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1
Marsh, George. "Biofuels: aviation alternative?" Renewable Energy Focus 9, no. 4 (July 2008): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-0846(08)70138-0.
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Khan, M. Anwar H., Sophia Bonifacio, Joanna Clowes, Amy Foulds, Rayne Holland, James C. Matthews, Carl J. Percival, and Dudley E. Shallcross. "Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source." Atmosphere 12, no. 10 (October 3, 2021): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101289.
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An accelerating global energy demand, paired with the harmful environmental effects of fossil fuels, has triggered the search for alternative, renewable energy sources. Biofuels are arguably a potential renewable energy source in the transportation industry as they can be used within current infrastructures and require less technological advances than other renewable alternatives, such as electric vehicles and nuclear power. The literature suggests biofuels can negatively impact food security and production; however, this is dependent on the type of feedstock used in biofuel production. Advanced biofuels, derived from inedible biomass, are heavily favoured but require further research and development to reach their full commercial potential. Replacing fossil fuels by biofuels can substantially reduce particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, but simultaneously increase emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), resulting in debates concerning the way biofuels should be implemented. The potential biofuel blends (FT-SPK, HEFA-SPK, ATJ-SPK and HFS-SIP) and their use as an alternative to kerosene-type fuels in the aviation industry have also been assessed. Although these fuels are currently more costly than conventional aviation fuels, possible reduction in production costs has been reported as a potential solution. A preliminary study shows that i-butanol emissions (1.8 Tg/year) as a biofuel can increase ozone levels by up to 6% in the upper troposphere, highlighting a potential climate impact. However, a larger number of studies will be needed to assess the practicalities and associated cost of using the biofuel in existing vehicles, particularly in terms of identifying any modifications to existing engine infrastructure, the impact of biofuel emissions, and their chemistry on the climate and human health, to fully determine their suitability as a potential renewable energy source.
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Azam, Qummare, Ahmed Mahjub Alhaj, Mohd Shukur Zainol Abidin, Siti Zubaidah Sulaiman, and Nurul Musfirah Mazlan. "AN OUTLINE OF ALTERNATIVE AVIATION FUELS FROM SUSTAINABLE RESOURCES." Jurnal Teknologi 85, no. 1 (December 2, 2022): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v85.14563.
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The depletion of fossil fuels and their market inequality have led to the popularity of biofuels. Biofuels are a renewable energy source which can be a promising solution to the environmental issues created by fossil fuels. The emission of greenhouse gases and fluctuating prices of fossil fuels have put pressure on developing countries and small economic nations. Thus, one of the main concerns is the production of bio jet fuel from renewable resources, with a relatively low greenhouse gas life cycle and sustainability with affordable prices. Therefore, it is imperative to introduce and produce alternative aviation fuels generated from sustainable resources, specifically biofuels. In this study, we have reviewed alternative aviation fuels and their sources. We have also outlined the selection criteria for alternative aviation fuels along with discussing the sources that can be potentially used as fuel for the aviation industry.
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Aldarrai, Houreya, Dhabya Alsuwaidi, Beenish Khan, Haoyang Xu, and Elham Tolouei. "Numerical Investigation of Bio-Aviation Fuel: Dubai’s Future Perspective." Aerospace 10, no. 4 (March 28, 2023): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10040338.
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As part of the United Arab Emirates’ and the world’s aviation goal of reaching net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, this paper studied the potential of successfully implementing both biofuel “drop-in” alternatives and aerodynamically efficient configurations to decarbonize the aviation industry. By investigating various proposed designs through a PUGH analysis, it was concluded that the optimum design has a Transonic Truss-Braced Wing configuration and runs on 60% biofuel. Although the design stipulates a 1.3% increase in weight, this does not negate the reduction in emissions and fuel consumption. This study also explored the various types of biofuels and found camelina seeds to be the best choice. The effects of biofuels in comparison with Jet-A fuel were further deliberated in a fuel combustion simulation performed on the Ansys-Fluent software. The results of the simulation showed a reduction of 50% in carbon monoxide (CO) and 24% in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions when burning camelina biofuel rather than Jet-A, making it an ideal alternative to those conventional jet fuels. A primary cost analysis of biofuel applications showed an increase of 453 USD (1653.18 AED) per passenger flying on board 100%-biofuel-powered aircrafts. Yet, considering the trend of the cost increase with the biofuel blend ratio, a solution may exist to the increased cost of biofuel-powered aircrafts.
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Varakin, A. N., L. A. Gulyaeva, D. I. Ishutenko, A. L. Kulinich, P. A. Nikulshin, A. A. Pimerzin, and R. G. Vasilov. "Development of Technologies and Prospects for the Introduction of Aviation Biofuels." Biotekhnologiya 36, no. 5 (2020): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21519/0234-2758-2020-36-5-13-30.
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An overview of the current state of production technologies of biojet fuels in the world and in Russia is presented. The contribution of the aviation sector to climate change processes and the likelihood of achieving global environmental goals in the event of large-scale production of alternative aviation fuels are assessed. The level of commercialization, constraining factors and possible measures to support synthetic kerosene production technologies are reviewed. Special attention is paid to the current international certification procedure for aviation biofuels. aviation biofuel, biojet fuels, synthetic kerosene, global warming, climate change, greenhouse gases emission, sustainable biofuel, ASTM certification, biomass conversion, photosynthetic microorganisms, microalgae. The review was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, project no. 14.574.21.0139 (Unique Project Identifier RFMEFI57417X0139).
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Stanton, Brian J., and Richard R. Gustafson. "Advanced Hardwood Biofuels Northwest: Commercialization Challenges for the Renewable Aviation Fuel Industry." Applied Sciences 9, no. 21 (November 1, 2019): 4644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9214644.
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A bioenergy summit was organized by Advanced Hardwood Biofuels Northwest (AHB) to debate the barriers to the commercialization of a hybrid poplar biofuels industry for the alternative jet fuels market from the perspective of five years of AHB research and development and two recent surveys of the North American cellulosic biofuels industry. The summit showed that: (1) Growing and converting poplar feedstock to aviation fuels is technically sound, (2) an adequate land base encompassing 6.03 and 12.86 million respective hectares of croplands and rangelands is potentially available for poplar feedstock production, (3) biofuel production is accompanied by a global warming potential that meets the threshold 60% reduction mandated for advanced renewable fuels but (4) the main obstruction to achieving a workable poplar aviation fuels market is making the price competitive with conventional jet fuels. Returns on investment into biomass farms and biorefineries are therefore insufficient to attract private-sector capital the fact notwithstanding that the demand for a reliable and sustainable supply of environmentally well-graded biofuels for civilian and military aviation is clear. Eleven key findings and recommendations are presented as a guide to a strategic plan for a renewed pathway to poplar alternative jet fuels production based upon co-products, refinery co-location with existing industries, monetization of ecosystem services, public-private financing, and researching more efficient and lower-costs conversion methods such as consolidated bioprocessing.
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Adami, Renata, Patrizia Lamberti, Vincenzo Tucci, Liberata Guadagno, Arnaldo Rosa Valdés, Oleksandr Zaporozhets, Pawel Wacnik, and Serhat Burmaoglu. "Alternative fuels for aviation: possible alternatives and practical prospects of biofuels." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1024, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 012113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1024/1/012113.
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Boichenko, S. V., A. V. Yakovlieva, O. V. Gryshchenko, and A. M. Zinchuk. "PROSPECTS OF USING DIFFERENT GENERATIONS BIOFUELS FOR MINIMIZING IMPACT OF MODERN AVIATION ON ENVIRONMENT." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 1 (April 24, 2018): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.1.2018.02.
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The work is devoted to the overview of prospects of development and implementation of alternative motor fuels from various types of biomass. The article outlines problems of modern transport that is connected to limitation of conventional energy resources used for fuels production. Main environmental problems connected with the use of conventional aviation fuels are determined. Modern trends for transition from conventional aviation fuels to alternative ones are presented. The article gives versatile analysis of well-developed types of biomass for biofuels production and also perspective types, which may be sufficiently used in the near future. The main properties of oil plants used for biofuels production are described, as well as advantages of biofuels use from considered types of biomass. Bibl. 26, Fig. 1, Tab. 4.
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Gryadunov, K. I., A. N. Kozlov, V. M. Samoylenko, and Shadi Ardeshiri. "Comparative analysis of quality indicators of aviation kerosine, biofuels and their mixtures." Civil Aviation High Technologies 22, no. 5 (October 28, 2019): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2019-22-5-67-75.
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Modern trends of civil aviation development indicate the need to improve fuel efficiency and environmental friendliness of the utilized fuels. The use of conventional jet fuel is meeting to a lesser degree the promising requirements concerning environmental friendliness at a constantly rising price for it. Apart from that, oil reserves are limited. According to many experts, the solution to the growing problems with oil fuels can be application of alternative types of aviation fuel. A number of companies around the world, together with aircraft manufacturers under the significant state support, are actively developing new types of fuel. At the moment the most widespread biofuels consisting of bioethanol are obtained from various plant and animal sources. Alternative fuels should not be inferior to petroleum fuels in its operational properties. A possible transition to them should not require significant costs for the modernization of aircraft and facilities of ground aviation fuel supply. Therefore, an urgent task is to compare the main indicators of the quality of oil fuels, biofuels and their mixtures to assess the possibility of using biofuels on aircraft. A comparative analysis was carried out on some quality indicators. Afterwards the comments were given on the impact of changes of these quality indicators on the performance properties of the fuels. It is shown that according to some quality indicators, biofuels under research have the advantages over oil ones. The relevance of comprehensive study of the performance properties of biofuels is obvious. The improvement of oil fuels and their comprehensive study have been under way for more than 60 years. Biofuels are just beginning their life, so it is reasonable to conduct thorough research on their use in aviation.
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Azami, Muhammad Hanafi, and Mark Savill. "Comparative study of alternative biofuels on aircraft engine performance." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 231, no. 8 (June 22, 2016): 1509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410016654506.
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Aviation industries are vulnerable to the energy crisis and simultaneously posed environmental concerns. Proposed engine technology advancements could reduce the environmental impact and energy consumption. Substituting the source of jet fuel from fossil-based fuel to biomass-based fuel will help reduce emissions and minimize the energy crisis. The present paper addresses the analysis of aircraft engine performance in terms of thrust, fuel flow and specific fuel consumption at different mixing ratio percentages (20%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 80%) of alternative biofuel blends already used in flight test (Algae biofuel, Camelina biofuel and Jatropha biofuel) at different flight conditions. In-house computer software codes, PYTHIA and TURBOMATCH, were used for the analysis and modeling of a three-shaft high-bypass-ratio engine which is similar to RB211-524. The engine model was verified and validated with open literature found in the test program of bio-synthetic paraffinic kerosene in commercial aircraft. The results indicated that lower heating value had a significant influence on thrust, fuel flow and specific fuel consumption at every flight condition and at all mixing ratio percentages. Wide lower heating value differences between two fuels give a large variation on the engine performances. Blended Kerosene–Jatropha biofuel and Kerosene–Camelina biofuel showed an improvement on gross thrust, net thrust, reduction of fuel flow and specific fuel consumption at every mixing ratio percentage and at different flight conditions. Moreover, the pure alternative of Jatropha biofuel and Camelina biofuel gave much better engine performances. This was not the case for the Kerosene–Algae blended biofuel. This study is a crucial step in understanding the influence of different blended alternative biofuels on the performance of aircraft engines.
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Aquino, Aline Scaramuzza, Milena Fernandes da Silva, Thiago Silva de Almeida, Filipe Neimaier Bilheri, Attilio Converti, and James Correia de Melo. "Mapping of Alternative Oilseeds from the Brazilian Caatinga and Assessment of Catalytic Pathways toward Biofuels Production." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 7, 2022): 6531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186531.
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Biofuels are increasingly important renewable resources in the world’s energy matrix that have challenged the scientific community as well as small and large farmers to develop alternatives to fossil fuels in order to achieve the aims of energy transition. In particular, Brazil’s proven competitiveness in agribusiness together with its rich biodiversity put the country in a key position in the biofuels market. The semiarid Caatinga of northeastern Brazil, an exclusive biome rich in many oilseed species suitable for potential energy purposes, is of particular interest in this field. Nowadays, soybeans are the main feedstock used for the production of biodiesel, but, due to the increasing demand for biofuels, the search for alternative sources of oil from tropical flora with high productivity is crucial. Under this premise, this systematic review focuses on mapping Caatinga’s vegetable oil crops that could be used as alternative raw materials for biofuels’ production in Brazil, in addition to traditional soybeans and sugarcane. To gain more detailed insight into these matrices, their main properties, including oil content, fatty acid profile and physicochemical properties, are discussed. Moreover, an overview is provided of processes to synthesize different types of biofuels, particularly biodiesel and aviation biokerosene, including the routes employing homogeneous, enzymatic and mainly heterogeneous catalysts. Finally, future prospects and challenges for renewable biofuels and the Caatinga biome are addressed.
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Ogner Jåstad, Eirik, Torjus Folsland Bolkesjø, Per Kristian Rørstad, Atle Midttun, Judit Sandquist, and Erik Trømborg. "The Future Role of Forest-Based Biofuels: Industrial Impacts in the Nordic Countries." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 2073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082073.
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This study applies a partial equilibrium forest sector model to analyse the impacts of biofuel deployment for road transport in the Nordic countries, when alternative use of the biomass resources and transport sector electrification are considered. We foresee a strong electrification of the transport sector, resulting in a demand for biofuels of approximately 2.5 billion L in 2035 and 1 billion L in 2050 in a 100% fossil-free base scenario. The simultaneous increase in demand from pulping industries and biofuel will cause an overall increase in wood use, of which the biofuels share will constitute approximately 20–25%. The utilization of harvest residues will increase more than 300% compared to the current level, since biofuel production will reallocate some of the current raw material used in district heating. Biofuel consumption in road transport will likely reduce after 2040 due to increasing electrification, but it is plausible that the declining domestic demand will be replaced by increasing demand from international biofuel markets in aviation and shipping. The main uncertainties in the scenarios are the future costs and profitability of forest-based biofuel technologies and the public acceptance of the close to 100 TWh of new renewable electricity production needed for the electrification of Nordic road transport.
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Monteiro, Rodolpho R. C., Isabela A. dos Santos, Maria R. A. Arcanjo, Célio L. Cavalcante, Francisco M. T. de Luna, Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente, and Rodrigo S. Vieira. "Production of Jet Biofuels by Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Esters and Fatty Acids: A Review." Catalysts 12, no. 2 (February 20, 2022): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12020237.
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The transition from fossil to bio-based fuels is a requisite for reducing CO2 emissions in the aviation sector. Jet biofuels are alternative aviation fuels with similar chemical composition and performance of fossil jet fuels. In this context, the Hydroprocessing of Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) presents the most consolidated pathway for producing jet biofuels. The process for converting esters and/or fatty acids into hydrocarbons may involve hydrodeoxygenation, hydrocracking and hydroisomerization, depending on the chemical composition of the selected feedstock and the desired fuel properties. Furthermore, the HEFA process is usually performed under high H2 pressures and temperatures, with reactions mediated by a heterogeneous catalyst. In this framework, supported noble metals have been preferably employed in the HEFA process; however, some efforts were reported to utilize non-noble metals, achieving a similar performance of noble metals. Besides the metallic site, the acidic site of the catalyst is crucial for product selectivity. Bifunctional catalysts have been employed for the complete process of jet biofuel production with standardized properties, with a special remark for using zeolites as support. The proper design of heterogeneous catalysts may also reduce the consumption of hydrogen. Finally, the potential of enzymes as catalysts for intermediate products of the HEFA pathway is highlighted.
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Cabrera, Eduardo, and João M. Melo de Sousa. "Use of Sustainable Fuels in Aviation—A Review." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 26, 2022): 2440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072440.
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As the push for carbon-neutral transport continues, the aviation sector is facing increasing pressure to reduce its carbon footprint. Furthermore, commercial air traffic is expected to resume the continuous growth experienced until the pandemic, highlighting the need for reduced emissions. The use of alternative fuels plays a key role in achieving future emission goals, while also lowering the dependency on fossil fuels. The so-called sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), which encompass bio and synthetic fuels, are currently the most viable option, but hydrogen is also being considered as a long-term solution. The present paper reviews the production methods, logistical and technological barriers, and potential for future mass implementation of these alternative fuels. In general, biofuels currently present higher technological readiness levels than other alternatives. Sustainable mass production faces critical feedstock-related challenges that synthetic fuels, together with other solutions, can overcome. All conventional fuel replacements, though with different scopes, will be important in meeting long-term goals. Government support will play an important role in accelerating and facilitating the transition towards sustainable aviation.
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Kumar, Manish, Srinibas Karmakar, Sonu Kumar, and Saptarshi Basu. "Experimental investigation on spray characteristics of Jet A-1 and alternative aviation fuels." International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics 13, no. 1-2 (June 2021): 54–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17568277211010140.
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Potential alternative fuels that can mitigate environmental pollution from gas turbine engines (due to steep growth in the aviation sector globally) are getting significant attention. Spray behavior plays a significant role in influencing the combustion performance of such alternative fuels. In the present study, spray characteristics of Kerosene-based fuel (Jet A-1) and alternative aviation fuels such as butyl butyrate, butanol, and their blends with Jet A-1 are investigated using an air-blast atomizer under different atomizing air-to-fuel ratios. Phase Doppler Interferometry has been employed to obtain the droplet size and velocity distribution of various fuels. A high-speed shadowgraphy technique has also been adopted to make a comparison of ligament breakup characteristics and droplet formation of these alternative biofuels with that of Jet A-1. An effort is made to understand how the variation in fuel properties (mainly viscosity) influences atomization. Due to the higher viscosity of butanol, the SMD is higher, and the droplet formation seems to be delayed compared to Jet A-1. In contrast, the lower viscosity of butyl butyrate promotes faster droplet formation. The effects of the blending of these biofuels with Jet A-1 on atomization characteristics are also compared with that of Jet A-1.
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Gawron, Bartosz, and Urszula Kaźmierczak. "Hydrocarbon Biocomponents use in Aviation Fuels - Preliminary Analysis of Issues." Journal of KONBiN 27, no. 1 (January 29, 2015): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2013-0106.
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Abstract Article is related to the aspect of the introduction of biofuels to power turbine aircraft engines. The paper presents the current trends in the use of alternative fuels in aviation and the problems connected with the introduction of hydrocarbon biocomponents. It is pointed to the need to take research and implementation works in the field of the subject, also in Poland.
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Socha, Luboš, Vladimír Socha, Peter Čekan, Daniela Čekanová, Lenka Hanáková, and Tomáš Puškáš. "Perspectives of Use of Alternative Energy Sources in Air Transport." MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development 5, no. 1 (January 18, 2017): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mad.2017.01.02.
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The problem of environmental load is also reflected in air transport. Usage of fossil fuels, which are dominant nowadays, has a negative impact on the environment and also its resources are limited. Therefore, the article focuses on the prospective of use of other energy sources in aviation, such as alternative fuels (synthetic fuels, biofuels, alcohol, methane, hydrogen), solar energy and the use of fuel cells. Also, the paper briefly summarizes the approach of aircraft manufacturers to the use alternative sources.
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Estevez, Rafael, Laura Aguado-Deblas, Francisco J. López-Tenllado, Carlos Luna, Juan Calero, Antonio A. Romero, Felipa M. Bautista, and Diego Luna. "Biodiesel Is Dead: Long Life to Advanced Biofuels—A Comprehensive Critical Review." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 3173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093173.
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Many countries are immersed in several strategies to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of internal combustion engines. One option is the substitution of these engines by electric and/or hydrogen engines. However, apart from the strategic and logistical difficulties associated with this change, the application of electric or hydrogen engines in heavy transport, e.g., trucks, shipping, and aircrafts, also presents technological difficulties in the short-medium term. In addition, the replacement of the current car fleet will take decades. This is why the use of biofuels is presented as the only viable alternative to diminishing CO2 emissions in the very near future. Nowadays, it is assumed that vegetable oils will be the main raw material for replacing fossil fuels in diesel engines. In this context, it has also been assumed that the reduction in the viscosity of straight vegetable oils (SVO) must be performed through a transesterification reaction with methanol in order to obtain the mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) that constitute biodiesel. Nevertheless, the complexity in the industrial production of this biofuel, mainly due to the costs of eliminating the glycerol produced, has caused a significant delay in the energy transition. For this reason, several advanced biofuels that avoid the glycerol production and exhibit similar properties to fossil diesel have been developed. In this way, “green diesels” have emerged as products of different processes, such as the cracking or pyrolysis of vegetable oil, as well as catalytic (hydro)cracking. In addition, some biodiesel-like biofuels, such as Gliperol (DMC-Biod) or Ecodiesel, as well as straight vegetable oils, in blends with plant-based sources with low viscosity have been described as renewable biofuels capable of performing in combustion ignition engines. After evaluating the research carried out in the last decades, it can be concluded that green diesel and biodiesel-like biofuels could constitute the main alternative to addressing the energy transition, although green diesel will be the principal option in aviation fuel.
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Estevez, Rafael, Laura Aguado-Deblas, Francisco J. López-Tenllado, Carlos Luna, Juan Calero, Antonio A. Romero, Felipa M. Bautista, and Diego Luna. "Biodiesel Is Dead: Long Life to Advanced Biofuels—A Comprehensive Critical Review." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 3173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093173.
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Many countries are immersed in several strategies to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of internal combustion engines. One option is the substitution of these engines by electric and/or hydrogen engines. However, apart from the strategic and logistical difficulties associated with this change, the application of electric or hydrogen engines in heavy transport, e.g., trucks, shipping, and aircrafts, also presents technological difficulties in the short-medium term. In addition, the replacement of the current car fleet will take decades. This is why the use of biofuels is presented as the only viable alternative to diminishing CO2 emissions in the very near future. Nowadays, it is assumed that vegetable oils will be the main raw material for replacing fossil fuels in diesel engines. In this context, it has also been assumed that the reduction in the viscosity of straight vegetable oils (SVO) must be performed through a transesterification reaction with methanol in order to obtain the mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) that constitute biodiesel. Nevertheless, the complexity in the industrial production of this biofuel, mainly due to the costs of eliminating the glycerol produced, has caused a significant delay in the energy transition. For this reason, several advanced biofuels that avoid the glycerol production and exhibit similar properties to fossil diesel have been developed. In this way, “green diesels” have emerged as products of different processes, such as the cracking or pyrolysis of vegetable oil, as well as catalytic (hydro)cracking. In addition, some biodiesel-like biofuels, such as Gliperol (DMC-Biod) or Ecodiesel, as well as straight vegetable oils, in blends with plant-based sources with low viscosity have been described as renewable biofuels capable of performing in combustion ignition engines. After evaluating the research carried out in the last decades, it can be concluded that green diesel and biodiesel-like biofuels could constitute the main alternative to addressing the energy transition, although green diesel will be the principal option in aviation fuel.
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Estevez, Rafael, Laura Aguado-Deblas, Francisco J. López-Tenllado, Carlos Luna, Juan Calero, Antonio A. Romero, Felipa M. Bautista, and Diego Luna. "Biodiesel Is Dead: Long Life to Advanced Biofuels—A Comprehensive Critical Review." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 3173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093173.
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Many countries are immersed in several strategies to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of internal combustion engines. One option is the substitution of these engines by electric and/or hydrogen engines. However, apart from the strategic and logistical difficulties associated with this change, the application of electric or hydrogen engines in heavy transport, e.g., trucks, shipping, and aircrafts, also presents technological difficulties in the short-medium term. In addition, the replacement of the current car fleet will take decades. This is why the use of biofuels is presented as the only viable alternative to diminishing CO2 emissions in the very near future. Nowadays, it is assumed that vegetable oils will be the main raw material for replacing fossil fuels in diesel engines. In this context, it has also been assumed that the reduction in the viscosity of straight vegetable oils (SVO) must be performed through a transesterification reaction with methanol in order to obtain the mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) that constitute biodiesel. Nevertheless, the complexity in the industrial production of this biofuel, mainly due to the costs of eliminating the glycerol produced, has caused a significant delay in the energy transition. For this reason, several advanced biofuels that avoid the glycerol production and exhibit similar properties to fossil diesel have been developed. In this way, “green diesels” have emerged as products of different processes, such as the cracking or pyrolysis of vegetable oil, as well as catalytic (hydro)cracking. In addition, some biodiesel-like biofuels, such as Gliperol (DMC-Biod) or Ecodiesel, as well as straight vegetable oils, in blends with plant-based sources with low viscosity have been described as renewable biofuels capable of performing in combustion ignition engines. After evaluating the research carried out in the last decades, it can be concluded that green diesel and biodiesel-like biofuels could constitute the main alternative to addressing the energy transition, although green diesel will be the principal option in aviation fuel.
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Turlej, Anna, and Marta Skolniak. "Opportunities and barriers regarding the development of selected methods for obtaining hydrogen from bioethanol." Journal of KONBiN 48, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 191–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2018-0053.
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Abstract The development of the commercial air carriers market causes an increase in the aviation fuel consumption and the air pollution. There are intensive works in order to invent the possibility of supplying the aviation engines with biofuels. The hydrogen gas is needed for technological processes to obtain the synthetic biocomponents from biomass, which met the quality standards for fuels and aviation fuels. Pure hydrogen gas is scarce in the Earth’s atmosphere and has to be derived from petroleum products. Its acquisition currently requires the processing of petroleum-based matter. The whole world is looking for easy, cheap and safe ways of producing hydrogen from a variety of renewable raw materials, that are an alternative to fossil fuels. The article shows the technological potential of experimental methods for hydrogen production from ethanol produced from biodegradable waste, which is widely considered as a renewable and environmentally friendly resource.
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Andriets, Oleksandr, Oleh Shevchenko, Valery Ohmakevych, and Mykhailo Khyzhniak. "Особливості застосування альтернативних палив у теплових двигунах." Aerospace Technic and Technology, no. 4sup1 (August 24, 2023): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2023.4sup1.05.
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The subject of the study is the use of alternative fuels and hydrogen in heat engines in different concentrations at different operating modes. The purpose of this study is to decarbonize various types of transport, especially aviation, to increase the energy efficiency and environmental performance of heat engines. Task: to investigate the use of such alternative fuels as biofuels, synthetic fuels, hydrogen and hydrogen mixtures. The use of aviation fuels shows that they must satisfy the relevant requirements, so the choice of alternative fuels must satisfy these requirements with the improvement of their characteristics, first in terms of energy efficiency and environmental indicators. To do this, starting with the ground test of a modern aircraft engine, Rolls-Royce conducted tests on an early conceptual demonstrator using green hydrogen. Green hydrogen was created by wind and tidal energy to prove that hydrogen could be the zero carbon aviation fuel of the future with zero carbon emissions. After analyzing the early ground test concept, the developers are planning a series of further bench tests leading to a full-scale ground test of a green hydrogen jet engine with the goal of achieving zero net carbon emissions from the engine Research Methods. According to the recommendations of the IPCC on the use of scarce fuel, the coefficients of harmful emissions (EI) are calculated for some types of aircraft for the Landing Take Off (LTO) cycle (landing / takeoff). Harmful emissions are calculated using the same method when alternative fuels are used in engines Since jet fuel emissions play an important role in the greenhouse effect, new technologies are being introduced to reduce emissions, among which one of the most effective and environmentally friendly is the use of biofuels, as biofuels are produced using modern biological processes. In this study, an experimental study of the influence of hydrogen addition on a traditional internal combustion diesel engine was conducted. The results. It was determined that the supply of small additions of gaseous hydrogen to the diesel manifold increases the efficiency of the engine at nominal and, largely, at partial modes of operation. The environmental parameters of the diesel engine are improved: the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases decreases, the soot content decreases by 30-40% and by 35%. A calculation method for the quantitative assessment of harmful emissions when using alternative fuels in aircraft engines is defined. Conclusions. The practical significance of the obtained results is that the obtained dependencies can be used when choosing the type of fuel for heat engines and determining the optimal concentration of an alternative fuel such as hydrogen to increase energy efficiency and improve the environmental performance of heat engines.
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Gurkan Aydin, Sinem, and Arzu Ozgen. "Bio-Based Jet Fuel Production by Transesterification of Nettle Seeds." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 13, no. 1 (February 5, 2023): 10116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5556.
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The use of petroleum-based fuels in air transport and the increase in oil prices over the years have increased fuel costs. Due to this increase, fuel manufacturers and airline companies have started to search for alternative fuels. Since aviation has an important place in the transportation sector, biomass has the greatest potential in the search for renewable energy sources. Biological substances of plant and animal origin and containing carbon compounds are energy sources, and the fuels produced from them are called biofuels. Biofuels are an important source of sustainable energy, which greatly reduces the greenhouse gas effect, improves weather conditions, reduces dependence on oil produced from fossil fuels, and is important for new markets. The nettle seed oil used in the current study was purchased from the local market and was obtained using the cold-pressing method at low temperatures. After the completion of the transesterification process, a two-phase mixture consisting of biofuel-glycerin was obtained, and the upper phase containing fatty acids was taken and transferred to a clean tube. After the final washing processes, bio jet fuel was obtained by adding chemicals at certain rates. The analysis of the obtained fuel was conducted at the Tubitak Marmara Research Centre. When the report was evaluated and compared with international standards, consistent results were obtained. It can be predicted that sustainable fuels can replace fossil fuels in the future.
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Atsonios, Konstantinos, Michael-Alexander Kougioumtzis, Kyriakos D. Panopoulos, and Emmanuel Kakaras. "Alternative thermochemical routes for aviation biofuels via alcohols synthesis: Process modeling, techno-economic assessment and comparison." Applied Energy 138 (January 2015): 346–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.10.056.
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Fragkos, Panagiotis. "Decarbonizing the International Shipping and Aviation Sectors." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 19, 2022): 9650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249650.
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The Paris Agreement requires a drastic reduction of global carbon emissions towards the net zero transition by mid-century, based on the large-scale transformation of the global energy system and major emitting sectors. Aviation and shipping emissions are not on a trajectory consistent with Paris goals, driven by rapid activity growth and the lack of commercial mitigation options, given the challenges for electrification of these sectors. Large-scale models used for mitigation analysis commonly do not capture the specificities and emission reduction options of international shipping and aviation, while bottom-up sectoral models do not represent their interlinkages with the entire system. Here, I use the global energy system model PROMETHEUS, enhanced with a detailed representation of the shipping and aviation sector, to explore transformation pathways for these sectors and their emission, activity, and energy mix impacts. The most promising alternative towards decarbonizing these sectors is the large-scale deployment of low-carbon fuels, including biofuels and synthetic clean fuels, accompanied by energy efficiency improvements. The analysis shows that ambitious climate policy would reduce the trade of fossil fuels and lower the activity and the mitigation effort of international shipping, indicating synergies between national climate action and international transport.
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Engelmann, Danilo, Pierre Comte, Jan Czerwinski, Stephan Renz, and Peter Bonsack. "Non-Regulated Emissions and PN of Two Passenger Cars with Diesel-Butanol Blends." Combustion Engines 183, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2020-405.
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Biofuels represent one of the alternatives to obtain the CO2-neutral propulsion of IC-engines. Butanol, which can be produced from biomass, is considered and was investigated in the last years due to the very advantageous characteristics of this alternative fuel. Butanol can be easily and irreversibly blended both with light (gasoline) and heavier (Diesel) fuels. Comparing with ethanol it has the advantages of: higher calorific value, lower hygroscopicity and lower corrosivity. It can replace the aviation fuels. This paper presents the emission results obtained on two Diesel passenger cars with different technology (Euro2 and Euro6c) and with addition of Butanol to Diesel fuel, as a part of the research project DiBut (Diesel and Butanol). Interesting results are given about some non-legislated (non-regulated) components, Acetaldehyde (MeCHO) and Formaldehyde (HCHO) and about the PN-emissions with/without DPF.
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Reksowardojo, Iman K., Long H. Duong, Rais Zain, Firman Hartono, Septhian Marno, Wawan Rustyawan, Nelliza Putri, Wisasurya Jatiwiramurti, and Bayu Prabowo. "Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Gas-Turbine Engine Fueled with Biojet/Jet A-1 Blends for the Development of Aviation Biofuel in Tropical Regions." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 13, 2020): 6570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246570.
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Biofuels as alternative fuels in today’s world are becoming increasingly important for the reduction of greenhouse gases. Here, we present and evaluate the potential of a new alternative fuel based on the conversion of medium-chain fatty acids to biojet (MBJ), which was produced from coconut oil using hydrotreated processes. MBJ is produced by using both deoxygenation and isomerization processes. Several blends of this type of biojet fuel with Jet A-1 were run in a gas-turbine engine (Rover 1S/60, ROTAX LTD., London, England) for the purpose of investigating engine performance and emissions. Performance results showed almost the same results as those of Jet A-1 fuel for these fuels in terms of thermal efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, turbine-inlet temperature, and exhaust-gas temperature. The results of exhaust-gas emissions also showed no significant effects on carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxides, while a decrease in smoke opacity was found when blending MBJ with Jet A-1. MBJ performed well in both performance and emissions tests when run in this engine. Thus, MBJ brings hope for the development of aviation biofuels in tropical regions that have an abundance of bioresources, but are limited in technology and investment capital.
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Walter, Arnaldo, Joaquim Seabra, Jansle Rocha, Marjorie Guarenghi, Nathália Vieira, Desirèe Damame, and João Luís Santos. "Spatially Explicit Assessment of Suitable Conditions for the Sustainable Production of Aviation Fuels in Brazil." Land 10, no. 7 (July 4, 2021): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070705.
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International civil aviation strives to significantly reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the use of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) is an alternative for such purpose. However, for an alternative fuel to be considered SAF, some conditions must be met, and production must be certified for sustainability. This paper presents an assessment of the necessary conditions for the sustainable production of these biofuels in Brazil. It is based on a geospatial publicly available database (SAFmaps) that was built with the aim of providing information to stakeholders who would be interested in the production of SAF. The geographic scope corresponds to an area that is about half of the country. The case studies reported in this paper are related to four crop-based feedstocks (eucalyptus, soybean, sugarcane, and corn), which could be used for SAF production, according to three certified routes (FT, HEFA, and ATJ) (Fischer–Tropsch, Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids and Alcohol to Jet); in total, six potential production sites were assessed. For each crop, the detailed assessment is based on estimates of suitability for biomass production, yields, and costs. The assumptions made allowed us to explicitly analyse the risk of deforestation (production could only occur with displacement of pastures) and the necessary preservation of sensitive biomes and of legally protected areas, in addition to observing the restrictive conditions imposed by CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation). To reduce GHG emissions, transporting biomass over long distances was assumed to be only by rail or pipeline. In addition, we address alternatives to minimise the risks associated with induced land-use change (iLUC) and to reduce impacts on the landscape. The results show that the production of SAF through the ATJ route, using ethanol produced from sugarcane and corn, requires less land. Economic assessment was outside the scope of this paper.
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Mazlan, Nurul Musfirah, Mark Savill, and Timos Kipouros. "Evaluating NOx and CO emissions of bio-SPK fuel using a simplified engine combustion model: A preliminary study towards sustainable environment." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 231, no. 5 (April 19, 2016): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410016643980.
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Awareness of environmental and economic issues associated with fossil fuel has led to the exploration of alternative fuels for aviation. Analysis and measurements of alternative fuel using real aircraft engines are complex and costly. Thus, evaluation only through computation is an option at present. This paper presents an analysis of aircraft engine emissions, particularly NOx and CO, from the blend of bio-synthetic paraffinic kerosene (bio-SPK) fuel with kerosene using a simplified gas emission model. Three different fuels, namely, a conventional aviation fuel Jet-A, Jatropha bio-SPK and Camelina bio-SPK were tested as pure and as blends with Jet-A. Chemical properties of the tested fuels were introduced into HEPHAESTUS, an in-house gas emission software developed in Cranfield University. HEPHAESTUS was developed based on the physics-based approach by incorporating a number of stirred reactors to predict NOx, CO, UHC and soot. Gaseous emissions generated from kerosene were observed to follow the trends provided by the ICAO databank. The capability of HEPHAESTUS in predicting the NOx and CO level from biofuel is yet to be explored. The level of NOx and CO predicted in this study followed the trends shown in the literature, although they quantitatively differed. Compared to Jet-A, NOx decreased and CO increased as the percentage of Jatropha bio-SPK and Camelina bio-SPK in the mixture increased. NOx reduction was consistent with the reduction in flame temperature because NOx generation considered in the model was dominantly based on thermal NOx. In contrast, increases in CO were due to low flame temperature that led to incomplete combustion. The consistency of the results obtained showed that the computational work performed in this study as an initial step toward the prediction of emission level of biofuels was successful. However, further studies on the experimental work or computational fluid dynamic simulation is essential.
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Kurzawska, Paula, and Remigiusz Jasiński. "Overview of Sustainable Aviation Fuels with Emission Characteristic and Particles Emission of the Turbine Engine Fueled ATJ Blends with Different Percentages of ATJ Fuel." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 1858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071858.
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The following article focuses on sustainable aviation fuels, which include first and second generation biofuels and other non-biomass fuels that meet most of environmental, operational and physicochemical requirements. Several of the requirements for sustainable aviation fuels are discussed in this article. The main focus was on researching the alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) alternative fuel. The tests covered the emission of harmful gaseous compounds with the Semtech DS analyzer, as well as the number and mass concentration of particles of three fuels: reference fuel Jet A-1, a mixture of Jet A-1 and 30% of ATJ fuel, and mixture of Jet A-1 and 50% of ATJ fuel. The number concentration of particles allowed us to calculate, inter alia, the corresponding particle number index and particle mass index. The analysis of the results made it possible to determine the effect of the content of alternative fuel in a mixture with conventional fuel on the emission of harmful exhaust compounds and the concentration of particles. One of the main conclusion is that by using a 50% blend of ATJ and Jet A-1, the total number and mass of particulate matter at high engine loads can be reduced by almost 18% and 53%, respectively, relative to pure Jet A-1 fuel.
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Ortega, Alejandro, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Anastasios Tsakalidis, and Ferenc Pekár. "Low-Emission Alternative Energy for Transport in the EU: State of Play of Research and Innovation." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 19, 2021): 7764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227764.
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The 2030 Climate target plan of the European Commission (EC) establishes a greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions reduction target of at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990. It highlights that all transport modes—road, rail, aviation and waterborne—will have to contribute to this aim. A smart combination of vehicle/vessel/aircraft efficiency improvements, as well as fuel mix changes, are among the measures that can reduce GHG emissions, reducing at the same time noise pollution and improving air quality. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of recent research and innovation in low-emission alternative energy for transport (excluding hydrogen) in selected European Union (EU)-funded projects. It considers the latest developments in the field, identifying relevant researched technologies by fuel type and their development phase. The results show that liquefied natural gas (LNG) refueling stations, followed by biofuels for road transport and alternative aviation fuels, are among the researched technologies with the highest investments. Methane-based fuels (e.g., compressed natural gas (CNG), LNG) have received the greatest attention concerning the number of projects and the level of funding. By contrast, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) only has four ongoing projects. Alcohols, esters and ethers, and synthetic paraffinic and aromatic fuels (SPF) are in between. So far, road transport has the highest use of alternative fuels in the transport sector. Despite the financial support from the EU, advances have yet to materialize, suggesting that EU transport decarbonization policies should not consider a radical or sudden change, and therefore, transition periods are critical. It is also noteworthy that there is no silver bullet solution to decarbonization and thus the right use of the various alternative fuels available will be key.
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Andrade, Lívia C. T., Germildo J. Muchave, Samia T. A. Maciel, Isabelly P. da Silva, Gabriel F. da Silva, João M. A. R. Almeida, and Donato A. G. Aranda. "Vegetable Oil and Derivates Hydroprocessing Using Ni as Catalyst for the Production of Hydrocarbons." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2022 (March 24, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6402004.
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The aviation sector has become a considerable market for biofuels since they come from renewable sources and have characteristics that help to reduce pollution. Hydrocarbons production from vegetable oils and their derivates for use in diesel and aviation kerosene are a possible alternative route to reduce fossil fuels. With that in mind, this article aimed to develop nickel catalysts supported on γ-Al2O3, Nb2O5, and zeolites to submit them to the hydroprocessing of vegetable oils and derivatives in the production of hydrocarbons. With soy ester, reactions with the Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/Nb2O5 catalyst showed selectivity of 41.2 and 16.5%, respectively, at a temperature of 300°C and a reaction time of 7 h. Under the same conditions, hydroprocessing reactions for the soybean ester using Ni/Beta and Ni/HY zeolites promoted more excellent conversion (between 80 and 99%) than oxide catalysts and selectivity between 30 and 70% for Ni/Beta and Ni/HY, correspondently. Besides, zeolite catalysts showed high conversion at the higher temperature (340°C) and time (9 h), reaching 100% conversion and hydrocarbons selectivity of 76.8 and 61.9% for zeolite Beta and HY, respectively. Changing the raw material to fatty acids made it possible to notice that zeolite catalysts showed high selectivity reaching 100%. Given the excellent performance of catalysts in hydroprocessing reactions, it is possible to consider them a promising alternative route since they can reduce the production by applying transition metal as a catalyst instead of noble metals used in the industry.
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Ardeshiri, Sh. "The impact of physico-chemical properties of the jet fuel and biofuels on the characteristics of gas-turbine engines." Civil Aviation High Technologies 22, no. 6 (December 26, 2019): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2019-22-6-8-16.
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The current development trend of global civil aviation is the growth of passenger and freight traffic, which entails the consumption of jet fuel. Under these conditions, increasing the efficiency of jet fuel used is of great importance. Global energy consumption is constantly growing, and, first of all, the question of diversification of oil resources arises, resources from which the bulk of motor fuels is produced. Other types of raw energy sources (natural gas, coal, bio-mass) currently account for only a small part. However, an analysis of the development of jet fuels indicates that work is underway to obtain these from other sources of raw materials, especially bio-fuels. Much attention is given to obtaining bio-fuels from renewable sources – such as algae. The issue of the mass transition of civil aviation to alternative fuels is complex and requires the solution of intricate technical as well as economic issues. One of these is the assessment of the impact of new fuels on GTE performance. It is important to give an objective and quick assessment of the use of various types of fuels on the main characteristics of the engine – i.e., throttle and high-speed characteristics. In this case, it is necessary to take into account chemical processes in the chemical composition of new types of fuel. To assess the effect of fuels on the characteristics of a gas turbine engine, it is proposed to use a mathematical model that would take into account the main characteristics of the fuel itself. Therefore, the work proposes a mathematical model for calculating the characteristics of a gas turbine engine taking into account changes in the properties of the fuel itself. A comparison is made of the percentage of a mixture of biofuels and JetA1 kerosene, as well as pure JetA1 and TC-1 kerosene. The calculations, according to the proposed model, are consistent with the obtained characteristics of a gas turbine engine in operation when using JetA1 and TC-1 kerosene. Especially valuable are the obtained characteristics of a gas turbine engine depending on a mixture of biofuel and kerosene. It was found that a mixture of biofuel and kerosene changes the physicochemical characteristics of fuel and affects the change in engine thrust and specific fuel consumption. It is shown that depending on the obtained physicochemical properties of a mixture of biofuel and kerosene, it is possible to increase the fuel efficiency and environmental friendliness of the gas turbine engines used.
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Gualtieri, Maurizio, Massimo Berico, Maria Giuseppa Grollino, Giuseppe Cremona, Teresa La Torretta, Antonella Malaguti, Ettore Petralia, et al. "Emission Factors of CO2 and Airborne Pollutants and Toxicological Potency of Biofuels for Airplane Transport: A Preliminary Assessment." Toxics 10, no. 10 (October 18, 2022): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100617.
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Aviation is one of the sectors affecting climate change, and concerns have been raised over the increase in the number of flights all over the world. To reduce the climate impact, efforts have been dedicated to introducing biofuel blends as alternatives to fossil fuels. Here, we report environmentally relevant data on the emission factors of biofuel/fossil fuel blends (from 13 to 17% v/v). Moreover, in vitro direct exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells to the emissions was studied to determine their potential intrinsic hazard and to outline relevant lung doses. The results show that the tested biofuel blends do not reduce the emissions of particles and other chemical species compared to the fossil fuel. The blends do reduce the elemental carbon (less than 40%) and total volatile organic compounds (less than 30%) compared to fossil fuel emissions. The toxicological outcomes show an increase in oxidative cellular response after only 40 min of exposure, with biofuels causing a lower response compared to fossil fuels, and lung-deposited doses show differences among the fuels tested. The data reported provide evidence of the possibility to reduce the climate impact of the aviation sector and contribute to the risk assessment of biofuels for aviation.
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Hancsók, Jenő, Tamás Kasza, and Olivér Visnyei. "Isomerization of n-C5/C6 Bioparaffins to Gasoline Components with High Octane Number." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071672.
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The thermal and catalytic conversion processes of alternative feedstocks (e.g., waste and biomass) to different engine fuels can result in the formation of a significant amount of light hydrocarbons as by-products in the boiling range of gasoline. The properties of these C5/C6 hydrocarbons need to be improved due to many reasons, e.g., their benzene content, and/or poor oxidation stability (high olefin content) and low octane number (<60). The aim of the research work was to increase the octane number of benzene containing C5/C6 bioparaffin fractions by catalytic isomerization. These by-products were obtained from special hydrocracking of waste cooking oil to hydrocarbons in the boiling range of aviation turbine fuels (JET fuels)/diesel fuels. Experiments were carried out in a reactor system containing down-flow tubular reactors over Pt/Al2O3/Cl and Pt/H-Mordenite/Al2O3 catalysts at 115–145 °C and 230–270 °C, respectively. Based on the results obtained at different process parameter combinations, it was concluded that the hydrogenation of benzene was complete over both catalysts, and the liquid yields were higher (ca. 98% > ca. 93 %) in the case of Pt/Al2O3/Cl. In addition, the octane number was also enhanced (ca. 32 > ca. 27 unit) in the products compared to the feedstock. This was because a higher isoparaffin content can be obtained at a lower operating temperature. Moreover, cracking side reactions take place to a lesser extent. The utilization of these isomerized bio-origin light fractions can contribute to the competitiveness of second-generation biofuels.
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Sherry, Lance, and Terrence Thompson. "Primer on Aircraft Induced Clouds and Their Global Warming Mitigation Options." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 11 (September 16, 2020): 827–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120951188.
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Pressure is increasing on all industrial sectors to address climate sustainability, not only for the welfare of the planet, but also to preserve the customer base and manage operating costs. The aviation industry has a unique opportunity to halve its global radiative forcing (RF) contribution by minimizing the generation of aircraft induced clouds (AIC). These anthropogenic (human-made) condensation trails create a greenhouse effect by absorbing or directing back to Earth approximately 33% of emitted outgoing thermal longwave radiation. The effect of AIC accounts for 2% of the Earth's total anthropogenic RF. The effect of reducing AIC on global warming is immediate (unlike CO2 emissions which have a 2-decade delay in affecting global warming). This paper describes the physics of AIC formation and RF to identify candidate interventions to reduce AIC RF: 1) reduce the quantity of soot generated, 2) reduce or eliminate ice crystal formation, and 3) modify RF properties of AIC. The highest utility and lowest costs is to reduce ice crystal formation by avoiding cruise flight levels in the atmospheric conditions that are conducive to AIC generation. Reducing soot through drop-in biofuels, and synthetic fuels, require significant investment to scale production. Options that require the redesign of jet engines or use of alternative fuels such as liquid natural gas and liquid hydrogen, require significant research and turn-over of the existing fleets. Fuel additives to suppress ice crystal formation, change the RF properties of ice crystals, or both, are still nascent research topics. The implications and limitations are discussed.
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TP, Krishna Kumar, M. Ramachandran, Kurinjimalar Ramu, and Ashwini Murugan. "Using this DEMATEL Corporate social responsibility CSR." REST Journal on Banking, Accounting and Business 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/jbab/2/1/10.
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When discussing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in developing nations, academics and policymakers frequently ignore the perspectives of local producers. This paper fills a void in the literature by explicitly adopting a phenomenological approach and mapping the justifications offered by regional manufacturers to CSR programs in the West. To investigate this topic, data from two qualitative studies on CSR programs in Sialkot, Pakistan’s soccer ball industry were used. Previous research has presented technologies related to managing a green aircraft fleet, including retrofits, fleet renewal, and alternative biofuels, as well as opportunities to carry out retrofits and value emissions. An alternative integer program model has also been developed to optimize fleet replacement strategies within budgets. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has noted the ineffectiveness of airplane operations. Since 2005, IATA’s Green Teams have been working with airlines to reduce this inefficiency. Improved operational practices are expected to reduce emissions by 2020. Thus, more efficient operations can reduce CO2 emissions and conserve fuel. Any financial benefits from an international plan to cut airplane emissions should be set aside for environmental causes, and these profits must be partially reinvested. Only a few of the additional measures being taken to lower the emissions profile of the global aviation industry include supporting the development and use of more fuel-efficient aircraft and low-carbon, sustainable jet fuels. The Program in Science and Human Affairs at the Battelle Memorial Institute in Geneva was established between 1972 and 1976 to conduct research and address complex and interrelated problem groups using the DEMATEL (Decision-making Testing and Evaluation Laboratory) system. DEMATEL is one of the decision-making tools that employs several criteria to extract the complex structure of a problem. The DEMATEL method is widely used to identify the cause-and-effect relationships among different elements of a complex problem. The objective of DEMATEL is to scale from a complex system and the relationship between causal dimensions it is to model the understandable structure of that system. When measuring complexity, the cause-and-effect relationship of the criteria can be clearly seen. From the result it is seen that Technology (TE) the first rank where as is the infrastructure (IN) is having the lowest rank. Resulting in Technology (TE) ranked first, There Infrastructure (IN) has low rank.
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Samoylenko, V. M., K. I. Gryadunov, A. N. Timoshenko, and S. Ardeshiri. "Substantiation of the ratio of biofuel and kerosin in the mixture for its application as aviation fuel." Civil Aviation High Technologies 23, no. 3 (July 3, 2020): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2020-23-3-17-28.
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Today, technologies for the production of alternative fuels and for the development of engines on different operating principles are actively developing, due to both the tightening of the environmental requirements of ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) for harmful emissions into the atmosphere and the depletion of non-renewable resources, and the interests of the oil importing countries. Strict requirements are imposed on the quality of aviation fuels related to ensuring the reliability of aviation technology and flight safety. Requirement toughening for quality indicators will inevitably lead to higher fuel prices, so today we can observe some concessions in domestic and foreign regulatory documents to certain quality indicators of aviation fuels, for example, to indicators of low-temperature properties. It follows that the use of petroleum fuels will sooner or later become inappropriate. Technologies to produce synthetic and biological fuels from various types of raw materials make it possible to obtain fuel with close quality indicators to traditional kerosene, but it has not yet been completely replaced. Therefore, today we are considering the use of alternative fuels in a mixture with petroleum kerosene in various proportions. The question remains open: in what proportion is it possible to use mixtures of alternative fuel with kerosene on the aircraft without any negative consequences for their operation. Based on the known dependencies, a mathematical model is proposed for calculating some operational indicators of fuel, engine and aircraft depending on the proportion of mixing alternative fuel and kerosene. In accordance with the calculations, the most rational ratio of petroleum kerosene and SPK fuel is substantiated both from the point of view of the necessary operational properties and from the point of view of economic feasibility.
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Panoutsou, Calliope, Sara Giarola, Dauda Ibrahim, Simone Verzandvoort, Berien Elbersen, Cato Sandford, Chris Malins, et al. "Opportunities for Low Indirect Land Use Biomass for Biofuels in Europe." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (May 4, 2022): 4623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094623.
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Sustainable biofuels are an important tool for the decarbonisation of transport. This is especially true in aviation, maritime, and heavy-duty sectors with limited short-term alternatives. Their use by conventional transport fleets requires few changes to the existing infrastructure and engines, and thus their integration can be smooth and relatively rapid. Provision of feedstock should comply with sustainability principles for (i) producing additional biomass without distorting food and feed markets and (ii) addressing challenges for ecosystem services, including biodiversity, and soil quality. This paper performs a meta-analysis of current research for low indirect land use change (ILUC) risk biomass crops for sustainable biofuels that benefited either from improved agricultural practices or from cultivation in unused, abandoned, or severely degraded land. Two categories of biomass crops are considered here: oil and lignocellulosic. The findings confirm that there are significant opportunities to cultivate these crops in European agro-ecological zones with sustainable agronomic practices both in farming land and in land with natural constraints (unused, abandoned, and degraded land). These could produce additional low environmental impact feedstocks for biofuels and deliver economic benefits to farmers.
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Łukasik, Rafał M. "Biofuels – Towards Objectives Of 2030 And Beyond." Acta Innovations, no. 39 (April 15, 2021): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32933/actainnovations.39.4.
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The European (and global) energy sector is in a process of profound transformation, making it essential for changes to take place that influence energy producers, operators, and regulators, as well as consumers themselves, as they are the ones who interact in the energy market. The RED II Directive changes the paradigm of the use of biomass in the heat and electricity sectors, by introducing sustainability criteria with mandatory minimum greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions and by establishing energy efficiency criteria. For the transport sector, the extension of the introduction of renewables to all forms of transport (aviation, maritime, rail and road short and long distance), between 2021-2030, the strengthening of energy efficiency and the strong need to reduce GHG emissions, are central to achieving the national targets for renewables in transport, representing the main structural changes in the European decarbonisation policy in that sector. It is necessary to add that biomass is potentially the only source of renewable energy that makes it possible to obtain negative GHG emission values, considering the entire life cycle including CO2 capture and storage. Hence, this work aims to analyse the relevance of biomass for CHP and in particular, the use of biomass for biofuels that contribute to achieving carbon neutrality in 2050. The following thematic sub-areas are addressed in this work: i) the new environmental criteria for the use of biomass for electricity in the EU in light of now renewable energy directive; ii) current and emerging biofuel production technologies and their respective decarbonization potential; iii) the relevance or not of the development of new infrastructures for distribution renewable fuels, alternatives to the existing ones (biomethane, hydrogen, ethanol); iv) the identification of the necessary measures for biomass in the period 2020-2030
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Mohd Noh, Hazariah, Gustavo Alonso Rodriges, and Nor Aida Abdul Rahman. "Green Renewable Energy – Risk Need to Be Tackled in Going Green for Air Transportation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 747 (March 2015): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.747.325.
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This paper will discuss on issues of using alternative fuel (bio jet fuel) for 50% mixing or replacing current Jet A/ Jet A-1 fuel in relationship towards aircraft fuel systems. Two key issues aviation biofuel; Technical Risk and Quality Risk will be evaluated. Technical risk, such as storage stabilityfor biological growth,thermal stabilityin relation to fuel system components coking, the outcomes fromcombustion propertiesandmaterial compatibilityto the engine system and discussions on the level of thetrace of contaminationlike metals or micronutrients. In quality risk, the issues need to be measured: the inconsistency of the products such as thesource dependencies,robustnesscontrolandfragmented enterprise.These two issues need to be measured in order to create a clear pathway for Air Transport in sustainable manner, where further research towards reliability and sustainability for future aircraft performance and maintenance can be correlated.
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Balakrishnan, Madhesan, Eric R. Sacia, Sanil Sreekumar, Gorkem Gunbas, Amit A. Gokhale, Corinne D. Scown, F. Dean Toste, and Alexis T. Bell. "Novel pathways for fuels and lubricants from biomass optimized using life-cycle greenhouse gas assessment." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 25 (June 8, 2015): 7645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508274112.
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Decarbonizing the transportation sector is critical to achieving global climate change mitigation. Although biofuels will play an important role in conventional gasoline and diesel applications, bioderived solutions are particularly important in jet fuels and lubricants, for which no other viable renewable alternatives exist. Producing compounds for jet fuel and lubricant base oil applications often requires upgrading fermentation products, such as alcohols and ketones, to reach the appropriate molecular-weight range. Ketones possess both electrophilic and nucleophilic functionality, which allows them to be used as building blocks similar to alkenes and aromatics in a petroleum refining complex. Here, we develop a method for selectively upgrading biomass-derived alkyl methyl ketones with >95% yields into trimer condensates, which can then be hydrodeoxygenated in near-quantitative yields to give a new class of cycloalkane compounds. The basic chemistry developed here can be tailored for aviation fuels as well as lubricants by changing the production strategy. We also demonstrate that a sugarcane biorefinery could use natural synergies between various routes to produce a mixture of lubricant base oils and jet fuels that achieve net life-cycle greenhouse gas savings of up to 80%.
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Mohd Noh, Hazariah, and Nurul Ain Md Zulkifly. "Short-Term and Long-Term Feedstock Bio Jet Fuel for Green Environment of Air Transport in Climate Change Awareness." Applied Mechanics and Materials 225 (November 2012): 572–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.225.572.
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Air transportation and manageable cost is the key to determine the smooth running of the airlines. Today, the trend is changing with the environment generally and sustainability standards specifically. Responsibility towards environmental issues, in conjunction with safety and security, remains an essential promise for the aviation industry, even in the face of the economic downturn. IATA’s vision is for carbon-neutral growth on the way to a zero-emission future. This is being implemented through IATA’s four-pillar strategy: investing in technology, flying planes effectively, building efficient infrastructure and using positive economic measures (technology, operations, infrastructure and economic instruments). This paper will focus in the projection on biofuel as an alternative energy compromise reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in overview through short-term and long-term feedstock biomass. As environmental concerns are becoming clearer in general transportation systems, air transportation generates for its presence which must be considered in strategic planning development for the bio jet fuel to be implemented in near future in air transport operations for tenable greener skies.
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Gawron, Bartosz, Aleksander Górniak, Tomasz Białecki, Anna Janicka, Radosław Włostowski, Adriana Włóka, Justyna Molska, and Maciej Zawiślak. "Impact of a Synthetic Component on the Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds during the Combustion Process in a Miniature Turbine Engine." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 8462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248462.
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This paper refers to the study of biofuel as an alternative power source for turbine aviation engines. Blends of Jet A-1 fuel and synthesized hydrocarbons from Hydrotreated Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) technology at different proportions, such as 25%, 50% and 75%, were used for tests. All the test results were compared with the neat Jet A-1 fuel. A miniature GTM series turbojet engine was used in the test rig studies. During the tests conducted at a specific rotational speed, selected engine operating parameters as well as the emission of volatile organic compounds were measured. In terms of engine performance, no significant differences were found between the test fuels. The results of volatile organic compound emissions indicate that among the most toxic compounds the highest concentrations were obtained for benzene. The addition of the HEFA synthetic component and increasing its proportion in the blend resulted in the obtained concentration values for benzene showing a decreasing trend. The plotted utility profile indicates that the most optimal blend, i.e., the least toxic, is the blend with the share (v/v) of 62.5% of Jet A-1 fuel and 37.5% of HEFA component.
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Yuan, Ruling, Jun Pu, Dan Wu, Qingbai Wu, Taoli Huhe, Tingzhou Lei, and Yong Chen. "Research Priorities and Trends on Bioenergy: Insights from Bibliometric Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 15881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315881.
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Replacing fossil fuels with bioenergy is crucial to achieving sustainable development and carbon neutrality. To determine the priorities and developing trends of bioenergy technology, related publications from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed using bibliometric method. Results demonstrated that the number of publications on bioenergy increased rapidly since 2005, and the average growth rate from 2005 to 2011 reached a maximum of 20% per year. In terms of publication quantity, impact, and international collaboration, the USA had been leading the research of bioenergy technology, followed by China and European countries. Co-occurrence analysis using author keywords identified six clusters about this topic, which are “biodiesel and transesterification”, “biogas and anaerobic digestion”, “bioethanol and fermentation”, “bio-oil and pyrolysis”, “microalgae and lipid”, and “biohydrogen and gasification or dark fermentation”. Among the six clusters, three of them relate to liquid biofuel, attributing that the liquid products of biomass are exceptional alternatives to fossil fuels for heavy transportation and aviation. Lignocellulose and microalgae were identified as the most promising raw materials, and pretreating technologies and efficient catalysts have received special attention. The sharp increase of “pyrolysis” and “gasification” from 2011 to 2020 suggested that those technologies about thermochemical conversion have been well studied in recent years. Some new research trends, such as applying nanoparticles in transesterification, and hydrothermal liquefaction in producing bio-oil from microalgae, will get a breakthrough in the coming years.
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"Introspection of Alternative Aviation Fuel Processing Technology: Benchmarks and Challenges." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 9, no. 3 (February 29, 2020): 3275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.c6319.029320.
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Aviation industry is one of the main contributors and fastest-growing sectors in the world economy. Fuel consumption from this industry is one of the major issues that have drawn the attention of both professionals and researchers in recent years. The high dependency along with the high consumption of aviation fuel on petroleum plays a crucial role in environmental degradation due to increased carbon dioxide and other emissions, as well as in the increasing rate of fossil fuel depletion. Therefore, various potential technologies have been developed and further investigated to produce alternative aviation fuels, especially biofuels. In this article, principles, sustainability, and main concerns of different alternative aviation fuel processing technologies, with some focus on biofuels, are discussed in challenges and possible remedies. The major ecological problems connected with the application of conventional jet fuels in contrast to The advantages of biofuels implementation in the aviation industry are also highlighted. This work is aimed to show the state of the art of current alternative aviation fuels, their production technologies, and the potentiality of replacing the conventional jet fuel.
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Otto, Marcel, Ladislav Vesely, Jayanta Kapat, Michael Stoia, Nicholas D. Applegate, and Gregory Natsui. "Ammonia as an Aircraft Fuel: A Critical Assessment From Airport to Wake." ASME Open Journal of Engineering 2 (January 1, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4062626.
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Abstract Zero-emission aviation initiatives have mainly focused on using hydrogen or drop-in biofuels and sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) to replace fossil-based jet fuels to achieve near-term reductions in carbon emissions with minimal impacts on the global aircraft fleet and supporting infrastructure. Despite significant advances in the production of such fuels, scaling up manufacturing capability to be cost-competitive is an ongoing effort. This paper discusses ammonia as a near-zero-emission carrier of green hydrogen for aviation. Ammonia is proposed as a carrier of hydrogen fuel, a thermal sink for compressor intercooling, and cooling of cooling air, for NOx elimination, and for condensation of water vapor to reduce contrail formation. A two-pronged investigation is presented, where first, a holistic discussion on alternative fuels identifies ammonia as a suitable hydrogen carrier for aviation. Second, the implications and potentials of ammonia are discussed and analyzed at the airframe and engine system level. Stemming from the already established fertilizer industry, a robust supply chain for ammonia exists together with experience in handling large quantities of the fluid despite its higher toxicity compared to hydrogen and other alternative aviation fuels of the future. It is found that ammonia requires significantly less water than SAF in production, on par with hydrogen, at comparable life cycle emission levels. The feasibility of heat exchangers for compressor intercooling and turbine-cooled cooling air, enabled by ammonia’s non-coking properties, is demonstrated, and paves the way toward efficient zero-emission engine cores.
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Granacher, Julia, Tuong-Van Nguyen, Rafael Castro-Amoedo, Erina Clare McDonald, and François Maréchal. "Enhancing biomass utilization by combined pulp and fuel production." Frontiers in Energy Research 10 (November 23, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.979502.
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A shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is essential to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions and climate change effects. Biofuels represent a promising low-carbon alternative for sectors that are hard to electrify, such as freight transport or aviation. This work investigates possible pathways for increasing the value of biomass at a Kraft pulp mill, focusing on black liquor and bark streams. Mathematical programming is coupled with superstructure optimization and systematic solution exploration to identify meaningful process configurations. The analysis of solutions under market variations allows for the identification of robust and competitive configurations for the co-production of pulp and fossil fuel alternatives. The results show that the integration of biorefineries in pulp mills results in better resource use and higher energy efficiency - diversifying the product portfolio and providing bio-based fuel products to the market while being economically viable. By incorporating fuel production in the conventional Kraft process, the carbon conversion efficiency of the mill can be increased from 48% to up to 67%. Extending the analysis, up to 2% of the European road freight transportation fuel could be provided with combined pulp and fuel production, and 5% of the worldwide fuel demand for passenger aviation.
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Li, Jingbo, Yongshuo Ma, Nian Liu, Bekir E. Eser, Zheng Guo, Peter Ruhdal Jensen, and Gregory Stephanopoulos. "Synthesis of high-titer alka(e)nes in Yarrowia lipolytica is enabled by a discovered mechanism." Nature Communications 11, no. 1 (December 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19995-0.
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AbstractAlka(e)nes are ideal fuel components for aviation, long-distance transport, and shipping. They are typically derived from fossil fuels and accounting for 24% of difficult-to-eliminate greenhouse gas emissions. The synthesis of alka(e)nes in Yarrowia lipolytica from CO2-neutral feedstocks represents an attractive alternative. Here we report that the high-titer synthesis of alka(e)nes in Yarrowia lipolytica harboring a fatty acid photodecarboxylase (CvFAP) is enabled by a discovered pathway. We find that acyl-CoAs, rather than free fatty acids (FFAs), are the preferred substrate for CvFAP. This finding allows us to debottleneck the pathway and optimize fermentation conditions so that we are able to redirect 89% of acyl-CoAs from the synthesis of neutral lipids to alka(e)nes and reach titers of 1.47 g/L from glucose. Two other CO2-derived substrates, wheat straw and acetate, are also demonstrated to be effective in producing alka(e)nes. Overall, our technology could advance net-zero emissions by providing CO2-neutral and energy-dense liquid biofuels.
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Shafagh, Ida, Kevin J. Hughes, Elena Catalanotti, Zhen Liu, Mohamed Pourkashanian, and Chris W. Wilson. "Experimental and Modeling Studies of the Oxidation of Surrogate Bio-Aviation Fuels." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 134, no. 4 (January 25, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4004235.
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Jet fuels currently in use in the aviation industry are exclusively kerosene-based. However, potential problems regarding security of supply, climate change, and increasing cost are becoming more significant, exacerbated by the rapidly growing demand from the aviation sector. Biofuels are considered one of the most suitable alternatives to petrochemical-based fuels in the aviation industry in the short to medium term, since blends of biofuel and kerosene provide a good balance of properties currently required from an aviation fuel. Experimental studies at a variety of stoichiometries using a flat flame burner with kerosene and kerosene/biofuel blends have been performed with product analysis by gas sampling and laser-induced fluorescence detection of OH, CO, and CO2. These studies have been complemented by modeling using the PREMIX module of Chemkin to provide insights into and to validate combined models describing the oxidation chemistry of surrogate fuels depicting kerosene, fatty acid methyl ester biofuels, and Fischer-Tropsch derived fuels. Sensitivity analysis has identified important reactions within these schemes, which, where appropriate, have been investigated by molecular modeling techniques available within Gaussian 03.