Journal articles: 'Alternative to prison'

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Zevallos, Julio César Magán. "Overcrowding in the Peruvian prison system." International Review of the Red Cross 98, no. 903 (December 2016): 851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383117000649.

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AbstractIn this contribution the author examines overcrowding, one of the chronic problems that affect the prison system in Peru. First, the topic of the growth of the prison population during a determined period of years is addressed. Then, the author discusses three options for avoiding or controlling overcrowding in prisons: sending fewer people to prison, increasing the release of prisoners, and expanding existing prisons or building new ones. Finally, the article presents alternative measures of limiting freedom other than sending people to prison, and proposes a long-term solution which includes the participation of different sectors of the Peruvian government.

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Rafter, Nicole Hahn. "Gender, Prisons, and Prison History." Social Science History 9, no. 3 (1985): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200015078.

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Since the publication in 1936 of Blake McKelvey’s American Prisons (1972), social historians have developed a sizeable body of work that traces, and in some cases tries to explain, the evolution of U.S. penal institutions. These studies are important for what they tell us about perceptions of social problems in the past. They also have policy implications, indicating the historical roots of current dilemmas and alternative approaches to penal problems. Nearly all of these studies are limited, however, by their blindness to gender differences between prisons for men and women. Written mainly by men, prison histories have focused nearly exclusively on male prisoners. Perhaps their authors would argue that this bias is natural and insignificant since over time the vast majority of prisoners have been male. But by overlooking the variable of gender, prison historians have ignored an important influence on the nature and development of penal institutions.

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Dean, Erin. "A nursing alternative to prison." Nursing Standard 28, no. 6 (October 9, 2013): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2013.10.28.6.20.s25.

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SUTTON, A. J., N. J. GAY, W. J. EDMUNDS, and O. N. GILL. "Modelling alternative strategies for delivering hepatitis B vaccine in prisons: the impact on the vaccination coverage of the injecting drug user population." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 12 (March 17, 2008): 1644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808000502.

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SUMMARYSince 2001 hepatitis B vaccination has been offered to prisoners on reception into prisons in England and Wales. However, short campaigns of vaccinating the entire population of individual prisons have achieved high vaccination coverage for limited periods, suggesting that short campaigns may be a preferable way of vaccinating prisoners. A model is used that describes the flow of prisoners through prisons stratified by injecting status to compare a range of vaccination scenarios that describe vaccination on prison reception or via regular short campaigns. Model results suggest that vaccinating on prison reception can capture a greater proportion of the injecting drug user (IDU) population than the comparable campaign scenarios (63% vs. 55·6% respectively). Vaccination on prison reception is also more efficient at capturing IDUs for vaccination than vaccination via a campaign, although vaccination via campaigns may have a role with some infections for overall control.

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Lanza-Kaduce, Lonn, Karen F. Parker, and Charles W. Thomas. "A Comparative Recidivism Analysis of Releasees from Private and Public Prisons." Crime & Delinquency 45, no. 1 (January 1999): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128799045001002.

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This research compared the recidivism rates of groups of releasees from privately and publicly operated prisons. The study consisted of 198 male releasees from two private facilities in Florida who were precision matched with releasees from public prisons. Recidivism over one year was measured in alternative ways. The private prison group had lower rates of recidivism. Those released from private prisons who reoffended committed less serious subsequent offenses than did their public prison counterparts. The two groups were similar in how long it took for rearrest or for the first recidivism event to occur.

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Keay, Nerissa. "Home Detention—An Alternative to Prison?" Current Issues in Criminal Justice 12, no. 1 (July 2000): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2000.12036180.

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Rivaldy, Muhammad Fauzar, and Mety Rahmawati. "KONSEP SANKSI PIDANA PENJARA CICILAN SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PEMENJARAAN BARU DALAM UPAYA MENGATASI OVER CAPACITY/KELEBIHAN KAPASITAS DI DALAM LEMBAGA PERMASYARAKATAN." Jurnal Hukum Adigama 1, no. 1 (July 19, 2018): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/adigama.v1i1.2159.

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Law is a rule that applies to every country which has been arranged expressly and applied to society governing all actions from every society and in essence the law is nothing but protection of human interest, in the form of rule or norm. Criminal law is a rule that regulates the act that should not be done, which if violated will be subject to criminal sanctions imprisonment. Prisons are a place to give treatment to the offenders. But at this time the prison is not able to provide the maximum treatment, and prisons today have many problems that occur, namely one of over-capacity. The government has not been able to provide solutions to the problems that occur in prisons, but the current legal reform, especially the criminal law is expected to overcome the problems that occur in the prison, so as to reduce the over-capacity that occurs in prison. In the RKUHP there is one article that regulates the imposition of criminal in a different way that is imprisonment executed by way of installment, Alternative to imprisonment which is expected to reduce the over-capacity that occurs in prison.

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Hughes, Sam. "Release Within Confinement: An Alternative Proposal for Managing the Masturbation of Incarcerated Men in U.S. Prisons." Journal of Positive Sexuality 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 4–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51681/1.611.

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Policies regarding masturbation among incarcerated men vary throughout the United States. To describe the state of these policies, a systematic review of prison masturbation policies was conducted. The review revealed that masturbation among incarcerated men is banned in most U.S. prisons (sometimes in all cases, and other times only when it is intended to disturb others, and/or is public). Furthermore, many states’ Departments of Corrections have made these policies difficult for the public to identify. Prison masturbation bans have been defended on the grounds that they reduce STI transmission, help maintain order, prevent hostile work environments for female prison staff, assist in prison rape prosecutions, and assist in rehabilitating incarcerated people. By reviewing the available social science and endocrinological research on masturbation, those justifications are found to have minimal basis in scientific evidence. Conversely, the evidence does suggest the masturbation bans could potentially be linked with higher rates of violence, rape, exploitation, sex offender recidivism, insomnia, stress, depression, and suicide. Instead of being rooted in evidence, bans on prison masturbation seem to be primarily motivated by sex-negativity and the desire to retributively punish incarcerated people. To alleviate these harms, this article suggests allowing incarcerated men to masturbate within specifically identified circumstances, and/or to lessen existing punishments for masturbation. Potential problems with the implementation of the suggested policy are discussed, and a call is made to make inmate handbooks, which contain most of these policies, available to the public. Unique opportunities for penological and sexological research are identified.

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Einat, Tomer. "Shock-Incarceration Programs in Israeli Sanctioning Policy: Toward a New Model of Punishment." Israel Law Review 36, no. 1 (2002): 147–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002122370001791x.

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Issues such as prison overcrowding, a growing realization that prisons cannot rehabilitate, and the belief that many inmates could be adequately managed in less intrusive and costly settings, have led Israeli scholars and practitioners, in the last four decades, to devote efforts to the development of alternative sanctions to imprisonment. Specifically, the focus has been on the development and elaboration of alternative sanctions that match the severity of punishment to the seriousness of the crime.Intermediate sanctions (also called “alternative sanctions,” “alternatives to imprisonment,” or “community-based sanctions”) have been proposed as “ways to manage the burgeoning numbers of offenders without sacrificing public safety.” These punishment options are considered to fall on a continuum between traditional probation supervision and traditional incarceration.

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Scott, David, and Helena Gosling. "Before Prison, Instead of Prison, Better Than Prison: Therapeutic Communities as an Abolitionist Real Utopia?" International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i1.282.

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The aim of this paper is to critically engage with the idea that Therapeutic Communities (TCs) can be promoted in England and Wales as a radical alternative to prison for substance users who have broken the law. After grounding the discussion within the normative framework of an ‘abolitionist real utopia’ (Scott 2013), the article explores the historical and theoretical underpinnings of TCs. Existing literature advocating TCs as a radical alternative both before and instead of prison is then reviewed, followed by a critical reflection of the TCs compatibility with the broader values and principles of an abolitionist real utopia. To conclude, the article suggests that, although TCs could be a plausible and historically immanent non-penal real utopia for certain people in certain circumstances, we must not lose focus of wider social inequalities.

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Kantorowicz-Reznichenko, Elena. "Cognitive Biases and Procedural Rules: Enhancing the Use of Alternative Sanctions." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 23, no. 3 (July 22, 2015): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-23032068.

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The practice of short-term imprisonment has been long criticised due to its criminogenic effect and costs. To minimise its use, many European countries introduced alternative sanctions such as community service or home confinement with electronic monitoring. Unfortunately, in practice those sanctions are often imposed on non prison-bound offenders, a phenomenon termed ‘the net-widening problem’. Consequently, instead of reducing the prison population, the alternative sanctions substitute lighter punishments such as fines or conditional imprisonment. The discretion power whether to impose a prison sentence or its alternatives lies in the hands of the judges. Therefore, the way to enhance the use of alternative sanctions as a substitute to short-term imprisonment is to change the behaviour of judges. This paper adopts the behavioural law and economics approach to discuss, in the context of European criminal justice systems, how certain procedural rules overcome or use cognitive biases in order to promote the use of alternative sanctions.

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Sweeney, M. "Legally Blind: Seeking Alternative Literacies from Prison." Genre 35, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2002): 599–624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00166928-35-3-4-599.

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Dreier, Jenna. "From Apprentice to Master: Casting Men to Play Shakespeare’s Women in Prison." Humanities 8, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h8030123.

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My research investigates the growing phenomenon of Prison Shakespeare—a rapidly expanding community of prison arts programs in which ensembles of men or women who are incarcerated work with outside facilitators to stage performances of Shakespeare. This article is drawn from my first-hand research on Jonathan Shailor’s Shakespeare Prison Project, a program for men who are currently incarcerated at Racine Correctional Institution in Wisconsin. This article is based on my observations of two Shakespeare Prison Project (SPP) rehearsals, their 2017 performance of The Merchant of Venice, and focus groups that I conducted with fifteen members of the ensemble. This article focuses on casting practices and explores the ethical paradox that arises within the hypermasculine environment of men’s prisons, where men cast to play women’s roles face a heightened risk of violence, and yet, where creating positive representations of women is of paramount importance for disrupting the violent misogyny demanded by that hypermasculine environment. Setting SPP in relation to other programs for men, I demonstrate how certain casting practices risk perpetuating toxic masculinities, while others demonstrate the potential to foster alternative masculinities. Based on the insights offered by participants, I argue further that this process is contingent upon the ensemble’s authorization of those alternative masculinities.

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Gould, Mary Rachel. "Rethinking Our Metrics: Research in the Field of Higher Education in Prison." Prison Journal 98, no. 4 (May 28, 2018): 387–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885518776375.

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Increasing access to higher education in prison often hinges upon a series of seemingly compelling and related rationales: the reduction of recidivism, saving taxpayer dollars, and increasing safety and security (inside and outside of prisons). The purpose of this volume is to move beyond the discussion of recidivism, cost and safety and security metrics and the randomized control trial as the gold-standard for assessing the function and outcomes of higher education in prison. Instead, the collection of essays in this volume forward a more expansive way to understand why and how higher education in prison supports students. Attempting to quantify the rationale for higher education in prison based on recidivism rates, economic savings, and/or community safety statistics will never build a sustainable argument for why higher education in prison is a meaningful and potentially transformative experience for a formerly incarcerated person; in the same way that employment rates will not independently indicate why higher education is a potentially transformative experience for a student on a traditional campus. The effort to question the metrics and methodologies used to assess prison education programs and the outcomes for students as well as to provide alternative ways of evaluating the work of higher education in prison is present in each of the articles in this journal issue.

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Gee, Joanna, and Betty Bertrand-Godfrey. "Researching the psychological therapies in prison: considerations and future recommendations." International Journal of Prisoner Health 10, no. 2 (June 10, 2014): 118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-06-2013-0030.

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Purpose – The psychological therapies are widely considered within the forensic literature as holding a useful role in the prison system, however, despite this, very little research into the psychological therapies has taken place. Further, where research is carried out, it is often associated with the need for evidence-based practice (EBP), involving quantification and randomization. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This paper will initially introduce the importance of research into the psychological therapies in prison, followed by a consideration of EBP which can be thought of as the current movement governing research in the psychological therapies in the UK. Findings – However, in providing a focused critique of EBP, particularly within prisons, this paper will attempt to pave the way for a consideration of alternative research methodologies and resultant methods in researching the psychological therapies in prisons in the UK. Originality/value – Through this it is argued that research within the prison setting should act not to promote interventions and create an evidence-based as such, but to provide an accessible body of knowledge for the psychological therapists working in prisons in the UK.

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Sipahi, Ali. "Convict Labor in Turkey, 1936–1953: A Capitalist Corporation in the State?" International Labor and Working-Class History 90 (2016): 244–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547916000144.

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AbstractThe article proposes the institutional analysis of convict labor as an alternative to both (profit-oriented) economic and (discipline-oriented) political explanations. The specialized labor-based prisons in Turkey from 1936 to 1953 are brought to light by archival research and are presented here as a rich case to discuss the experiential/subjective conditions of unfree labor regimes and the structural effects of institutions on the convicts’ experiences. I argue that the state department responsible for prison labor in Turkey was transformed into a capitalist corporation with bureaucratic management, and the target of convict labor system was neither profit nor discipline, but the creation of the corporate bureaucracy itself. As a consequence, both for prisoners and for the prison staff, labor-based prisons appeared as privileged places. Hence, unfree labor was volunteered.

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Deitch, Michele. "The Need for Independent Prison Oversight in a Post-PLRA World." Federal Sentencing Reporter 24, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2012.24.4.236.

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The Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) severely hampered the courts' ability to exercise long-term oversight of conditions in prisons and jails. This article examines the potential for alternative types of correctional oversight in a post-PLRA world. The article begins by assessing the critical role the courts have played in exercising oversight over correctional facilities, while acknowledging the weaknesses of the judicial oversight model and the PLRA's restrictions. The article proposes an alternative model of independent government oversight, involving routine monitoring of all correctional facilities on an ongoing basis. Such preventative inspections have long been the norm in other countries that have been less reliant on the courts for the protection of prisoners' rights. The article explores how such oversight might work, and discusses examples of prison monitoring bodies. Finally, the article addresses the all-important continuing role for the courts in enforcing prisoners' rights in conditions cases.

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Dongim, Lee, and Chun Junghwan. "Alternative service considerations for conscientious objectors in prison." Correction Review 82 (March 31, 2019): 59–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14819/krscs.2019.29.1.1.59.

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Dongim, Lee, and Chun Junghwan. "Alternative service considerations for conscientious objectors in prison." Correction Review 82 (March 31, 2019): 59–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14819/krscs.2019.29.1.3.59.

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Gentile, Guendalina, Stefano Tambuzzi, Michele Boracchi, Paolo Bailo, Domenico Di Candia, Rachele Bianchi, and Riccardo Zoja. "Uncommon suicide methods in the detention regime in Milan (1993–2019): Forensic contribution on autopsy cases." Medico-Legal Journal 89, no. 2 (March 10, 2021): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025817220986714.

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We analysed the recorded cases of suicides committed other than by hanging in prison in Milan. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 25,512 autopsies performed from 1993 to 2019, selecting all the suicides in prison but our attention was focused solely on cases where an alternative mode to hanging was used. From a total of 97 suicide events in prison, 15 were consistent with the established search criteria: 6 victims died from plastic bag suffocation, 4 by direct inhalation of butane gas, 2 associated plastic bag suffocation to inhalation of butane gas, one committed suicide with an edged weapon, one by self-burning and, finally, one by voluntary ingestion of a food to which he was allergic, with the intent of inducing an anaphylactic shock. Our analysis has shown that the landscape of prison suicides is diverse, not limited solely to hanging. Therefore, it is necessary for the forensic scientific community to raise awareness of potentially unusual suicide methods in prisons and, in the same way, for the Penitentiary Administration to put adequate preventive measures and strategies in place.

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Usman, Usman, Bahder Johan Nasution, and Elizabeth Seregar. "Over Kapasitas Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Dalam Perespektif Kebijakan Hukum Pidana." Wajah Hukum 4, no. 2 (October 19, 2020): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v4i2.256.

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Overcapacity of correctional institutions is a serious problem in realizing the objectives of the criminal justice system. This article seeks to identify the causes of overcapacity in prisons and formulate models of criminal law policies that can suppress the overcapacity of correctional institutions in Indonesia. Overcapacity of prisons is caused by: first, the high crime rate and limited prison facilities. Second, over criminalization criminal law policies that are not supported by alternative sanction crimes; easy requirements for detention and length of detention period, and restrictions on the provision of remissions. An integrated approach is needed in reducing overcapacity of prisons through criminal law and social policies, namely the fulfillment of detention facilities in prisons / detention centers and reducing the crime rate. In criminal law policy, decriminalization and depenalization are necessary for certain types of criminal acts to strengthen alternative crimes from imprisonment.

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Salter, Lee. "Third Cinema, radical public spheres and an alternative to prison porn." International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/macp_00013_1.

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This article considers how media production is framed by class experience, and how this framing mediates exclusion. Drawing on research on ‘poverty porn’ the article presents an analysis of how experimental exclusion is operationalized in media representations before moving the analysis to consider the framing of an additional exclusion that afflicts mainly working class people ‐ that which comes with the status of prisoner and convict. Here, poverty porn becomes prison porn and we find a double exclusion. After noting the shortcomings of a number of prison documentaries in the framework of Third Cinema, the article finishes with a proposal, based on the production of a prison film made by the author, to more adequately represent such marginalized classes, finishing with a reflection on the perseverance of exclusion.

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Jobe, Sarah. "Carceral Hermeneutics: Discovering the Bible in Prison and Prison in the Bible." Religions 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10020101.

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This essay introduces the concept of “carceral hermeneutics,” the art of interpreting Scripture from within prisons as, or alongside, incarcerated persons. Reading the Bible in prison reframes the Bible as a whole, highlighting how the original sites of textual production were frequently sites of exile, prison, confinement, and control. Drawing on the work of Lauren F. Winner, the author explores the “characteristic damages” of reading the Bible without attention to the carceral and suggests that physically re-locating the task of biblical interpretation can unmask interpretative damage and reveal alternative, life-giving readings. The essay concludes with an extended example, showing how the idea of cruciformity is a characteristically damaged reading that extracts Jesus’ execution from its carceral context. Carceral hermeneutics surfaces a Gospel counter-narrative in which Jesus flees violence and opts for his own safety. Jesus as a refugee (Matt 2), a fugitive (Matt 4:12–17), and a victim escaping violence (Luke 4:14–30) stand alongside Jesus as an executed person to offer a wider range of options for a “christoformity” in which people can image God while fleeing from violence in order to preserve their own lives and freedom.

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Maes, Eric, Benjamin Mine, Caroline De Man, and Rosamunde Van Brakel. "Thinking about Electronic Monitoring in the Context of Pre-Trial Detention in Belgium: A Solution to Prison Overcrowding?" European Journal of Probation 4, no. 2 (August 2012): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/206622031200400202.

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Prison overcrowding is a major problem in the Belgian criminal justice system, with almost 40% of the current population consisting of prisoners in remand custody. Driven by a goal of prison overcrowding prevention, electronic monitoring has been implemented nationally since 2000, but only as an alternative to the execution of the entire or a part of the prison sentence imposed. This article aims to report some final results of a recent research on the possible application of electronic monitoring as an alternative to pre-trial detention in Belgium.

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Hall, Barry, and Peter Gabor. "Peer Suicide Prevention in a Prison." Crisis 25, no. 1 (January 2004): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.25.1.19.

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Summary: Suicide rates among inmate populations in prisons are considerably higher than in the general population. Suicide prevention is a common need among penal institutions around the world. Traditional approaches involving only correctional staff in suicide prevention efforts have proven to have their limitations. The involvement of inmates in peer prevention efforts seems to be a reasonable alternative approach. This study examines such a program, called SAMS in the Pen, operated jointly between the prison and the Samaritans of Southern Alberta. This service, the first of its kind in Canada, involved inmate volunteers, known as SAMS, who were trained in listening skills, suicide prevention, and risk assessment. Data was collected for the research from volunteers, correctional staff, general inmate population, and professional staff. However, given the low absolute number in the one institution where the study was carried out, statistical analyses were not practical. As with any new service, the SAMS in the Pen experienced some developmental problems but was perceived to be a worthwhile service to both inmates and staff of the prison.

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Zarkin, Gary A., Laura J. Dunlap, Steven Belenko, and Paul A. Dynia. "A Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Kings County District Attorney's Office Drug Treatment Alternative to Prison (DTAP) Program." Justice Research and Policy 7, no. 1 (June 2005): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3818/jrp.7.1.2005.1.

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In October 1990, the Kings County (Brooklyn, NY) District Attorney's Office implemented the Drug Treatment Alternative to Prison (DTAP) program to divert nonviolent felony drug offenders from prison to community-based residential drug treatment. This article presents an estimate of the costs and benefits of the DTAP program based on a cohort of DTAP participants and prison comparisons who entered treatment or prison in 1995–1996 and were tracked for 6 years. The analysis focuses on the criminal justice system (CJS) costs associated with criminal recidivism. Findings show that the DTAP program is cost-beneficial compared to the usual criminal justice process (benefit-cost ratio equals 2.17 after 6 years).

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Morgan, Jules. "Louis Appleby: “We need a progressive alternative to prison”." Lancet Psychiatry 2, no. 8 (August 2015): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00270-9.

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Walters, Melissa. "Alternative accounting thought and the prison-house of metaphor." Accounting, Organizations and Society 29, no. 2 (February 2004): 157–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0361-3682(02)00054-5.

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Schaefer, Nicole J., and Ana Stefancic. "“Alternative to Prison” Programs for the Mentally Ill Offender." Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 38, no. 2 (December 11, 2003): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j076v38n02_03.

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Hallett, Michael, Bryon Johnson, Joshua Hays, Sung Joon Jang, and Grant Duwe. "U.S. Prison Seminaries: Structural Charity, Religious Establishment, and Neoliberal Corrections." Prison Journal 99, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 150–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885519825490.

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Using archival and site-based research, this article explores operational practices at six U.S. prison seminary programs regarding concepts of religious establishment. Further highlighted is a shift toward faith-based volunteerism as a “structural charity” in correctional budgeting. While religious programs offer powerfully transformative access to social capital for many inmates, the recent insertion of Christian “seminaries” into U.S. prisons arguably fosters religious establishment in four key areas: a lack of state neutrality toward religion, excessive state entanglement with religious service providers, inadequate solicitation of alternative programming, and a de facto measure of coercion in delivery of services.

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BELENKO, STEVEN, MARTHA F. SCHIFF, MARY T. PHILLIPS, and LAURA A. WINTERFIELD. "Modeling the Prison Displacement Effects of Alternative Sanctions Programs: A Case Study." Prison Journal 74, no. 2 (June 1994): 167–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032855594074002003.

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Growing interest in recent years in developing broader ranges of intermediate sanctions or alternative-to-incarceration (ATI) programs has prompted a search for more effective ways to measure the impacts of these programs on jail and prison populations. One potentially useful strategy is to develop statistical models that predict the length of incarceration for sentenced offenders and apply these models to program client data to estimate prison bed displacement effects. New York City, which funds and monitors an extensive array of ATI programs, has been sponsoring research to develop and apply such models in an effort to improve the planning and evaluating of these programs. This article presents a series of regression models predicting sentence length using quantitative case and defendant as well as qualitative case strength data, and illustrates how they might be applied to ATI program data to estimate prison displacement effects.

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Rosenfeld, Richard, and Kimberly Kempf. "The Scope and Purposes of Corrections: Exploring Alternative Responses to Crowding." Crime & Delinquency 37, no. 4 (October 1991): 481–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128791037004005.

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Current “social war” criminal justice policies lack rational planning and have contributed to the crowding crisis within the correctional system and to state and local fiscal crises. They have also generated an immense expansion in the scope of correctional control. However, proposals to reduce prison crowding through greater reliance on community corrections are more costly than commonly assumed. The authors propose a sanctions budget for corrections that requires choices among cost-effective policies based on available resources, intermediate sanctions, and explicit correctional objectives, including the restoration of rehabilitative purpose to the traditional prison.

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Tobing, Noel Tua Lumban. "COMMUNITY BASED CORRECTION: METODE ALTERNATIF MENGATASI OVERCROWDED." Literacy: Jurnal Ilmiah Sosial 1, no. 1 (May 28, 2019): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53489/jis.v1i1.9.

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The emergence of the community based correction method begins with the practice of imprisonment which by many countries tends to be seen as the only type of punishment until the longer the prison conditions become overcrowded and actually have a worse impact on the perpetrators. The need for other alternative crimes to avoid more prison construction eventually gave birth to the CBC concept. In review from the SMS data of the director general of PAS laps in march 2020 the number of prison and remand center residents in indonesia was oververcrowded, with a total of 270,415 while its capacity was only 132,531. this proves that alternative crimes are necessary to reduce the number of prison and remand center residents. Community based correction is an alternative method of non-imprisonment which aims to re-assault the perpetrators into the community, in other words the perpetrators are not jailed but serve their sentences in the community so that the community can participate in the guiding process of convicted persons. The study aims to analyze alternative methods of coping with overcrowded. The method used in this study is descriptive with qualitative method as the primary data for researching. And for secondary data conducted a review of libraries and law no. 12 of 1995 on correctional as additional data. The results and conclusions obtained from this study that several basic principles are needed to implement the open prison operational program.

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May, David C., Peter B. Wood, Jennifer L. Mooney, and Kevin I. Minor. "Predicting Offender-Generated Exchange Rates: Implications for a Theory of Sentence Severity." Crime & Delinquency 51, no. 3 (July 2005): 373–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128704271459.

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We solicited offender-generated exchange rates between prison and several noncustodial sanctions from a sample of 588 offenders currently serving community-based punishments. We then regressed these exchange rates on demographic, attitudinal, and correctional experience indicators. Males, Blacks, older offenders, offenders with prison experience, and those who agree most strongly with reasons to avoid alternative sanctions are likely to serve less of a given alternative to avoid imprisonment. In addition, offender-generated exchange rates are used to develop a ranking of sanction severity that includes prison and nine intermediate sanctions. Implications of these findings for correctional policy, practice, and a theory of sentence severity are discussed.

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Weide, Robert D. "The Invisible Hand of the State: A Critical Historical Analysis of Prison Gangs in California." Prison Journal 100, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 312–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885520916817.

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This article provides a critical historical analysis of the formation and proliferation of some of the earliest and most well-known prison gangs in the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) and the conflicts between them. This analysis provides an alternative explanation for prison gang formation that contrasts with existing pathological perspectives on prison gangs by examining the role of the prison staff and administration in the formation and proliferation of prison gangs and the provocation of conflicts between them. The historical narrative and analysis is constructed from existing literature, qualitative research using both formal and informal interviews, and descriptive data acquired from CDCR Annual Reports.

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Sabao, Collen, Isheanesu Gohodzi, and Fiona Mtulisi Phiri. "Zimbabwean prison argot:." JULACE: Journal of the University of Namibia Language Centre 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32642/julace.v4i1.1423.

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The prison is a unique discourse community, often characterised by the use of a peculiar commonly shared communicative code. In a country such as Zimbabwe in which inmates generally come from different and diverse ethnolinguistic and sociolinguistic backgrounds, the need for a common communicative code amongst inmates cannot be overstated. Communication amongst inmates is often through ‘cant’, ‘argot’ or slang and these are usually prison specific since they are formulated within. The formulation of prison ‘cant’ is also oftentimes necessitated by inmates’ need to create and own an alternative ‘safe’ interactive linguistic space that ‘evades’ prison authorities due to the ‘cat and mouse’ nature of prison life. Prison is thus here envisioned as a cultural and linguistic space and the linguistic codes used within prison walls can be considered as sociolects or language varieties – more precisely to be conceived of as slang/tsotsitaal. Prison life, thus, has its own value systems and norms which are strengthened through such a linguistic code. Once one gets in prison, he or she adapts to a new culture and language which is spoken by other fellow inmates. Herein, we examine sociolinguistically the etymology of the vocabulary of the discourse of inmates at Whawha Medium Offenders Prison in Gweru, Zimbabwe.

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HARRIS, M. KAY. "Reducing Prison Crowding and Nonprison Penalties." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 478, no. 1 (March 1985): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716285478001013.

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This article highlights two types of ameliorative responses to the problem of prison and jail crowding: those responses aimed at diverting some prison-bound offenders to alternative programs and those designed to regulate prison population levels more directly. It argues that both types of strategies raise practical and philosophical issues that can be resolved satisfactorily only through a comprehensive reassessment of the full spectrum of criminal penalties and how they are used.

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May, David C., and Brian K. Payne. "Do white-collar offenders find prison more punitive than property offenders." Journal of Financial Crime 25, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 230–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-11-2016-0073.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to use exchange rate theory to compare how white-collar offenders and property offenders rank the severity of various correctional sanctions. Design/methodology/approach The authors use survey data from 160 inmates incarcerated for white-collar and property crimes in a Midwestern state to compare how white-collar inmates differed from property inmates in ranking the goals of prison and the punitiveness of prison as compared to other alternatives. Findings White-collar offenders were no different than property offenders in terms of their assessment of the punitiveness of prison compared to the punitiveness of the four sanctions under consideration here. White-collar offenders were significantly more likely than property offenders to believe that the goal of prison is to rehabilitate rather than deter individuals from further crime. Research limitations/implications Because the authors defined white-collar offenders by their crime of incarceration, they may have captured offenders who are not truly white-collar offenders. Focusing on offenders who were in prison did not allow them to fully examine whether similarities between white-collar and property offenders can be attributed to adjustment to prison or some other variable. Practical implications Alternative sanctions may be useful in punishing white-collar offenders in a less expensive manner than prison. Results suggest white-collar offenders may be more amenable to rehabilitation than property offenders and may not experience prison much differently than other types of offenders. Originality value This research is important because it is the first of its kind to compare white-collar offenders’ views about the punitiveness of prison and the goals of incarceration with those of property offenders.

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Milani, Alireza, and Mehdi Rezaee Moghadam. "Functions of Alternative Punishments to Imprisonment in Reducing the Criminal Population of the State Prisons." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 44 (December 2014): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.44.74.

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In accordance with the inefficiency of imprisonment punishments in reforming and rehabilitating the prisoners, also due to the criminal environment of the prisons, economic costs of the prison and damages caused by imprisoning the head of the household, contradiction with the principle of personal punishment, health and mental problems existing and the like, are some of the problems which have created serious challenges for the imprisonment punishments. Hence, attempts for employing other punishments as alternatives to the imprisonment punishment have drawn the attention of various countries and legal systems. Accordingly, today the Iranian criminal policy makers, in line with dis-imprisonment and prohibiting the indiscriminate use of imprisonment punishment have begun to enact a law in which a chapter has been assigned to alternatives of the imprisonment punishment and prediction of a half freedom system. This paper, while introducing and investigating alternative punishments of imprisonment in the Islamic Penal Code of 2013 concludes that not only is transparent and clear rules and regulations necessary in this area, but also a successful enforcement of these laws requires an appropriate culture building in the society. On the other hand, the issue of alternatives should be institutionalized among the judges.

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Milani, Alireza, and Mehdi Rezaee Moghadam. "Functions of Alternative Punishments to Imprisonment in Reducing the Criminal Population of the State Prisons." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 46 (January 2015): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.46.39.

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Of imprisonment punishments in reforming and rehabilitating the prisoners, also due to the criminal environment of the prisons, economic costs of the prison and damages caused by imprisoning the head of the household, contradiction with the principle of personal punishment, health and mental problems existing and the like, are some of the problems which have created serious challenges for the imprisonment punishments. Hence, attempts for employing other punishments as alternatives to the imprisonment punishment have drawn the attention of various countries and legal systems. Accordingly, today the Iranian criminal policy makers, in line with dis-imprisonment and prohibiting the indiscriminate use of imprisonment punishment have begun to enact a law in which a chapter has been assigned to alternatives of the imprisonment punishment and prediction of a half freedom system. This paper, while introducing and investigating alternative punishments of imprisonment in the Islamic Penal Code of 2013 concludes that not only is transparent and clear rules and regulations necessary in this area, but also a successful enforcement of these laws requires an appropriate culture building in the society. On the other hand, the issue of alternatives should be institutionalized among the judges.

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Maull, Fleet. "The Prison Hospice Movement." EXPLORE 1, no. 6 (November 2005): 477–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2005.08.018.

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SKARBEK, DAVID. "Governance and Prison Gangs." American Political Science Review 105, no. 4 (October 18, 2011): 702–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055411000335.

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How can people who lack access to effective government institutions establish property rights and facilitate exchange? The illegal narcotics trade in Los Angeles has flourished despite its inability to rely on state-based formal institutions of governance. An alternative system of governance has emerged from an unexpected source—behind bars. The Mexican Mafia prison gang can extort drug dealers on the street because they wield substantial control over inmates in the county jail system and because drug dealers anticipate future incarceration. The gang's ability to extract resources creates incentives for them to provide governance institutions that mitigate market failures among Hispanic drug-dealing street gangs, including enforcing deals, protecting property rights, and adjudicating disputes. Evidence collected from federal indictments and other legal documents related to the Mexican Mafia prison gang and numerous street gangs supports this claim.

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Cihan, Abdullah, and Jon R. Sorensen. "Examining Developmental Patterns of Prison Misconduct: An Integrated Model Approach." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 63, no. 14 (May 15, 2019): 2406–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x19849565.

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Recent prison scholarship has employed an integrated model of the developmental/life-course perspectives and importation model to examine prison misconduct. Using longitudinal data from a large sample of inmates incarcerated in a U.S. prison system, this study attempts to validate and expand recent prison research by systematically examining the relationship among inmate characteristics and misconduct trajectories, particularly for the higher/chronic pattern of misconduct relative to other identified clusters. The results show that smaller groups of inmates have persistent criminal careers and continually engaged in high level of misconduct. In addition, several inmate characteristics associated with prison misconduct can also be useful to distinguishing high-risk inmates/persistent offenders from groups that offend at low rates over time. These findings could provide vital information to prison officials in developing and designing alternative prison services, assistance, and rehabilitation programs based on the misconduct trajectories.

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Κερώση, Μαρία-Ισμήνη, and Ευρυνόμη Αυδή. "Η νοηματοδότηση της εμπειρίας του εγκλεισμού και η (ανα)κατασκευή της ταυτότητας έγκλειστων γυναικών: Ποιοτική μελέτη." Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 23, no. 2 (October 15, 2020): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.22841.

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This study aimed to explore how women in confinement attribute meaning to their experience in prison and, at the same time, how they (re)construct their narrative identity as they visualize their future through the use of photographs. The study was part of a broader research titled “Phototherapy in prisons”. Six imprisoned women participated in the study. The technique of photo-elicitation in interviews was adopted and women created life narrative using the medium of photo-stories . The material was analysed using narrative analysis. Through the analysis two main narrative types emerged; a restitution narrative and a partial regeneration narrative. Significant topics in the women’s life narrative included issues of responsibility, gender as a factor in women’s involvement in criminal activities, the perceptions of imprisonment and participants’ desire to distance themselves from the experience following their release from prison. The findings of this study help better understand the experience of imprisonment, taking into account the role of gender, and highlight the contribution of alternative methods of study when working with people who have limited opportunities to voice their experiences. In addition, findings provide insight regarding the design of trauma focused interventions in prison with the aim of more fully preparing the women for the transition to life in the community.

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GOTTFREDSON, STEPHEN D., and DON M. GOTTFREDSON. "Selective Incapacitation?" ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 478, no. 1 (March 1985): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716285478001012.

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Recent sentencing proposals for the selective incapacitation of criminal offenders have generated a great deal of enthusiasm and controversy. The concept has been greeted enthusiastically because it promises simultaneously to decrease the crime rate and to reduce crowding in the nation's prisons. The controversy stems from two sources: concerns of science and of ethics. This article describes the selective incapacitation proposal and the scientific and ethical controversies it has generated. Finally, an alternative strategy for using risk predictions is presented. It is thought to meliorate the ethical concerns discussed and to hold promise for reducing prison crowding without endangering the public.

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Kovalsky, Shaked, Badi Hasisi, Noam Haviv, and Ety Elisha. "Can Yoga Overcome Criminality? The Impact of Yoga on Recidivism in Israeli Prisons." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 64, no. 13-14 (April 26, 2020): 1461–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x20911899.

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In recent years, yoga practices have been integrated into formal prison rehabilitation programs of the Israel Prison Service (IPS), as part of the informal education system, giving rise to innovative criminological theories such as positive criminology that emphasize the development of offenders’ strengths by facilitating rehabilitation and reintegration processes. The purpose of the present study was to examine the correlation between yoga practice and recidivism among released prisoners who participated in yoga programs during their incarceration in comparison with a matched control group of those who did not participate in yoga programs over a follow-up period of 5 years. To examine the effectiveness of the program, propensity score matching was used to compile the comparison group from among all convicted prisoners who were released from the Israeli prisons. Study results indicate that yoga may affect recidivism, supported by a finding of lower recidivism rates among released prisoners who had practiced yoga during their incarceration, compared with a matched control group. However, further study is needed including randomized controlled trials (RCTs). In light of these positive results, we recommend policy-makers consider expanding alternative practices such as yoga into prisons, in recognition of their contribution to the rehabilitation process through the development of personal and social strengths.

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Bingham, John, and Chris Piotrowski. "House Arrest: A Viable Alternative for Sex Offenders?" Psychological Reports 65, no. 2 (October 1989): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.65.2.559.

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This article reported on the efficiency of a community-based corrections program, namely, house arrest, presently being implemented in the state of Florida. Primarily, prison over-crowding has served as an impetus to enacting viable detention options for minor offenses. The authors discuss the usefulness and rehabilitative aspects of a house arrest program offered as an alternative to incarceration for sex offenders. The advantages and drawbacks of the program are discussed and two case studies are presented.

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Lang, Michelle A., and Steven Belenko. "Predicting retention in a residential drug treatment alternative to prison program." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 19, no. 2 (September 2000): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0740-5472(00)00097-0.

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Ariza, Libardo José, María Mauersberger, and Fernando León Tamayo Arboleda. "Locked in the Home: A Critique of House Arrest as an Alternative to Imprisonment for Women Sentenced for Drug-Related Crimes." Prison Journal 101, no. 3 (April 22, 2021): 286–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00328855211010410.

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This article addresses the unintended consequences of using house arrest for female offenders as an alternative to prison for drug-related crimes. We propose that in patriarchal societies, locking women at home could imply moving them to another control device that may be as harmful as prison. Thereby, house arrest creates an unintended effect in which domestication in traditional gender roles ends up being the primary target of female offender punishment.

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DESCHENES, ELIZABETH PIPER, SUSAN TURNER, and JOAN PETERSILIA. "A Dual Experiment in Intensive Community Supervision: Minnesota's Prison Diversion and Enhanced Supervised Release Programs." Prison Journal 75, no. 3 (September 1995): 330–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032855595075003005.

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In 1990, Minnesota enacted legislation to implement an intensive community supervision program as an alternative both to prison and to routine parole. The National Institute of Justice funded RAND to evaluate the program. This article reports on two randomized field experiments designed to measure the implementation and impact of the programs. Detailed information on offender background, services received, and 1-year outcomes was collected for 300 participants. Results showed that the programs were fairly well implemented. Two-year follow-up results indicated that prison-diversion offenders under intensive community supervision posed no greater risk to public safety than those initially sentenced to prison. The prison-diversion program resulted in savings of about $5,000 per offender per year, but these savings were offset by the greater cost of intensive supervision for parolees.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Alternative to prison'

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