Relevant bibliographies by topics / Alternative refrigerant

Academic literature on the topic 'Alternative refrigerant'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Alternative refrigerant"

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Wang, Hong Li, Xiu Juan Hou, and Jing Rui Tian. "Analysis of Refrigerants Properties and Alternative." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 2438–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.2438.

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With the question of Ozone Depression Potential and Global Warming Potential popping out day by day, the Freon refrigerant alternative has become one of the current research contents of refrigerant. Based on the given Freon refrigerant R22, R134a and natural refrigerant CO2, the differences of their properties were compared, and the relevant alternative refrigerants conducted an investigation. The results show that the natural refrigerant CO2instead of Freon refrigerant has good application prospects; it provides basic data to develop new products, which enhance the COP of air conditioner and heat pump.
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Vali Shaik, Sharmas, and TP Ashok Babu. "Theoretical energy performance assessment and environmental impact of various new ozone-friendly refrigerants used in residential air conditioners." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 234, no. 4 (May 29, 2020): 367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408920928260.

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This study focuses on energy performance investigation and environmental impact analysis of various new ecofriendly refrigerant blends as alternatives to high global warming potential refrigerant R22 theoretically. In this study, 23 refrigerants were considered at various composition. The present work considered the practical vapour compression refrigeration cycle for the performance assessment of various R22 alternatives. Essential studies such as toxicity, flammability, and total equivalent warming index of various novel refrigerants were also conducted in this study. Results obtained from practical vapour compression refrigeration cycle revealed that the energy efficiency ratio of refrigerants such as R1270 (2.860) and RB03 (R290/R152a of 60/40 in mass %) (2.854) was closer to the energy efficiency ratio of R22 (2.940). Volumetric refrigeration capacity (VRC) of R1270 (3293 kJ/m3) was similar to that of R22 (3297 kJ/m3) whereas VRC of RB03 (2908 kJ/m3) was almost similar to that of R407C (2925 kJ/m3) which was an alternative to R22. Compressor discharge temperature of RB03 was 15.78 ℃ lower when compared to R22. Flammability study revealed that all the new refrigerant blends (RB01 to RB04) were classified into weakly flammable (A2) and flammable (A3) category refrigerants whereas toxicity study revealed that all the investigated refrigerants were classified into non-toxic group (A). Refrigerant blend RB03 was less flammable compared to R1270. Total equivalent warming index analysis revealed that the environmental impact of R422A was 27.88% higher than R22 whereas RB03 has 4.97% lower environmental impact compared to R22. Overall, performance of refrigerant blend RB03 was better compared to 23 investigated refrigerants and it was very nearer to the performance of R22 and hence, it could be considered as an ecofriendly alternative to replace high global warming potential refrigerant R22 used in air conditioners.
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Nguyen, Van Vu, Szabolcs Varga, and Vaclav Dvorak. "HFO1234ze(e) As an Alternative Refrigerant for Ejector Cooling Technology." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 4045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214045.

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The paper presented a mathematical assessment of selected refrigerants for the ejector cooling purpose. R1234ze(e) and R1234yf are the well-known refrigerants of hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), the fourth-generation halocarbon refrigerants. Nature working fluids, R600a and R290, and third-generation refrigerant of halocarbon (hydrofluorocarbon, HFC), R32 and R152a, were selected in the assessment. A detail mathematical model of the ejector, as well as other components of the cycle, was built. The results showed that the coefficient of performance (COP) of R1234ze(e) was significantly higher than R600a at the same operating conditions. R1234yf’s performance was compatible with R290, and both were about 5% less than the previous two. The results also indicated that R152a offered the best performance among the selected refrigerants, but due to the high value of global warming potential, it did not fulfill the requirements of the current European refrigerant regulations. On the other hand, R1234ze(e) was the most suitable working fluid for the ejector cooling technology, thanks to its overall performance.
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Landage, Ajay. "Modeling and Simulation of Heat Pump Air-Conditioning System using Ecofriendly Refrigerants." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 15, 2021): 1166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35145.

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A simulation approach to heat pump systems is proposed in this paper. The evaluation of working fluids is conducted. Moreover, the selected refrigerants are used in the simulation. Subsequently, the system is analyzed in terms of the coefficient of performance (COP) and energy efficiency. Some alternative refrigerants, instead of R22 used R290 refrigerent. It is described the selection of refrigerants adapted to each utilization, based on the thermodynamic and -physical properties, the technological behaviour, costs and use constraints as principal aspects of the environmental protection. Also, it is performed a comparative analysis in function of the total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) for some possible substitutes of refrigerant R22 used in various refrigeration and heat pump systems.
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Siddiqui, M. U., Amro Owes, F. G. Al-Amri, and Farooq Saeed. "Recent Developments in the Search for Alternative Low-Global-Warming-Potential Refrigerants: A Review." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 28, no. 03 (September 2020): 2030004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132520300049.

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Conventionally, the CFC-type refrigerants were used until Montreal Protocol which stated that CFC refrigerants cause ozone depletion and should be replaced with alternative refrigerants. The alternative refrigerants are safe for ozone but they have comparatively high flammability, toxicity and global warming potential. Thus they need careful handling. In Kyoto Protocol, it was stated that the currently used refrigerants with high global warming potential need to be replaced with yet other alternative refrigerants with low global warming potential. This paper comprehensively reviews those recent studies that focused on the possible replacement of currently in-use refrigerant with a comparatively more environmental-friendly alternative refrigerant. Initially, the progression of refrigerants through different generations has been described and discussed. A list of currently in-use refrigerants has been presented. Then, the scientific developments for the replacement of listed refrigerants are thoroughly reviewed and critically analyzed. From the comprehensive review, it was found that R1234yf has the most potential to be a suitable low-flammable replacement for R134a for domestic refrigeration and automotive air-conditioning systems. Also, R32 has the most potential to be a suitable alternative of R410A.
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Wolf, Martin, Adam Meier, Bridget Nyland, Sejong Youn, and Wendy Jacobs. "Institutions and Governments Can Slow Climate Change by Regulating and Reducing Halocarbon Refrigerant Use." MIT Science Policy Review 1 (August 20, 2020): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.38105/spr.575mrlgdjw.

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Halocarbon refrigerant emissions are the fastest-growing source of greenhouse gas emissions around the globe. The continued use of these refrigerants poses serious environmental threats. In the absence of strong federal regulation on halocarbon use, state and local governments and institutions can commit to reducing halocarbon refrigerant emissions. Here, we outline policies that governments and users of these refrigerants can adopt to minimize their emissions. These policies include cataloging and maintaining their climate control equipment and committing to alternative refrigerants with lesser environmental impacts.
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Ahmed Mahmood, Raid. "Case study of liquid suction heat exchanger in a mechanical refrigeration system using alternative refrigerants." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 9, no. 3 (July 25, 2020): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v9i3.30777.

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This paper investigates the effect of adding a liquid-suction heat exchanger on the performance of a mechanical refrigeration system using alternative refrigerants. Engineering Equation Solver (EES) was used to simulate a mechanical refrigeration system in two configurations: modified system with liquid-suction heat exchanger and system without liquid-suction heat exchanger. The results revealed that the liquid-suction heat exchanger has a significant effect on the system performance as it influences the subcooling and superheating temperatures. The results also showed that the highest value of the coefficient of performance (COP) was achieved by the modified system with refrigerant type R134a, COP was about 7% and 12% higher than that of refrigerants R600a and R22 respectively. It also presented that R600a has high response to increase the refrigerant effect when the liquid-suction heat exchanger is used. R600a is good alternative refrigerant and it can be used in the mechanical refrigeration system, but its COP is lower than that of R134a.
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Shaik, Sharmas Vali, and TP Ashok Babu. "Theoretical thermodynamic performance assessment of various environment-friendly novel refrigerants used in refrigeration systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 914–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219884968.

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The present investigation focuses on theoretical performance of various new environment-friendly refrigerant mixtures as substitutes to high global warming potential refrigerant R22. In this investigation, 34 refrigerants were considered at various composition. In this work, both complex vapor compression cycle (actual cycle) and standard vapor compression cycle (ideal cycle) was considered for the performance assessment of refrigerants. Vital studies such as flammability, toxicity, and environmental impact of various novel refrigerants were also carried out in this study. Results obtained from actual cycle showed that the coefficient of performance of refrigerant mixture RM40 (R1270/R134a 90/10 in mass %) (2.728) was the greatest among 34 investigated alternatives and it was closer to the coefficient of performance of R22 (2.770). Compressor discharge temperature of RM40 was 13.36 ℃ lower when compared with R22. Volumetric refrigeration capacity of RM40 (3335 kJ/m3) was slightly higher than that of R22 (3297 kJ/m3). Power spent per ton of refrigeration of RM40 (1.288 kW/TR) was marginally higher than that of R22 (1.269 kW/TR). Global warming potential (GWP100) of RM40 (133) was very low compared to the GWP100 of R22 (1760). Total equivalent warming index (environmental impact) of RM40 was 5.61% lower than R22. However, performance results obtained from standard cycle for various investigated refrigerants were better than actual cycle, since various losses occur were neglected in the standard cycle. Overall, thermodynamic performance of refrigerant mixture RM40 (R1270/R134a 90/10 in mass %) obtained from both actual and standard cycle was the highest among 34 investigated refrigerants and it was very closer to the performance of R22 and hence, it could be considered as an environment-friendly alternative to replace high GWP refrigerant R22 used in refrigeration systems.
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Tatarenko, J. V., V. M. Mizin, and N. O. Rachkovskiy. "PREDICTION OF THE USE OF REFRIGERANTS IN LOW-TEMPERATURE EQUIPMENT." Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 46, no. 3 (November 24, 2019): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2019-46-3-32-42.

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Objectives Determination of prospects for the use of various refrigerants, as well as the potential for their interchangeability in low-temperature equipment in accordance with the conditions of the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer.Method A computer simulation of heat exchange processes based on generally accepted dependencies was carried out and data for the construction of refrigeration machine elements obtained.Results R717 and R410A are recommended for use in medium- and low-temperature machines. R32 refrigerant is used in high-temperature refrigeration machines, especially in units with finned copper tubes. The low vapour content of R32 refrigerant prevents steaming of the upper layers of the tube bundle, leading to an increase in the level of the refrigerant in the evaporator and in the working area of the evaporator tube bundle. For R32, it is necessary to conduct additional research to find an alternative refrigerant. The highest values of the heat transfer coefficient are obtained when working on refrigerants R410A and R717.Conclusion The implemented algorithms can be helpful for obtaining the characteristics of the steam-compressor refrigerator elements across a wide range of boiling and condensing temperatures taking various factors and the percentage composition of the mixed working substance into account. This is a highly important consideration when converting the machines to run on alternative refrigerants.
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Saleh, Bahaa, Ayman A. Aly, Mishal Alsehli, Ashraf Elfasakhany, and Mohamed M. Bassuoni. "Performance Analysis and Working Fluid Selection for Single and Two Stages Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles." Processes 8, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8091017.

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Screening for alternative refrigerants with high energy efficiency and low environmental impacts is one of the highest challenges of the refrigeration sector. This paper investigates the performance and refrigerant screening for single and two stages vapor compression refrigeration cycles. Several pure hydrocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroolefins, fluorinated ethers, and binary azeotropic mixtures are proposed as alternative refrigerants to substitute R22 and R134a due to their environmental impacts. The BACKONE equation of state is used to compute the thermodynamic properties of the candidates. The results show that the maximum coefficients of performance (COP) for single and two stage cycles using pure substances are achieved using cyclopentane with values of 4.14 and 4.35, respectively. On the other side, the maximum COP for the two cycles using azeotropic mixtures is accomplished using R134a + RE170 with values of 3.96 and 4.27, respectively. The two-stage cycle presents gain in COP between 5.1% and 19.6% compared with the single-stage cycle based on the used refrigerant. From the obtained results, among all investigated refrigerants, cyclopentane is the most suitable refrigerant for the two cycles from the viewpoint of energy efficiency. However, extra cautions should be taken due to its flammability.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Alternative refrigerant"

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Back, Izabelle, and Lars Dunberger. "Evaluating alternative refrigerants for the room air conditioner market." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173880.

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This study aimed to facilitate evaluation of alternative refrigerants for the air conditioner market. In order to achieve this target, two objectives were set. The first being the identification of alternative refrigerant with regard to regulations and trends. The second being enabling of thermodynamic evaluation of refrigerants for single components in air conditioners via design and installation of a test rig. A literature review was conducted to investigate the regulations, standards and trends for nine regions with high market shares. Furthermore, refrigerant substitutes for R410A and R22 where identified. The literature showed strong indications that a global HFC phase down is on the horizon, but that the approach and urge for such a phase down varies between regions where three main priorities could be seen; efficiency, GWP values and safety. Comparing these priorities with simulated refrigerant characteristics such as Carnot efficiency, GWP values, volumetric capacity and the liquid density using RefProp, identified alternatives. Further the literature showed that the lower flammability limit (LFL) and the amount of charge allowed were limiting factors for flammable refrigerant. There are many new refrigerants that could have less charge for the same capacity the LFL however restricts the refrigerants like R290, R441A and R443A only to be used in small systems. A test rig was designed and constructed in order to enable testing of single components in air conditioners. To verify the test rig, tests conducted with an evaporator using two refrigerants: R410A and R32. The reliability and validity of the tests was studied by comparing the results from the air side and refrigerant side, via uncertainty calculations using the GUM method and by a thermodynamic evaluation. The results of the repetition tests showed an expanded uncertainty, with a confidence interval of 95%, of 26 W for a cooling capacity of 2190W for R410A (Q̇evap,R410A=2190±26W). For R32 the expanded uncertainty was 27W for a cooling capacity of 2795W (Q̇evap,R32=2795±27W). Also the test rig was verified to be used for analyzing detailed evaluation of evaporators such as looking at heat transfer and the differential pressure drop. Further the study presented six conclusions: When evaluating refrigerants regional priorities between efficiency, safety and GWP values, refrigerant characteristics and type of unit need to be considered. Safety standards need to be more acceptable towards flammable refrigerants in order to meet low GWP targets. The change in market trends leads to new roles for the refrigerant and compressor suppliers and put higher demand on air conditioner manufacturers to consider refrigerant characteristics in product development. The importance of experimental thermodynamic evaluation on refrigerants effect on single components is increasing. Performance of different refrigerant for single components can be evaluated for optimizing cycle performance. Leapfrogging in the developing world can lead to a faster introduction of low GWP refrigerants.
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Mirza-Tolouee, Changiz M., and n/a. "Experimental study of zeotropic refrigerant mixture HFC-407C as a replacement for HCFC-22 in refrigeration and air-conditioning systems." Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20070416.141307.

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HCFC-22 is the world�s most widely used refrigerant. It serves in both residential and commercial applications, from small window units to large water chillers, and everything in between. Its particular combination of efficiency, capacity and pressure has made it a popular choice for equipment designers. Nevertheless, it does have some ODP, so international law set forth in the Montreal Protocol and its Copenhagen and Vienna amendments have put HCFC-22 on a phase out schedule. In developed countries, production of HCFC-22 will end no later than the year 2030. Zeotropic blend HFC-407C has been established as a drop-in alternative for HCFC-22 in the industry due to their zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and similarities in thermodynamic properties and performance. However, when a system is charged with a zeotropic mixture, it raises concerns about temperature glide at two-phase state, differential oil solubility and internal composition shift. Not enough research has been done to cover all aspects of alternative refrigerants applications in the systems. This research intended to explore behavior of this alternative refrigerants compare to HCFC-22 and challenges facing the industry in design, operation service and maintenance of these equipments. The purpose of this research is to investigate behavior of R407C refrigerant in chiller systems. This includes performance and efficiency variations when it replaces R22 in an existing system as well as challenges involved maintaining the system charged with R407C. It is a common practice in the industry these days to evacuate and completely recharge when part of the new refrigerant blend was leaked from the system. This has proved to be extremely costly exercise with grave environmental ramifications. This research is intended to address challenges faced in the real world and practical terms. Theoretical and experimental approaches used as a methodology in this work. The system mathematically modeled to predict detailed system performance and effect of the leak at various conditions. To make this feasible and accurate enough, two separate approaches made, first system performance for pure R22 and R407C, and second system subjected to range of leak fractions. The earlier model was relatively straight forward when compared to the latter. Modeling a system charged with R407C ternary mixture and subjected to range of leaks posed enormous challenges. A sophisticated experimental test apparatus was also designed and built. Comprehensive and detailed tests at various conditions were conducted with special attention on instrumental accuracy and correct methodology. The first part has been successfully modeled and predicted all the factors and performance with excellent accuracy when compared to the test results. In these approaches pure refrigerants R22 and R407C were used and simulated the system behavior at range of conditions. However, the second part was the most challenging ever. Comprehensive leak process simulations produced trends of R32/R125/R134a composition change as function of rate of leak. Starting from this point, equations have been created to represent the composition change as function of percentage of the leak. The system thermodynamic cycle was also modeled to calculate capacity, power input and COP at the range of the conditions. Despite many affecting parameters and complexity of the model, the mathematical model successfully predicted the test outcome with a very reasonable accuracy, averaging around 3% with some times reaching to 5 to 6%. On the experimental stage the system charged with the new HFC-407C was deliberately subjected to refrigerant leak at various leak stages. The aim was to objectively determine to what extend the gas leak can be still acceptable without going through the expensive complete gas charge. The effect of leak was tested and verified at 10% steps, from 10% up to 50% mass fraction for the total charge. It has been observed that at the leaks beyond 30%, the adverse effect on the capacity becomes more significant, from 8 to about 15% decrease. While the power input decreased at slower pace, from 3% up to about 8% depending on the test conditions. This translated to COP decrease ranging from 4 to about 7%. This capacity loss and efficiency decrease are significant figures which suggests that the system, here chiller, can not be allowed to degrade the performance to that extend and still continue operating.
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Géryk, Ondřej. "Tepelná čerpadla ve vzduchotechnice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225664.

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This thesis deals with issues of heat pumps for air conditioning purposes. Mainly addresses itself with physical principles of heat pumps and with division of heat pumps according to natural resources, from which they draw heat energy. The next part of this thesis dedicates itself to experimental measurement of air conditioning unit, which in winter time operates on the principle of heat pump. The last part of this thesis is focused on design of two options of employment of heat pumps as sources of heat and coldness for a central air handling unit, which regulates incoming air for a dining room in a retirement home in Brno.
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Eriksson, Peter. "Refrigeration system performance using alternative refrigerants." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-175160.

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The European Parliament has shown its legislative capabilities by adopting a tough approach on the reduction of fluorinated gases (F-gases). The EU Regulation No 517/2014, will phase out F-gases with high global warming potential (GWP) within a well-defined step down time schedule. This will affect refrigerants which are commonly used in commercial cooling applications. While the time schedule implies existence of replace- ment refrigerants, the market continues to develop alternatives for the refrigerants already in deployment. Though the R404A,which is a commonly used refrigerant in station- ary cooling applications, will be prohibited of use 1 January 2020. In this paper, the two alternatives R448A from Honeywell and R449A from DuPont were compared to the R404A baseline, within a theoretical model with empirical compressor and system input data. The key points of comparison were cooling capacity, compressor discharge temperature, coefficient of performance (COP) and total equivalent warming impact (TEWI). The outcome of the model showed a decrease in cooling capacity for both alternatives, as well as an overall increase in compressor discharge temperature. For low evaporator temperatures, a decrease in COP was present and vice versa for high evaporator temperatures, both for medium and high condenser temperature. However, the TEWI for the both refrigerants, showed a decrease in carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent emissions during the refrigerant system lifespan, running on both R448A and R449A, regardless of which European country the electricity was produced in.
Det Europeiska Parlamentet har visat sin lagstiftande förmåga i och med antagandet av en tuff förordning om reducering av F-gaser. EU Förordningen Nr 517/2014 kommer att fasa ut flourinerade gaser med högt GWP värde och det med en väl definierad nedtrappningsperiod. Detta kommer bland annat att påverka köldmedier som ofta förekommer i kommersiella kylapplikationer. Medan tidsschemat förutsätter redan existerande ersättare fortsätter marknaden att utveckla alternativ för de köldmedier som idag är i bruk, samtidigt som användandet av det vanligt förekommande kylmediet R404A kommer att förbjudas i och med 1 januari 2020. I den här rapporten jämförs de två alternativa kylmedierna R448A från Honeywell och R449A från DuPont i en teoretiskt modell, med empiriska data för kompressor- och systemvariabler, där kylmediet R404A används som referens. Huvudsakligen jämfördes kyleffekt, kompressorns utströmningstemperatur, COP och TEWI. Resultaten från modellen visade en minskad kyleffekt för båda de båda alternativen, såväl som en ökad utströmningstemperatur för kompressorn. Låga evaporatortemperaturer resulterade i en minskning av COP och vice versa för höga evaporatortemperaturer, både för mellan och hög kondensortemperatur. Dock konstaterades för TEWI, en minskning av de sammanlagda CO2 ekvivalenta utsläpp under kylsystemets livslängd, under drift på både R448A och R449A oavsett i vilket Europeiskt land elektriciteten producerats i.
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Lindeman, Lukas. "Refrigeration system performance using alternative refrigerants." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-188606.

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When running a refrigeration system, the refrigerant will always leak into the atmosphere in various ways. The leakage of currently used refrigerants have a non-negligible impact on the global warming. The European Commission recently approved the Regulation No 517/2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases (FGR). This regulation implies, among other, that refrigerants with GWP of 2500 or more will be restricted from being used in stationary refrigeration equipment being placed on European refrigeration market. In this study a number of new refrigerants are analysed and evaluated as potential replacements for R404A which is a popular commercially used refrigerant with high global warming potential. A few refrigerants from different manufacturers have been evaluated using a computer model of a basic vapour-compression system, as well as analysed from the position of refrigerant safety. It was found that the best short term replacement for R404A are two refrigerants called R448A and R449A and the best long term replacement is DR7.
I ett kylsystem kommer köldmediet alltid att, på ett eller annat sätt, läcka ut i atmosfären. Läckage av all världens köldmedium har en icke försumbar inverkan på den globala uppvärmningen. Den europeiska kommissionen nyligen godkänt en förordning kallad Regulation No 517/2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases (FGR). Denna förordning innebär, bland flera saker, att kommersiella köldmedium med en global uppvärmningspotential på 2500 eller mer kommer att förbjudas för användning i stationära kylsystem. I denna studie har ett antal nya köldmedier analyserats och utvärderats i syfte att hitta ersättare till R404A vilket är ett populär kommersiellt köldmedium med en hög global uppvärmningspotential. Jämfört med R404A har nya köldmedier from olika producenter utvärderas i en databaserad modell av ett enkelt kylsystem för att utvärdera deras effektivitet. Studien fokuserar också på säkerhet kring köldmedier och tillsammans med resultaten från modellen framkom det att på kort sikt är det bästa alternativet för att ersätta R404A är två köldmedium kallat R448A R449A och på lång sikt ett köldmedium kallat DR7.
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Colbourne, Daniel Henry. "Methods for assessing environmental, safety and performance of alternative refrigerants." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445386/.

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This thesis addresses the general subject of implementation of refrigerants that are alternatives for ozone depleting substances. In particular it covers three topics, which are environmental assessment, system performance and safety aspects related to flammability. The first Part examines the current means of assessing the global wanning impact of systems, and proposes an improved approach. The second Part presents a new balancing technique for designing systems that use refrigerants with a temperature glide, as an advancement over the conventional technique for pure refrigerants. The third Part derives a quantitative risk assessment model to be employed for evaluating the safety of hazard of flammable refrigerants. The concept of'Total Equivalent Warming Impact'' is introduced in Part 1, which is currently used by manufacturers, installers and end-users of refrigerating systems to evaluate the contribution to climate change resulting from energy consumption and refrigerant leakage. It was found that existing methods rely on many assumptions, so a thorough approach was proposed to assess the relevance of the assumptions and providing ways of avoiding them. An alternative measure for interpretation of consequences of greenhouse gas emissions is also included. Part 2 investigated the existing approach for rating and balancing sy stem components, which were found to be incompatible when applied to zeotropic refrigerants. Differences in the performance of components using pure and zeotropic refrigerants were identified, and so a new method for component rating and an advanced system balancing technique were developed based on the properties specific to zeotropes. Within Part 3, a framework for calculating ignition frequencies and consequences of a release of hydrocarbon refrigerant is presented. A major element of these calculations is the evaluation of certain quantities of the flammable mixture, and the model developed for this purpose w as based on the results from a series of gas dispersion experiments.
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Junio, Urbano José. "Análise comparativa da performance de unidades de ar condicionado tipo janela usando R22, R290 e R600a." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2008. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/5304.

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Há uma crescente preocupação mundial a respeito da destruição da camada de ozônio envolvendo a terra. Os CFCs, como o R-12, foram identificados como de alto poder destruidor da camada de ozônio (ODP), pela presença de cloro em sua estrutura. Os HCFCs, como o R-22, por possuírem cloro em sua estrutura, devem ser substituídos como fluidos refrigerantes. Na Europa, equipamentos novos não são produzidos com o R-22 desde dezembro de 2003. Justamente pela ausência de átomos de cloro em sua estrutura, os hidrocarbonetos apresentam um potencial de depleção de ozônio (ODP) zero. Estudos indicam que o coeficiente de performance (COP) de unidades de refrigeração utilizando propano ou misturas com propano chegam a ser mais altos que em unidades usando R-12. Esse fato, juntamente com seu baixo GWP (Potencial de efeito estufa, que compara a massa do gás com uma mesma massa de CO2), fazem do propano e de misturas de compostos hidrocarbono bons candidatos a refrigerantes alternativos. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma análise comparativa da capacidade de refrigeração e do COP em condicionadores de ar do tipo janela (C.A.J.) utilizando R-600a (isobutano), R-290 (propano) em comparação ao R-22. Uma unidade condicionadora de ar tipo janela foi testada, utilizando-se diferentes massas de R290 e R-600a. Foram realizados testes em ambiente real e em um túnel climatizado, adaptado para o presente estudo. Os resultados indicaram que o R290 é um candidato ideal a substituto do R22 em unidades de ar condicionado tipo janela, mostrando COP e capacidade de refrigeração compatível com o R22. Como suporte às análises experimentais, foi realizada uma análise termodinâmica do ACJ, com equações trabalhadas no EES (Engineering Solver Equation)
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8

Dias, João Paulo. "Escoamento de óleo e refrigerante pela folga pistão-cilindro de compressores herméticos alternativos." Florianópolis, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/99466.

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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica.
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O conhecimento do processo de lubrificação das partes móveis dos compressores alternativos herméticos, sobretudo do pistão, é de importância fundamental na concepção de sistemas de refrigeração mais eficientes. A existência de uma pequena folga entre o pistão e o cilindro permite que movimentos radiais do pistão afetem a espessura do filme lubrificante e o regime de lubrificação do conjunto. Adicionalmente, os fenômenos de cavitação e restauração do filme considerando a interação óleo/refrigerante ainda não são totalmente compreendidos e merecem mais estudos para que melhorias no projeto do compressor sejam atingidas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho propõe um estudo teórico e experimental do escoamento de óleo e refrigerante pela folga pistão-cilindro de compressores alternativos utilizados em sistemas de refrigeração de pequena capacidade. Inicialmente é proposta a construção de uma bancada para estudo experimental das características do escoamento na geometria da folga pistão-cilindro com o pistão estático. A bancada experimental é composta por uma seção de teste com um pistão e um cilindro transparente instrumentado com sensores de pressão e termopares em diversos pontos. O cilindro é apoiado sobre um conjunto de plataformas acionadas por micrômetros que permitem que a pressão do escoamento seja medida em várias posições para diferentes graus de desalinhamento entre o pistão e o cilindro. A análise teórica engloba três modelagens distintas. O primeiro modelo descreve o escoamento bifásico da mistura em equilíbrio local na geometria da folga para a situação onde o pistão é mantido estático. As equações de Reynolds e da conservação da energia foram resolvidas numericamente considerando a variação da propriedades físicas das fases para a determinação das distribuições de pressão e temperatura do escoamento. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os dados experimentais medidos na bancada, com o intuito de validar o modelo. O segundo modelo estende a metodologia anterior para descrever a lubrificação dinâmica do pistão, onde os movimentos do pistão e a transferência de calor no filme lubrificante foram incorporados. Parâmetros relativos ao movimento do pistão como a potência consumida e vazamento de refrigerante pela folga foram obtidos e comparados com os calculados por modelos que consideram o filme isotérmico. Por último, o terceiro modelo envolve a caracterização do processo de crescimento de bolhas individuais em misturas óleo-refrigerante submetidas a descompressões isotérmicas, onde as hipóteses de equilíbrio mecânico e termodinâmico são suspensas. Este modelo é apresentado como uma ferramenta promissora para a descrição do crescimento de bolhas que pode ocorrer no filme lubrificante relacionado à cavitação, e da formação de espuma no cárter durante a partida do compressor.
A detailed knowledge of lubrication process in reciprocating compressors, particularly the piston assembly lubrication, has a fundamental role in the design of more efficient refrigeration systems. A radial clearance between the piston and the cylinder walls allows piston oscillatory radial movements that affect both the lubricant film thickness and the lubrication regime. Furthermore, cavitation and restoration of the lubricant film considering the oil/refrigerant interaction are not totally understood and these issues deserve additional studies for future improvements in the design of compressors. With this in mind, this work proposes a theoretical/experimental study of the ow of oil and refrigerant through the piston-cylinder clearance of reciprocating compressors used in small capacity refrigeration systems. Firstly, the project of a experimental apparatus is proposed to study ow characteristics in the piston-cylinder geometry with the piston steady. The apparatus consists of a test section in which the piston is placed inside a translucent cylinder equipped with thermocouples and pressure sensors at defined positions. The cylinder is mounted upon a set of micrometerguided stages that allows pressure measurements at several positions for different piston-cylinder misalignment degrees. Theoretical analysis includes three different models. The first one is an equilibrium model to describe the two-phase ow of the mixture through the clearance in which the piston is steady. The Reynolds and the energy conservation equations were solved numerically considering the variation of the physical properties in both phases in order to calculate the film pressure and temperature. The numerical results were compared with the experimental ones in order to validate the model. The second model extends the previous methodology to describe the piston dynamic lubrication in which piston movements and the heat transfer effect in the film were considered. The performance parameters related to piston movement, such as the power consumption and refrigerant leakage, were obtained and compared with those ones calculated by isothermal models. Finally, the third model regards characterization of growth process of individual bubbles in oil-refrigerant mixtures under isothermal depressurization, in which assumptions of mechanical and thermodynamic equilibrium were suppressed. This model is introduced as a potential tool to predict bubble growth that may occur as a result of cavitation in film, and the foamming process in the oil sump during compressor start-up.
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Medeiros, Pedro Samuel Gomes. "Desenvolvimento e caracteriza??o de solu??es tern?rias ?gua-glicerol-propilenoglicol como fluido refrigerante secund?rio." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15696.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Cada vez mais o mundo est? adotando uma matriz energ?tica limpa e sustent?vel, com o uso da agricultura para produ??o de agroenergia e combust?veis verdes, como bioetanol e biodiesel. A produ??o do biodiesel gera um coproduto, a glicerina, em que as usinas produtoras t?m dificuldades com o destino do seu excedente. V?rias pesquisas est?o sendo desenvolvidas para nortear diferentes usos do glicerol (glicerina pura). O glicerol possui total solubilidade com a ?gua e pode ser usado como aditivo anticongelante aplicado como fluido refrigerante secund?rio, em sistemas de refrigera??o indireta e com termoacumula??o. Tamb?m, o glicerol ? uma mat?ria-prima alternativa na produ??o de propilenoglicol, um ?lcool de grande aplicabilidade industrial inclusive como anticongelante. Por?m, o melhor ?lcool anticongelante ? o etilenoglicol, um ?lcool t?xico derivado do petr?leo. As solu??es ?gua-glicerol (AG) e ?gua-propilenoglicol (AP) possuem propriedades termof?sicas de qualidade inferior e desequilibradas se comparadas ?s solu??es ?gua-etilenoglicol (AE). Desta forma, esta pesquisa inovadora teve como prop?sito o desenvolvimento e a caracteriza??o de solu??es tern?rias ?gua-glicerol-propilenoglicol (AGP) como fluidos secund?rios, com propriedades termof?sicas desej?veis e competitivas com as solu??es ?gua-etilenoglicol. Equa??es preditivas simplificadas foram usadas para prever o comportamento das solu??es AGP, onde as seguintes propriedades termof?sicas foram avaliadas e estimadas teoricamente: ponto de congelamento, massa espec?fica, calor espec?fico e condutividade t?rmica. As concentra??es para definir o ponto de congelamento das solu??es AGP foram definidas a partir da Lei de Raoult das propriedades coligativas. A an?lise matem?tica inicial mostrou que as solu??es AGP possuem propriedades mais equilibradas que as solu??es AG e AP e competitiva com a solu??o AE. A comprova??o experimental das solu??es AGP foi feita a partir de ensaios para verificar suas propriedades (massa espec?fica, condutividade t?rmica e viscosidade din?mica), comparando com as solu??es de refer?ncia AG e AP. Os resultados experimentais comprovaram as expectativas iniciais e viabilidade t?cnica do novo fluido secund?rio tern?rio. A grande vantagem dos fluidos AGP ? que s?o at?xicos e derivam de fontes renov?veis
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Fiorelli, Flávio Augusto Sanzovo. "Análise do escoamento de fluidos refrigerantes alternativos ao HCFC22 em tubos capilares adiabáticos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3132/tde-24102001-160408/.

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Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da pesquisa "Análise do Escoamento de Fluidos Refrigerantes Alternativos ao HCFC 22 em Tubos Capilares Adiabáticos", desenvolvida para obtenção do título de Doutor em Engenharia no Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica da EPUSP. Essa pesquisa foi motivada pelas resoluções do Protocolo de Montreal, que prevêem a eliminação gradativa do HCFC 22 e, conseqüentemente, impõem a necessidade da realização de estudos sobre o comportamento de fluidos alternativos ecologicamente aceitáveis nos sistemas de refrigeração e seus componentes. Até o momento, as pesquisas e as referências bibliográficas indicam a utilização de misturas zeotrópicas e quase-azeotrópicas como a melhor alternativa para substituição do HCFC 22. Desta forma, foi realizado um extenso levantamento experimental do escoamento do R-407C (uma mistura zeotrópica) e do R-410A (uma mistura quase-azeotrópica) através de tubos capilares, em uma unidade laboratorial construída para essa finalidade. Esse levantamento, realizado para condições de entrada subresfriada e saturada, caracterizou a influência destes fluidos refrigerantes e dos diversos parâmetros operacionais e geométricos no comportamento do tubo capilar em sistemas de refrigeração. Foram desenvolvidos dois modelos (fases separadas e homogêneo) para a modelagem matemática do escoamento de fluidos refrigerantes através de tubos capilares, a fim de verificar o efeito do tipo de escoamento adotado nessa modelagem. A validação dos programas de simulação desenvolvidos, tanto para os dados experimentais obtidos no presente trabalho quanto para dados de literatura, mostra que os dois modelos podem ser utilizados para essa modelagem, apresentando desvios semelhantes em relação aos dados experimentais. A fim de aprimorar os modelos, é necessária a realização de estudos mais aprofundados sobre o atraso de vaporização e a ocorrência de blocagem na saída do tubo capilar. Por fim, foi realizado um estudo numérico comparativo do desempenho do HCFC 22 e dos alternativos R-407C e R-410A, que indicou que o primeiro é adequado tanto para o "retrofit" de equipamentos existentes quanto para utilização em novos equipamentos, enquanto que o segundo deve ser utilizado apenas em novos equipamentos.
This work presents the results of the research activities on the "Analysis of HCFC 22 Alternatives Flow Through Adiabatic Capillary Tubes", developed at the Mechanical Engineering Department of Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. Such research was motivated by the resolutions of Montreal Protocol, which imposes gradational elimination of several refrigerants, among them HCFC 22. This leads to the necessity of carrying out studies on the behaviour of ecologically acceptable refrigerants in refrigeration systems and components. So far, researches and literature indicate the usage of zeotropic and near azeotropic refrigerant mixtures as the best alternative to HCFC 22. Therefore, it was performed an extensive experimental survey on R-407C (a zeotropic mixture) and R-410A (a near azeotropic mixture) flow through capillary tubes. Such survey, which was carried out for both subcooled and two-phase inlet conditions, characterised the influence of these refrigerants, as well as the several operating and geometric parameters on the behaviour of capillary tubes used in refrigeration systems. In order to analyse the effect of different approaches for two-phase flow, it was developed two models (separated flow model and homogeneous model) for mathematical simulation of refrigerant flow through adiabatic capillary tubes. Models validation using both experimental and literature data shows that the two models are suitable for such simulation, with the same error level in relation to experimental data. It was also noticed that it is necessary to perform more comprehensive studies on the delay of vaporisation and capillary tube outlet shocking flow phenomena. Finally, it was performed a comparative study on the performance of HCFC 22, R-407C and R-410A, which indicates that R-407C is suitable both for retrofitting actual equipment and for new ones, while R-410A is suitable only for new equipment.
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Books on the topic "Alternative refrigerant"

1

Bruno, Thomas J. Spectroscopic library for alternative refrigerant analysis. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1990.

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Bruno, Thomas J. Handbook for the analysis and identification of alternative refrigerants. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1995.

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The hvac/r professional's field guide to alternative refrigerants. Troy, Mich: Business News Pub., 1995.

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Butler, D. J. G. Performance of air-conditioning systems with alternative refrigerants. Garston: Building Research Establishment, 1998.

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Oellrich, L. R. Indo-German project on alternatives to CFCS for refrigeration applications: Technical status report. Jülich: Forschungszentrum Jülich, Zentralbibliothek, 1994.

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Schwarz, Winfried. Der FCKW-Ausstieg is möglich, sofort!: Praktische Alternativen zu FCKW. Hamburg: Greenpeace, 1992.

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Tomczyk, John. Alternative Refrigerant Blends & Oils. Esco Pr, 2003.

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W, Sohn C., and Construction Engineering Research Laboratories (U.S.), eds. Alternative refrigerant performance: Field test of a nonchlorofluorocarbon chiller at Fort Leonard Wood, MO. [Champaign, IL]: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, 1995.

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Alternative Refrigerants. Amer Society of Heating, 1991.

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Institute, American National Standards. Field Conversion/Retrofit of Products to Change to an Alternative Refrigerant - Procedures and Methods, UL 2172 (Standard for Safety). Underwriters Laboratories, Incorporated, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Alternative refrigerant"

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Link, Albert N., and John T. Scott. "Alternative Refrigerant Research Program." In Public Accountability, 91–102. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5639-8_10.

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Pendyala, Srinivas, and R. Prattipati. "Criteria for Drop-in Replacement of Existing Refrigerant with an Alternative Refrigerant." In Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems, 424–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24314-2_51.

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Dubey, Kaushalendra Kumar, Karan Sharma, RS Mishra, Sudhir Kumar Singh, and Brahma Nand Agarwal. "Theoretical Analysis of Isentropic and Alternative Refrigerant Based Cooling System and Low Carbon Economy." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 307–21. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4320-7_28.

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Vinoth Kumar, K., Lokesh Paradeshi, M. Srinivas, and S. Jayaraj. "Optimum Composition of Alternative Refrigerant Mixture for Direct Expansion Solar-Assisted Heat Pump Using ANN and GA." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 199–209. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4576-9_18.

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Ebisu, T. "Evaporation and Condensation Heat Transfer Enhancement for Alternative Refrigerants Used in Air-Conditioning Machines." In Heat Transfer Enhancement of Heat Exchangers, 579–600. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9159-1_31.

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Jadhav, Nilam P., V. K. Bupesh Raja, Suhas P. Deshmukh, and Mandar M. Lele. "Investigation and Experimental Evaluation of Vapor Compression Refrigeration System by Means of Alternative Refrigerants." In Emerging Trends in Computing and Expert Technology, 10–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32150-5_2.

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Shaik, Sharmas Vali, T. P. Ashok Babu, Debasish Mahapatra, Saboor Shaik, Kiran Kumar Gorantla, and V. Sai Siva Subramanyam. "Analytical Computation of Thermodynamic Performance of Various New Eco-friendly Alternative Refrigerants Applicable for Air Conditioners." In Advances in Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, 317–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6360-7_29.

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Duarte, M. V., L. C. Pires, P. D. Silva, and P. D. Gaspar. "Current and Future Trends of Refrigerants Development." In Renewable and Alternative Energy, 1900–1951. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1671-2.ch067.

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In this chapter is addressed the thematic of refrigerants: its historical evolution; properties; legislation applied in the area and future trends. The first refrigerant being marketed on a large scale was ethyl ether (R610), in 1834. Since then, the evolution of the utilized refrigerants was stimulated, initially due to constructive issues in the refrigeration system and later to environmental issues. This evolution may be divided into four generations: 1st use of any fluid that worked; 2nd safety and durability of the equipment; 3rd ozone layer protection and 4th increase of global warming concerns. During the process of evolution many refrigerants were tested to understanding of their properties. Currently, environmental concerns are taken as guide in the search for new refrigerants. The most promising refrigerants to be used in future are the HFEs, HFOs and HFCs with low-GWP, natural refrigerants and blends between (HCs/HFCs and HFCs/HFOs) refrigerants.
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9

Gupta, Dileep Kumar, and Mani Sankar Dasgupta. "Transcritical CO2 Refrigeration System in Tropical Region." In Handbook of Research on Advances and Applications in Refrigeration Systems and Technologies, 378–411. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8398-3.ch010.

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Environmental concerns and enactments of Montreal and Kyoto Protocol for sustainable growth is a welcome impetus for researchers towards a quest for ecologically safe and natural refrigerants and cost effective designs of refrigeration systems. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one such natural refrigerants that, although was abandoned once due techno-economic reason, has been receiving tremendous attention and is viewed as a strong candidate for long term alternative of synthetic refrigerants. The commercial success of CO2 as a refrigerant and its universal acceptance, however demands cost effective and widely accepted technology operable under various environmental conditions. In this chapter, the use of CO2 as refrigerant in trans-critical vapor compression system is discussed in detail along with its unique challenges associated with operating in tropical region. Further the opportunities for using these systems in tropical region with specific systematic modification are explored. Discussions on component design and system level performance analysis are also included in the chapter.
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Greco, Adriana, Ciro Aprea, and Angelo Maiorino. "Transcritical Carbon Dioxide Refrigeration as an Alternative to Subcritical Plants." In Handbook of Research on Advances and Applications in Refrigeration Systems and Technologies, 295–359. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8398-3.ch008.

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Carbon dioxide (R744) is as a valid alternative to classical substances such as HFCs used in vapour compression plants. A transcritical refrigeration cycle is needed because the critical temperature of carbon dioxide is usually lower than the ambient temperature. In this chapter the performances of a transcritical cycle have been evaluated with a prototype R744 system working as a classical spit-systems to cool air. An experimental analysis has been carried out on the effect of: refrigerant charge, internal heat exchanger, heat rejection pressure on the energetic performances of the transcritical plant. An experimental analysis of a hybrid trans-critical refrigerator-desiccant wheel system has been carried out in order to improve the COP. The experimental transcritical cycle has been examined in comparison with a classical vapour compression plant working with the R134a.
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Conference papers on the topic "Alternative refrigerant"

1

Radermacher, Reinhard, and Yunho Hwang. "Alternative refrigerant heat pump and refrigeration systems." In International Heat Transfer Conference 12. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc12.3390.

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Dalkilic¸, Ahmet Selim, and Somchai Wongwises. "Comparison of Various Alternative Refrigerants for Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44267.

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Single-stage vapour compression refrigeration system was compared with an actual vapour compression cycle, single-stage process with internal heat exchanger, and a two-stage process with economiser using the refrigerants of HCFC-22, CFC-502 and their alternatives such as HFC-134a, HFC-32, HFC-152a, HFC-404A, HFC-407C, HFC-507, HFC-410A. A theoretical performance study on a cascade refrigeration system was performed using two refrigeration cycles connected through the heat exchanger in the middle working as the evaporator for the high pressurized cycle and condenser for the low pressurized cycle. Other performance study was performed using a two-stage cascade refrigeration system having low and high pressure compressors connected through the mixing chamber in the middle. The condensation temperatures were between 30 and 50 °C, evaporation temperatures were between −50 °C and 5 °C and heat exchanger and economiser temperatures were kept as constant for the comparisons. Some of the alternative refrigerants’ coefficients of performance values are found to be higher than their base traditional pure refrigerants. The effects of the main parameters of performance analysis such as refrigerant type, degree of subcooling, and superheating on the performance coefficient, refrigerant charge rate and volumetric refrigeration capacity are investigated for various operating conditions as case studies.
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3

Hay, E., J. Moshi, P. Baker, and J. Reid. "Alternative Refrigerant for an IC Engine Thermal Recuperation System." In ASME 2001 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2001-134.

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Abstract The hot tests on a prototype waste heat thermal recuperation system attached to a heavy-duty diesel engine and used with an inert gas as the cycle organic refrigerant described. TER is a system attached to the engine that uses the waste heat in the hot coolant and can lead to an efficiency improvement of 2 to 4% with correspondingly lower emissions. The heat balance, pressure losses, energy available for recuperation and other pertinent data are described and discussed. The equipment proved to be rugged. High-pressure losses in the system were reduced and the heat losses improved. The TER55 refrigerant was easier to handle and could serve as a reasonable substitute for Butane: it is inert, non-CFC based and operates at similar pressures.
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4

Öztürk, Merve, Emine Göktepe, Ali Celen, Alican Çebi, Ahmet Selim Dalkılıç, and Somchai Wongwises. "Fundamental Basis and Application of Cold-Room Project Design: A Case Study of Frigoship." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17570.

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In this paper, a cold-room system in a frigoship was analyzed as a case study to demonstrate the application of the proposed model. The model was also evaluated in terms of the alteration of alternative refrigerants and insulation thickness of the cold rooms’ refrigeration system. The coefficients of performance (COP), refrigerant charge rates, and capacities of each component of the refrigeration system for the refrigerants CFC-12, HCFC-22 and their alternatives, such as HFC-134a, HFC-410a, HFC-404a, HFC-407c, and HFC-507 were determined by considering the effects of the main parameters of the performance analysis, such as refrigerant type, Based on the results of the energy analyses, all of the alternative refrigerants have a slightly lower COP and require higher compressor work than CFC-12 and HCFC-22 for condensation temperature of 40°C. The hunted fishes have an evaporation temperature of −25°C regarding with the preserved product in the case studies. Effects of isolation thickness of wall on evaporator capacity and sea water temperature on condenser are also investigated. Also variation capacity of system components such as evaporator, condenser and compressor with relative humidity of neighbor volume is studied.
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5

Fan, Xiaowei, Fang Wang, Huifan Zheng, Xianping Zhang, and Di Xu. "Behavior and Performance of Refrigerant Mixture HFC125/HC290 in Heat Pumps." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63552.

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The refrigerant mixtures provide an important direction in selecting new environment-friendly alternative to match the desirable properties with the existing halogenated refrigerants or future use in the new devices, in which, HFCs refrigerants with zero ODP combined with HCs refrigerants with zero ODP and lower GWP are of important value in the fields of application. In the present work, research on HFC125/HC290 (25/75 by mass) binary refrigerant mixture used in heat pumps was carried out, and parameters, factors affecting the performance were investigated, and compared with that of HCFC22 under the same operating conditions. It has been found that the new mixture can improve the actual COP by 2 to 13% and hence it can reduce the energy consumption by 20 to 31.5%. The overall performance has proved that the new refrigerant mixture could be a promising substitute for HCFC22.
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Javidmand, Puya, and Klaus A. Koffmann. "Numerical-Based Comparison Among Critical Flow Properties of HFC-134a and its New Alternatives HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze Through Short-Tube Orifices." In ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2015-48048.

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Although HFC-134a is a common refrigerant for residential and mobile refrigeration systems, investigators are dealing with replacing it with new alternatives because of its harmful environmental and global warming effects. Recently HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze have been introduced as suitable alternative refrigerants because they have zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and low global warming potential (GWP) and possess thermophysical properties similar to those of HFC-134a. Because there is no experimental data on the performance of these new refrigerants in capillary tubes and short-tube orifices, a recently developed numerical model for analysis of critical two-phase flow through these tubes is used to predict the critical mass flow rate and pressure distribution of HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze under various operating conditions. The applied numerical model is based on a comprehensive two-fluid model including the effects of two-phase flow patterns and liquid-phase metastability. The numerical method has been validated by comparing numerical results of the critical flows of HFC-134a, R-410A, and HCFC-22 with available experimental data. The developed numerical simulation is applied in order to develop comparison and selection charts for short-tube orifices based on the common refrigerant HFC-134a and the alternative new refrigerants HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze.
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Mathur, G. "Carbon dioxide as an alternative refrigerant for automotive air conditioning systems." In 35th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2000-2858.

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Kwon, Jeong-Tae, and Moo Hwan Kim. "A CALCULATION MODEL FOR CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER OF AN ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANT." In International Heat Transfer Conference 11. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc11.470.

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Alkan, Beyza, Ali Celen, Alican Çebi, Ahmet Selim Dalkilic, and Somchai Wongwises. "Refrigerated Railroad Car Design for Shipping Frozen Meat Using Alternative Refrigerants." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21068.

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Refrigerated railroad cars, known as reefers, are railroad rolling stock designed to carry perishable freight at specific temperatures. They are insulated boxcars that keep the cargo at a regulated temperature. As soon as railroad cars had the capability to keep a load cold, the potential growth of the meat, dairy, fruit and brewery industries became nearly unlimited. In this paper, a cold-room system in a railroad car was investigated as a case study to illustrate the use of the sample model. The change of substitute refrigerants and insulation thickness of the cold rooms’ refrigeration system was also considered in the model. The coefficient of performance (COP), refrigerant flow rate and capacities of each component of the refrigeration system were calculated for the refrigerants R12, R22, R134a, R290, R410A, R430A, R431A, R436A, R507A, R600a as part of this analysis. As a result of the energy analyses, all of the substitute refrigerants have a slightly lower COP and require higher compressor work than R12 and R22 for a condensation temperature of 40°C. The frozen meats have an evaporation temperature of −25°C related to the preserved product in the case studies. Influences of the insulation thickness of the wall on evaporator capacity and outside temperature of various cities on the condenser are also studied.
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Bhusari, Sanjyot, and S. Sherif. "Theoretical Analysis of R32/R124 Refrigerant Mixture as an Alternative to R22." In 1st International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC). Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2003-6028.

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Reports on the topic "Alternative refrigerant"

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Bruno, Thomas J., and Thomas J. Bruno. Spectroscopic library for alternative refrigerant analysis. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.794.

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Domanski, Piotr A., Mark O. McLinden, Ian H. Bell, and Gregory T. Linteris. Low-GWP alternative refrigerant blends for HFC-134a. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.2014.

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Abdelaziz, Omar, Som S. Shrestha, Bo Shen, Randall Lee Linkous, William Goetzler, Matt Guernsey, and Youssef Bargach. Alternative Refrigerant Evaluation for High-Ambient-Temperature Environments: R-22 and R-410A Alternatives for Rooftop Air Conditioners. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1326522.

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Abdelaziz, Omar, Som S. Shrestha, Jeffrey D. Munk, Randall Lee Linkous, William Goetzler, Matt Guernsey, and Theo Kassuga. Alternative Refrigerant Evaluation for High-Ambient-Temperature Environments: R-22 and R-410A Alternatives for Mini-Split Air Conditioners. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1223676.

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Abdelaziz, Omar, Jeffrey D. Munk, Som S. Shrestha, Randall Lee Linkous, William Goetzler, Matt Guernsey, and Theo Kassuga. Alternative Refrigerant Evaluation for High-Ambient Temperature Environments: R-22 and R-410A Alternatives for Mini-Split Air Conditioners. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1209213.

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Ellis, II, P. F., and A. F. Ferguson. Accelerated test methods for life prediction of hermetic motor insulation systems exposed to alternative refrigerant/lubricant mixtures. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/79028.

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Shen, Bo. Extending ORNL HPDM Capabilities for Design and Optimization of New Refrigerant Blends – FY18 1st Quarterly Milestone: Perform literature review to collect heat transfer, pressure drop correlations and compressor mapping method for alternative refrigerants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1474642.

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Ellis, P. F. II, A. F. Ferguson, and K. T. Fuentes. Accelerated test methods for life prediction of hermetic motor insulation systems exposed to alternative refrigerant/lubricant mixtures. Phase 3: Reproducibility and discrimination testing. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/285480.

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Miller, James, Anthony Latino, Chandana Konidala, and Raymond Patenaude. Army R-22 refrigerant phase-out strategy. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40039.

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R-22 (also known as HCFC-22) is one of the most widely used refrigerants in U.S. Army air-conditioning and refrigeration (AC&R) systems since the phase-out of R-12 refrigerant in 1995. The need to phase out R-22 is attributed to its global warming potential and high ozone-depleting capability. The U.S. Army has tens of thousands of aging AC&R systems that will remain dependent on R-22, or one of the recently developed substitutes for R-22, until they reach the end of their operational life. This project conducted a survey to understand the current R-22 usage and types of R-22 AC&R equipment that are in use across U.S. Army Installation Management Command (IMCOM) installations. This study describes several methods to remove or retrofit R-22 from typical AC&R equipment and implementation strategies to meet the stated goal of eliminating R-22 from IMCOM installations. The scope of this project included the review of BUILDER SMS data for IMCOM installations, which included data on 13,000 pieces of comfort cooling equipment for 31 installations. The report also provides an analysis of several R-22 alternatives and their physical properties and compatibility. Mission critical tactical cooling that uses R-22 refrigerant was not within the scope of this project.
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Bruno, Thomas J. Strategy for chemical analysis of alternative refrigerants. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1340.

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