2022): 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081257.
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As the scaling technology in the silicon-based semiconductor industry is approaching physical limits, it is necessary to search for proper materials to be utilized as alternatives for nanoscale devices and technologies. On the other hand, carbon-related nanomaterials have attracted so much attention from a vast variety of research and industry groups due to the outstanding electrical, optical, mechanical and thermal characteristics. Such materials have been used in a variety of devices in microelectronics. In particular, graphene and carbon nanotubes are extraordinarily favorable substances in the literature. Hence, investigation of carbon-related nanomaterials and nanostructures in different ranges of applications in science, technology and engineering is mandatory. This paper reviews the basics, advantages, drawbacks and investigates the recent progress and advances of such materials in micro and nanoelectronics, optoelectronics and biotechnology.
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Dash, Debasmita, Shekhar Kumar, C. Mallika, and U. Kamachi Mudali. "Thermophysical, Volumetric, and Excess Properties of Aqueous Solutions of 1-Hexyl-3-methyl Imidazolium Bromide at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa." ISRN Physical Chemistry 2013 (April 28, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/475296.
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Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are the environment-friendly alternatives for organic volatile solvents in a host of synthetic, catalytic, and electrochemical applications. These are also being used for various R&D works in nuclear fuel cycle research such as the recovery and purification of nuclides of interest from spent nuclear fuel matrices. In this work, density, refractive index (nD25) at sodium D line, and thermodynamic water activity of the aqueous solution of 1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide were determined in dilute aqueous solutions at 298.15 K. These results were used to calculate the apparent molal volumes of each solute over various concentration ranges. The measurements were performed as per ASTM procedures. Vapour pressure was derived using water activity values. Information on excess properties and structural interaction was also reported.
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Ozer, Ekin, Ali Güney Özcebe, Caterina Negulescu, Alireza Kharazian, Barbara Borzi, Francesca Bozzoni, Sergio Molina, Simone Peloso, and Enrico Tubaldi. "Vibration-Based and Near Real-Time Seismic Damage Assessment Adaptive to Building Knowledge Level." Buildings 12, no. 4 (March 30, 2022): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12040416.
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This paper presents a multi-level methodology for near real-time seismic damage assessment of multi-story buildings, tailored to the available level of knowledge and information from sensors. The proposed methodology relates changes in the vibratory characteristics of a building—evaluated via alternative dynamic identification techniques—to the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98) damage grades. Three distinct levels of knowledge are considered for the building, with damage classification made through (i) empirical formulation based on quantitative ranges reported in the literature, (ii) analytical formulation exploiting the effective stiffness concept, and (iii) numerical modelling including a simplified equivalent single-degree-of-freedom model or a detailed finite element model of the building. The scope of the study is twofold: to construct a framework for integrating structural health monitoring into seismic damage assessment and to evaluate consistencies/discrepancies among different identification techniques and model-based and model-free approaches. The experimental data from a multi-story building subject to sequential shaking are used to demonstrate the proposed methodology and compare the effectiveness of the different approaches to damage assessment. The results show that accurate damage estimates can be achieved not only using model-driven approaches with enhanced information but also model-free alternatives with scarce information.
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Viswadha, Singathala Guru. "Next Generation Computing Using Quantum Dot Cellular Automata Nano Technology, New Promising Alternative to CMOS." Asian Journal of Computer Science and Technology 8, S3 (June 5, 2019): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajcst-2019.8.s3.2111.
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CMOS technology is one of the most popular technology in the computer chip design industry and broadly used today to form integrated circuits in numerous and varied applications and it has transformed the field of electronics. Over the time the design methodologies and processing technologies of CMOS devices have greatest activity with the Moore’s law. Now CMOS technology has to face challenges to survive through the submicron ranges. The scaling in CMOS has reached higher limit, not only from technological and Physical point of view but also from economical and material aspects. This concept inspires the researches to look for new alternatives to CMOS which gives better performance and power consumption. One of the alternative technologies to digital designing in CMOS is the Quantum dot Cellular Automata (QCA). QCA is a technology it works on Electronic interaction between the cells. The QCA cell basically consists of Quantum dots separated by certain distance. The transmission of information done via the interaction between the Electrons present in these quantum dots. In this paper the limitations to CMOS in submicron range and concepts for designing in QCA have been discussed and also the building blocks are explained using QCA designer implementations with focus on cell interaction and clocking mechanism.
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Ngangyo Heya, Maginot, Rahim Foroughbakhch Pournavab, Artemio Carrillo Parra, Volker Zelinski, and Lidia Salas Cruz. "Elemental Composition and Flue Gas Emissions of Different Components from Five Semi-Arid Woody Species in Pyrolysed and Non-Pyrolysed Material." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (February 26, 2019): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051245.
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Biofuels are sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. However, they must comply with energy efficiency requirements and contribute to environmental protection. This study was focused on elemental composition (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and chlorine) of different plants’ components (stems, branches, twigs and leaves) from pyrolysed (charcoal) and non-pyrolysed samples of five semi-arid trees: Acacia berlandieri, A. wrightii, Ebenopsis ebano, Havardia pallens and Helietta parvifolia. Carbon fluctuated from 80.77% to 89.30% in charcoal and 44.99% to 49.70% in non-pyrolysed biomass, and hydrogen ranged from 2.38% to 2.69% in charcoal and 5.89% to 6.62% in non-pyrolysed biomass. Nitrogen accounted for 0.39%–0.65% (branches) and 0.32%–0.64% (stems) in charcoal, and the ranges for non-pyrolyzed material were 2.33–4.00% (leaves), 1.06%–1.76% (twigs), 0.21%–0.52% (branches) and 0.15%–0.28% (stems). Considerably higher concentrations of sulphur compared to chlorine were found, with increasing values for both elements from the base of trees to the leaves. Non-pyrolysed samples were characterized by 68.05 mg/kg–769.16 mg/kg (stems), 118.02 mg/kg–791.68 mg/kg (branches), 225.11 mg/kg–1742.25 mg/kg (twigs) and 374.73 mg/kg–6811.52 mg/kg (leaves) for sulphur, and 117.86 mg/kg–528.08 mg/kg (stems), 109.18 mg/kg–464.15 mg/kg (branches), 905.47 mg/kg–4205.19 mg/kg (twigs) and 2799.68 mg/kg–5072.76 mg/kg (leaves) for chlorine. In charcoal, the concentration ranges for sulphur were 47.54 mg/kg–376.95 mg/kg (branches) and 42.73–292.20 mg/kg (stems) and 139.34 mg/kg–419.68 mg/kg (branches) and 177.39 mg/kg–479.16 (stems) for chlorine. The study has shown that pyrolysis increased the amount of carbon and decreased the amount of hydrogen. Coincidentally, the amount of nitrogen, chlorine and sulphur could be decreased significantly by pyrolysis which means an improvement of the fuel considering the flue gas emissions. Besides the influence of the type of combustion plant and the influence of the source of biofuel, the treatment has a significant influence on the amount and composition of flue gases emitted in the combustion.
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Turner, David. "Courtyard Housing: A Mid-Density Alternative House-Type." Asylum, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/aslm.2022103.
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The main objectives of housing policy in Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland are to increase the city’s density and to increase its total stock of affordable housing. In the current market, family housing for lower-priced mid-density intensification projects is typologically limited to two low-rise alternatives. These are terraced housing at the lower density ranges and small walk-up apartment blocks in the higher scales. From recent practice it is apparent that both typologies have reached their maximum possible site densities, and that further increases can only be gained at the cost of unacceptable residential standards. To diversify market options, this paper suggests that a third house-type, the mid-density courtyard, could be more widely used. Although a rarity in Aotearoa New Zealand’s cities, it is a house type well-suited to our climate, and it is characteristically private, secure, and buildable using standard practices in the housing industry. The paper argues that in a period of domestic price indicators rising but property price inflation showing signs of receding, architects and developers could consider an additional house-type: one that is widely used elsewhere and that has advantages in Aotearoa New Zealand’s culture of urban housing. Conclusions suggest that the courtyard house-type has not been sufficiently explored in mid-density developments and that more examples would prove the merits of this alternative.
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Sulastri, Heni. "Assessment of Employee Using Simple Multi-Attribute Technique Exploiting Rank (SMARTER) and Behaviorally Anchor Rating Scale (BARS) Method." JISA(Jurnal Informatika dan Sains) 4, no. 2 (December 26, 2021): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31326/jisa.v4i2.944.
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Lecturers' active role as the spearhead of higher education has an essential role in improving higher education quality and sustainability. Therefore, assessing work behaviour is needed to measure how lecturers participate in achieving the vision and mission, quality improvement, and service guarantee to students and complementary documentation. This condition became the basis of research. They are implementing decision support systems with Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique Exploiting Ranges (SMARTER) and Graphic Rating Scale (GRS) to measure a lecturer's behaviour by using multiple criteria. With the SMARTER method and Behaviorally Anchor Rating Scale (BARS). By applying the impermeable BARS method, the work behaviour assessment process results in ease and accuracy that is more in line with the employees' behaviour being assessed. With the SMARTER approach, an assessment of employee work behaviour is produced, with 90% of alternatives used. The results are Good.
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Even, William E., and David A. Macpherson. "The Importance of Wage Growth Assumptions in Calculating Economic Damages." Journal of Forensic Economics 27, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5085/jfe-446.
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Abstract This study examines the importance of incorporating age-earnings profiles into the estimation of future earnings. Using data from the 2000 Census of the Population and the 2001-2015 American Community Surveys, we estimate age-earnings profiles for seven different education groups after controlling for period and cohort effects. We compare estimates of the loss in future earnings using the age-earnings profiles versus two popular alternatives: assuming a constant rate of earnings growth across the life-cycle or using cross-sectional data for age groups to estimate wage growth for various age ranges. Our results imply that a failure to incorporate the age-earnings profile into estimates of earnings losses can lead to significant over- or under-statement of losses depending on the age at which the damages begin and the educational attainment of the injured party.
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Buzzetti, Elena, Rosa Lombardi, Laura De Luca, and Emmanuel A. Tsochatzis. "Noninvasive Assessment of Fibrosis in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease." International Journal of Endocrinology 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/343828.
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent in 20–25% of the general population and is associated with metabolic risk factors such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. Histologically, NAFLD ranges from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. As NASH develops in only 10–15% of patients with NAFLD, it is not practical to biopsy all patients who present with NAFLD. Noninvasive fibrosis tests have been extensively developed recently and offer alternatives for staging fibrosis. Despite their increasing use, such tests cannot adequately differentiate simple steatosis from NASH. At present, such tests can be used as first line tests to rule out patients without advanced fibrosis and thus prevent unnecessary secondary care referrals in a significant number of patients. In this review we present the evidence for the use of noninvasive fibrosis tests in patients with NAFLD.
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I Made Alit Widnyana. "EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF DEBIT AND PRESSURE ON NETWORK DISTRIBUTION PDAM TIRTA KAHAYAN KOTA PALANGKA RAYA." BALANGA: Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan 7, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37304/balanga.v7i2.1537.
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PDAM Tirta Kahayan of Palangkaraya city has a technical problem regarding with inadequate service standard (coverage level). As a result from the direct observations at the service area of PDAM Tirta Kahayan of Palangka Raya city, there were numerous public complaints related to PDAM services, especially the issue on fees, debit and distributed water pressure. Lossing water in PDAM Palangka Raya City ranges from 23% -35%. The aims of this study is to identify the condition of the pipeline distribution network of PDAM Tirta Kahayan in Palangka Raya City, to evaluate the debit distribution patterns and pressure on pipeline network of PDAM Tirta Kahayan Palangka Raya City by simulating the Epanet 2.0 program and to compare the simulation results with the exiting conditions, moreover to analyze the improvement alternatives debit and pressure on distribution piping networks. Based on the results of the simulation of Epanet 2.0 program there are still some locations that have debits and flow rates below 0.3 LPS. This is due to differences in elevation, the distance which is getting much more apart from the service source and mismatching of the pipe dimension. The improvement alternatives that have been made are by installing booster pumps in several locations that aim to increase the flow and flow velocity, continuous reservoir filling and regulation of distribution pump operation; therefore the water pressure is always maintained.