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1
Matts, Ian L., Andrei Klementov, Scott Sisco, Kuldeep Kumar, and Se Ryeon Lee. "Improving High-Nickel Cathode Active Material Performance in Lithium-Ion Batteries with Functionalized Binder Chemistry." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012362mtgabs.
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As the lithium-ion battery (LIB) market expands, driven mostly by the mass adoption of electric vehicles, LIB development is continually being pushed in the direction of higher energy density and lower cost. Both of these trends are leading to widespread development of LIB formulations using high-nickel cathode active materials, such as NMC811. In these materials, the high nickel content increases the amount of electrochemically accessible lithium in the cathode, increasing the cell energy density, while decreasing the amount of cobalt used, which decreases the cost of the cathode material. However, these materials also have drawbacks. First, NMC811 suffers from lower cycle life than higher-Co NMC materials such as NMC111 or NMC622. Second, NMC811 has poorer safety characteristics than lower energy density materials. Finally, NMC811 cathodes are known to experience gassing issues during cycling, which creates challenges in commercialization, especially for pouch cell battery designs. Many approaches have been explored in the industry to address these shortcomings, including active material modification, electrolyte design, etc. In this presentation, binder functionalization will be presented as an alternative pathway to improve high-Ni cathode performance. LIB cathode binder is commonly high molecular weight PVDF, which provides good mechanical properties at low weight fractions as well as high electrochemical stability, but it is predominantly inert. Here, approaches of introducing novel binders tailored for high-Ni cathode systems will be discussed. Effectiveness of modifications, specifically their impact on LIB cycle life and safety, will be discussed.
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Kamarulzaman, Norlida, Azira Azahidi, Kelimah Elong, Nurul Atikah Mohd Mokhtar, and Nurshafiza Mohdi. "Effect of Calcination Time on the Specific Capacities of LiNi0.4Co0.55Ti0.05O2 Cathode Materials." Advanced Materials Research 895 (February 2014): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.895.351.
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One of the main goals for most of the research in advanced Li-ion batteries is to develop cathode materials with improvement on cost and toxicity. This is to replace the existing commercial cathode material, LiCoO2. LiNi0.4Co0.6O2 was introduced as one of the most promising candidates for a cathode material due to its lower cost and higher capacity compared with LiCoO2. Modification of cathode materials by substituting with other materials is one of the alternative ways to improve the electrochemical performance of the material. In this case, a little amount of Ti was substituted to replace Co in order to give the material LiNi0.4Co0.55Ti0.05O2. Results showed that the substituition of some Co with Ti improves the electrochemical behavior of the material.
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Zhang, Tao, and Marc Kamlah. "Phase-Field Simulation of Stress Evolution in Sodium Ion Battery Electrode Particles." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2018-01, no. 32 (April 13, 2018): 1967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-01/32/1967.
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Sodium-ion batteries have been considered as a promising alternative to Lithium-ion batteries. The cathode material NaxFePO4 of sodium-ion batteries shows phase changes during intercalation. In this work, a phase-field model for NaxFePO4 is studied for the first time. A coupled phase-field model for the Cahn-Hilliard diffusion equation and finite deformation elasticity is derived. For the mechanical part, two finite deformation elasticity formulations based on elastic Green strain and logarithmic elastic strain, respectively, are introduced and compared. The material parameters for NaxFePO4 are determined. We implemented the model in COMSOL Multiphysics® for a spherically symmetric problem of sodium insertion into a cathodic particle made of NaxFePO4. Furthermore, we compare the two cathode materials NaxFePO4 and LixFePO4 to each other in terms of phase changes and stresses, and show that the stresses in the cathode material NaxFePO4 are larger at the phase segregated state.
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Капустин, В. И., И. П. Ли, А. В. Шуманов, С. О. Москаленко, А. А. Буш, and Ю. Ю. Лебединский. "Физический механизм работы палладий-бариевых катодов СВЧ-приборов." Журнал технической физики 89, no. 5 (2019): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2019.05.47483.267-18.
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AbstractHigh-resolution X-ray diffraction method (XRD) is used to determine sizes and crystallographic orientation of the nanocrystallites of the Pd and Pd_5Ba phases in palladium–barium cathode. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is used to study Ba and Pd chemical states in cathode material and determine the phase composition including dissolved microimpurities in the phases. The comparison of the XRD and ESCA data makes it possible to reveal effects related to the formation of the BaO crystallites in the cathode material, which are responsible for the emission properties. Electron-energy loss spectroscopy is used to determine the concentration of oxygen vacancies in the BaO crystallites that are formed in the cathode material due to activation. An original crystallite model of the working palladium–barium cathodes that is based on the results of this work may serve as an alternative to the known film model and makes it possible to optimize technology of cathode fabrication and activation.
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Minnmann, Philip, Anja Bielefeld, Raffael Ruess, Simon Burkhardt, Sören L. Dreyer, Enrico Trevisanello, Philipp Adelhelm, et al. "Evaluating Kinetics of Composite Cathodes of All-Solid-State Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 7 (October 9, 2022): 2496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0272496mtgabs.
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ASSBs (all-solid-state batteries) are promoted as an energy dense and safe alternative to current Li-ion batteries (LIBs) and attract great interest from academia and industry. In contrast to LIBs, which employ a liquid organic electrolyte, they utilize a solid electrolyte. This substitution promises to eliminate the flammability of the battery and to simplify the cell design. While recent research efforts have concentrated on miniaturizing and eventually even removing the anode host material in batteries, the relative portion of the cathode needs to be maximized, as cathodes are the only component that can increase energy density by increasing its fraction. In a simplified view, the cathode kinetics are determined by the cathode microstructure, the volume fractions of the constituents and the properties of electrolyte and cathode active material (CAM). Liquid electrolytes can easily penetrate porous composite cathodes, but rigid SEs can not do the same, resulting in residual porosity in the cathode. This porosity can lower active interface area between CAM and SE, and increase tortuosity of ionic and electronic charge transport pathways. Sufficient ionic and electronic transport pathways in composite cathode structures are, however, essential because cathode active material particles that are either electronically or ionically isolated cannot contribute to the charging or discharging process. We analyse the requirements for SSB cathodes and determine charge transport bottlenecks by impedance spectroscopy of a reference system consisting of a thiophosphate based solid electrolyte and a nickel rich layered CAM. Different cathode microstructures are analysed and their charge transport properties are quantified as partial conductivities. From the obtained partial conductivities, we calculated tortuosity factors and correlated them to cell performance with complementary cycling data of all-solid-state batteries in order to determine charge transport bottlenecks. We find, that ionic charge transport and consequently cathode kinetics are highly dependent on the SE particle size distribution In addition, we analyse the requirements for CAMs for SSBs and develop design principles for different CAM types that aim to further increase cathode performance.
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Tan, T. Q., S. P. Soo, A. Rahmat, J. B. Shamsul, Rozana A. M. Osman, Z. Jamal, and M. S. Idris. "A Brief Review of Layered Rock Salt Cathode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries." Advanced Materials Research 795 (September 2013): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.795.245.
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Nowadays, many researchers have been studying on the layered rock salt-type structure as cathode materials for the lithium ion batteries. LiCoO2is the most commonly used cathode material but Co is costly and toxic. Thus, alternative cathode materials which are cheaper, safer and having higher capacity are required. Replacing Co with Ni offered higher energy density battery but it raised interlayer mixing or cation disorder that impedes electrochemical properties of batteries. This paper has reviewed some recent research works that have been done to produce better and safer cathode materials from the structural perspective.
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Bae, Kyung Taek, and Kang Taek Lee. "Achieving High CO2 Electrocatalytic Activity By Tailoring Cation-Size Mismatch in Double Perovskite Oxides." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 39 (July 7, 2022): 1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01391778mtgabs.
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Conversion of CO2 into useful chemical products by solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) is a promising technology capable of reducing CO2 concentration for a carbon-neutral society [1]. This electrochemical device has several advantages such as high-energy efficiency and fast electrode kinetics due to its high operating temperature. Conventionally, Ni/YSZ cermet has been widely used as the cathode material of CO2 electrolysis system. However, they are prone to degrade under CO2 atmosphere due to the oxidation of nickel, particle agglomeration, and carbon deposition. Therefore, the development of alternative cathode materials with high electrocatalytic activity and good long-term stability for CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is highly needed. The perovskite-type mixed ionic and electronic conducting (MIEC) oxides are widely investigated as the promising alternatives to the Ni/YSZ cermet cathode. Among them, double perovskite oxides PrBaCo2O5+d(PBCO) material is attracting attention because of high oxygen surface exchange, diffusion coefficients and adequate mixed ionic and electronic conductivity. However, this material is easily degraded in the presence of CO2 impurity, with the formation of BaCO3 nanoparticles [2]. To overcome this issue, doping the B-site Co cations with transition metals and tailoring the cation mismatch by controlling A-site dopant ratio in PBCO were selected as a novel strategy. As a result, it was proved that co-doping was an effective way to improve both electrochemical and surface chemical stability. Our design strategy could benefit the preparation of highly active and stable cathodes for direct CO2 reduction for SOECs. References [1] Lee, Seokhee, et al. Advanced Energy Materials (2021): 2100339. [2] Zhu, Lin, et al. Applied Surface Science 416 (2017): 649-655.
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Coyle, Jaclyn, Ankit Verma, and Andrew M. Colclasure. "(Digital Presentation) Electrochemical Relithiation Protocols for Restoration of Cycle Aged NMC Cathodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 5 (July 7, 2022): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-015613mtgabs.
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Recycling end-of-life (EoL) lithium-ion batteries is of great significance to provide additional transition metal resources and alleviate environmental pollution from electric vehicle battery wastes. This study provides essential understanding towards developing an electrochemical relithiation process that will restore lithium loss in EoL intercalation cathode materials. This electrochemical relithiation process is one of several relithiation options being considered as a part of a direct recycling process designed to increase the efficiency of battery recycling by maintaining the composition and morphology of EoL cathode materials. A unique benefit of electrochemical relithiation is that it provides a potential alternative to processes that require EoL to be returned to powder form and then recast. Electrochemically aged NMC cathode materials have been prepared and characterized to establish the extent of EoL material structural transformations and lithium loss. A model-informed experimental process is used to identify the optimal electrochemical relithiation protocol to minimize the time taken to relithiate EoL materials and maximize the amount of lithium restored. Protocols were evaluated based on their ability to enable rapid lithium intercalation, maintain or reinstate structural uniformity in the EoL material and fully restore lithium content. An optimal protocol was identified at elevated temperatures utilizing a novel scanning voltage step. This work is part of ReCell which is a collaborative effort to develop efficient and economical recycle and reuse methods for EoL battery cathodes.
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Post, A., J. F. Plaza, J. Toledo, D. Zschätzsch, M. Reitemeyer, L. Chen, A. Gurciullo, et al. "Key design and operation factors for high performance of C12A7:e-based cathodes." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1226, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1226/1/012092.
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Abstract This work, based on an EU-funded project (NEMESIS), is summarising some of the results from the project activities on the research and development on electride-based cathode technology compatible with all kinds of electric propulsion (EP) systems requiring neutralization or electron emission. Further information describing in detail the performed tests and captured measurements can be found in the referenced documents of each section. Different cathode architectures and several emitter configurations with traditional and with alternative propellants are being developed and tested within the project, all of them using C12A7:e-electride material as thermionic electron source. Findings and conclusions derived from these multiple designs are allowing to figure out some of the key factors that determine the best performance of C12A7:e-electride based cathodes. In this work, a discussion of some of these key design and operation factors will be presented based both on the material characterization parameters, and on the performance tests carried out for the different cathode designs.
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Agudelo Arias, Hector David, Jorge Calderon, and Ferley Alejandro Vasquez Arroyave. "(Digital Presentation) Cobalt Free Cathode Synthesized By Sacrificial Template (α-MnOOH) for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012386mtgabs.
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LiCoO2 cathode has been used widely for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) for portable applications due to it is compactness, high energy density, excellent cycle life and reliability [1]. Nevertheless, the high cost of cobalt represent some of the limitations of this material [1]. As an alternative, LiNiO2, which iso-structural with LiCoO2, is reported as a stable material for LIB cathodes. Although, the poor thermal stability of this material in operating LIB represents safety risk [2]. On the other hand, LiMnO2 has also been proposed as a low-cost cathode for LIB. However, it is not stable during charging/discharging processes [3]. Ni-rich layer oxide (LiM1-x NxiO2, where M is a transition metal, x > 0.8) appeared as result of much effort dedicated for finding an adequate balance between cost and stability [4]. In comparison to Ni-rich layer, Li-rich layer oxide exhibited better cyclability and safety performance at higher electrode potentials (>4.5 V vs. Li|Li+) [4]. However, the structural and electrochemical properties of the as-prepared materials are determined by the synthesis methods and/or preparation conditions [5]. For instance, the electrochemical performance of Li1.5Ni0.25Mn0.75O2.5 layer material obtained by a simple carbonate coprecipitation method was improved with 240 mAh g-1 and 70.3% of capacity retention after 30 cycles at 0.05C [6]. In this work, we report the feasibility of producing a cobalt free cathode LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 with high energy density using a sacrificial template α -MnOOH as precursor with a simple balance between lithium and nickel content. The synthesis strategies performed in this work led to a promising cathode material with high energy density without sacrificing the operating voltage window, by combining our understanding of the factors governing the cation order with a facile synthetic route that ensured good cation mixing. The LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 active cathode material was produced by co-precipitated method according to the following procedure: α-MnOOH sacrificial template was synthesized according to ref. [7]. Then active cathode material was obtained by co-precipitation method using α-MnOOH, lithium acetate and nickel acetate with a molar ratio of 0.5:1.05:0.5 mol at different treatment temperatures (700°C, 800°C and 900°C). Rate capabilities of all samples are displayed in Fig. 1. The charge-discharge current was increased from 20 mA g-1 (0.1C) to 2000 mA g-1 (10C), and then decreased back to 20 mA g-1. The Li1.05Ni0.5Mn0.5O2 material displayed the best electrochemical performance at 800°C which the initial discharge capacity was 179.9 mAh g-1 . The other samples at 700 °C and 900 °C showed initial discharge capacities of 171.3 mAh g-1 and 156.4 mAh g-1 at 0.1C, respectively. On the other hand, α-MnOOH sacrificial template synthesis showed to be a plausible formation mechanism and the structure–function relationships of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2. [1] N. Nitta, F. Wu, J. T. Lee, and G. Yushin, “Li-ion battery materials: present and future,” Mater. Today, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 252–264, Jun. 2015. [2] M. Bianchini, M. Roca-Ayats, P. Hartmann, T. Brezesinski, and J. Janek, “There and Back Again—The Journey of LiNiO2 as a Cathode Active Material,” Angew. Chemie Int. Ed., vol. 58, no. 31, pp. 10434–10458, Jul. 2019. [3] T. Ohzuku and Y. Makimura, “Layered Lithium Insertion Material of LiNi 1/2 Mn 1/2 O 2 : A Possible Alternative to LiCoO 2 for Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Chem. Lett., vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 744–745, Aug. 2001. [4] G. Hu et al., “A facile cathode design with a LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 core and an AlF3-activated Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 shell for Li-ion batteries,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 265, pp. 391–399, Mar. 2018. [5] C. Zhao, X. Wang, R. Liu, F. Xu, and Q. Shen, “β-MnO2 sacrificial template synthesis of Li 1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 for lithium ion battery cathodes,” RSC Adv., vol. 4, no. 14, pp. 7154–7159, Jan. 2014. [6] M. Akhilash, P. S. Salini, K. Jalaja, B. John, and T. D. Mercy, “Synthesis of Li1.5Ni0.25Mn0.75O2.5 cathode material via carbonate co-precipitation method and its electrochemical properties,” Inorg. Chem. Commun., vol. 126, p. 108434, Apr. 2021. [7] F. A. Vásquez, J. E. Thomas, A. Visintin, and J. A. Calderón, “LiMn1.8Ni0.2O4 nanorods obtained from a novel route using α-MnOOH precursor as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries,” Solid State Ionics, vol. 320, pp. 339–346, Jul. 2018. Figure 1
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Kim, Seokhun, Aditya Nagaraj, Sangkee Min, and Youngho Shin. "Comparative Evaluation of Polycrystalline and Monocrystalline LiNi0.96Mn0.02Co0.02O2 Cathodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 7 (October 9, 2022): 2591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0272591mtgabs.
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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) require Ni-rich cathode material with a high capacity to meet the growing demand for powering electric vehicles and other energy-dense devices. However, significant challenges remain to improve capacity retention during cycling and thermal-abuse tolerance of this material. Alternative to the traditional polycrystalline Ni-rich cathode material, we report here a monocrystalline Ni-rich cathode material prepared via a hydrothermal process. Ni-rich composition (LiNi0.96Mn0.02Co0.02O2) was selected for comparative evaluation of polycrystalline cathode material via a co-precipitation process and monocrystalline cathode material via a hydrothermal process. A detailed description of the advanced CSTR co-precipitation process and the developed hydrothermal process applied to this material synthesis is presented. The excellent physical and electrochemical properties of the monocrystalline cathode material prepared by the developed hydrothermal process will be reported through analysis of coin half-cell, SEM, EDS, ICP-MS, nanoindentation, and other advanced characterization techniques. This work underlines the developed hydrothermal process in producing monocrystalline cathode material which is a rapid, robust, and scalable process with economic feasibility.
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Shaheen, Nusrat, Zheng Chen, Yumei Nong, Tao Su, Muhammad Yousaf, Yuzheng Lu, and Ling Li. "Enhancing ORR Catalytic Activity and Electrochemical Investigation of La1−2xBaxBixFeO3 Cathode for Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." Crystals 13, no. 5 (May 16, 2023): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13050822.
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Perovskite cathodes have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional cathode materials in low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (LT-SOFCs) due to their exceptional catalytic properties and high oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity. Their fast catalytic activity and chemical stability have drawn significant attention to lowering the operating temperature of SOFCs. In this study, Ba2+ and Bi3+ are doped into LaFeO3. The aim is to investigate the catalytic activity and electrochemical performance of LT-SOFCs. The presented cathode material is characterized in terms of phase structure, surface morphology, and interface studies before being applied as a cathode in SOFCs to measure electrochemical performance. The XPS study revealed that La1−2xBaxBixFeO3 (x = 0.1) exhibits enriched surface oxygen vacancies compared to La1−2xBaxBixFeO3 (x = 0.2). La1−2xBaxBixFeO3 with (x = 0.1 and 0.2) delivers a peak power density of 665 and 545 mW cm−2 at 550 °C, respectively. Moreover, impedance spectra confirmed that La1−2xBaxBixFeO3 with x = 0.1 exhibits lower electrode polarization resistance (0.33 Ω cm2) compared to La1−2xBaxBixFeO3 with x = 0.2 (0.57 Ω cm2) at 550 °C. Our findings thus confirm that LBBF cathode-based SOFCs can be considered a potential cathode to operate fuel cells at low temperatures, and it will open up another horizon in the subject of research.
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Rottmayer, Michael, Raj Singh, and Hong Huang. "Morphological and Electrical Stability Studies of Pt/Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Nanocomposite Thin Film Cathodes for Microfabricated Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2017, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 000360–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2017-wp23_165.
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Abstract Microfabricated solid oxide fuel cells (mSOFCs) have recently gained attention as a promising technology for portable power applications. At present, porous Pt is the most common cathode being investigated for mSOFCs, which has poor bulk ionic conductivity and suffers from instability due to Ostwald ripening. Nanocomposite materials based on Pt/Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) are a promising alternative approach for high performance mSOFCs because of their potential for providing mixed ionic-electronic conduction, improving adhesion to the YSZ electrolyte, and improving oxygen diffusion characteristics over a pure Pt material. The objective of this research was to systematically explore the processing of the nanocomposite thin films to achieve stable morphological and electrical properties for use as a mSOFC cathode. A percolation theory model was utilized to guide the processing of the Pt/YSZ composition, ensuring a networked connection of ionic- and electronic-conduction through the electrode. The Pt/YSZ nanocomposite cathodes were deposited by co-sputtering. It was observed that the Ar deposition pressure played a key role in stabilizing the morphology of the film to higher temperatures, up of 600°C. Analyses of the Pt/YSZ composite microstructure and composition by TEM confirmed an interconnected network of Pt and YSZ thereby suggesting that it is a viable candidate as a high performance and stable cathode material for mSOFCs.
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Beltrop, K., S. Beuker, A. Heckmann, M. Winter, and T. Placke. "Alternative electrochemical energy storage: potassium-based dual-graphite batteries." Energy & Environmental Science 10, no. 10 (2017): 2090–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee01535f.
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In this contribution, we report for the first time a novel potassium ion-based dual-graphite battery concept (K-DGB), applying graphite as the electrode material for both the anode and cathode, in combination with an ionic liquid electrolyte.
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Peters, Jens, Alexandra Peña Cruz, and Marcel Weil. "Exploring the Economic Potential of Sodium-Ion Batteries." Batteries 5, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5010010.
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Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are a recent development being promoted repeatedly as an economically promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, only one detailed study about material costs has yet been published for this battery type. This paper presents the first detailed economic assessment of 18,650-type SIB cells with a layered oxide cathode and a hard carbon anode, based on existing datasheets for pre-commercial battery cells. The results are compared with those of competing LIB cells, that is, with lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide cathodes (NMC) and with lithium-iron-phosphate cathodes (LFP). A sensitivity analysis further evaluates the influence of varying raw material prices on the results. For the SIB, a cell price of 223 €/kWh is obtained, compared to 229 €/kWh for the LFP and 168 €/kWh for the NMC batteries. The main contributor to the price of the SIB cells are the material costs, above all the cathode and anode active materials. For this reason, the amount of cathode active material (e.g., coating thickness) in addition to potential fluctuations in the raw material prices have a considerable effect on the price per kWh of storage capacity. Regarding the anode, the precursor material costs have a significant influence on the hard carbon cost, and thus on the final price of the SIB cell. Organic wastes and fossil coke precursor materials have the potential of yielding hard carbon at very competitive costs. In addition, cost reductions in comparison with LIBs are achieved for the current collectors, since SIBs also allow the use of aluminum instead of copper on the anode side. For the electrolyte, the substitution of lithium with sodium leads to only a marginal cost decrease from 16.1 to 15.8 €/L, hardly noticeable in the final cell price. On the other hand, the achievable energy density is fundamental. While it seems difficult to achieve the same price per kWh as high energy density NMC LIBs, the SIB could be a promising substitute for LFP cells in stationary applications, if it also becomes competitive with LFP cells in terms of safety and cycle life.
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Volochko, A. T., G. V. Markov, and N. Yu Melnik. "Cast cathodes and targets of Al–Cr–Nb–Si system for deposition of hardening nitride coatings." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Physical-Technical Series 64, no. 4 (January 11, 2020): 406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2019-64-4-406-412.
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The article describes a method for determining eutectic compositions of 3- and 4-component systems for obtaining cathodes and targets by casting. The eutectic compositions of the alloys in the ternary systems Al–Nb–Si, Cr–Nb–Si and the 4-component system Al–Cr–Nb–Si are calculated. The cathode of the eutectic composition (68Al8Cr4Nb20Si) at.%. was obtained by casting in a vacuum-induction furnace. The microstructure of the cathode material is investigated. Phase and elemental analysis are performed. The melting point of the alloy is determined by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) and is 570 °C. The results of the research of hardening nitride coatings obtained by vacuum arc deposition in a nitrogen atmosphere are presented. The developed alloy of the Al–Cr–Nb–Si system of eutectic composition, namely (68Al8Cr4Nb20Si) at.% is used as a cathode. The dependence of the microhardness of the coatings on the pressure of nitrogen is determined. The microhardness of the coatings obtained at nitrogen pressure of 7 · 10–2 Pa reached 30 GPa. The phase composition of the coatings is investigated. All samples contain AlN, NbN, Si3N4 phases. The coefficient of friction of these coatings is 0.75–0.8. Cast cathode (68Al8Cr4Nb20Si) at.% can be an alternative to replace the currently used powder and composite cathodes.
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He, Yan-Rong, Feng Du, Yu-Xi Huang, Li-Ming Dai, Wen-Wei Li, and Han-Qing Yu. "Preparation of microvillus-like nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as the cathode of a microbial fuel cell." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 5 (2016): 1632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta06673e.
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The efficiency of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) generally suffers from its poor cathode performance. To improve this, a novel cathode material was prepared by growing vertically aligned nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes on carbon cloth, offering an efficient, metal-free, and low-cost alternative to Pt/C.
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Zhou, Luo Zeng, Qun Jie Xu, Xuexuan Yang, Ming Shuang Liu, and Xue Jin. "Study Progress of Li-Ni-Co-Mn-O System as Cathode Material for Li-Ion Battery." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1006–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1006.
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Li-ion batteries have been widely used to power portable electronic equipments, and have been considered as an alternative source of power for electric or hybrid vehicles. Cathode is a key part of Li-ion battery and determines the battery performance. In this paper, we briefly introduced an important and promising Li-Ni-Co-Mn-O cathode with high capacity and working voltage. The development status, modification methods, and existent issues of Li-Ni-Co-Mn-O cathode were also introduced. And in the end, we propose a possible solution to the issues blocking in application processes.
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Gonzales-Calienes, Giovanna, Miyuru Kannangara, and Farid Bensebaa. "Economic and Environmental Viability of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling—Case Study in Two Canadian Regions with Different Energy Mixes." Batteries 9, no. 7 (July 11, 2023): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070375.
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Lithium-ion battery (LIB) pack is the core component of electric vehicles (EVs). As the demand is continuously increasing, it puts a lot of strain on the battery raw material supply chains. Likewise, the large quantity of spent LIBs from different sources will add to the complexity of end-of-life (EoL) management. Battery recycling processing is a potential source of critical cathode precursor materials as an alternative to virgin raw material sourcing. Indeed, metal sulfates (nickel, cobalt, and manganese) and lithium carbonate could be recovered through EoL processing. This study aims to provide an economic and environmental life cycle sustainability assessment of recycled battery materials. This assessment is based on a bottom-up approach considering geographical boundaries and process data inputs. The two sources of critical cathode battery materials, virgin and recycled battery materials, are compared based on economic and environmental indicators. This study identified the province of Quebec in Canada as the geographical boundary where several battery processing plants have been recently announced. The best available recycling process (hydrometallurgy) was selected. For the virgin materials, this study considers the option of importing from other jurisdictions by using global average supply chain values. Furthermore, a comparison of alternative supply chain configurations was performed using a spatially differentiated approach. The main findings of this study are as follows: (i) the environmental credit of recycled cathode active materials (CAMs) is estimated as −6.46 kg CO2e/kg CAM, and (ii) the overall cost and environmental impacts of producing LIB cathode active material from recycled battery materials can be 48% and 54% lower than production from virgin materials, respectively, considering the upstream, midstream, and downstream stages of the CAM supply chain. The main drivers for the reduction in these financial costs and emissions are the local transportation and the hydrometallurgical process. The assessment results provide insights to support the development of appropriate policies and R&D solutions adapted to local considerations as well as offer additional possibilities to improve the design of sustainable supply chains for LIB recycling.
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Grundish, Nicholas S., Hailong Lyu, Ieuan D. Seymour, Graeme Henkelman, and Hadi Khani. "Disrupting Sodium Ordering and Phase Transitions in a Layered Oxide Cathode." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 040504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac60eb.
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Layered Nax MO2 cathodes are of immense interest as rechargeable sodium batteries further their development as a lithium-ion battery alternative. However, two primary intrinsic structural issues hinder their practicality—sodium ordering and transition-metal layer gliding during cycling. These phenomena plague the electrochemical profiles of these materials with several unwanted voltage plateaus. A Na+ and Fe3+ substitution for Ni2+ strategy is employed here to obtain a series of Na3+x Ni2–2x Fe x SbO6 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) materials to suppress the structural phenomena that are apparent in O’3-layered Na3Ni2SbO6 cathode material. This strategy is successful in obtaining a sloping voltage curve without distinct plateaus—an indication of suppression of the underlying structural phenomena that cause them—at doping concentrations of x ≥ 0.3. The first-cycle coulombic efficiency of the doped compounds is much greater than the starting compound, presumably owing to a kinetic barrier to reforming the full O’3-layered starting materials within the voltage range of 2.5–4.3 V vs Na+/Na. Sodium doping into the MO2 layer thus remains a promising strategy for enabling commercial Na x MO2 cathodes, but further development is required to lower the kinetic barrier for sodium reinsertion into these materials in a useful voltage range to maximize their reversible capacity.
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Yue, Xiangling, and John T. S. Irvine. "Alternative Cathode Material for CO2Reduction by High Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 159, no. 8 (2012): F442—F448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.040208jes.
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Frangini, Stefano, Angelo Moreno, and Fabio Zaza. "Solutions for Material Corrosion Problems in MCFC." Advances in Science and Technology 72 (October 2010): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.72.291.
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It is widely recognized that metallic corrosion of the cathode current collector is a key technological problem that must be fully resolved before Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells can be commercialized on a more competitive basis. This paper presents a short overview on the corrosion mitigation strategies that appear more appropriate for MCFC current collectors. As alternative to the current use of the 300-series austenitic stainless steels, specialty high-Mn stainless steels, corrosion-resistant Ni-based alloys and sol-gel coatings of thin conductive spinel or perovskite ceramic layers are seen as the most promising corrosion solutions for the cathode-side environment. The use of basic additives into electrolyte for inhibiting molten carbonate corrosion is a further mitigation option yet with less practical perspectives due to the high constraints on the electrolyte properties. Recent and current studies conducted at ENEA on MCFC corrosion solutions are also mentioned.
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Nanthagopal, Murugan, Chang Won Ho, Nitheesha Shaji, Gyu Sang Sim, Murugesan Varun Karthik, Hong Ki Kim, and Chang Woo Lee. "Enhanced NaFe0.5Mn0.5O2/C Nanocomposite as a Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries." Nanomaterials 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12060984.
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Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as an alternative candidate in the field of energy storage applications. To achieve the commercial success of SIBs, the designing of active materials is highly important. O3-type layered-NaFe0.5Mn0.5O2 (NFM) materials provide higher specific capacity along with Earth-abundance and low cost. Nevertheless, the material possesses some disadvantages, such as a low rate capability and severe capacity fading during cycling. To overcome such drawbacks, composite O3-type layered NFM with carbon has been prepared for the cathode electrode of SIBs through a facile solution combustion method followed by calcination process. The introduction of carbon sources into NFM material provides excellent electrochemical performances; moreover, the practical limitations of NFM material such as low electrical conductivity, structural degradation, and cycle life are effectively controlled by introducing carbon sources into the host material. The NFM/C-2 material delivers the specific charge capacities of 171, 178, and 166 mA h g−1; and specific discharge capacities of 188, 169, and 162 mA h g−1, in the first 3 cycles, respectively.
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Chae, Munseok S., Dedy Setiawan, Hyojeong J. Kim, and Seung-Tae Hong. "Layered Iron Vanadate as a High-Capacity Cathode Material for Nonaqueous Calcium-Ion Batteries." Batteries 7, no. 3 (August 9, 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries7030054.
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Calcium-ion batteries represent a promising alternative to the current lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, calcium-ion intercalating materials in nonaqueous electrolytes are scarce, probably due to the difficulties in finding suitable host materials. Considering that research into calcium-ion batteries is in its infancy, discovering and characterizing new host materials would be critical to further development. Here, we demonstrate FeV3O9∙1.2H2O as a high-performance calcium-ion battery cathode material that delivers a reversible discharge capacity of 303 mAh g−1 with a good cycling stability and an average discharge voltage of ~2.6 V (vs. Ca/Ca2+). The material was synthesized via a facile co-precipitation method. Its reversible capacity is the highest among calcium-ion battery materials, and it is the first example of a material with a capacity much larger than that of conventional lithium-ion battery cathode materials. Bulk intercalation of calcium into the host lattice contributed predominantly to the total capacity at a lower rate, but became comparable to that due to surface adsorption at a higher rate. This stimulating discovery will lead to the development of new strategies for obtaining high energy density calcium-ion batteries.
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Chen, Shuzhen, Min Mao, Xi Liu, Shiyu Hong, Zhouguang Lu, Shangbin Sang, Kaiyu Liu, and Hongtao Liu. "A high-rate cathode material hybridized by in-site grown Ni–Fe layered double hydroxides and carbon black nanoparticles." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 13 (2016): 4877–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta00842a.
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Páez Jerez, Ana L., M. Fernanda Mori, Victoria Flexer, and Alvaro Y. Tesio. "Water Kefir Grains—Microbial Biomass Source for Carbonaceous Materials Used as Sulfur-Host Cathode in Li-S Batteries." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 8856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248856.
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Nowadays, the use of biomass to produce cathode materials for lithium–sulfur (Li-S) batteries is an excellent alternative due to its numerous advantages. Generally, biomass-derived materials are abundant, and their production processes are environmentally friendly, inexpensive, safe, and easily scalable. Herein, a novel biomass-derived material was used as the cathode material in Li-S batteries. The synthesis of the new carbonaceous materials by simple carbonization and washing of water kefir grains, i.e., a mixed culture of micro-organisms, is reported. The carbonaceous materials were characterized morphologically, texturally and chemically by using scanning electron microscopy, N2 adsorption–desorption, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and both Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. After sulfur infiltration using the melt diffusion method, a high sulfur content of ~70% was achieved. Results demonstrated that the cell fitted with a cathode prepared following a washing step with distilled water after carbonization of the water kefir grains only, i.e., not subjected to any chemical activation, achieved good electrochemical performance at 0.1 C. The cell reached capacity values of 1019 and 500 mAh g−1 sulfur for the first cycle and after 200 cycles, respectively, at a high mass loading of 2.5 mgS cm−2. Finally, a mass loading study was carried out.
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Nagarajan, Sudhan, Sooyeon Hwang, Mahalingam Balasubramanian, Naresh Kumar Thangavel, and Leela Mohana Reddy Arava. "Investigating Mixed Cationic and Anionic Redox Chemistry in Chalcogen Based Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023304mtgabs.
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Current state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries are reaching their theoretical limit with respect to the capacity, a property largely limited by cathode materials that have so far relied solely on cationic-redox of transition-metal ions (e.g., M3+/4+ in LiMO2 where M is Co, Ni, and Mn) for driving the electrochemical reactions. Recently, the introduction of new anion-redox cathode materials can lead to a doubling of capacity by accommodating multielectron redox chemistries that have gained research interest. (1) However, current anion-redox cathode materials based on Li-rich layered oxides (represented by the formula Li1+xM1-xO2 where M is Co, Ni, and Mn) suffer from voltage fade, large hysteresis, and sluggish kinetics, which originate mysteriously from the anionic redox activity of oxygen ligand itself. (2) It is widely accepted that the covalency between transition metal – oxygen ligand in traditional cathode materials needs to be altered to take advantage of anion redox chemistry. Here, we present an alternative approach of incorporating improved metal – ligand covalency by less electronegative chalcogen sulfur ligands in the cathode structural framework where the metal d-band penetration into ligand p-band thereby utilizing mixed anionic and cationic redox chemistry. (3) Through this design strategy, we investigated anion redox activity in layered cathode material based on Li2SnS3, and their lithiation/delithiation properties were evaluated through in-depth electrochemical analysis. Further, the charge contributors during electrochemical reactions were identified by spectroscopy analysis, and morphological evolution due to mixed anionic and cationic redox reactions were evaluated using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM) and high annular dark field-scanning transmission electron microscopy(HAADF) investigations.The results reveal the multi redox induced structural modifications and its surface amorphization with nanopore formation during cycling. Findings from this research will inspire Ni and Co free chalcogen cathode design and various functional materials in the pursuit of next generation cathode materials. References J. R. Croy, M. Balasubramanian, K. G. Gallagher, A. K. Burrell, Review of the US Department of Energy’s “Deep Dive” effort to understand voltage fade in Li-and Mn-rich cathodes. Accounts of chemical research 48, 2813-2821 (2015). G. Assat, J. M. Tarascon, Fundamental understanding and practical challenges of anionic redox activity in Li-ion batteries. Nature Energy 3, 373-386 (2018). S. Nagarajan, S. Hwang, M. Balasubramanian, N. K. Thangavel, L. M. R. Arava, Mixed Cationic and Anionic Redox in Ni and Co Free Chalcogen-Based Cathode Chemistry for Li-Ion Batteries. Journal of the American Chemical Society 143, 15732-15744 (2021).
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Duncan, Kelsey, Farhang Nesvaderani, O'Rian Reid, Lida Hadidi, and Byron D. Gates. "Innovations in Post-Mortem Battery Material Characterization for Diagnosing Failure Mechanisms." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-011118mtgabs.
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An increasing demand for clean and renewable energy provides motivation for additional innovations to be sought in energy storage. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have seen many advancements in terms of their cathode chemistries, including electrode coatings that are used to increase durability and capacity of cathode materials. These coatings are effective, but create additional interfaces in the battery system, that adds to complexity in characterization. To address many key issues of LIB failures, further insights are necessary that provide details on currently unknown and partially known intermediate states, side reactions, and/or mechanisms of degradation at electrode interfaces. In this work, a method is developed to enable a detailed surface analysis and additional characterization of coated cathode particles harvested from post-mortem LIBs. Procedures are outlined for the safe handling and preparation of post-mortem materials for high-quality single particle electron microscopy analyses, paired with ultramicrotome techniques for high-throughput cross-sectional imaging with elemental and structural analyses of the coatings themselves. Commonly seen in post-mortem results, the materials are kept intact as whole electrodes or large collections of particles while still held within binders and other cathode slurry components from cell fabrication. These samples are often briefly rinsed with electrolyte solvents [e.g., most commonly dimethyl carbonate (DMC)] to rinse away residual lithium salts.1 While important insights have been gained from such studies, details of surface defects are difficult to discern amidst the debris of additives and binders. To address this, we developed a non-destructive procedure for the separation of cathodes particles from their supports, followed by washing to remove binders, additives, and residual electrolyte with relatively safe and accessible solvents. This method enables high-quality single particle imaging by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) techniques. Nano-scale features on the particle surfaces can be observed with high-resolution on the post-mortem cathode particles. With this procedure, insights can be gained about the retention of coatings after battery cycling, in addition to observing visible surface defects that result from charge cycling. Typical cross-sectional analyses of interfacial systems involve expensive, time-consuming methods like focused ion beam (FIB) milling that require extensive training, and are low-throughput when FIB lift-out samples are prepared for TEM. An alternative high-throughput technique for the cross-sectional analysis of coated cathode particles by ultramicrotome was previously developed in our group.2 This technique involves embedding coated cathode particles in epoxy, from which ultra-thin slices (<100 nm) that can contain many [approx. 50-200] particles at a time are cut with a diamond knife. The resultant sheets of epoxy are deposited onto TEM grids so the cross-sections can be imaged by TEM. These sections also enable the particle coatings to be characterized separately from the bulk cathode by electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). This technique was demonstrated on as-synthesized (pre-electrochemistry) samples but was adapted here for the prepared post-mortem samples to assess degradation of the particles and their coatings. Combining the newly developed techniques for obtaining high-quality images of single whole-particles and particle cross-sections this work provides a safe, relatively inexpensive, and high-throughput methodology for the post-mortem characterization of LIB materials. This data can be correlated to as-synthesized materials and electrochemical cycling data to create a detailed profile of cathode aging and degradation as it relates to LIB failures. We are expanding this method to a variety of standard and coated cathode systems to provide detailed information needed for the next steps towards developing new innovations in electrode designs aimed at achieving more durable LIBs. References: 1) Xiong, R.; Pan, Y.; Shen, W.; Li, H.; Sun, F. Lithium-ion battery aging mechanisms and diagnosis method for automotive applications: Recent advances and perspectives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2020, 131, 110048 2) Taylor, A. K.; Nesvaderani, F.; Ovens, J. S.; Campbell, S.; Gates, B. D. Enabling a High-Throughput Characterization of Microscale Interfaces within Coated Cathode Particles. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2021, 4, 9731−9741
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Świętosławski, Michał, Marcin Molenda, Piotr Natkański, Piotr Kuśtrowski, Roman Dziembaj, and Marta Gajewska. "Sol–gel synthesis, structural and electrical properties of Li2CoSiO4 cathode material." Functional Materials Letters 07, no. 06 (December 2014): 1440001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604714400013.
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Polyanionic cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries start to be considered as potential alternative for layered oxide materials. Among them, Li 2 CoSiO 4, characterized by outstanding capacity and working voltage, seems to be an interesting substitute for LiFePO 4 and related systems. In this work, structural and electrical investigations of Li 2 CoSiO 4 obtained by sol–gel synthesis were presented. Thermal decomposition of gel precursor was studied using EGA (FTIR)-TGA method. Chemical composition of the obtained material was confirmed using X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The morphology of β- Li 2 CoSiO 4 was studied using transmission electron microscopy. High temperature electrical conductivity of Li 2 CoSiO 4 was measured for the first time. Activation energies of the electrical conductivity of two Li 2 CoSiO 4 polymorphs (β and γ) were determined. The room temperature electrical conductivity of those materials was estimated as well.
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Drozhzhin, Oleg A., Anastasia M. Alekseeva, Vitalii A. Shevchenko, Dmitry Chernyshov, Artem M. Abakumov, and Evgeny V. Antipov. "Phase Transitions in the “Spinel-Layered” Li1+xNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (x = 0, 0.5, 1) Cathodes upon (De)lithiation Studied with Operando Synchrotron X-ray Powder Diffraction." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061368.
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“Spinel-layered” Li1+xNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (x = 0, 0.5, 1) materials are considered as a cobalt-free alternative to currently used positive electrode (cathode) materials for Li-ion batteries. In this work, their electrochemical properties and corresponding phase transitions were studied by means of synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (SXPD) in operando regime. Within the potential limit of 2.2–4.9 V vs. Li/Li+ LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with cubic spinel type structure demonstrates the capacity of 230 mAh·g−1 associated with three first-order phase transitions with significant total volume change of 8.1%. The Li2Ni0.5Mn1.5O4 material exhibits similar capacity value and subsequence of the phase transitions of the spinel phase, although the fraction of the spinel-type phase in this material does not exceed 30 wt.%. The main component of Li2Ni0.5Mn1.5O4 is Li-rich layered oxide Li(Li0.28Mn0.64Ni0.08)O2, which provides nearly half of the capacity with very small unit cell volume change of 0.7%. Lower mechanical stress associated with Li (de)intercalation provides better cycling stability of the spinel-layered complex materials and makes them more perspective for practical applications compared to the single-phase LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 high-voltage cathode material.
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Ko, Wonseok, Bonyoung Koo, Hyunyoung Park, Jungmin Kang, and Jongsoon Kim. "Recent Progress of Cathode Materials for Na-ion batteries." Ceramist 25, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31613/ceramist.2022.25.1.04.
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Recently, many researchers focus on Na-ion batteries as an alternative to Li-ion batteries, owing to their low cost and high natural abundance. However, they suffer from low electrochemical performance and large volume expansion, which makes difficult to industrial application. Therefore, various strategies have been proposed to address the current issues, such as particle-size control, surface-coating, and application of electrode material with various crystal structures. Herein, we briefly introduce and discuss the recent research with development trend of cathode material for Na-ion batteries.
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Aguadero, A., M. J. Escudero, M. Pérez, J. A. Alonso, and L. Daza. "Hyperstoichiometric La1.9Sr0.1NiO4+δ Mixed Conductor as Novel Cathode for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, no. 3 (June 8, 2006): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2743075.
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The materials La2−xSrxNiO4+δ(x=0,0.1) with K2NiF4 structure have been studied in order to explore their potential use as cathodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells. The introduction of Sr in the La2NiO4+δ lattice produces an enhancement of the electric conductivity but is accompanied by a decrease of ionic transport species. Neutron powder diffraction data show a transition from orthorhombic to tetragonal symmetry with the incorporation of Sr in the LaO sublattice. Excess oxygen determined by iodometric titration shows that strontium insertion generates a decrease of the interstitial oxygen. In order to avoid the concomitant decrease of the ionic conductivity, the system underwent heat treatments under high oxygen pressure (200bar, 650°C). As a result, the O2− treated La1.9Sr0.1NiO4+δ exhibited an increase of the amount of interstitial oxygens (δ=0.17) but with improved electronic properties. The polarization resistances measured for these materials vary between 8Ωcm2 and 0.1Ωcm2 in air at the temperature range of 700–975°C. This remarkable behavior enables us to propose this material as an alternative cathode for IT-SOFC.
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Azahidi, Azira, Norlida Kamarulzaman, Kelimah Elong, Nurhanna Badar, and Nurul Atikah Mohd Mokhtar. "Electrochemical Behavior of LiCo(1-x)MnxO2 Crystalline Powders." Advanced Materials Research 895 (February 2014): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.895.334.
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LiCoO2 is a well-known cathode material used in commercial Li-ion batteries but it has its own limitations in terms of cost and toxicity. Improvement of the material by partial substitution of Co with other transition metals is one of the alternative and effective ways to overcome the limitations and improve the electrochemical performance of cathode materials. The transition metal element used for the substitution has to be cheaper and non-toxic thus Mn is chosen here. LiCo(1-x)MnxO2 (x= 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) we synthesized by a novel route using a self-propagating combustion (SPC) method. The samples are analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) for phase purity and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) for morphology and particle size studies. The materials obtained are phase pure. In terms of electrochemical activity, though it does not show better first cycle discharge capacity, the Mn doped materials have improved capacity retention. Results showed that LiCo0.9Mn0.1O2 and LiCo0.8Mn0.2O2 exhibited less than 8 % capacity loss in the 20th cycle compared to 12 % for LiCoO2.
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Amri, A. H., A. Azhar, A. B. Cahaya, E. Suprayoga, and M. A. Majidi. "First-principles study of Na insertion in V2O5 for sodium-ion-based battery cathode." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2498, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2498/1/012037.
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Abstract Sodium-ion batteries are a promising alternative in energy storage due to the abundant availability of Na ions. The overall battery performance may be affected by all the battery components, including the choice of the cathode material. This study focuses on vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) as the cathode material. V2O5 has the potential as the cathode for sodium-ion batteries. In this study, we compute the potential within the density functional theory using self-consistent field and structural optimization methods. In the intercalation process of Na ions, the addition of Na ions follows the chemical formula of Na x V2O5 with the value of x (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) representing the number of Na ions at the V2O5 cathode. We investigate the structure’s stability by calculating the formation energy and inspecting the crystal lattice’s deformation at the cathode under the variation of the number of Na+ ions. From our study, the structure NaV2O5 has a theoretical optimal capacity of 147 mAh/g and an open-circuit voltage of 3.5 V. These specifications are promising as a cathode in sodium-ion batteries even though the capacity is not as good as in lithium-ion batteries. It corresponds with the atomic size and mass of Na+ that causes deformation of the structure.
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Fu, Wenbin, Zifei Sun, Alexandre Magasinski, and Gleb Yushin. "Iron Fluoride Confined in Carbon Nanofibers for Lithium and Sodium Battery Cathodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024527mtgabs.
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Today, lithium (sodium) battery cathodes based on the intercalation/deintercalation of lithium (sodium) ions are approaching their instinctive limits, which remains a big challenge for the development of next-generation batteries. Iron fluorides (FeF2, FeF3), a potential alternative to current intercalation cathodes, are believed to offer much higher capacity and higher energy due to their reversible conversion reactions during charging/discharging. However, their structural degradation and capacity fading upon cycling could block the road to future applications. To address these issues, we developed a stable iron fluoride cathode based on nanoconfined FeF3 in carbon nanofibers for lithium and sodium batteries. The produced FeF3 /C nanocomposite is free-standing and can be produced using an electrospinning-based strategy with post carbonization and fluorination process. When tested in lithium cells, the nanocomposite can exhibit a high specific capacity up to 550 mAh g– 1 and a cycle stability over 400 cycles [1]. When tested in sodium cells, the nanocomposite can deliver a high specific capacity of 230 mAh g– 1 in sodium-difluoro(oxalato)borate (NaDFOB) electrolyte [2]. The performance especially cycle stability was further improved by atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 coating on nanofiber surface [3]. We find the coating can reduce the direct contact between active material and liquid electrolyte, minimize active material dissolution and significantly improve the overall performance. [1] W. Fu, E. Zhao, Z. Sun, X. Ren, A. Magasinski, G. Yushin, Iron Fluoride–Carbon Nanocomposite Nanofibers as Free-Standing Cathodes for High-Energy Lithium Batteries, Advanced Functional Materials 28 (2018) 1801711. [2] Z. Sun, W. Fu, M.Z. Liu, P. Lu, E. Zhao, A. Magasinski, M. Liu, S. Luo, J. McDaniel, G. Yushin, A nanoconfined iron(iii) fluoride cathode in a NaDFOB electrolyte: towards high-performance sodium-ion batteries, Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8 (2020) 4091-4098. [3] Z. Sun, M. Boebinger, M. Liu, P. Lu, W. Fu, B. Wang, A. Magasinski, Y. Zhang, Y. Huang, A.Y. Song, M.T. McDowell, G. Yushin, The roles of atomic layer deposition (ALD) coatings on the stability of FeF3 Na-ion cathodes, Journal of Power Sources 507 (2021) 230281.
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Wielgus, Natalia, Marcin Górski, and Jan Kubica. "Discarded Cathode Ray Tube Glass as an Alternative for Aggregate in a Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020479.
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Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) glass belongs to the group of wastes which are hard to be recycled due to their toxic metals content. Geopolymers are relatively new environmentally friendly materials which allow for the use of different types of wastes within their matrix. The following paper combines both issues and presents a new geopolymer mixture containing discarded CRT glass as a replacement for an aggregate. The main goal of the paper is to describe the basic mechanical behavior of the new type of metakaolin-based geopolymer and to discuss different factors influencing it. After the preliminary research, the mixture containing 50% of CRT glass was chosen for further tests. However, according to results, CRT glass content has no evident influence on flexural or compressive strength. Summarizing the second part of the research, it was decided that the following parameters are optimal from the mechanical, economic and environmental points of view: metakaolin to CRT glass ratio 1:1 (by mass), CRT glass of size up to 4 mm, curing at the room temperature, sodium hydroxide concentration 10 mol/L. According to the authors, the presented geopolymer is a promising building material. Further tests shall be done to describe new material more precisely.
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Gao, Yuning, Hongxu Sun, Xiangyang Zhou, Haochen Zhou, Jing Ding, Zhanglin Xu, Jingjing Tang, Ming Jia, Juan Yang, and Hui Wang. "In situ preparation of FeFx•yH2O/C composite as cathode material for Li batteries." Functional Materials Letters 13, no. 02 (December 17, 2019): 2050006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179360472050006x.
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FeF[Formula: see text]H2O/C composite is prepared by using ferric citrate (FeC6H5O[Formula: see text] as precursor via carbonization and fluoridation. When evaluated as cathode materials for lithium batteries, the as-prepared FeF[Formula: see text]H2O/C composite can retain a capacity of 116[Formula: see text]mAh[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] at 40[Formula: see text]mA[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] after 300 cycles in the voltage range of 2.0–4.5 V. The cycling performance should be attributed to Fe2F[Formula: see text]H2O as a main component and carbon decoration. The electrical conductivity of Fe2F[Formula: see text]H2O is higher than other iron fluorides, and it also possesses an open framework in its crystal structure for facilitating the transport of Li[Formula: see text]. The simple preparation, unique crystal structure and superior electrochemical performance of FeF[Formula: see text]H2O/C composite show its great potential of being an alternative cathode material for lithium batteries.
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Górski, Marcin, Paweł Czulkin, Natalia Wielgus, Sławomir Boncel, Anna W. Kuziel, Anna Kolanowska, and Rafał G. Jędrysiak. "Electrical Properties of the Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Geopolymer Studied by Impedance Spectroscopy." Materials 15, no. 10 (May 15, 2022): 3543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15103543.
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Geopolymers, recognized as an ecological alternative to cement concrete, are gaining more and more interest from researchers and the construction industry. Due to the registrable electrical conductivity, this material also attracts the interest of other fields of science and industry as a potential functional material. The article discusses the used geopolymer material, created on the basis of metakaolin and waste Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) glass, reinforced with ultra-long in-house carbon nanotubes (CNT), in the context of its use as a smart material for Structural Health Monitoring. Long in-house made carbon nanotubes were added to enhance the electrical conductivity of the geopolymer. The impedance spectroscopy method was applied to investigate the conductive properties of this material. The paper shows the microscopic and mechanical characteristics of the materials and presents the results of promising impedance spectroscopy tests.
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Senthil Kumar, S. M., K. Selvakumar, R. Thangamuthu, A. Karthigai Selvi, S. Ravichandran, G. Sozhan, K. Rajasekar, Nuria Navascues, and Silvia Irusta. "Hydrothermal assisted morphology designed MoS 2 material as alternative cathode catalyst for PEM electrolyser application." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 31 (August 2016): 13331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.285.
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Boyle, Timothy J., David Ingersoll, Mark A. Rodriguez, Cory J. Tafoya, and Daniel H. Doughty. "An Alternative Lithium Cathode Material: Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Analysis of Li8 ( Ni5Co2Mn ) O 16." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 146, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 1683–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1391826.
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Sayahpour, Baharak, Shuang Bai, Diyi Cheng, Minghao Zhang, Weikang Li, and Ying Shirley Meng. "Elucidation of Discharge Mechanism in CFx As a High Energy Density Cathode Material for Lithium Primary Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012335mtgabs.
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Fluorinated graphite (CF x ) is a class of cathode materials with the high theoretical capacity (865 mAh g-1 in case of x=1) for primary (non-rechargeable) batteries. When using Li metal as the anode material, the system possesses a very low self-discharge rate (< 0.5% per year at 25 °C) compared to other current alternative chemistries. This system, with the proposed general governing reaction of CF x +Li→LiF+C, is one of the best candidates for a wide range of applications, such as implantable medical devices and equipment for extreme environment. Although the lithium fluorinated graphite system has been under investigation for a few decades, there is still a lack of fundamental understanding of the reaction mechanism in this system. Here, a multiscale investigation on the CFx discharge mechanism was performed using a novel cathode structure to minimize the carbon and fluorine additives for precise cathode characterizations. Titration gas chromatography (TGC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cross-sectional focused ion beam (FIB), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy with electron energy loss spectroscopy (STEM-EELS) were utilized to investigate this system. The results demonstrated that: (i) There is no lithium deposition or intercalation through the entire discharge. (ii) The CFx structure transforms to a hard-carbon like structure with less sp2 content by increasing depth of discharge. (iii) The crystalline LiF particles uniformly covered the layers of CFx structure with a size range of < 10 nm. A three-step discharge reaction mechanism is proposed in agreement with our electrochemical performances. This work deepens the understanding of CFx as a high energy density cathode material and highlights the need for future investigations on primary battery materials to advance performance. Figure 1
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Ramirez-Meyers, Katrina, and Jay Whitacre. "Direct-Recycling of LiFePO4 Cathodes from a Hybrid-Electric Bus Battery Via Chemical Relithiation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 6 (October 9, 2022): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-026632mtgabs.
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Direct recycling of LiFePO4 (LFP) has environmental benefits as a battery waste management strategy, but its efficacy and scalability have yet to be fully understood. As the use of LFP is projected to grow significantly by 2030, it is essential to understand the factors affecting the performance of recycling processes and the quality of their products. This work examines the effectiveness of chemical relithiation on LFP cells of various states-of-health. The work expands on statistical analyses and materials characterization of the cells that were previously presented.1,2 In the previous work, we conducted diagnostic experiments on cells ranging from healthy as-purchased cells to used cells with less than 20% of their initial capacity. The used cells are sampled from a retired hybrid-electric city bus battery pack comprising A123 1536 cells manufactured between 2009 and 2017. Characterization techniques included constant-current cycling, EIS, XRD, and SEM. In this talk, we will discuss methods for direct-recycling LFP cathodes, such as the refunctionalization protocols designed by Ganter et al.3 We will summarize the dependency between various states-of-health and the yield and performance of directly recycled LFP cathode material. Correlations between the efficacy of direct recycling and battery diagnostic information (e.g., percent of initial capacity, direct-current internal resistance, alternating-current impedance, SEM, and XRD) are of particular interest. We will also discuss the implications of scaling up the chemical relithiation process and combining cathode material from cells of various states-of-health. Ramirez-Meyers, K., Rawn, B. & Whitacre, J. (Invited) Statistical Distribution and Feasibility for Re-Use of A123 LiFePO4 Cells from a Hybrid-Bus Battery Pack. PRiME 2020 ECS ECSJ KECS Jt. Meet. MA2020-02, (2020). Ramirez-Meyers, K. & Whitacre, J. Characterization of Used A123 LiFePO4 Cells from a Hybrid-Bus Battery Pack. ECS Meet. Abstr. Vancouver, BC. (2022). Ganter, M. J., Landi, B. J., Babbitt, C. W., Anctil, A. & Gaustad, G. Cathode refunctionalization as a lithium-ion battery recycling alternative. J. Power Sources 256, 274–280 (2014).
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Heath, Jennifer, Hungru Chen, and M. Saiful Islam. "MgFeSiO4 as a potential cathode material for magnesium batteries: ion diffusion rates and voltage trends." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 25 (2017): 13161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta03201c.
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Developing rechargeable magnesium batteries has become an area of growing interest as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries largely due to their potential to offer increased energy density from the divalent charge of the Mg ion.
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Müllner, Sebastian, and Christina Roth. "Reactive Spray Drying Approach Towards rGO As Matrix Material for the Cathode of Li-S Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012296mtgabs.
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Lithium-sulfur batteries represent a promising alternative to the classical Li-ion technology, particularly due to the high specific energy density combined with the good environmental sustainability of sulfur. Compared to state-of-the-art cathode materials for Li-ion batteries (LiB), which usually contain cobalt and/or manganese, sulfur is less toxic and much more abundant [1]. Additionally, the theoretical capacity of 1.675 mAh g-1 is more than eight times higher than typical cathode materials as Lithium-Nickel-Mangan-Cobalt-Oxide (NMC), Lithium-Cobalt-Oxide (LCO) or Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP) [1,2]. One of the main challenges of sulfur is the so-called “shuttle effect” [1,3]. During lithiation soluble intermediates (polysulfides) migrate to the anode side, further react and precipitate, resulting in a continuous loss of active material and capacity. Next to that, the poor electrical conductivity (5∙10-30 S cm-1) does not allow the utilization of pure sulfur as cathode material [1]. To improve the low conductivity, carbon-containing composites have been proposed as cathode material for Li-S batteries for several decades. One possible carbon matrix material is reduced graphene oxide (rGO) [4]. The reduced form of partially oxidized graphite (graphite oxide; GO) is a graphene-like material with high potential for a scale-up to mass production. In our group, we have developed a new synthesis method to rapidly reduce GO using a reactive spray drying technique, where most functional groups can be removed from GO within seconds. The rapid thermal processing leads to a reduced and exfoliated rGO, which still contains small amounts of epoxy groups within the carbon lattice. These remaining oxygen atoms influence the conjugated π-bonds of the graphene-like matrix and thus change the polarity of the surface. A thermal post-treatment for 2 h in Ar/H2 can further reduce the remaining functional groups leading to a highly non-polar surface. It is assumed that oxygen-containing groups (e.g. epoxy and hydroxy) result in a varying adsorption behavior of the polysulfides, affecting the unwanted “shuttle effect” and thus influencing the electrochemical performance [5]. Here, we show the impact of remaining functional groups in rGO on the electrochemical performance of S-rGO composites as cathode material vs. Li/Li+. We compare untreated GO to reactive spray dried and additionally (thermally) post-treated rGO. Furthermore, we analyze the composites in terms of asymmetric and symmetric bonding vibrations as well as crystallinity using FT-IR, RAMAN and XRD. [1] Baikalov, N. et al., Frontiers Energy Research 2020, 8, 207 [2] Su, Y.-S. et al., Nature Communications 2013, 4, 2985 [3] Ren, W. et al., Energy Storage Materials 2019, 23, 707-732 [4] Shastri, M. et al., Ceramics International 2021, 47, 10, B, 14790-14797 [5] Ji, L. et al., Journal of the American Chemical Society 2011, 133, 18522-18525
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Deo, Meenal, Alexander Möllmann, Jinane Haddad, Feray Ünlü, Ashish Kulkarni, Maning Liu, Yasuhiro Tachibana, et al. "Tantalum Oxide as an Efficient Alternative Electron Transporting Layer for Perovskite Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 12, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12050780.
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Electron transporting layers facilitating electron extraction and suppressing hole recombination at the cathode are crucial components in any thin-film solar cell geometry, including that of metal–halide perovskite solar cells. Amorphous tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) deposited by spin coating was explored as an electron transport material for perovskite solar cells, achieving power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to ~14%. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) measurements revealed that the extraction of photogenerated electrons is facilitated due to proper alignment of bandgap energies. Steady-state photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) verified efficient charge transport from perovskite absorber film to thin Ta2O5 layer. Our findings suggest that tantalum oxide as an n-type semiconductor with a calculated carrier density of ~7 × 1018/cm3 in amorphous Ta2O5 films, is a potentially competitive candidate for an electron transport material in perovskite solar cells.
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binti Mohd Kamis, Auji Afiqah, Juliana Zaini, Saifullah Abu Bakar, Lim Chee Ming, and Abul Kalam Azad. "YSr2Fe3-xCoxO8 as a Potential Cathode Materials for SOFCs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 789-790 (September 2015): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.789-790.53.
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The composition YSr2Fe3-xCoxO8(for x = 0.5, 3.0) has been investigated as an alternative cathode material for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern shows that the composition YSr2Fe2.5Co0.5O8crystallizes with cubic symmetry in the space groupPm-3mand YSr2Co3O8crystallizes with tetragonal symmetry in the space groupP4/mmm. Rietveld refinement of XRD data shows the cell parameter of the cubic YSr2Fe2.5Co0.5O8is a = b = c = 4.1964(2) (Å) and tetragonal YSr2Co3O8is a = b = 9.8998(9) (Å) and c = 8.9617(6) (Å). Scanning electron microscropy (SEM) images show porous structure for both the samples, which is favourable as a cathode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.
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Setyarini, Putu Hadi, Femiana Gapsari, and Purnomo. "Growth of anodic Aluminum Oxide using titanium as cathode – a review." MATEC Web of Conferences 204 (2018): 05019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820405019.
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Aluminum is a material with a variety of uses in various fields because this material is easy to obtain, can be made in various ways and has good corrosion resistance. Now this material begins to be studied and applied to the realm of biomaterials, with the use of the membrane of the aluminum oxide layer on the body of living things began to be applied. In this paper further elaborated on the use of titanium alloys as cathodes in the aluminum anodizing process. Deep discussion is emphasized on the growth process of the oxide layer that occurs during the anodizing process, where the oxide layer consists of a barrier layer and a pore layer. During the process, not only does the oxide layer grow with time but also the appearance of voids in the pore lining wall. In the final result, it was found that titanium was able to penetrate the oxide layer formed during the anodizing process. As for future applications, it is expected that the anodizing material is expected to be an alternative material in the field of biomaterial replacement
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Boyle, Timothy J., David Ingersoll, Mark A. Rodriquez, Cory J. Tafoya, and Daniel H. Doughty. "ChemInform Abstract: An Alternative Lithium Cathode Material: Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Analysis of Li8(Ni5Co2Mn)O16." ChemInform 30, no. 30 (June 14, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199930023.
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Jasminská, Natália, Tomáš Brestovič, and Michal Puškár. "Analytical and Numerical Proposal for Designing Plastic Vessels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 611 (August 2014): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.611.227.
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The article in question concerns the proposal of a pressure vessel for a water heater made of plastic materials. At present, new materials and technologies are coming to the fore where the product price, above all, plays an important role, taking into account the relevant physical and strength properties. The pressure vessels of larger volume (more than 10 litres) water heaters are only manufactured using steel materials under European Union conditions. The proposal considers the use of an alternative material, namely plastic. By optimising the proposal – by the use of plastic materials – it would be possible to achieve a financial economy, since plastic is a good thermal insulating material and does not require enamelling or the use of a cathode protection. There are plastics available on the market which meet the requirements of heat resistance and have a relatively high tensile strength. One of these proposed materials is Noryl GFN1630V which contains 30 % of glass fibre and was chosen as the optimal material. By making strength calculations in the ANSYS programme, water heater pressure vessels were proposed.
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Staerz, Anna, Han Gil Seo, Dino Klotz, Dennis S. Kim, James M. LeBeau, and Harry L. Tuller. "The Influence of Cr-Additives on the Polarization Resistance of Praseodymium-Doped Ceria Cathodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 044530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac67b2.
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While Cr poisoning of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at SOFC cathodes is widely agreed to involve deactivation of oxygen exchange sites, the degradation mechanism remains ambiguous. Here, we selected an alternative cathode material Pr0.1Ce0.9O2− δ , free of Sr segregation, to systematically investigate the effect of Cr-induced degradation in ORR. We expand on our previous studies in which the acidity/basicity of binary additives was found to be a strong indicator of the rate of oxygen surface exchange, by electrochemically investigating the ORR activity of the PCO cathode by impedance spectroscopy. Serial infiltration with acidic Cr-based oxides was found to degrade ORR activity as reflected in a 20-fold increase in area specific resistance (ASR) without corresponding changes in activation energy, with the opposite trend obtained with Ca-based oxides. Detected changes in total capacitance, attributed to changes in surface capacitance, also suggest depressed/enhanced PCO surface redox behavior with Cr/Ca-based infiltrants. Taken together, these results point to a more universal source of ORR poisoning/activation, based on acidity/basicity, rather than physical blocking of active sites. With this improved understanding, one can expect progress to be made in the coming years in optimizing means for protecting catalytic surfaces from degradation and/or improving their performance.