Journal articles: 'Alternative refrigerant'

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Wang, Hong Li, Xiu Juan Hou, and Jing Rui Tian. "Analysis of Refrigerants Properties and Alternative." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 2438–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.2438.

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With the question of Ozone Depression Potential and Global Warming Potential popping out day by day, the Freon refrigerant alternative has become one of the current research contents of refrigerant. Based on the given Freon refrigerant R22, R134a and natural refrigerant CO2, the differences of their properties were compared, and the relevant alternative refrigerants conducted an investigation. The results show that the natural refrigerant CO2instead of Freon refrigerant has good application prospects; it provides basic data to develop new products, which enhance the COP of air conditioner and heat pump.

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Vali Shaik, Sharmas, and TP Ashok Babu. "Theoretical energy performance assessment and environmental impact of various new ozone-friendly refrigerants used in residential air conditioners." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 234, no. 4 (May 29, 2020): 367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408920928260.

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This study focuses on energy performance investigation and environmental impact analysis of various new ecofriendly refrigerant blends as alternatives to high global warming potential refrigerant R22 theoretically. In this study, 23 refrigerants were considered at various composition. The present work considered the practical vapour compression refrigeration cycle for the performance assessment of various R22 alternatives. Essential studies such as toxicity, flammability, and total equivalent warming index of various novel refrigerants were also conducted in this study. Results obtained from practical vapour compression refrigeration cycle revealed that the energy efficiency ratio of refrigerants such as R1270 (2.860) and RB03 (R290/R152a of 60/40 in mass %) (2.854) was closer to the energy efficiency ratio of R22 (2.940). Volumetric refrigeration capacity (VRC) of R1270 (3293 kJ/m3) was similar to that of R22 (3297 kJ/m3) whereas VRC of RB03 (2908 kJ/m3) was almost similar to that of R407C (2925 kJ/m3) which was an alternative to R22. Compressor discharge temperature of RB03 was 15.78 ℃ lower when compared to R22. Flammability study revealed that all the new refrigerant blends (RB01 to RB04) were classified into weakly flammable (A2) and flammable (A3) category refrigerants whereas toxicity study revealed that all the investigated refrigerants were classified into non-toxic group (A). Refrigerant blend RB03 was less flammable compared to R1270. Total equivalent warming index analysis revealed that the environmental impact of R422A was 27.88% higher than R22 whereas RB03 has 4.97% lower environmental impact compared to R22. Overall, performance of refrigerant blend RB03 was better compared to 23 investigated refrigerants and it was very nearer to the performance of R22 and hence, it could be considered as an ecofriendly alternative to replace high global warming potential refrigerant R22 used in air conditioners.

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Nguyen, Van Vu, Szabolcs Varga, and Vaclav Dvorak. "HFO1234ze(e) As an Alternative Refrigerant for Ejector Cooling Technology." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 4045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214045.

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The paper presented a mathematical assessment of selected refrigerants for the ejector cooling purpose. R1234ze(e) and R1234yf are the well-known refrigerants of hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), the fourth-generation halocarbon refrigerants. Nature working fluids, R600a and R290, and third-generation refrigerant of halocarbon (hydrofluorocarbon, HFC), R32 and R152a, were selected in the assessment. A detail mathematical model of the ejector, as well as other components of the cycle, was built. The results showed that the coefficient of performance (COP) of R1234ze(e) was significantly higher than R600a at the same operating conditions. R1234yf’s performance was compatible with R290, and both were about 5% less than the previous two. The results also indicated that R152a offered the best performance among the selected refrigerants, but due to the high value of global warming potential, it did not fulfill the requirements of the current European refrigerant regulations. On the other hand, R1234ze(e) was the most suitable working fluid for the ejector cooling technology, thanks to its overall performance.

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Landage, Ajay. "Modeling and Simulation of Heat Pump Air-Conditioning System using Ecofriendly Refrigerants." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 15, 2021): 1166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35145.

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A simulation approach to heat pump systems is proposed in this paper. The evaluation of working fluids is conducted. Moreover, the selected refrigerants are used in the simulation. Subsequently, the system is analyzed in terms of the coefficient of performance (COP) and energy efficiency. Some alternative refrigerants, instead of R22 used R290 refrigerent. It is described the selection of refrigerants adapted to each utilization, based on the thermodynamic and -physical properties, the technological behaviour, costs and use constraints as principal aspects of the environmental protection. Also, it is performed a comparative analysis in function of the total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) for some possible substitutes of refrigerant R22 used in various refrigeration and heat pump systems.

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Siddiqui, M. U., Amro Owes, F. G. Al-Amri, and Farooq Saeed. "Recent Developments in the Search for Alternative Low-Global-Warming-Potential Refrigerants: A Review." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 28, no. 03 (September 2020): 2030004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132520300049.

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Conventionally, the CFC-type refrigerants were used until Montreal Protocol which stated that CFC refrigerants cause ozone depletion and should be replaced with alternative refrigerants. The alternative refrigerants are safe for ozone but they have comparatively high flammability, toxicity and global warming potential. Thus they need careful handling. In Kyoto Protocol, it was stated that the currently used refrigerants with high global warming potential need to be replaced with yet other alternative refrigerants with low global warming potential. This paper comprehensively reviews those recent studies that focused on the possible replacement of currently in-use refrigerant with a comparatively more environmental-friendly alternative refrigerant. Initially, the progression of refrigerants through different generations has been described and discussed. A list of currently in-use refrigerants has been presented. Then, the scientific developments for the replacement of listed refrigerants are thoroughly reviewed and critically analyzed. From the comprehensive review, it was found that R1234yf has the most potential to be a suitable low-flammable replacement for R134a for domestic refrigeration and automotive air-conditioning systems. Also, R32 has the most potential to be a suitable alternative of R410A.

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Wolf, Martin, Adam Meier, Bridget Nyland, Sejong Youn, and Wendy Jacobs. "Institutions and Governments Can Slow Climate Change by Regulating and Reducing Halocarbon Refrigerant Use." MIT Science Policy Review 1 (August 20, 2020): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.38105/spr.575mrlgdjw.

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Halocarbon refrigerant emissions are the fastest-growing source of greenhouse gas emissions around the globe. The continued use of these refrigerants poses serious environmental threats. In the absence of strong federal regulation on halocarbon use, state and local governments and institutions can commit to reducing halocarbon refrigerant emissions. Here, we outline policies that governments and users of these refrigerants can adopt to minimize their emissions. These policies include cataloging and maintaining their climate control equipment and committing to alternative refrigerants with lesser environmental impacts.

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Ahmed Mahmood, Raid. "Case study of liquid suction heat exchanger in a mechanical refrigeration system using alternative refrigerants." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 9, no. 3 (July 25, 2020): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v9i3.30777.

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This paper investigates the effect of adding a liquid-suction heat exchanger on the performance of a mechanical refrigeration system using alternative refrigerants. Engineering Equation Solver (EES) was used to simulate a mechanical refrigeration system in two configurations: modified system with liquid-suction heat exchanger and system without liquid-suction heat exchanger. The results revealed that the liquid-suction heat exchanger has a significant effect on the system performance as it influences the subcooling and superheating temperatures. The results also showed that the highest value of the coefficient of performance (COP) was achieved by the modified system with refrigerant type R134a, COP was about 7% and 12% higher than that of refrigerants R600a and R22 respectively. It also presented that R600a has high response to increase the refrigerant effect when the liquid-suction heat exchanger is used. R600a is good alternative refrigerant and it can be used in the mechanical refrigeration system, but its COP is lower than that of R134a.

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Shaik, Sharmas Vali, and TP Ashok Babu. "Theoretical thermodynamic performance assessment of various environment-friendly novel refrigerants used in refrigeration systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 914–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219884968.

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The present investigation focuses on theoretical performance of various new environment-friendly refrigerant mixtures as substitutes to high global warming potential refrigerant R22. In this investigation, 34 refrigerants were considered at various composition. In this work, both complex vapor compression cycle (actual cycle) and standard vapor compression cycle (ideal cycle) was considered for the performance assessment of refrigerants. Vital studies such as flammability, toxicity, and environmental impact of various novel refrigerants were also carried out in this study. Results obtained from actual cycle showed that the coefficient of performance of refrigerant mixture RM40 (R1270/R134a 90/10 in mass %) (2.728) was the greatest among 34 investigated alternatives and it was closer to the coefficient of performance of R22 (2.770). Compressor discharge temperature of RM40 was 13.36 ℃ lower when compared with R22. Volumetric refrigeration capacity of RM40 (3335 kJ/m3) was slightly higher than that of R22 (3297 kJ/m3). Power spent per ton of refrigeration of RM40 (1.288 kW/TR) was marginally higher than that of R22 (1.269 kW/TR). Global warming potential (GWP100) of RM40 (133) was very low compared to the GWP100 of R22 (1760). Total equivalent warming index (environmental impact) of RM40 was 5.61% lower than R22. However, performance results obtained from standard cycle for various investigated refrigerants were better than actual cycle, since various losses occur were neglected in the standard cycle. Overall, thermodynamic performance of refrigerant mixture RM40 (R1270/R134a 90/10 in mass %) obtained from both actual and standard cycle was the highest among 34 investigated refrigerants and it was very closer to the performance of R22 and hence, it could be considered as an environment-friendly alternative to replace high GWP refrigerant R22 used in refrigeration systems.

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Tatarenko, J. V., V. M. Mizin, and N. O. Rachkovskiy. "PREDICTION OF THE USE OF REFRIGERANTS IN LOW-TEMPERATURE EQUIPMENT." Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 46, no. 3 (November 24, 2019): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2019-46-3-32-42.

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Objectives Determination of prospects for the use of various refrigerants, as well as the potential for their interchangeability in low-temperature equipment in accordance with the conditions of the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer.Method A computer simulation of heat exchange processes based on generally accepted dependencies was carried out and data for the construction of refrigeration machine elements obtained.Results R717 and R410A are recommended for use in medium- and low-temperature machines. R32 refrigerant is used in high-temperature refrigeration machines, especially in units with finned copper tubes. The low vapour content of R32 refrigerant prevents steaming of the upper layers of the tube bundle, leading to an increase in the level of the refrigerant in the evaporator and in the working area of the evaporator tube bundle. For R32, it is necessary to conduct additional research to find an alternative refrigerant. The highest values of the heat transfer coefficient are obtained when working on refrigerants R410A and R717.Conclusion The implemented algorithms can be helpful for obtaining the characteristics of the steam-compressor refrigerator elements across a wide range of boiling and condensing temperatures taking various factors and the percentage composition of the mixed working substance into account. This is a highly important consideration when converting the machines to run on alternative refrigerants.

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Saleh, Bahaa, Ayman A. Aly, Mishal Alsehli, Ashraf Elfasakhany, and Mohamed M. Bassuoni. "Performance Analysis and Working Fluid Selection for Single and Two Stages Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles." Processes 8, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8091017.

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Screening for alternative refrigerants with high energy efficiency and low environmental impacts is one of the highest challenges of the refrigeration sector. This paper investigates the performance and refrigerant screening for single and two stages vapor compression refrigeration cycles. Several pure hydrocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroolefins, fluorinated ethers, and binary azeotropic mixtures are proposed as alternative refrigerants to substitute R22 and R134a due to their environmental impacts. The BACKONE equation of state is used to compute the thermodynamic properties of the candidates. The results show that the maximum coefficients of performance (COP) for single and two stage cycles using pure substances are achieved using cyclopentane with values of 4.14 and 4.35, respectively. On the other side, the maximum COP for the two cycles using azeotropic mixtures is accomplished using R134a + RE170 with values of 3.96 and 4.27, respectively. The two-stage cycle presents gain in COP between 5.1% and 19.6% compared with the single-stage cycle based on the used refrigerant. From the obtained results, among all investigated refrigerants, cyclopentane is the most suitable refrigerant for the two cycles from the viewpoint of energy efficiency. However, extra cautions should be taken due to its flammability.

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Saengsikhiao, Piyanut, Juntakan Taweekun, Kittinan Maliwan, Somchai Sae-ung, and Thanansak Theppaya. "Investigation and Analysis of R463A as an Alternative Refrigerant to R404A with Lower Global Warming Potential." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 23, 2020): 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061514.

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This research presents the development of R463A refrigerant, a nonflammable refrigerant that was retrofitted to replace R404A. R463A is primarily composed of hydrofluorocarbons/hydrocarbons/carbon dioxide (HFCs/HCs/CO2), and has global-warming potential (GWP) of 1494. It is a nonazeotropic mixture of R32 (36%), R125 (30%), R134a (14%), R1234yf (14%), and R744 (6%). R463A is composed of polyol ester oil (POE), and it is classified as a Class A1 incombustible and nontoxic refrigerant. R463A has a higher cooling capacity (Qe) than that of R404A, as it is composed of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) R32 and carbon dioxide (CO2) R744, and has lower GWP than that of R404A due to the use of hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) from R1234yf. The results of this research showed that R463A can be retrofitted to replace R404A due to its composition of POE, Class A1 incombustibility, and lower toxicity. The properties of R463A and R404A, as analyzed using national institute of standards and technology (NIST) reference fluid thermodynamic and transport properties database (REFPROP) software and NIST vapor compression cycle model accounting for refrigerant thermodynamic and transport properties (CYCLE_D-HX) software, are in accordance with the CAN/ANSI/AHRI540 standards of the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI). The normal boiling point of R463A was found to be higher than that of R404A by 23%, with a higher cooling capacity and a 63% lower GWP value than that of R404A. The critical pressure and temperature of R463A were found to be higher than those of R404A; it can be used in a high-ambient-temperature environment, has higher refrigerant and heat-rejection effects, and has lower GWP than that of R404A by 52% due to the HFOs from the R1234yf component. The cooling coefficient of performance (COPc) of R463A was found to be higher than that of R404A by 10% under low-temperature applications. R463A is another refrigerant option that is composed of 7% carbon dioxide (CO2), and is consistent with the evolution of fourth-generation refrigerants that contain a mixture of HFCs, HFOs, HCs, and natural refrigerants, which are required to produce a low-GWP, zero-ozone-depletion-potential (ODP), high-capacity, low-operating-pressure, and nontoxic refrigerant.

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Wang, Fang, Xian Ping Zhang, Feng Kun Wang, Xiao Wei Fan, and Zhi Wei Lian. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Refrigeration Cycle Performance with R125/R600a Mixtures." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 1643–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.1643.

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This paper deals with a thermodynamic analysis of a vapor compression refrigeration system with the new refrigerant R125/R600a blends, parameters and factors affecting the performance are investigated, and also a comparison with that of R22 is presented. Encouraging results are obtained, at a certain concentration of R125 in mixtures, the R125/R600a refrigerant blends perform better than R22 but with loss of volumetric cooling capacity in air conditioning applications. Which may provide useful information for alternative refrigerants.

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Życzkowski, Piotr, Marek Borowski, Rafał Łuczak, Zbigniew Kuczera, and Bogusław Ptaszyński. "Functional Equations for Calculating the Properties of Low-GWP R1234ze(E) Refrigerant." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 3052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123052.

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Legal requirements for the use of refrigerants increasingly restrict the use of high-global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants. As a result, there is a growing interest in natural refrigerants and in those belonging to the hydrofluoroolefins (HFO) class, which can be used on their own or in mixtures. One of them is the R1234ze(E) refrigerant, an alternative to the R134a refrigerant as well as being a component of numerous mixtures. The knowledge of thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants is required for the analysis and calculation of refrigeration cycles in refrigeration, air conditioning, or heating systems. The paper presents analytical equations for calculating the properties of the R1234ze(E) refrigerant in the state of saturation and in the subcooled liquid and superheated vapour regions that do not require numerical calculations and are characterised by small deviations. The Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm—one of the methods for non-linear least squares estimation—was used to develop them. A total of 26 equations were formulated. The formulated equations were statistically verified by determining absolute and relative deviations between the values obtained from CoolProp software and calculated values. The maximum relative deviation was not higher than 1% in any of them.

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Li, Hong. "Study on Alternative Refrigerants for Direct Expansion Solar Assisted Heat Pump System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.267.

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This paper reports the investigation results of the possibilities for using pure and mixed refrigerants as working fluids to replace R22 for the DX-SAHP systems. Firstly, pure refrigerants are compared in terms of COP, discharge temperature and mass flow rate. Comparison results show that R290 is the most promising alternative to R22. Secondly, two kinds of mixed refrigerants are investigated as well. It indicated that the mixed refrigerant R290/R22 with more R290 performs better than the others in terms of COP. Meanwhile, the mixed refrigerants produce relatively low discharge temperatures and proper mass flow rates can be created due to appropriate mixture in suitable mass proportion. Further investigation indicates that R290 and R290/R22 show better system performance with relatively high superheating temperatures.

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Bruno, Frank, Martin Belusko, and Edward Halawa. "CO2 Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems—A Comprehensive Review." Energies 12, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 2959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152959.

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An increased awareness of the impacts of synthetic refrigerants on the environment has prompted the refrigeration industry and researchers worldwide to seek better alternatives in terms of technical, economic and environmental performance. CO2 refrigerant, also known as R744, has re-emerged as a potential alternative to existing refrigerants with its zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and impressively low global warming potential (GWP). A refrigeration system utilising this refrigerant, however, suffers performance degradation when it operates in warm or hot climatic regions due to its inevitable operation in the supercritical region. In addition, the CO2 refrigerant properties necessitate the need for components designed to withstand very high operating pressures. These challenges have not been let unnoticed; related industries and researchers are actively involved in research and development of various components and systems which in turn encourages increased applications of these systems. In this paper, a comprehensive review of CO2 refrigeration systems and the state of the art of the technology and its applications in various industries is presented. In particular, the paper reviews recent research and developments on various aspects of CO2 systems including cycle modifications, exergy analysis of the systems, system modelling, transcritical operation consideration and various existing and potential applications.

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YAMAMOTO, Hiroyasu, and Shigehiro UEMURA. "Development of Alternative Fluorocarbon Refrigerant." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 94, no. 869 (1991): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.94.869_329.

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PASEK, ARI D., and ARYADI SUWONO. "APPLICATION OF HYDROCARBON BASED REFRIGERANTS FOR AIR CONDITIONING IN INDONESIA." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 19, no. 04 (December 2011): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201013251100065x.

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Electrical energy consumption in air conditioning systems reaches 60% to 70% of the total electric energy consumption in buildings. Therefore, saving electrical energy consumption in air conditioning systems would have a significant impact on the national electrical energy consumption. Currently, the air conditioning sectors were having a dilemma on finding the alternative substitutes for CFC and HCFC refrigerants which are proven to cause destruction of the ozone layer and contribute to the effects of global warming. This paper will discuss the problems faced by an Article 5 country similar to Indonesia in phasing-out HCFC especially in air conditioning and refrigeration sectors. This paper will also discuss the possibility to use hydrocarbon-based refrigerants, which have zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and low global warming potential (GWP), in air conditioning sectors. Some results of field applications of this refrigerant will be reported, and in general it can be concluded that the air conditioning retrofitted with hydrocarbon refrigerant consumes 10%–20% less electrical energy. Mixture of R-290 and R-134a was also investigated. R-134a is used to reduce the flammability of R-290 and to make the saturation pressure close to R-22. The results show that at composition of 0.6 R-290/0.4 R-134a mole fractions, the mixture behave as an azeotrope refrigerant mixture and can be used for R-22 replacement. At this composition, lower flammability limit (LEL) is 3693%, which is higher than pure R-290. Hence, the refrigerant mixture can be classified as less flammable A2 class refrigerant. The performance test shows that the refrigerant mixture can be used as a drop-in refrigerant in the R-22 machine. The measurement of refrigeration capacity and compressor input work at the same chilled water temperature shows that the calculated COP of the refrigerant mixture is better than R-22's but lower than R-290's.

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Hussain, Rafah, and Issam Mohammed Ali. "The Experimental Assessment of R134a and Its Lower GWP Alternative R1234yf in an Automobile Air Conditioning System." Journal of Engineering 25, no. 12 (November 26, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2019.12.1.

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Reducing global warming potential (GWP) of refrigerants is needed to the decrease of ozone-depleting of refrigeration systems leakages. Refrigerant R1234yf is now used to substitute R134a inside mobile air conditioning systems. Thermodynamic properties of R1234yf are similar to R134a. Also, it has a very low GWP of 4, compared to 1430 for R134a, making it a proper choice for future automobile refrigerants. The purpose of this research is to represent the main operating and performance differences between R1234yf and R134a. Experimental analysis was carried out on the automotive air conditioning system (AACS) with 3 kW nominal capacity, to test and compare the performance of R134a with R1234yf. Experiments were accomplished for both refrigerants in almost the same working conditions and procedure with a range of ambient temperature varied from 26oC to 50oC. Parameters studied were ambient temperature, type of refrigerant in the system at compressor speed 1450 rpm, and internal thermal loads of passenger room. The performance characteristics of the system, including COP and cooling capacity, were studied by changing different parameters. The results show that COP of R134a is higher than R1234yf by 12.6%, while the refrigeration effect of R134a is higher than R1234yf by 25%. This shows that R1234yf is a suitable and good candidate for drop-in replacement of R134a in AACS.

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MESSINEO, ANTONIO, and DOMENICO PANNO. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS USING DIFFERENT REFRIGERANTS." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 20, no. 03 (September 2012): 1250010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132512500101.

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Due to the negative effects of synthetic refrigerants on the environment, natural refrigerants have obtained again interest as alternative refrigerants for different applications because of their zero ODP and negligible GWP. This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of different two-stage cascade refrigeration systems using as refrigerant carbon dioxide (R744) in low-temperature circuit, and, respectively, ammonia (R717), propane (R290), butane (R600), R404A, R410A and R134a in high-temperature circuit. The operating parameters considered in this study include condensing and evaporating temperatures in high-temperature circuit, temperature difference in the cascade heat exchanger, and evaporating and condensing temperatures in the low-temperature circuit. The results obtained show that a cascade refrigeration system using natural refrigerants is an interesting alternative to systems using synthetic refrigerants for energetic, security and environmental reasons.

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Muhammad, Nuriyadi. "Analisis Numerik Simulasi Kinerja Sistem Tata Udara Unitary Menggunakan Liquid-Suction Heat Exchanger dengan Refrigeran Hidrokarbon." Jurnal Engine: Energi, Manufaktur, dan Material 2, no. 2 (November 19, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30588/jeemm.v2i2.419.

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<p><em>One of the environmental issues to be addressed, particularly in the field of refrigeration and air conditioning, is the destruction of the ozone layer and the effects of global warming due to the use of environmentally inefficient refrigerants. In the field of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, refrigerant as a cooling medium, plays an important role, and until now there is still the use of refrigerant materials that are not environmentally friendly, generally synthetic refrigerant. One alternative refrigerant replacement against the synthetic refrigerant is hydrocarbon refrigerant (HC). On the other hand, several ways can improve the performance of refrigeration system by lowering the temperature of liquid line using liquid to suction heat exchanger. In this study, a numerical simulation was conducted to examine the effect of using liquid to suction heat exchanger on the performance of a unitary air-conditioning system using hydrocarbon refrigerant as a coolant fluid. The results are, liquid to suction heat exchanger increase refrigeration effect by raising heat exchanger effectivity, the highest increase is about 7%. But the use of LSHX also rises up the compression work by increasing heat exchanger effectivity by 19%. So the Coefficient of performance (COP) and relative capacity index decrease by 5%. Decreasing performance is higher in the unit that operates at higher temperatures.</em></p>

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Lee, Byungmoo, and Nae-Hyun Kim. "Drop-In Tests of R-404A Alternative Refrigerants R-455A and R-454C in a Small Ice Maker." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 27, no. 02 (June 2019): 1950017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132519500172.

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R-404A, which had long been used as the refrigerant of a unitary ice maker, has to be replaced due to global warming. In the present study, drop-in tests were conducted for long-term alternative refrigerants R-455A and R-454C on the ice maker of 100[Formula: see text]kg/day capacity. Five samples were made having different combinations of refrigerant, condenser and compressor. Tests were conducted changing the outdoor and the supply water temperature. At the standard outdoor condition (21∘C, 65 RH and 10∘C water temperature), change of refrigerant from R-404A to R-455A for the same ice maker extended the ice ball formation time by 13% and reduced the amount of ice production per day by 6%. Larger vapor density and smaller temperature glide of R-404A may have resulted in a better performance. Furthermore, adoption of a larger (from 1/3 HP to 3/8 HP) compressor reduced the ice ball formation time by 12% and increased the amount of ice production per day by 8%. In addition, change of the fin-tube condenser to the microchannel condenser reduced the ice ball formation time by 9% and increased the amount of ice production per day by 4%. The refrigerant charge was also significantly reduced from 440[Formula: see text]g to 316[Formula: see text]g. Thermal performance of R-454C was poorer than that of R-455A. Replacement to R-454C increased the ice ball formation time by 14% and decreased the amount of ice production per day by 8%. The reason may be attributed to a larger pressure lift, which leads to smaller refrigerant mass flow rate. Ice production was possible even at the harsh environment (35∘C, 65 RH and 21∘C water temperature), although the production amount decreased.

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Gbènagnon, AFFADONOUGBO Richard, HOUNGAN Comlan Aristide, CHEGNIMONHAN K. Victorin, AWANTO Christophe, MALAHIMI Anjorin et, and VIANOU Antoine. "Study of the Performances of a Residential Air Conditioner Converted respectively to Propane and Isobutane in Tropical Conditions." IRA-International Journal of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2455-4499) 14, no. 1 (September 17, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jas.v14.n1.p1.

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Refrigeration and air conditioning are often incriminated for their contributions to the greenhouse effect. An alternative solution to curb this problem is the use of refrigerant with low global warming potential (GWP). To meet this goal, most hydrocarbons are potential candidates. Thus, the objective of this work is to compare the energy performance of propane (R290) and isobutane (R600a), which are low GWP fluids used as refrigerants in a residential split air conditioner under tropical climatic conditions (typical case of Benin). The investigation aimed to analyse the thermodynamic performance of these two fluids from their refrigeration cycles. The studies were conducted on a residential split air conditioner in Benin converted respectively to R290 and R600a refrigerants. The air conditioner was charged in increments of 50g of refrigerant until reaching the maximum load of 400g. Series of measurements (of temperature, hygrometry, air velocity, and mass of fluid, pressure, current intensity and voltage) were performed to calculate the cooling capacity and the coefficient of performance for each load of refrigerant. The so-named Engineering Equation Solver and MATLAB software were also used to simulate the performance of the studied fluids. The results of the study showed that the best operation conditions are guaranteed for a charge of refrigerant comprises within 150g and 300g for both fluids. The equipment showed better performances with R600a.

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RAJ, MARIA HERBERT, DHASAN MOHAN LAL, and SURESH PREMIL KUMAR. "OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT OF R407C/HC290/HC600a REFRIGERANT MIXTURE FLOWING THROUGH A FIN-AND-TUBE EVAPORATOR." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 21, no. 01 (March 2013): 1350003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201013251350003x.

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R22 has been used as a refrigerant in residential air-conditioners and heat pumps for many decades. Even as the Montreal protocol set the phasing out of R22 due to its ODP, many alternatives to R22 are found in published literature. The M20 refrigerant mixture is one such alternative with specific advantages. This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of the M20 refrigerant mixture, flowing through a fin-and-tube evaporator, experimentally studied in an appliance tested in a psychrometric test facility. The experimental setup consisted of a window air-conditioner fixed in a psychrometric room with instruments to measure the temperatures/pressures of the refrigerant and mass flow rate of the refrigerant as well as air. The experiment was carried out in accordance with the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and American Society of Heating Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) test conditions. M20 being considered as an alternative for R22, the overall heat transfer coefficient of the M20 refrigerant mixture has been evaluated, and compared with that of R22. It can be observed that the heat transfer coefficient of R22 is better than that of the M20 refrigerant mixture, for the prevailing flow conditions in the evaporator. The reduction in the overall heat transfer coefficient of the M20 refrigerant mixture as compared to R22, ranges from 7.3% to 20.7%.

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Mahmood, Raid Ahmed, Omar M. Ali, and M. M. Noor. "Mechanical Vapour Compression Refrigeration System: Review Part 1: Environment Challenge." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 130–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijame-2020-0054.

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AbstractIn Australia and others developed countries, concerns about global warming have increased, and these concerns influence the use of refrigerants as working fluids in mechanical vapour compression refrigeration systems. One of the most important aspects of refrigerant selection is to reduce its impact on the environment and the ozone layer. This paper provides a comprehensive review of various theoretical and experimental studies which have been carried out on air conditioning and refrigeration applications to investigate the effect of refrigerants on the environment. The analysis in this paper reveals that alternative refrigerants are the most suitable working fluids that can be used in refrigeration systems to meet the needs of the environment. This study also suggests that natural types of refrigerants such as water, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbon will play a significant role in protecting the environment and providing alternative friendly refrigerants to be used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems.

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Grace, I. N., and S. A. Tassou. "Simulation of the performance of alternative refrigerants in liquid chillers." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 215, no. 4 (June 1, 2001): 429–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0957650011538695.

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The impact of refrigeration systems on the environment can be reduced by (a) the use of alternative refrigerants which are less harmful to the environment and (b) the optimization of systems and control strategies to deliver increased levels of energy efficiency. Mathematical modelling offers the opportunity to test the performance of systems under different operating conditions and with alternative refrigerants. Dynamic models allow comparison of both transient and steady state behaviour and this is of particular importance for liquid chillers since these systems can operate under transient conditions for long periods. This paper covers the development of a general dynamic model for the simulation of liquid chillers. Brief descriptions of the system component models are given, including a semihermetic reciprocating compressor and thermostatic expansion valve as well as a shell-and-tube evaporator and condenser. The paper demonstrates the application of the model to simulate the performance of a liquid chiller retrofitted with a range of alternative refrigerants. The performance of the system is determined in terms of cooling capacity, power consumption and coefficient of performance for a range of different operating conditions. The relative performance of each refrigerant is discussed and the preferred alternative identified for typical applications.

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Lee, Byung Gwon, Ji Young Park, Jong Sung Lim, Sung Yong Cho, and Kun You Park. "Phase Equilibria of Chlorofluorocarbon Alternative Refrigerant Mixtures." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 44, no. 2 (March 1999): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je980180g.

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Lee, Byung Gwon, Ji Young Park, Jong Sung Lim, Sung Yong Cho, and Kun You Park. "Phase Equilibria of Chlorofluorocarbon Alternative Refrigerant Mixtures." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 45, no. 6 (November 2000): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je000494f.

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Kruppa, B., and J. Straub. "Thermal diffusivity of the alternative refrigerant R152a." International Journal of Thermophysics 18, no. 3 (May 1997): 807–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02575135.

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bin Ismail, Azhar, Li Ang, Kyaw Thu, and Kim Choon Ng. "Low Temperature Waste Heat Driven Refrigeration Cycle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 819 (January 2016): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.819.241.

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This work explores the utilization of alternative refrigerants to the conventional silica gel + water adsorption pair for the adsorption chiller cycle. Water as the working fluid in the cycle limits the cooling temperatures to above 0°C due to its triple point. The activated carbon Maxsorb III is thus considered as the adsorbent due to its high micro-porous characteristics which lead to higher uptake values. The isotherms of this adsorbent with natural refrigerant Propane, n-butane as well as refrigerants HFC-134a, R507a and R-32 are fitted to the Dubinin-Astakhov equation and the parameters tabulated. With these isotherms, the performances of these pairs with respect to their Specific Cooling Effects (SCE) are compared for assorted cooling temperature, ambient temperature and waste temperature requirements. It was found that the natural refrigerant propane exhibits the most favorable operational conditions when the required cooling temperature is below 0°C. A mathematical model is thus developed to predict the cycle of the propane cycle and is found to show a good fit to the experimental results.

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Doiphode, Pushpak, Vignesh Lakshmanan, and Indraneel Samanta. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Cooling Performance of Air Conditioner Using R32/CO2 Refrigerant Mixture." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 27, no. 02 (June 2019): 1950019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132519500196.

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Conventional refrigerants such as chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons have high values of global warming potential (GWP) and ozone depletion (ODP). HVAC&R engineers and designers are exploring alternate refrigerants having low ODP and GWP. At present, R32 refrigerant is being considered as an alternative to the conventional refrigerants in domestic air conditioners by many manufacturers and countries. This study analyzes the steady-state cooling performance of a split air conditioner using R32(CH2F2) and R32/CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) mixture having lower GWP. The performance of the air conditioner with R32 and four different compositions of R32/CO2 mixture is studied experimentally and numerically. A comparative analysis of performance characteristics such as cooling capacity, total energy consumption, energy efficiency, operating pressures and temperatures is presented in this study.

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Gill, Jatinder, and Jagdev Singh. "Experimental Analysis of R134a/LPG as Replacement of R134a in a Vapor-Compression Refrigeration System." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 25, no. 02 (April 4, 2017): 1750015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132517500158.

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This paper presents an experimental analysis of a vapor compression refrigeration system (VCRS) using the mixture of R134a and LPG with mass fractions of 28:72 as an alternative to R134a. In this work, we compare the energy performance of both refrigerants, R134a/LPG (28:72) and R134a, in a monitored vapor compression refrigeration system under a wide range of experimental conditions. So, the System with R134a/LPG (28:72) was tested by varying the capillary tube length and refrigerant charge under experimental conditions. Performance comparisons of both the systems are made taking refrigerant R134a as baseline, and the results show that the compressor power consumption, compressor discharge temperature and pull down time obtained with R134a/LPG (28:72) of 118[Formula: see text]g and capillary tube length of 5.1 m in vapor compression refrigeration system are about 4.4% 2.4% and 5.3%, respectively, lower than that obtained with R134a in the studied range. Also, when using R134a/LPG (28:72), the system shows values of refrigeration capacity and COP are about 10.6% and 15.2% respectively, higher than those obtained using R134a, In conclusion, the mixing refrigerant R134a/LPG proposed in this study seems to be an appropriate long-term candidate to replace R134a as a new generation refrigerant of VCRS, because of its well environmentally acceptable properties and its favorable refrigeration performances.

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Chinnaraj, Chennuchetty, Palanisamy Govindarajan, and Raghavan Vijayan. "Influence of electronic expansion valve on the performance of small window air conditioner retrofitted with R407C and R290." Thermal Science 15, suppl. 2 (2011): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci100629081c.

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The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of Electronic Expansion Valve (EEV) on the performance of window air conditioner retrofitted with R407C and R290. The window air conditioner applying the EEV is tested by varying the compressor inlet superheat from 0?C to 20?C. The eco friendly refrigerant R407C has the similar thermodynamic properties as those of R22 with an exception of temperature gliding during the phase change at constant pressure. R290 is a hydrocarbon which also exhibits properties very close to R22 which enables this to be used as a potential alternative to R22.The EEV affords a precise, fast, and stable flow control for a wide range of flow rate due to its use of an electronic control method based on an advanced control algorithm.EEV controls the refrigerant flow through the evaporator by means monitoring pressure and temperature at the outlet of the evaporator and hence it shows good overall performances comparing the capillary tube system. The Coefficient of Performance (COP) of R290 is the maximum among the three refrigerants tested and also for all the three refrigerants, COP is low at higher degree of superheat.

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Moghadasi, J., D. Mohammad-Aghaie, and M. M. Papari. "Predicting Gas Transport Coefficients of Alternative Refrigerant Mixtures." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 45, no. 26 (December 2006): 9211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie060630v.

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Sawjanya, Y., and Yarlanki Chalapati Rao. "Prediction of VLE data for alternative refrigerant mixtures." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 24, no. 1 (January 2007): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-007-5018-z.

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Kawamura, Kuniaki, and Toshio Nishio. "The Possibility and the Present Situation of CFC Alternative Refrigerants : Ammonia Refrigerant Technologies and Applications." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 102, no. 973 (1999): 756–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.102.973_756.

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Oh, Se Doo, Sung Oug Cho, and Young Ze Lee. "Friction and Wear of POE and PAG Oils in the Carbon Dioxide Environment." Solid State Phenomena 120 (February 2007): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.120.163.

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The carbon dioxide (R-744) as a natural refrigerant has been an attractive alternative refrigerant to replace HFC (hydrofluorocarbon) refrigerants currently used in air conditioning systems, due to the environmental concerns. Because new compressors with CO2 are going to be operated under the high pressure, the tribology of sliding surfaces in the compressor becomes very important. To develop new compressor, especially scroll type, the friction and wear characteristics of sliding surfaces between a fixed scroll and an orbiting scroll in the scroll compressor were investigated in this paper. The sliding tests of pin-on-disk type were carried out between scroll surfaces under various sliding speeds, normal loads, surface roughness, and refrigerant pressures. Two types of lubricants were used, namely POE (polyol ester) oil and PAG (polyalkylene glycol) oil. The friction forces, wear amounts and surface temperatures were monitored during the tests. Test results showed that the wear amounts increased with increasing normal load and rotating speed, and also decreased with decreasing surface roughness. Also, the results of the sliding tests showed that using PAG oil has an advantage over POE oil in CO2 environment. As the pressure of CO2 refrigerant became higher, the amount of wear and coefficient of friction became larger in CO2/POE mixed environment, but wear and friction remained constant in CO2/PAG mixed environment. The wear coefficients in CO2/PAG and CO2/POE mixed environment were 8.60×10-9 ㎣/N·m and 2.35×10-8 ㎣/N·m, respectively.

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Groza, Doru, and Dan Mihai Dogariu. "Investigation on the Intake Process for a Theoretical Twin Opposite Piston Compressor Using R744 Refrigerant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 823 (January 2016): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.823.75.

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This study aims to validate the use of R744 for a resonant twin piston compressor for domestic applications. The vapor-compression refrigeration is the most commonly approached method for cooling household appliances such as refrigerators and air conditioning systems. The R134a refrigerant is one of the most suitable refrigerants from an energetic point of view. R744 (CO2) compressors are less efficient, but the fact that the R134a raises serious environmental issues pushes commercial trend towards the usage of R744 [1]-[3]. Use of R744 in household appliances is currently an open topic and no company has switched yet to the environmental-friendly alternative. In this paper the fill efficiency will be simulated in order to validate if a conventional compressor such as the opposite twin piston compressor is capable of filling with refrigerant when operating at a 50Hz frequency. Such a validation can enable further investigations regarding the replacement of R134a with R744.

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Ayman G. A. Essa and Adil A. Mohamed. "Selection of optimal fluid for refrigeration cycles." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 021–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2020.1.2.0031.

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Refrigeration and air-conditioning play an important role in our life and industrial applications. They have great impact on our life. They have also contributed to the world’s major environmental issues like ozone layer depletion and global warming. Common refrigerants such as CFCs and HCFCs which are working as fluid in refrigeration cycles have unfavorable environmental impacts and this has brought about concerns and regulations prohibiting their production and use as refrigerants by the year 2030. The development of different refrigerants over time took place based on safety and environmental impact issues. This paper, presents the selection of optimal working fluids for Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle (VCRs) based on computer aided molecular design (CAMD) and process optimization techniques. The resulting methodology utilizes from CAMD for the generation of optimum working fluid candidates. Candidates were evaluated as alternative refrigerants for the R134a refrigerating system through simulation using Aspen Hysys V8.0, with restricted by priority coefficient of performance COP, environmental and safety criteria. Ethyl trifluoromethyl ether 1,1,1-TrifluoroButane (new refrigerant) shows a good environmental and toxicity data also have high COP, 4.5, 2.7 respectively and were favored amongst the studied refrigerants as the choice alternative refrigerants to replace R134a. The methodology systematically identified conventional molecular structures that enable optimum VCRs process performance.

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Hassan, Tamer, N. Mahmoud, and M. El-Morsi. "ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF HYDROCARBON REFRIGERANT AS A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANT TO R134A IN DOMESTIC REFRIGERATORS." Journal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector 14, no. 51 (April 1, 2019): 496–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/auej.2019.33355.

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Karthick, M., and K. Senthil Kumar. "Performance Investigation of an Eco-Friendly Refrigerant Mixture as an Alternative to R290/R600a." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.202.

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R134a is the most widely used refrigerant in domestic refrigerators. It must be phased out soon according to Kyoto protocol due to its high global warming potential (GWP) of 1300. It has been proposed that by previous experimental investigations, R290/R600a is the best alternate ozone friendly refrigerant mixture for R134a. But due to its high flammability this mixture is not completely substituted as an alternate working fluid in our country. In the present work, performance investigation has been made with eco-friendly refrigerant mixture (composed of R123 and R290 in the ratio of 70:30 by weight) in a refrigerator. This mixture has a very low ozone depletion potential (ODP) and has zero GWP value. Also this mixture has low flammability index when compared with R290/R600a. Continuous running tests were performed under different ambient temperatures (23°C, 28°C, 32°C and 36°C).The ON OFF and DOOR OPEN test results showed that ON TIME percentage of the compressor for the mixture (HCFC123/HC290) is less than that for HCM (R290/R600a). Also the power consumed by mixture (HCFC123/HC290) is lesser by 15% than that of R290/R600a and due to its low flammability property it can be a valuable replacement for the R290/R600a refrigerant mixture.

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Sivakumar, Mayilsamy, and Periasamy Somasudaram. "Thermodynamic investigations of Zeotropic mixture of R290, R23 and R14 on three-stage auto refrigerating cascade system." Thermal Science 20, no. 6 (2016): 2073–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140103091s.

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The zeotropic mixture of environment friendly refrigerants (hydrocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons) being the only alternatives for working fluid in low temperature refrigeration system. Hence, three-stage auto refrigerating cascade system was studied for the existence using four combinations of three-component zeotropic mixture of six different refrigerants. The exergy analysis confirmed the existence of three-stage auto refrigerating cascade system. The performances of the system like coefficient of performance, exergy lost, exergic efficiency, efficiency defect, and the evaporating temperature achieved were investigated for different mass fractions in order to verify the effect of mass fraction on them. In accordance with the environmental issues and the process of sustainable development, the three-component zeotropic mixture of R290/R23/R14 with the mass fraction of 0.218:0.346:0.436 was performing better and hence can be suggested as an alternative refrigerant for three-stage auto refrigerating cascade system operating at very low evaporating temperature in the range of ?97?C (176 K), at coefficient of performance of 0.253 and comparatively increased exergic efficiency up to 16.3% (58.5%).

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Kim, Nae-Hyun. "Performance Analysis of the Flooded Refrigerant Evaporators for Large Tonnage Compression-Type Refrigerators Using Alternative Refrigerants." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 17, no. 6 (June 30, 2016): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2016.17.6.18.

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Mishra, Shubham, and Jahar Sarkar. "Performance characteristics of low global warming potential R134a alternative refrigerants in ejector-expansion refrigeration system." Archives of Thermodynamics 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2016-0027.

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AbstractPerformance assessment of ejector-expansion vapor compression refrigeration system with eco-friendly R134a alternative refrigerants (R152a, R1234yf, R600a, R600, R290, R161, R32, and propylene) is presented for air-conditioning application. Ejector has been modeled by considering experimental data based correlations of component efficiencies to take care of all irreversibilities. Ejector area ratio has been optimized based on maximum coefficient of performance (COP) for typical air-conditioner operating temperatures. Selected refrigerants have been compared based on area ratio, pressure lift ratio, entrainment ratio, COP, COP improvement and volumetric cooling capacity. Effects of normal boiling point and critical point on the performances have been studied as well. Using ejector as an expansion device, maximum improvement in COP is noted in R1234yf (10.1%), which reduces the COP deviation with R134a (4.5% less in basic cycle and 2.5% less in ejector cycle). Hence, R1234yf seems to be best alternative for ejector expansion system due to its mild flammability and comparable volumetric capacity and cooling COP. refrigerant R161 is superior to R134a in terms of both COP and volumetric cooling capacity, although may be restricted for low capacity application due to its flammability.

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Oshuoha, I. C. "Hydrocarbon-Butane an Alternative Refrigerant For Cfcs And Hcfcs." IOSR Journal of Engineering 4, no. 5 (May 2014): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-04573437.

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郭, 志旺. "Review and Prospect of Research on Alternative R22 Refrigerant." Journal of Advances in Physical Chemistry 05, no. 04 (2016): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/japc.2016.54010.

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NONAKA, Masayuki, Hiroaki MATSUSHIMA, Kazuhiro ENDOH, Kazuya MATSUO, and Kazuo FUJIBAYASHI. "Performance Evaluation of Heat Exchanger using Alternative Refrigerant R407C." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 65, no. 629 (1999): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.65.307.

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Nonaka, Masayuki, Hiroaki Matsushima, Kazuhiro Endoh, Kazuya Matsuo, and Kazuo Fujibayashi. "Performance evaluation of heat exchanger using alternative refrigerant R407C." Heat Transfer?Asian Research 31, no. 8 (November 22, 2002): 626–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/htj.10064.

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Park, Ki-Jung, and Dongsoo Jung. "Performance of alternative refrigerant R430A on domestic water purifiers." Energy Conversion and Management 50, no. 12 (December 2009): 3045–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2009.07.024.

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Critoph, R. E. "Evaluation of alternative refrigerant—adsorbent pairs for refrigeration cycles." Applied Thermal Engineering 16, no. 11 (November 1996): 891–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-4311(96)00008-7.

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Yanagitani, Kazuta, and Katsumi Kawahara. "LCA study of air conditioners with an alternative refrigerant." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 5, no. 5 (September 2000): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02977581.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Alternative refrigerant'

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