Academic literature on the topic 'ALTERNATIVE CATHODE MATERIAL'
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Journal articles on the topic "ALTERNATIVE CATHODE MATERIAL"
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Matts, Ian L., Andrei Klementov, Scott Sisco, Kuldeep Kumar, and Se Ryeon Lee. "Improving High-Nickel Cathode Active Material Performance in Lithium-Ion Batteries with Functionalized Binder Chemistry." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012362mtgabs.
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As the lithium-ion battery (LIB) market expands, driven mostly by the mass adoption of electric vehicles, LIB development is continually being pushed in the direction of higher energy density and lower cost. Both of these trends are leading to widespread development of LIB formulations using high-nickel cathode active materials, such as NMC811. In these materials, the high nickel content increases the amount of electrochemically accessible lithium in the cathode, increasing the cell energy density, while decreasing the amount of cobalt used, which decreases the cost of the cathode material. However, these materials also have drawbacks. First, NMC811 suffers from lower cycle life than higher-Co NMC materials such as NMC111 or NMC622. Second, NMC811 has poorer safety characteristics than lower energy density materials. Finally, NMC811 cathodes are known to experience gassing issues during cycling, which creates challenges in commercialization, especially for pouch cell battery designs. Many approaches have been explored in the industry to address these shortcomings, including active material modification, electrolyte design, etc. In this presentation, binder functionalization will be presented as an alternative pathway to improve high-Ni cathode performance. LIB cathode binder is commonly high molecular weight PVDF, which provides good mechanical properties at low weight fractions as well as high electrochemical stability, but it is predominantly inert. Here, approaches of introducing novel binders tailored for high-Ni cathode systems will be discussed. Effectiveness of modifications, specifically their impact on LIB cycle life and safety, will be discussed.
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Kamarulzaman, Norlida, Azira Azahidi, Kelimah Elong, Nurul Atikah Mohd Mokhtar, and Nurshafiza Mohdi. "Effect of Calcination Time on the Specific Capacities of LiNi0.4Co0.55Ti0.05O2 Cathode Materials." Advanced Materials Research 895 (February 2014): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.895.351.
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One of the main goals for most of the research in advanced Li-ion batteries is to develop cathode materials with improvement on cost and toxicity. This is to replace the existing commercial cathode material, LiCoO2. LiNi0.4Co0.6O2 was introduced as one of the most promising candidates for a cathode material due to its lower cost and higher capacity compared with LiCoO2. Modification of cathode materials by substituting with other materials is one of the alternative ways to improve the electrochemical performance of the material. In this case, a little amount of Ti was substituted to replace Co in order to give the material LiNi0.4Co0.55Ti0.05O2. Results showed that the substituition of some Co with Ti improves the electrochemical behavior of the material.
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Zhang, Tao, and Marc Kamlah. "Phase-Field Simulation of Stress Evolution in Sodium Ion Battery Electrode Particles." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2018-01, no. 32 (April 13, 2018): 1967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-01/32/1967.
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Sodium-ion batteries have been considered as a promising alternative to Lithium-ion batteries. The cathode material NaxFePO4 of sodium-ion batteries shows phase changes during intercalation. In this work, a phase-field model for NaxFePO4 is studied for the first time. A coupled phase-field model for the Cahn-Hilliard diffusion equation and finite deformation elasticity is derived. For the mechanical part, two finite deformation elasticity formulations based on elastic Green strain and logarithmic elastic strain, respectively, are introduced and compared. The material parameters for NaxFePO4 are determined. We implemented the model in COMSOL Multiphysics® for a spherically symmetric problem of sodium insertion into a cathodic particle made of NaxFePO4. Furthermore, we compare the two cathode materials NaxFePO4 and LixFePO4 to each other in terms of phase changes and stresses, and show that the stresses in the cathode material NaxFePO4 are larger at the phase segregated state.
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Капустин, В. И., И. П. Ли, А. В. Шуманов, С. О. Москаленко, А. А. Буш, and Ю. Ю. Лебединский. "Физический механизм работы палладий-бариевых катодов СВЧ-приборов." Журнал технической физики 89, no. 5 (2019): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2019.05.47483.267-18.
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AbstractHigh-resolution X-ray diffraction method (XRD) is used to determine sizes and crystallographic orientation of the nanocrystallites of the Pd and Pd_5Ba phases in palladium–barium cathode. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is used to study Ba and Pd chemical states in cathode material and determine the phase composition including dissolved microimpurities in the phases. The comparison of the XRD and ESCA data makes it possible to reveal effects related to the formation of the BaO crystallites in the cathode material, which are responsible for the emission properties. Electron-energy loss spectroscopy is used to determine the concentration of oxygen vacancies in the BaO crystallites that are formed in the cathode material due to activation. An original crystallite model of the working palladium–barium cathodes that is based on the results of this work may serve as an alternative to the known film model and makes it possible to optimize technology of cathode fabrication and activation.
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Minnmann, Philip, Anja Bielefeld, Raffael Ruess, Simon Burkhardt, Sören L. Dreyer, Enrico Trevisanello, Philipp Adelhelm, et al. "Evaluating Kinetics of Composite Cathodes of All-Solid-State Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 7 (October 9, 2022): 2496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0272496mtgabs.
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ASSBs (all-solid-state batteries) are promoted as an energy dense and safe alternative to current Li-ion batteries (LIBs) and attract great interest from academia and industry. In contrast to LIBs, which employ a liquid organic electrolyte, they utilize a solid electrolyte. This substitution promises to eliminate the flammability of the battery and to simplify the cell design. While recent research efforts have concentrated on miniaturizing and eventually even removing the anode host material in batteries, the relative portion of the cathode needs to be maximized, as cathodes are the only component that can increase energy density by increasing its fraction. In a simplified view, the cathode kinetics are determined by the cathode microstructure, the volume fractions of the constituents and the properties of electrolyte and cathode active material (CAM). Liquid electrolytes can easily penetrate porous composite cathodes, but rigid SEs can not do the same, resulting in residual porosity in the cathode. This porosity can lower active interface area between CAM and SE, and increase tortuosity of ionic and electronic charge transport pathways. Sufficient ionic and electronic transport pathways in composite cathode structures are, however, essential because cathode active material particles that are either electronically or ionically isolated cannot contribute to the charging or discharging process. We analyse the requirements for SSB cathodes and determine charge transport bottlenecks by impedance spectroscopy of a reference system consisting of a thiophosphate based solid electrolyte and a nickel rich layered CAM. Different cathode microstructures are analysed and their charge transport properties are quantified as partial conductivities. From the obtained partial conductivities, we calculated tortuosity factors and correlated them to cell performance with complementary cycling data of all-solid-state batteries in order to determine charge transport bottlenecks. We find, that ionic charge transport and consequently cathode kinetics are highly dependent on the SE particle size distribution In addition, we analyse the requirements for CAMs for SSBs and develop design principles for different CAM types that aim to further increase cathode performance.
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Tan, T. Q., S. P. Soo, A. Rahmat, J. B. Shamsul, Rozana A. M. Osman, Z. Jamal, and M. S. Idris. "A Brief Review of Layered Rock Salt Cathode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries." Advanced Materials Research 795 (September 2013): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.795.245.
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Nowadays, many researchers have been studying on the layered rock salt-type structure as cathode materials for the lithium ion batteries. LiCoO2is the most commonly used cathode material but Co is costly and toxic. Thus, alternative cathode materials which are cheaper, safer and having higher capacity are required. Replacing Co with Ni offered higher energy density battery but it raised interlayer mixing or cation disorder that impedes electrochemical properties of batteries. This paper has reviewed some recent research works that have been done to produce better and safer cathode materials from the structural perspective.
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Bae, Kyung Taek, and Kang Taek Lee. "Achieving High CO2 Electrocatalytic Activity By Tailoring Cation-Size Mismatch in Double Perovskite Oxides." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 39 (July 7, 2022): 1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01391778mtgabs.
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Conversion of CO2 into useful chemical products by solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) is a promising technology capable of reducing CO2 concentration for a carbon-neutral society [1]. This electrochemical device has several advantages such as high-energy efficiency and fast electrode kinetics due to its high operating temperature. Conventionally, Ni/YSZ cermet has been widely used as the cathode material of CO2 electrolysis system. However, they are prone to degrade under CO2 atmosphere due to the oxidation of nickel, particle agglomeration, and carbon deposition. Therefore, the development of alternative cathode materials with high electrocatalytic activity and good long-term stability for CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is highly needed. The perovskite-type mixed ionic and electronic conducting (MIEC) oxides are widely investigated as the promising alternatives to the Ni/YSZ cermet cathode. Among them, double perovskite oxides PrBaCo2O5+d(PBCO) material is attracting attention because of high oxygen surface exchange, diffusion coefficients and adequate mixed ionic and electronic conductivity. However, this material is easily degraded in the presence of CO2 impurity, with the formation of BaCO3 nanoparticles [2]. To overcome this issue, doping the B-site Co cations with transition metals and tailoring the cation mismatch by controlling A-site dopant ratio in PBCO were selected as a novel strategy. As a result, it was proved that co-doping was an effective way to improve both electrochemical and surface chemical stability. Our design strategy could benefit the preparation of highly active and stable cathodes for direct CO2 reduction for SOECs. References [1] Lee, Seokhee, et al. Advanced Energy Materials (2021): 2100339. [2] Zhu, Lin, et al. Applied Surface Science 416 (2017): 649-655.
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Coyle, Jaclyn, Ankit Verma, and Andrew M. Colclasure. "(Digital Presentation) Electrochemical Relithiation Protocols for Restoration of Cycle Aged NMC Cathodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 5 (July 7, 2022): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-015613mtgabs.
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Recycling end-of-life (EoL) lithium-ion batteries is of great significance to provide additional transition metal resources and alleviate environmental pollution from electric vehicle battery wastes. This study provides essential understanding towards developing an electrochemical relithiation process that will restore lithium loss in EoL intercalation cathode materials. This electrochemical relithiation process is one of several relithiation options being considered as a part of a direct recycling process designed to increase the efficiency of battery recycling by maintaining the composition and morphology of EoL cathode materials. A unique benefit of electrochemical relithiation is that it provides a potential alternative to processes that require EoL to be returned to powder form and then recast. Electrochemically aged NMC cathode materials have been prepared and characterized to establish the extent of EoL material structural transformations and lithium loss. A model-informed experimental process is used to identify the optimal electrochemical relithiation protocol to minimize the time taken to relithiate EoL materials and maximize the amount of lithium restored. Protocols were evaluated based on their ability to enable rapid lithium intercalation, maintain or reinstate structural uniformity in the EoL material and fully restore lithium content. An optimal protocol was identified at elevated temperatures utilizing a novel scanning voltage step. This work is part of ReCell which is a collaborative effort to develop efficient and economical recycle and reuse methods for EoL battery cathodes.
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Post, A., J. F. Plaza, J. Toledo, D. Zschätzsch, M. Reitemeyer, L. Chen, A. Gurciullo, et al. "Key design and operation factors for high performance of C12A7:e-based cathodes." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1226, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1226/1/012092.
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Abstract This work, based on an EU-funded project (NEMESIS), is summarising some of the results from the project activities on the research and development on electride-based cathode technology compatible with all kinds of electric propulsion (EP) systems requiring neutralization or electron emission. Further information describing in detail the performed tests and captured measurements can be found in the referenced documents of each section. Different cathode architectures and several emitter configurations with traditional and with alternative propellants are being developed and tested within the project, all of them using C12A7:e-electride material as thermionic electron source. Findings and conclusions derived from these multiple designs are allowing to figure out some of the key factors that determine the best performance of C12A7:e-electride based cathodes. In this work, a discussion of some of these key design and operation factors will be presented based both on the material characterization parameters, and on the performance tests carried out for the different cathode designs.
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Agudelo Arias, Hector David, Jorge Calderon, and Ferley Alejandro Vasquez Arroyave. "(Digital Presentation) Cobalt Free Cathode Synthesized By Sacrificial Template (α-MnOOH) for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012386mtgabs.
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LiCoO2 cathode has been used widely for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) for portable applications due to it is compactness, high energy density, excellent cycle life and reliability [1]. Nevertheless, the high cost of cobalt represent some of the limitations of this material [1]. As an alternative, LiNiO2, which iso-structural with LiCoO2, is reported as a stable material for LIB cathodes. Although, the poor thermal stability of this material in operating LIB represents safety risk [2]. On the other hand, LiMnO2 has also been proposed as a low-cost cathode for LIB. However, it is not stable during charging/discharging processes [3]. Ni-rich layer oxide (LiM1-x NxiO2, where M is a transition metal, x > 0.8) appeared as result of much effort dedicated for finding an adequate balance between cost and stability [4]. In comparison to Ni-rich layer, Li-rich layer oxide exhibited better cyclability and safety performance at higher electrode potentials (>4.5 V vs. Li|Li+) [4]. However, the structural and electrochemical properties of the as-prepared materials are determined by the synthesis methods and/or preparation conditions [5]. For instance, the electrochemical performance of Li1.5Ni0.25Mn0.75O2.5 layer material obtained by a simple carbonate coprecipitation method was improved with 240 mAh g-1 and 70.3% of capacity retention after 30 cycles at 0.05C [6]. In this work, we report the feasibility of producing a cobalt free cathode LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 with high energy density using a sacrificial template α -MnOOH as precursor with a simple balance between lithium and nickel content. The synthesis strategies performed in this work led to a promising cathode material with high energy density without sacrificing the operating voltage window, by combining our understanding of the factors governing the cation order with a facile synthetic route that ensured good cation mixing. The LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 active cathode material was produced by co-precipitated method according to the following procedure: α-MnOOH sacrificial template was synthesized according to ref. [7]. Then active cathode material was obtained by co-precipitation method using α-MnOOH, lithium acetate and nickel acetate with a molar ratio of 0.5:1.05:0.5 mol at different treatment temperatures (700°C, 800°C and 900°C). Rate capabilities of all samples are displayed in Fig. 1. The charge-discharge current was increased from 20 mA g-1 (0.1C) to 2000 mA g-1 (10C), and then decreased back to 20 mA g-1. The Li1.05Ni0.5Mn0.5O2 material displayed the best electrochemical performance at 800°C which the initial discharge capacity was 179.9 mAh g-1 . The other samples at 700 °C and 900 °C showed initial discharge capacities of 171.3 mAh g-1 and 156.4 mAh g-1 at 0.1C, respectively. On the other hand, α-MnOOH sacrificial template synthesis showed to be a plausible formation mechanism and the structure–function relationships of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2. [1] N. Nitta, F. Wu, J. T. Lee, and G. Yushin, “Li-ion battery materials: present and future,” Mater. Today, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 252–264, Jun. 2015. [2] M. Bianchini, M. Roca-Ayats, P. Hartmann, T. Brezesinski, and J. Janek, “There and Back Again—The Journey of LiNiO2 as a Cathode Active Material,” Angew. Chemie Int. Ed., vol. 58, no. 31, pp. 10434–10458, Jul. 2019. [3] T. Ohzuku and Y. Makimura, “Layered Lithium Insertion Material of LiNi 1/2 Mn 1/2 O 2 : A Possible Alternative to LiCoO 2 for Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Chem. Lett., vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 744–745, Aug. 2001. [4] G. Hu et al., “A facile cathode design with a LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 core and an AlF3-activated Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 shell for Li-ion batteries,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 265, pp. 391–399, Mar. 2018. [5] C. Zhao, X. Wang, R. Liu, F. Xu, and Q. Shen, “β-MnO2 sacrificial template synthesis of Li 1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 for lithium ion battery cathodes,” RSC Adv., vol. 4, no. 14, pp. 7154–7159, Jan. 2014. [6] M. Akhilash, P. S. Salini, K. Jalaja, B. John, and T. D. Mercy, “Synthesis of Li1.5Ni0.25Mn0.75O2.5 cathode material via carbonate co-precipitation method and its electrochemical properties,” Inorg. Chem. Commun., vol. 126, p. 108434, Apr. 2021. [7] F. A. Vásquez, J. E. Thomas, A. Visintin, and J. A. Calderón, “LiMn1.8Ni0.2O4 nanorods obtained from a novel route using α-MnOOH precursor as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries,” Solid State Ionics, vol. 320, pp. 339–346, Jul. 2018. Figure 1
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "ALTERNATIVE CATHODE MATERIAL"
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GOYAL, NAVNEET. "SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LI2MN03 AS AN ALTERNATIVE CATHODE MATERIAL FOR LI-ION BATTERIES." Thesis, 2017. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/15999.
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Lithium ion batteries provides un-matched blend of high capacity and energy density, that is why this technology is highly portable for compact gadgets, power devices, control apparatuses, and electric vehicles(full/hybrid). There are vital improvements in latest positive terminal electrode (cathode) materials to substitute the well developed LiCoO2 as cathode material for using in lithium-ion battery (LIBs). In this research work alternative cathode material Li2MnO3 (LMO) nano fibers has been investigated by electro- spinning technique. Physiochemical characterization of LMO nano fibers are performed by XRD (X-rays diffraction), scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electrochemical performance of LMO nano fibers will be investigated to check the capacity, cyclic performance, power density and energy density of the sample which definitely will be used in the lithium-ion batteries in the near future.
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SINGH, DIVYA. "SYNTHESIS AND CHRACTERIZATION OF ALTERNATIVE CATHODE MATERIAL, LIMN 2 O 4 FOR LITHIUMION BATTERIES BY SOLID STATE AND SOL- GEL ROUTE." Thesis, 2015. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/17094.
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The key to success in the development of advanced Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) to meet the
emerging EV market demands is the electrode materials, especially the cathode. The cathode
costs nearly twice as much as the anode. This could be attributed to the fact that the working
voltage, energy density, and rate capability of a LIB are mainly determined by the limited
theoretical capacity and thermodynamics of the cathode material in the present LIB
technology. LiMn 2 O 4 spinel is one of the most promising alternative cathode material for
LIBs due to its low cost, environmental friendliness, good safety, higher electrochemical
potential vs. graphite, and its improved thermal stability. In this work, synthesis of spinal
LMO with the help of solid state and sol-gel routes has been carried out. Further the physio-
chemical characterizations are performed such as SEM, EDS, XRD, Conductivity
measurement, I-V characteristics of LMO, and Activation energy calculation for LMO
prepared by both the routes to optimize the properties of LiMn 2 O 4 in terms of good
cyclability, capacity and power density during the electrochemical analysis of batteries.The key to success in the development of advanced Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) to meet the
emerging EV market demands is the electrode materials, especially the cathode. The cathode
costs nearly twice as much as the anode. This could be attributed to the fact that the working
voltage, energy density, and rate capability of a LIB are mainly determined by the limited
theoretical capacity and thermodynamics of the cathode material in the present LIB
technology. LiMn 2 O 4 spinel is one of the most promising alternative cathode material for
LIBs due to its low cost, environmental friendliness, good safety, higher electrochemical
potential vs. graphite, and its improved thermal stability. In this work, synthesis of spinal
LMO with the help of solid state and sol-gel routes has been carried out. Further the physio-
chemical characterizations are performed such as SEM, EDS, XRD, Conductivity
measurement, I-V characteristics of LMO, and Activation energy calculation for LMO
prepared by both the routes to optimize the properties of LiMn 2 O 4 in terms of good
cyclability, capacity and power density during the electrochemical analysis of batteries.
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"Analyzing the Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Second-Life Applications." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.45026.
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abstract: The automotive industry is committed to moving towards sustainable modes of transportation through electrified vehicles to improve the fuel economy with a reduced carbon footprint. In this context, battery-operated hybrid, plug-in hybrid and all-electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming commercially viable throughout the world. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries with various active materials, electrolytes, and separators are currently being used for electric vehicle applications. Specifically, lithium-ion batteries with Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4 - LFP) and Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (Li(NiMnCo)O2 - NMC) cathodes are being studied mainly due to higher cycle life and higher energy density values, respectively. In the present work, 26650 Li-ion batteries with LFP and NMC cathodes were evaluated for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) applications, using the Federal Urban Driving Schedule (FUDS) to discharge the batteries with 20 A current in simulated Arizona, USA weather conditions (50 ⁰C & <10% RH). In addition, 18650 lithium-ion batteries (LFP cathode material) were evaluated under PHEV mode with 30 A current to accelerate the ageing process, and to monitor the capacity values and material degradation. To offset the high initial cost of the batteries used in electric vehicles, second-use of these retired batteries is gaining importance, and the possibility of second-life use of these tested batteries was also examined under constant current charge/discharge cycling at 50 ⁰C.
The capacity degradation rate under the PHEV test protocol for batteries with NMC-based cathode (16% over 800 cycles) was twice the degradation compared to batteries with LFP-based cathode (8% over 800 cycles), reiterating the fact that batteries with LFP cathodes have a higher cycle life compared to other lithium battery chemistries. Also, the high frequency resistance measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was found to increase significantly with cycling, leading to power fading for both the NMC- as well as LFP-based batteries. The active materials analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed no significant phase change in the materials after 800 PHEV cycles. For second-life tests, these batteries were subjected to a constant charge-discharge cycling procedure to analyze the capacity degradation and materials characteristics.Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Materials Science and Engineering 2017
Book chapters on the topic "ALTERNATIVE CATHODE MATERIAL"
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Gupta, Vishal, and Lalit Kumar. "Investigation of AZO as an Alternative to ITO for Cathode Material in Organic Solar Cells." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 609–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7691-8_59.
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Kostogloudis, G. Ch, G. Tsiniarakis, F. Riza, and Ch Ftikos. "Reactivity and Interdiffusion of Alternative SOFC Cathodes with Yttria Stabilized Zirconia, Gadolinia Doped Ceria and Doped Lanthanum Gallate Solid Electrolytes." In Functional Materials, 175–80. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527607420.ch30.
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Kaushik, S. C., Ravita Lamba, and S. K. Tyagi. "Physics, Modelling, and Optimization Studies of Photon-Enhanced Thermionic Emission-Based Hybrid Energy Conversion System." In Handbook of Research on Power and Energy System Optimization, 399–452. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3935-3.ch012.
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The sustainable development of clean and efficient electricity generation techniques accelerated the research for invention of alternative electricity generation methods. In this chapter, the conceptual analysis of newly invented photon-enhanced thermionic emission (PETE) energy conversion process has been presented. It is a promising option for harvesting solar energy in terms of capturing photon as well as thermal energy simultaneously and converting solar energy into electrical energy based on photovoltaic and thermionic emission processes of energy conversion. Thus, the PETE process utilizes photons for PV conversion and heat of radiation for thermionic emission process. The main objective of this chapter is to review and analyze the performance of PETE converters including thermal modeling, choice of materials, and parametric optimization. The appropriate choice of material requirements for cathode and anode of PETE converters is necessary for practical design of PETE converters. The PETE converter may be an efficient future option for electricity generation using solar energy.
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Ali, Basit. "Electrochemistry of anode materials in lithium- and sodium-ion batteries." In Electrochemistry, 454–67. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781839169366-00454.
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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have a high energy and power density, making them attractive for electric vehicles (EVs) and portable electronic devices. In commercially available LIBs, graphite and transition metal oxides (LiCoO2) are used as anode and cathode materials, respectively. Unfortunately, graphite has a safety concern related to dendrite formation at low voltage and also has low rate-capability issues, restricting its high-power demand. Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is considered an alternative anode and a good contender for LIBs due to its high reversibility and zero structural changes during the lithiation/(de)lithiation process. Its high operating voltage (∼1.55 V vs. Li+/Li) helps avoid dendritic formations, thereby ensuring safe cycling. Despite these advantages, LTO has low electronic conductivity, relatively low capability at high current rates due to large polarization, and sluggish Li-ion diffusion. The work provides a solution to overcome these drawbacks and improve the LTO performance at high currents by modifying the crystal and electronic structure and reducing particle size. To accomplish these goals, the structural characteristics and electrochemical behavior of LTO-based materials have been systematically and intensively discussed. In this chapter, three different ways of doping in LTO are discussed that are already been synthesized by a simple solid-state method, co-doped LTO electrode exhibits outstanding cycling stability, having higher capacity retention of ∼98.79% after 300 cycles at high currents. While considering the practical advantages, this study provides two more benefits: (1) it sheds light on the doping strategy; (2) it elucidates the relations among the material composition, structure, and electrochemical performances in LIBs.
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Madhu Mohan, Varishetty, Madhavi Jonnalagadda, and VishnuBhotla Prasad. "Advanced Chalcogen Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries." In Chalcogenides – Preparation and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103042.
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As on today the main power sources of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) research developments gradually approach their theoretical limits in terms of energy density. Therefore, an alternative next-generation of power sources is required with high-energy densities, low cost, and environmental safety. Alternatively, the chalcogen materials such as sulfur, selenium, and tellurium (SSTs) are used due to their excellent theoretical capacities, low cost, and no toxicity. However, there will be some challenges to overcome such as sluggish reaction of kinetics, inferior cycling stability, poor conductivity of S, and “shuttle effect” of lithium polysulfides in the Li-S batteries. Hence, several strategies have been discussed in this chapter. First, the Al-SSTs systems with more advanced techniques are systematically investigated. An advanced separators or electrolytes are prepared with the nano-metal sulfide materials to reduce the resistance in interfaces. Layered structured cathodes made with chalcogen ligand (sulfur), polysulfide species, selenium- and tellurium-substituted polysulfides, Se1-xSx uniformly dispersed in 3D porous carbon matrix were discussed. The construction of nanoreactors for high-energy density batteries are discussed. Finally, the detailed classification of flexible sulfur, selenium, and tellurium cathodes based on carbonaceous (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbonized polymers) and their composite (polymers and inorganics) materials are explained.
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Yılmazoğlu, Mesut. "Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) Technology." In Algal Biotechnology for Fuel Applications, 98–112. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815051001122060008.
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The purpose of this book chapter is to provide general information regardingmicrobial fuel cell (MFC) systems, an important type of fuel cell of environmentallyfriendly energy conversion systems as an alternative to fossil fuel technologies.Besides, it is one of the main motivations of this study to include the academicliterature on microbial fuel cells, which is a very popular field of study in recent years.In this context, the history, principles, and different approaches of MFCs are discussed.After that, the materials (anode, cathode, membrane, etc.) that make up the system areexamined. Finally, different types of microbial fuel cells that can be varied by materialdesign are discussed and presented.
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"Aerogels as Catalyst Support for Fuel Cells." In Aerogels II, 77–98. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901298-5.
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Environmental pollution caused by the extensive use of fossil fuels and global energy crisis have increased the need to look for renewable energy sources that not only supplement the global energy needs but are economical and environment friendly, thus making way for fuel cells (FCs) as one of the alternatives for replacing the existing fossil fuel based machinery. Nevertheless, there are several factors that account for the hindrance of FCs on a large scale, one of them being the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics taking place at the cathode. Aerogels are a class of promising materials that have the potential to improve the electrocatalytic activity, stability and durability of FCs when used as catalyst support. The present chapter focuses on reporting the latest developments in the field of aerogels as catalyst support for FCs.
Conference papers on the topic "ALTERNATIVE CATHODE MATERIAL"
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Harris, J., and O. Kesler. "Atmospheric Plasma Spraying (APS) Low-Temperature Cathode Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)." In ITSC2009, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. ASM International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2009p0001.
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Abstract Atmospheric plasma spraying is attractive for manufacturing solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) because it allows functional layers to be built rapidly with controlled microstructures. The technique allows SOFCs that operate at low temperatures (500 to 700 °C) to be fabricated by spraying directly onto metallic supports. However, standard cathode materials used in SOFCs have high polarization resistance at low temperatures, necessitating alternative materials. In this study, coatings of lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF) were fabricated on steel substrates using axial-injection atmospheric plasma spraying. Coating thickness and microstructure were evaluated and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to detect material decomposition and the formation of undesired phases in the plasma. The results define the envelope of plasma spray parameters for depositing LSCF coatings and the conditions in which composite cathode coatings can be produced.
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Tsurumi, Daichi, Hiroyuki Saito, and Hirokazu Tsuji. "Evaluation of Hydrogen Embrittlement of Cr-Mo Low Alloy Steel by Slow Strain Rate Technique With Cathodically Charged Specimen." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65726.
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As an alternative method to slow strain rate technique (SSRT) under high-pressure hydrogen gas evaluation, SSRT was performed with a cathodically charged specimen. Cr-Mo low alloy steel with a tensile strength of 1000 MPa grade was selected as a test material. Cathodic charging was performed in 3% NaCl solution and at a current density in the range of 50–600 A/m2. The effect of specimen size on the hydrogen embrittlement properties was evaluated. Relative reduction of area (RRA) values obtained by tests at a cathode current density of 400 A/m2 were equivalent to those performed in hydrogen gas at pressures of 10 to 35 MPa. Fracture surface observations were also performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The quasi-cleavage fracture surface was observed only after rupture of small specimens that were subjected to hydrogen charged tests. It was also necessary for the diameter of the specimen to be small to form the quasi-cleavage fracture surface. The results indicated that to simulate the high-pressure hydrogen gas test, a specimen with a smaller parallel section diameter that is continuously charged until rupture is preferable.
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Balk, T. J., P. Rottmann, D. Bowling, E. Fadde, A. Floyd, R. Wilson, and S. Roberts. "Alternative ceramic potting materials for dispenser cathodes." In 2011 IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference (IVEC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivec.2011.5747044.
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Swartzentruber, Phillip, Michael Collier, Rachel DeWees, Whitney Epperson, Christina Poole, Ben Rupp, David Bowling, et al. "Alternative ceramic potting materials for dispenser cathodes." In 2012 IEEE Thirteenth International Vacuum Electronics Conference (IVEC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivec.2012.6262242.
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Moossa, Buzaina, Jeffin James Abraham, Ramazan Kahraman, Siham Al Qaradawi, and Rana Abdul Shakoor. "Synthesis & Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Cathode Materials for Energy Storage." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0045.
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Research into the development of novel cathode materials for energy storage applications is progressing at a rapid rate to meet the ever-growing demands of modern society. Amongst various options, batteries are playing a vital role to replace conventional energy sources such as fossil fuels with green technologies. Among various battery technologies, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been well explored and have succeeded in being adjusted with find many commercial applications. At the same time, as an alternative to LIBs, Sodium-Ion Batteries (SIBs) are also gaining popularity due to the presence of Sodium (Na) in abundance and its similar electrochemical characteristics with lithium (Li). However, SIBs are suffering from many challenges such as slow ionic movement, instability in different phases, and low energy density, etc. Many strategies in the literature have been proposed to address the aforementioned challenges of SIBs. Among them, the substitution of Na with Li to form hybrid cathode materials has turned out to be quite promising. The present work aims to investigate the effect of Na substitution with Li in a pyrophosphate framework. Towards this direction, Na(2-x) LixFeP2O7 (x=0,0.6) hybrid cathode materials were synthesized, and their structural, thermal, and electrochemical properties were studied. It is noticed that the incorporation of Li in the triclinic structure of Na2FeP2O7 has a significant effect on its thermal and electrochemical performance. This study can be considered as a baseline to develop some other pyrophosphate-based high-performance hybrid cathode materials.
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Wang, Yixu, and Hsiao-Ying Shadow Huang. "Comparison of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials and the Internal Stress Development." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65663.
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The need for development and deployment of reliable and efficient energy storage devices, such as lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, is becoming increasingly important due to the scarcity of petroleum. Lithium-ion batteries operate via an electrochemical process in which lithium ions are shuttled between cathode and anode while electrons flowing through an external wire to form an electrical circuit. The study showed that the development of lithium-iron-phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries promises an alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries, with their potential for high energy capacity and power density, improved safety, and reduced cost. However, current prototype LiFePO4 batteries have been reported to lose capacity over ∼3000 charge/discharge cycles or degrade rapidly under high discharging rate. In this study, we report that the mechanical and structural failures are attributed to dislocations formations. Analytical models and crystal visualizations provide details to further understand the stress development due to lithium movements during charging or discharging. This study contributes to the fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of capacity loss in lithium-ion battery materials and helps the design of better rechargeable batteries, and thus leads to economic and environmental benefits.
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Fonseca, José, Tiago Renck, Eliakin Abreu, Fabrício P. Santos, Bruno Diehl, and Carlos E. Fortis Kwietniewski. "Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking on Superduplex Stainless Steel Under Cathodic Protection." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24251.
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The optimized and secure operation of oil and gas floating production units depends essentially on the performance of their devices, components and structures. Rigid pipelines are key equipment used in the offshore industry commonly employed as flowlines and risers. Carbon steel such as API 5L X65 is the material of choice for those applications due to its low relative cost and availability. However, for the Brazilian pre-salt it seems unlikely that carbon steels can be applyed, since the oil is contaminated by high concentrations of CO2, which causes generalized corrosion. Therefore, operators in Brazil should consider an alternative solution, such as lined or clad pipes as well as corrosion resistant alloys (CRA). Duplex and super duplex stainless steels (SDSS) have emerged in the last decade or so, as an alternative material for harsh environments. Nevertheless, according to recent studies, SDSS when cathodically protected against corrosion are prone to hydrogen induced stress cracking (HISC). The aim of this investigation is to evaluate through fracture toughness measurements the susceptibility of welded SDSS samples to HISC for two different levels of cathodic protection. For fracture toughness evaluation the step loading test method was selected. This practice is believed to be more realistic because samples are exposed to hydrogen during the entire tests instead of simple hydrogen pre-charging before performing the test in air, as recommended by some procedures. Fracture toughness values are given in terms of both CTOD and J-integral for crack initiation and maximum stress for SENB specimens. The results given here indicates that SDSS are quite susceptible to HISC especially in the heat affect zone even for potentials as negative as −650 mVsce.
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Martins, R. F., M. C. Brant, R. Z. Domingues, and T. Matencio. "NiO/YSZ Composites for SOFC: Synthesis and Characterization." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97146.
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Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) works at high temperature and is normally used in stationary devices which are of wide interest in the world market. The most currently SOFC developers utilize yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as electrolyte, strontium-doped lanthanum manganite (LSM) as cathode and a Ni/YSZ cermet obtained from NiO/YSZ in situ reduction as anode. The electrode performance is directly influenced by powder grain sizes, homogeneity, purity, and amount of Ni. Although physical mixture is a simpler procedure it hardly gives homogeneous materials as suitable to SOFC applications. Alternative chemical methods are sol-gel, impregnation and those derived from Pechini route. The present work compares thermal stability and hydrogen reducibility of NiO/YSZ composites prepared by impregnation (I), Pechini (P) and physical mixture (PM) procedures.
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Zhuang, Shiqiang, Xuan Shi, and Eon Soo Lee. "A Review on Non-PGM Cathode Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell." In ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2015-49602.
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In recent years, people attach high attention to the energy problem owing to the energy shortage of the world. Since the price of energy resources significantly increases, it is a necessary requirement to develop new alternative sources of energy to replace non-renewable energy resources. Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology is one of the promising fields of clean and sustainable power, which is based on direct conversion of fuel into electricity. However, at the present moment PEM fuel cell is unable to be successful commercialization. The main factor is the high cost of materials in catalyst layer which is a core part of PEM fuel cell. In order to reduce the overall system cost, developing active, inexpensive non-platinum group metal (non-PGM) electrode catalysts to replace currently used Platinum (Pt)-based catalysts is a necessary and essential requirement. This paper reviews several important kinds of non-PGM electro-catalysts with different elements, such as nitrogen, transition metal, and metal organic frameworks (MOF). Among these catalysts, transition metal nitrogen-containing complexes supported on carbon materials (M-N/C) are considered the most potential oxidation reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts. The main synthetic methods are high temperature heat treating (800–1000°C). The mechanical and electrochemical properties of the final product will be analyzed by several characterization methods. For example, a RRDE test will be used to measure electron transfer number and ORR reactivity, which are the most important electrochemical properties of the new catalyst. And the morphology, particle size, crystal phase and specific surface area can be analyzed with SEM, TEM, XRD and BET methods. Although great improvement has been achieved in non-PGM catalyst area of research, there are still some challenges in both ORR activity and stability of non-PGM catalysts. Consequently, how to improve the ORR activity and stability are the major challenge of non-PGM catalyst research and development. Based on the results achieved in this area, our future research direction is also presented and discussed in this paper.
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Zhang, Jingyi, Xianfeng Gao, Yelin Deng, Yuanchun Zha, and Chris Yuan. "Cradle-to-Grave Life Cycle Assessment of Solid-State Perovskite Solar Cells." In ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-2970.
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With the advantages of low cost and high conversion efficiency, perovskite solar cell attracts enormous attention in recent years for research and development. However, the toxicity potential of lead used in perovskite solar cell manufacturing causes grave concern for its environmental performance. To understand and facilitate the sustainable development of perovskite solar cell, a comprehensive life cycle assessment has been conducted by using attributional life cycle assessment approach from cradle to grave, with manufacturing data from our lab experiments and literature. The results indicate that the major environmental problem is associated with system manufacturing, including gold cathode, organic solvent usage and recycling, and electricity utilization in component manufacturing process. Lead only contributes less than 1% of human toxicity and ecotoxicity potentials in the whole life cycle, which can be explained by the small amount usage of lead in perovskite dye preparation. More importantly, the uncertainties caused by life cycle inventory have been investigated in this study to show the importance of primary data source. In addition, a comparison of perovskite solar cell with conventional solar cells and other dye sensitized solar cells shows that perovskite solar cell could be a promising alternative technology for future clean power generations.
Reports on the topic "ALTERNATIVE CATHODE MATERIAL"
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Brongers and Beavers. L51656 Shielding Effects on Concrete and Foam External Pipeline Coatings. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010109.
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Protection of gas-transmission pipelines from external corrosion is achieved by the application of a good anticorrosion coating and cathodic protection. In very rocky areas, pipeline-construction operations sometimes dictate that an external impact-resistant or barrier material be applied over the pipe to protect the anticorrosion coating from damage during backfilling. The use of a select backfill, such as compacted sand, is often specified, but transportation of the backfill and access to sufficient right-of-way to truck the sand into more remote areas becomes costly. As an alternative, recent practice has been to specify that a barrier coating of concrete or urethane foam be applied over the anticorrosion coating. However, concern has been raised regarding possible shielding of cathodic-protection currents by these external barrier materials. This project investigates the shielding effects of barrier coatings on attempts to maintain CP levels on natural gas pipelines. Investigation included lab experiments with five representative barrier coatings materials carried out to determine the degree to which shielding occurred and the levels of CP needed to overcome this effect when occurring.