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Glenna, Leland L. "On becoming ecologically rational : a social and environmental critque of agriculture /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841142.
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Silva, Cristiane Moreira da. "Agricultura alternativa e sustentabilidade : o caso do assentamento novas vidas em Ocara, Ceará." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2004. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/16476.
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SILVA, Cristiane Moreira da. Agricultura alternativa e sustentabilidade : o caso do assentamento novas vidas em Ocara, Ceará. 2004. 101 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2004.Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-04-29T12:15:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2004_dis_cmsilva.pdf: 780240 bytes, checksum: 729c2db94a43b71fc664a05ff65ccecd (MD5)
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The present study tried to analyze the implications of the alternative agriculture in the establishment Novas Vidas – Ocara – CE, considering the social, environmental and economic aspects. For so much, they took place a field work in the sense of they be tabulated information that allowed a characterization and understanding in the production ways and organization of establishment, because such area represents a differentiation place, because it was one of the first establishments of agrarian reform of Ceará they convert it the conventional production into alternative, through the organic agriculture. The method used in the research took into social, environmental and economic variable account, through an investigation process, where they were applied and later on the tabulated 17 questionnaires for the 20 seated families. According to the obtained data, seated them they use 34,5ha are with subsistence agriculture and 4,2ha are with vegetable gardens, both produced in an organic way. Even so, same possessing earth and water for irrigation the explored area is small, because, the establishment possesses a total area of 693,67 ha. The results indicate that, in the social aspects, it is observed that the problems of health are not verified with frequently and the education, what demonstrates progresses in the improvement of the life quality. In agreement with the environmental variables, it is verified that the abandonment of practices that they degrade the environment is present in the place. Already in what it says respect to the economic aspects, the analysis aims the need to obtain mechanisms of a larger generation of income and resolutions for problems of economic nature, because, becomes an negative point to be solved. The agriculture of the establishment represents a model of more balanced development, at least in what it tells respect the environmental subject, even so it is necessary that is created initiatives to turn it more effective in the generation of income. Solved that problems, the model could represent an exit for the problem of the insustainability agricultural production, by means of the application of an alternative agriculture that glimmer the sustainability life the field.
O presente estudo procurou analisar as implicações da agricultura alternativa no assentamento Novas Vidas - Ocara – CE, considerando os aspectos sociais, ambientais e econômicos, visto que tal área representa um local de diferenciação, pois foi um dos primeiros assentamentos de reforma agrária do Ceará a converterem a produção convencional em alternativa, através da agricultura orgânica. O método utilizado na pesquisa levou em conta variáveis sociais, ambientais e econômicas, através de um processo de investigação, onde foram aplicados e posteriormente tabulados 17 questionários dentre as 20 famílias assentadas. Segundo os dados obtidos, os assentados utilizam 34,5ha com agricultura de subsistência e 4,2ha com hortas, ambas produzidas de forma orgânica. Porém, mesmo possuindo terra e água para irrigação a área explorada é pequena, visto que, o assentamento possui uma área total de 693,67ha. Os resultados indicam que, dentre os aspectos sociais, observa-se que os problemas de saúde não são constatados com grandes freqüências e que há a valorização da educação, o que demonstra avanços na melhoria da qualidade de vida. De acordo com as variáveis ambientais, constata-se que o abandono de práticas que degradam o meio ambiente é presente no local. Já no que diz respeito aos aspectos econômicos, a análise aponta a necessidade de se encontrar mecanismos de uma maior geração de renda e resoluções para a questão econômica, visto que, torna-se um ponto negativo a ser solucionado. A agricultura do assentamento representa um modelo de desenvolvimento mais equilibrado, pelo menos no que diz respeito à questão ambiental, porém é necessário que se crie iniciativas para torná-la mais eficaz na geração de renda. Resolvidos tais problemas, o modelo poderia representar uma saída para o problema da insustentabilidade da produção agrícola, mediante a aplicação de uma agricultura alternativa que vislumbre a sustentabilidade da vida no campo.
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Silva, Cristiane Moreira da. "Agricultura alternativa e sustentabilidade : o caso do assentamento novas vidas em Ocara, CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2004. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1626.
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O presente estudo procurou analisar as implicaÃÃes da agricultura alternativa no assentamento Novas Vidas - Ocara â CE, considerando os aspectos sociais, ambientais e
econÃmicos, visto que tal Ãrea representa um local de diferenciaÃÃo, pois foi um dos primeiros assentamentos de reforma agrÃria do Cearà a converterem a produÃÃo convencional em alternativa, atravÃs da agricultura orgÃnica. O mÃtodo utilizado na pesquisa levou em conta variÃveis sociais, ambientais e econÃmicas, atravÃs de um processo de investigaÃÃo, onde foram aplicados e posteriormente tabulados 17 questionÃrios dentre as 20 famÃlias assentadas. Segundo os dados obtidos, os assentados utilizam 34,5ha com agricultura de subsistÃncia e 4,2ha com hortas, ambas produzidas de forma orgÃnica. PorÃm, mesmo possuindo terra e Ãgua para irrigaÃÃo a Ãrea explorada à pequena, visto que, o assentamento possui uma Ãrea total de 693,67ha. Os resultados indicam que, dentre os aspectos sociais, observa-se que os problemas de saÃde nÃo sÃo constatados com grandes freqÃÃncias e que hà a valorizaÃÃo da educaÃÃo, o que demonstra avanÃos na melhoria da qualidade de vida. De acordo com as variÃveis ambientais, constata-se que o abandono de prÃticas que degradam o meio ambiente à presente no local. Jà no que diz respeito aos aspectos econÃmicos, a anÃlise aponta a necessidade de se encontrar mecanismos de uma maior geraÃÃo de renda e resoluÃÃes para a questÃo econÃmica, visto que, torna-se um ponto negativo a ser solucionado. A agricultura do assentamento representa um modelo de desenvolvimento mais equilibrado, pelo menos no que diz respeito à questÃo ambiental, porÃm à necessÃrio que se crie iniciativas para tornÃ-la mais eficaz na geraÃÃo de renda. Resolvidos tais problemas, o modelo poderia representar uma saÃda para o problema da insustentabilidade da produÃÃo agrÃcola, mediante a aplicaÃÃo de uma agricultura alternativa que vislumbre a sustentabilidade da vida no campo.The present study tried to analyze the implications of the alternative agriculture in the establishment Novas Vidas â Ocara â CE, considering the social, environmental and economic aspects. For so much, they took place a field work in the sense of they be tabulated information that allowed a characterization and understanding in the production ways and organization of establishment, because such area represents a differentiation place, because it was one of the first establishments of agrarian reform of Cearà they convert it the conventional production into alternative, through the organic agriculture. The method used in the research took into social, environmental and economic variable account, through an investigation process, where they were applied and later on the tabulated 17 questionnaires for the 20 seated families. According to the obtained data, seated them they use 34,5ha are with subsistence agriculture and 4,2ha are with vegetable gardens, both produced in an organic way. Even so, same possessing earth and water for irrigation the explored area is small, because, the establishment possesses a total area of 693,67 ha. The results indicate that, in the social aspects, it is observed that the problems of health are not verified with frequently and the education, what demonstrates progresses in the improvement of the life quality. In agreement with the environmental variables, it is verified that the abandonment of practices that they degrade the environment is present in the place. Already in what it says respect to the economic aspects, the analysis aims the need to obtain mechanisms of a larger generation of income and resolutions for problems of economic nature, because, becomes an negative point to be solved. The agriculture of the establishment represents a model of more balanced development, at least in what it tells respect the environmental subject, even so it is necessary that is created initiatives to turn it more effective in the generation of income. Solved that problems, the model could represent an exit for the problem of the insustainability agricultural production, by means of the application of an alternative agriculture that glimmer the sustainability life the field.
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Karlwolfgang, Andrew 1958. "Alternative forest tax regimes and tax capitalization." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288829.
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It has long been asserted that taxation distorts the production decisions of timber land owners. More recently, claims have been that this does not occur because the tax is fully shifted into sawlog prices. This paper constructs a model of landowner choice between a property tax programme and a modified yield tax programme under the assumption of tax capitalization. Under tax shifting, the landowner will be indifferent between tax regimes. With tax capitalization owners of younger stands will elect to classify their stands for the modified yield tax programme. An empirical model of binary choice is evaluated using cross sectional forty level data from Cowlitz County, Washington immediately after implementation of the Reforestation Act of 1931. The empirical results suggest that landowners are responsive to differences in the taxing pattern in a manner conforming to the theoretical predictions consistent with tax capitalization. Additional results suggest that implementation of the alternate tax regime may have had little effect on tax defaults. The tax capitalization result is extended to derive expressions for pigouvian taxes designed to influence stand management, consistent with the increasing timber prices encountered in the postwar world.
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Brant, Barry. "Alternative strategic financial plans for Garden City Co-op." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/879.
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Marks, Leonie A. "Evaluating alternative farming systems : a fuzzy MADM approach /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9924905.
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Olsen, Eden K. "Biodynamic Agriculture: A Valuable Alternative to the Industrial Farming System." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/317.
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Since the Scientific and Industrial revolutions, advancing technologies and cutting-edge science have enabled our society to continually promote a growing global economy. Industrial growth has increasingly become a top priority for most governments, notably in the agricultural realm. The advances towards agricultural industrialization began in the 17th century and escalated during the Green Revolution, which examined the possibility of using synthetic fertilizers and mechanization in farming to decrease labor and improve yields. Although seen as economically beneficial, the shift from an agrarian lifestyle to industrial farming has created an ecological, economic, and ideological crisis to our modern world. This paper aims to examine the problems associated with agricultural industrialization and investigate whether biodynamic agriculture effectively provides a solution to the problems inherent in both conventional and industrial organic agricultural methodology.
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McGinley, Susan. "An Alternative Paper Crop from the Southwest." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622399.
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Sabih, Sacha Francis. "The CSA method of alternative financing in agriculture : a case study." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0004/MQ44267.pdf.
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Abbott, Bryce Alexander. "Cultivating Agricultural Resistance: Alternative Farming as Slow Modernity." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23228.
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Contemporary methods of food production in the United States have become undeniably destructive ecologically. Two of the strongest symbols of that destruction from corporate industrial agriculture are CAFOs (Confined Animal Feeding Operations) and monoculture crop production. This thesis seeks to find examples of producers refusing these methods as well as what motivates those producers to refuse, and what that refuse could mean politically. The project is grounded theoretically in the work of critical theorists, especially Herbert Marcuse, because the Frankfurt School\'s criticism of instrumental rationality and understanding of domination functions to elucidate the societal conditions that allow for agricultural (over)production to be swept up in problematic methods in the name of efficiency. Part I starts by analyzing academic as well as popular discourses of CAFOs and the historical process of industrializing meat production and agriculture in the United States. Here both corporate capitalism and enlightenment rationality are indicted and Marcuse\'s theories are put to work to set up what is being refused. Part II uses examples of organic and local food to provide an understanding for how consumption centered refusals can be co-opted by corporate interest. Part III seeks out contemporary refusals that go past \'green consumerism\' and foster a "new sensibility" that is grounded in a sense of place, ecological cooperation with nature, and refuses corporatism. In this new sensibility there is a direct rejection of the instrumental rationality, the profit motive and exploitation of nature.
Master of Public and International Affairs
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Kingdon, Lorraine. "Peanuts, Popcorn, and Peppers: Arizona Farmers to Alternative Crops." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/295522.
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Austin, Stephanie Elizabeth. "Subscription farming : a study of an alternative agricultural system /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09enva937.pdf.
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Earles, Laura Evalina. "Ways of old, ways of new : realism and idealism in community supported agriculture /." view abstract or download file of text, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1421624501&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-138). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Thiesen, Thais H. Ms. "A Framework for assessing Alternative Agro-Ecosystems: finding Multi-Functional Solutions for Sustainable urban landscapes." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3042.
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Creating sustainable urban landscapes in light of growing population pressures requires interdisciplinary multi-functional solutions. Alternative agro-ecosystems described as food forests, permaculture gardens, and/or edible landscapes among others could offer potential ways to address the social, economic and ecological goals of various stakeholders simultaneously. The present research used a unique rubric, the Permaculture and Agro-ecosystems Sustainability Scorecard (PASS) that combines existing agricultural and landscape sustainability indicators in order to assess alternative agro-ecosystems. The rubric evaluates provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural ecosystem services such as pollinator presence, biodiversity, pesticides and fertilizer use, carbon sequestration and human interactions. The PASS was used to score twelve sites in South Florida that meet specific criteria in the small farm, residential and public space categories. The results showed that the majority of the sites scored highest in the supporting services provided, followed by regulating and cultural services and lowest in the economic services category.
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Cheng, Kwok-hang, and 鄭國鏗. "Is vertical farming a more sustainable alternative to conventional farming in Hong Kong?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207616.
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Hong Kong’s agricultural sector has been declining since the 1980s with the reduction in area of arable lands and number of farmers. The trend of over-reliance on imported produce is likely to continue with population growth in the upcoming decades. The climbing imported to locally grown food ratio might aggravate climate change. Vertical farming, which is promoted in recent years as a more sustainable mode of farming than conventional cultivation, is investigated mainly in terms of life cycle Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions of its produce.
Assessment was carried out following the guidelines in two relevant sets of Publicly Available Specification (PAS). Lettuce variety “Heading European”, which is among the most popular leafy vegetables in Hong Kong, is chosen because of its significant share imported from Guangdong Province. Three sets of surveys have been conducted to find out if locally grown produce generates less GHG than imported one. The sustainability of vertical farming is also evaluated. It performs in a cradle-to-gate basis in which life cycle of the lettuce is assessed from the stage of farmland preparation to delivery of them to Vegetable Marketing Organization (VMO).
The results of life cycle GHG evaluation show that produce of local farm generates fewer amounts of GHGs than the imported one. For lettuces imported from the conventional farm in Songyuancun, Guangdong Province, it generates approximately 1.57E+00kg of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e). It is about 132% higher than the one grown in local conventional farm at Tai Kong Po Tsuen, which is around 6.77E-01kg of CO2-e
It seems the idea of replacing local conventional farming with vertical farming is not sustainable at this stage. Evaluation reveals the latter generates more amount of GHG which is 8.72E+00kg CO2-e/cup of Oak Leaf Lettuce. It is about 13 times higher than the locally grown in the conventional farm.
The energy-hungry lighting system and the lack of renewable energy are among the major reasons for high GHG emission in vertical farming. Although the GHG emissions are higher than conventional farming in the designated lifecycle, vertical farming does contribute to sustainable development in terms of food stability and job opportunity.
Uncertainties of this study could well be improved by developing a specific set of GHG emission factors for components in preparation stage and on-farm stage. More information could be collected for use and end-of-life stages, which is omitted in the study. Further comparison of wider variety of vegetables cultivated in different forms of farming should also be carried out.
Carbon labelling scheme for agricultural products would brush up environmental awareness of both producers and consumers. With the trend of green consumption, it would provide an incentive for producers to adopt this scheme. It is especially important for local vertical farms to impose this scheme to increase its market competiveness.
Moreover, government should play a significant role in promoting a more sustainable form of agriculture. Supportive policy like increasing investment in R&D for energy efficient technologies or even erecting a modern building for vertical farms would help achieve this goal. The lowered life cycle GHG emission would enhance sustainability of vertical farming.published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management
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Holmberg, Mitchell Blake. "Alternative nitrogen for subsequent southern switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) production using cool-season legumes." Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1554945.
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Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) has become an important bioenergy crop. Warm, winter temperatures in the southeastern USA allow for fall establishment and winter growth of cool-season legumes that may provide nitrogen to the spring perenniating crop of switchgrass. Data indicates variation due to year and location, but hairy vetch plots provided a greater nitrogen percentage in the subsequent biomass production of switchgrass. In 2011, switchgrass fertilized with 56 kg ha−1 N was greater than the control and in 2012 it was greater than the 28 kg ha−1 N treatment. Variation around the means prevented clear separation among other treatments. The data also showed that hairy vetch had the greatest volunteer frequency and cover percentage throughout the year. Data from the Dairy Farm showed no differences in yields due to a lack of field management the previous years and only ball clover increased its coverage over time.
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Shrestha, Raju Babu. "NGOs and sustainable agriculture : a study of alternative agriculture innovation and intervention practices of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in Nepal." Thesis, University of Reading, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443365.
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Warner, Keith Douglass. "Agroecology in action : how the science of alternative agriculture circulates through social networks /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Chitiyo, Plaxedes. "Assessing policy and institutional change's influence on alternative agriculture in Zimbabwe since 1980." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/944.
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ABSTRACT: Policy makers and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Zimbabwe are advocating for alternative agriculture as a better form of agriculture compared to conventional agriculture in order to increase agricultural productivity, as well as address challenges such as climate change, erratic rainfall patterns, and environmental degradation. The country is now a net importer of food with many people in need of food aid. Conventional agriculture as well as policies supporting it has not been able to address these challenges. Although there is a growing interest in alternative agriculture in the country, it is a field that is under researched. This study therefore sought through three main objectives to clarify characteristics of alternative agriculture in Zimbabwe, determine the role of NGOs promoting it and assess whether pro-conventional agriculture policies have impacted development of alternative agriculture in the country.Results from the first study indicate that there is lack of respect for alternative agriculture as compared to conventional agriculture. Disrespect for alternative agriculture has resulted in lack of proper pricing and policy support for alternatively produced products. In addition, alternative agriculture is viewed as the farming for the future for it results in many benefits and is able to address challenges faced by farmers in Zimbabwe due to its holistic approach. It is also viewed as an old form of agriculture practiced before the introduction of Green Revolution technologies. Since alternative agriculture is an ambiguous term and is under researched in Zimbabwe this study clarified what it means within the Zimbabwean context. Results from the second study show that NGOs are using certified organic agriculture, a form of alternative agriculture to facilitate community development. They are targeting poor vulnerable communities and facilitate training in organic farming, research, market linkages, create awareness, advocate for policy change and provide social support to these communities. However, it is clear from the study that there is need for government and other stakeholders to partner with NGOs so as to further develop certified organic agriculture in the Zimbabwe.The third study indicates that pro-conventional agriculture policies resulted in lack of respect for certified organic farming which leads to lack of organic policy. It is evident from the study that there is long term disregard for alternative agriculture with most policies supporting conventional agriculture development. Poor governance and land reform policy have further undermined the development of certified organic agriculture. These factors have prevented Zimbabwe from addressing real problems of declining food production, climate change, land degradation and loss of biodiversity through sustainable forms of agriculture such as certified organic agriculture.
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Janssen, Brandi. "Growing local food: direct market agriculture in Iowa." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4653.
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In recent years, the production and marketing of local food has become the fastest growing segment of the natural food industry and an important part of the sustainable agriculture movement. The heightened attention to local food systems has bolstered farmers markets attendance, Community Supported Agriculture memberships, and Farm to School programs. The movement has gained such popular salience that in 2007, "locavore" (defined as a person who seeks out locally grown foods) was Oxford American Dictionary's word of the year. Many scholars have also recognized that local food systems may provide positive economic effects (Swenson 2009) and have the potential to build community relationships (Kloppenburg 2000; Lyson 2004).
This thesis is based on ethnographic research among local food producers in Iowa that was conducted between June of 2008 and August of 2011. Here I examine the daily practice of producing and marketing local food and consider the challenges producers face in their attempts to develop economically viable farms. Emphasis is placed on the relationships between small-scale direct market producers and their larger-scaled conventional neighbors, the implications for rural labor associated with alternative agriculture and small-scale processing, and the strategies producers use to meet the demands of diverse market outlets such as farmers markets or institutions. I argue that, while producers differentiate their farms from the conventional, industrial system, they are embedded within it. Local food producers must contend with the same land shortages and federal policies as conventional producers and in some cases they make use of the equipment and expertise of their conventional neighbors.
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Hofmann, W. C., and P. T. Else. "An Evaluation of an Alternative Commercial Fertilization Program for Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204529.
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Plant growth products manufactured by BioHumaNetics, Inc. (BHN) were evaluated at the Maricopa Agricultural Center for the third consecutive year in the same field. Treatments included: 1) no fertilizers added; 2) standard fertilization used on cotton at the farm; and 3) a treatment schedule prescribed by BHN. Yields in 1987 were significantly different; the BHN treatment produced the highest yield, and the unfertilized treatment produced the lowest yield. Yields from all three treatments were substantially lower than corresponding 1986 yields.
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Wang, Yuanfang. "Alternative measures of volatility in agricultural futures markets." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1111610770.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 121 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 114-121). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Baurhoo, Neerusha. "Canadian pearl millet: a potential alternative grain to corn in broiler production." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97236.
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Two studies were conducted to investigate the effects of partially or totally replacing corn with pearl millet (PM) in broiler diets, alone or in combination with exogenous enzymes, on growth performance, ileal dry matter (DM), CP and amino acid digestibility, and intestinal digesta viscosity, morphological development and microbial populations. In experiment 1, dietary treatments included: a standard corn-soybean meal diet and one in which corn was replaced with 25, 50, 75 or 100% PM. In experiment 2, dietary treatments were: 1) a standard corn-soybean meal diet; 2) a PM-soybean meal diet; 3) diet 1 + exogenous enzymes; and 4) diet 2 + exogenous enzymes. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. PM diets contained less soybean meal because PM grains were richer in CP and amino acids than corn. Total replacement of corn with PM significantly improved (P < 0.05) growth and feed conversion. However, there were no additional benefits due to enzyme supplementation. Feeding broilers PM diets did not have any detrimental effects on digesta viscosity, villus height, villus width and villus surface area of the jejunum. On the contrary, in experiment 2, villi were longer (P < 0.05) in PM-fed birds than those fed corn diets with or without enzymes. Intestinal loads of E. coli were not altered by any of the dietary treatments. But, in experiment 2, both PM diets, with or without enzymes, significantly increased (P < 0.05) Lactobacilli loads. In both studies, DM, CP and amino acids digestibility were similar between corn and PM diets. However, enzyme supplementation to corn or PM diets increased (P < 0.05) DM and CP digestibility. Amino acid digestibility was increased (P < 0.05) only in birds fed the corn diet containing enzymes in comparison with those fed the corn diet without enzymes. In conclusion, total replacement of corn with PM in broiler diets caused significant improvements in growth parameters, and Lactobacilli populations and villus development of the intestines. Additionally, enzyme supplementation to PM diets increased intestinal DM and CP digestibility.Deux études ont été entreprises pour étudier les effets de replacer le maïs par le millet perlé (MP), soit partiellement ou totalement, dans des régimes du poulet de chair, sans ou en combinaison avec des enzymes exogènes sur la croissance, la digestibilité de la matière sèche, protéines brut (CP) et acides aminé dans l'iléon, la viscosité intestinale, et le développement morphologique et les populations bactériennes dans l'intestin. Dans l'expérience 1, les traitements diététiques étaient: un régime standard de maïs-soja, et la même diète dans laquelle le maïs a été remplacé par le MP à 25, 50, 75 ou 100%. Dans l'expérience 2, les traitements diététiques comprenait: 1) un régime de maïs-soja; 2) un régime de MP-soja; 3) le régime 1+enzymes; et 4) le régime 2+enzymes. Tous les régimes avaient la même teneur en azotes et calories. Les régimes de MP contenaient moins de soja parce que les graines de MP étaient plus riches en CP et acides aminés que le maïs. En remplaçant le maïs totalement par le MP a permis d'améliorée (P < 0.05) la croissance et indice de conversion alimentaire. Toutefois, l'utilisation des enzymes n'avait aucun bénéfice. Les régimes de MP n'avaient aucun effet néfaste sur la viscosité intestinale et la longueur, largeur ou superficie du villus dans le jéjunum. Au contraire, dans l'étude 2, les villus étaient plus longs (P < 0.05) chez les poulets consommant les régimes du MP que celles nourrit avec les diètes de maïs contenant des enzymes ou pas. Les concentrations d'E.coli étaient semblables parmi tous les traitements diététiques. Par contre, dans l'expérience 2, les deux régimes de MP, avec ou sans enzymes, ont augmenté (P < 0.05) les concentrations de lactobacilles. Dans les deux études, la digestibilité de la matière sèche, CP et acides aminés étaient semblables entre les régimes de maïs et MP. Cependant, l'ajout des enzymes dans les régimes de maïs et MP avait améliorée (P < 0.05) la digestibilité de la matière sèche et de CP. La digestibilité d'acides aminés été élevée (P < 0.05) seulement entre les oiseaux alimentés des régimes de maïs contenant des enzymes ou pas. En conclusion, un remplacement total du maïs par le MP dans la moulée du poulet de chair a causé une amélioration dans les paramètres de croissance, et les populations de lactobacilles et le développement de villus dans l'intestin. En plus, l'ajout des enzymes dans les régimes de MP a permis d'augmenter la digestibilité intestinale de la matière sèche et de CP.
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Tola, Yetenayet. "Novel and alternative processing techniques to improve quality of thermally processed foods." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123211.
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Low acid vegetables are commonly subjected to intensive thermal treatments. But such treatments significantly damage quality of the products. So far different attempts have been made to improve the quality of canned foods either through modification of processing methods or the use of novel processing technologies. Both approaches have their own limitations to achieve required quality improvement or are hindered by practical applicability in terms of food safety. However so far, limited attempts were made in terms of modification of product property and combined use of alternative processing techniques. Therefore the over goal of this work was to improve quality of canned vegetables, through achieving the following objectives.The first part of this study was focused on searching novel acid infusion mechanisms to modify product pH. Acid infusion kinetic study results showed that pressure assisted approach showed faster, uniform and dependable pH reduction. The associated decimal pH reduction times were 2.4 to 4.4 times higher in conventional method. Furthermore, optimized acid infusion conditions were determined and predictive models were developed using CCD of RSM. The second and third parts of the study investigated the resistance of Bacillus licheniformis spores under different treatments combination. In the second part, the combined effects of different heating methods, types of acidifying agents and pH levels on resistance of the spores were studied. Temperature and pH showed highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) effect with the lowest D value at pH 4.5. The overall range of D and z values were 1.1 to 11.2 min and 12.6 to 17oC, respectively, regardless of heating methods, type of acidifying agent and pH levels. Likewise, the third part, investigated the resistance of the spores under pressure-thermal-pH combinations. Conventional log-linear and Weibull models were used to evaluate survivor curves and certain-log cycle reduction of spores. Survivor curves were better described by the latter model. Pressure-temperature combinations showed significant effects on D and Weibull rate (α) parameters. The destruction pattern was also dependent on pH, with lower D and α values at lower pH. Pressure-thermal death times estimated using Weibull model parameters were higher than values determined by log-linear model, with the latter showing adequacy and the former demonstrating over-treatment. The fourth part of this work was focused on studying the influence of acid infusion on quality retention of carrot. Texture degradation kinetic rate of acid infused (pH 4.5) and control (pH 6.2) samples were investigated at different processing methods. Results showed that on average a 1.7 (conventional thermal), 1.4 (ohmic heating), 1.2 (high pressure-thermal) faster texture degradation rate was observed on controls. Further microscopic and molecular studies of cell wall showed that acid infused samples exhibited intact cell wall structure with lower β- elimination reaction products. Finally, a validation study of different processing methods was conducted using an inoculated pack study. Delivered pasteurization values for each treatment conditions showed more than 7 log reduction of spores for initial inoculum concentration of 108 spores/container. This confirmed the adequacy of the designed processing schedules to inactivate B. licheniformis to insure food safety. Therefore, through combined use of developed novel acid infusion technique and determined inactivation kinetic data, quality of canned vegetables can be significantly improved with use of moderate alternative processing methods with required food safety.Les légumes peu acides (pH> 4,6) sont généralement soumis à des traitements thermiques relativement intensifs. Jusqu'ici, divers procédures ont été développé pour améliorer la qualité des aliments en conserve, soit par modification des méthodes classiques ou par l'application de technologies novatrices. Ces deux approches présentent des avantages mais aussi leurs propres limites. Un nouveau concept dans ce domaine est la modification d'une propriété du produit et ce combiné avec des traitements alternatifs pour améliorer le processus ainsi que la qualité des légumes en conserve.Le point central de le première partie de cette étude été l'évaluation des nouveaux mécanismes de l'infusion d'acide pour modifier le pH du produit. Les résultats de l'étude cinétique ont montré que l'acidification haute pression offre une approche plus rapide, plus uniforme et qui produit une réduction de pH fiable. Les valeurs D étaient de 2.4 à 4.4 fois plus élevées âne la méthode conventionnelle par rapport à l'acidification haute pression. En plus, les conditions optimales ont été réalisées avec la MSR. Les deuxième et troisième sections de l'étude ont examiné la résistance des spores de Bacillus licheniformis sous différentes combinaisons de traitements. La température et le pH ont présenté un effet hautement significatif (p < 0,01) avec la valeur D la plus basse à pH 4,5. La variation des valeurs D et z est de 1.1 à 11.02 minutes et de 12,6 à 17°C, respectivement, indépendamment des méthodes de chauffage, d'agent acidifiant et les niveaux de pH. De même, la résistance des spores dans les combinaisons pression-thermique-pH (400-600MPa, 40-60°C, pH 4.5-6.2) a été étudié les modèles logarithmiques-linéaires et Weibull ont été utilisés pour évaluer les courbes de survie et les réductions logarithmiques des spores. Les courbes de survie ont été mieux décrites par le modèle Weibull. Les combinaisons pression-température ont montré des effets significatifs (p≤0,05) pour les valeurs D (modèle log-linéaire) et les paramètres de taux Weibull (α). La tendance de la destruction était également dépendante du pH où les valeurs inférieures D et α ont correspondu à un pH plus bas. Les temps de mort pression-thermique (5D et 12D) estimées en utilisant les paramètres du modèle Weibull étaient plus élevés que les valeurs déterminées par le modèle log-linéaire, nous montrant un traitement adéquat et une situation de surtraitement, respectivement.La quatrième partie de ce travail a porté sur l'étude de l'influence de l'infusion d'acide sur la rétention de la qualité des carottes. Le taux cinétique de la dégradation de la texture dans les échantillons acidifiés (pH 4,5) et non-acidifiés (contrôle; pH 6,2) à été étudié sous différentes méthodes de traitement. Les résultats ont montré une accélération de la dégradation de la texture de 1,7-fois (chauffage conventionnel), 1.4-fois (chauffage ohmique, OH), 1.2-fois (traitement à haute pression, HP-T) comparée aux échantillons contrôles. D'autres études microscopiques et moléculaires de la paroi cellulaire ont montré que les échantillons acidifiés ont maintenu leurs structure cellulaire intacte avec des produits de réaction β-élimination inférieurs que la contrôle. Finalement, une validation des méthodes de traitement a été effectuée à l'aide du paquet inoculé. Les valeurs de pasteurisation pour chaque condition de traitement ont montré une réduction de spores d'un facteur au moins de 7-log10 car aucun survivant n'a été détecté à partir de l'inoculum initial de 107 spores/conteneur. Cela confirme l'adéquation des temps de traitement conçus pour inactiver les spores de B. licheniformis pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire. Par conséquent, l'utilisation combinée des nouvelles techniques d'acidification et des données cinétiques d'inactivation, la qualité des légumes en conserve pourrait être considérablement améliorée par l'utilisation de méthodes de traitement alternatives.
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Palumbo, John. "Alternative IPM Programs for Management of Lepidopterous Larvae in Fall Lettuce." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220012.
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For a third year, a large block experiment was conducted at the Yuma Ag Center to compare the field performance of several lettuce IPM programs for control of lepidopterous larvae. Conventional, Reduced -risk , Bio-based and Modified IPM spray regimes were applied to control beet armyworm, cabbage looper and Heliothis species throughout the fall growing season. Differences in populations of total larvae among the treatments, relative to insecticide treatments and timing of application were observed at various times during the season. In general, the Conventional, Reduced -risk and Modified IPM approaches provided the most consistent control of lepidopterous larvae following each application. Harvest data showed that the spray regimes had a significant influence of head lettuce yield or quality. Maturity and quality were significantly reduced in the untreated control. An economic analysis shows that net returns varied widely among the management programs at different market prices. In conclusion, this study provides a strong data base to support the need for the development of experimental and biorational insecticide products as alternatives to conventional management programs in desert lettuce production. In addition, it demonstrates the dependance of IPM programs on a broad range of plant protection chemicals and control tactics.
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Brown, Carol A. "Biomass production, composition, and ethanol potential of switchgrass grown on reclaimed surface mines in West Virginia." Thesis, West Virginia University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1573301.
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Growing crops for biofuel production on agricultural land has caused a debate between whether we should grow corn grain on productive, agricultural lands to feed a growing human population or to fuel our vehicles. This has increased interest in growing cellulosic biofuel feedstocks on marginal lands. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a warm-season perennial grass, has been shown to be a viable bioenergy crop because it produces high yields on marginal lands under low water and nutrient conditions. West Virginia contains immense acreages of reclaimed surface mine lands and could offer enough area for the production of switchgrass as a feedstock for a biofuel industry.
The first study was established in 2008 to determine switchgrass yields of three different cultivars on two mine sites in West Virginia. The first site, which was reclaimed in the early 1990s using top soil and treated municipal sludge, consistently had the highest yield of the two sites with a sixth-year yield of 8.4 Mg Dry Matter (DM) ha-1 averaged across varieties. Cave-in-Rock variety produced 13.0 Mg ha-1 of biomass which was more than the other two varieties. The other site, Hobet, was prepared using crushed, unweathered sandstone in 2008 and average yields were 1.0 Mg ha-1 for the sixth year of production.
The second study was conducted on two sites which were reclaimed with a layer of topsoil over gray overburden and seeded with Cave-in-Rock 2011. Fertilizer was applied at rates of 0, 33.6, and 67 kg N ha-1. No fertilizer treatment yielded 0.32 Mg ha-1 while the fertilizer treatments produced significantly higher yields.
The objective of the third study was to determine if cultivars and samples from fertilizer treatments differed in composition and theoretical ethanol yield. Compositional analysis was done using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. It was determined that cultivars did not differ in theoretical ethanol yield with averages ranging from 364 to 438 L Mg-1. Theoretical ethanol production from Cave-in-Rock was significantly higher ranging from 6,092 to 7,348 L ha-1 due to its high biomass production. Fertilizer treatments did not greatly effect composition of switchgrass, but since it did improve yield this was reflected in greater ethanol production for fertilized treatments. Based on the information presented here, high biomass should be the goal for switchgrass grown for biofuel production. With proper soil substrate and fertilizer regime, switchgrass grown on reclaimed surface mines may have high enough yield and quality to support ethanol production in the future.
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Wight, Robert. "Community Supported Agriculture as Public Education: Networked Communities of Practice Building Alternative Agrifood Systems." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1427798047.
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Whitman, Karie L. "Improving Conservation Outcomes in a Biodiversity Hotspot: Alternative Agriculture Techniques in Maromizaha Forest, Madagascar." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1493822021804859.
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Thomaz, Fernanda. "A coletivização agrícola em questão: comparação entre a produção coletiva do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) e as Cooperativas de Produção Agropecuárias de Cuba." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-23032016-122312/.
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A presente pesquisa de doutorado teve o objetivo de analisar o modelo socialista de produção agrícola coletiva implantado através das Cooperativas de Produção Agropecuárias (CPAs), tanto em Cuba, a partir do início da década de 1970, quanto pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), no Brasil, a partir de meados da década de 1980. Nas CPAs a lógica de vida e produção camponesa são transformadas para dar lugar ao trabalho agrícola na lógica socialista. O trabalho antes realizado pela família camponesa, visando a satisfação das suas necessidades, passa a ser realizado pelo trabalhador cooperado, visando o aumento da produção, produtividade e eficiência. A coletivização agrícola é decorrente de um debate histórico no interior do marxismo sobre a necessidade de transformações nas relações de produção e propriedade visando a superação do capitalismo. A perspectiva teórica que a fundamenta é a marxista-leninista, que vê o campesinato como classe em extinção no capitalismo, e sem lugar no socialismo. A principal tese que a sustenta é a superioridade da grande produção agrícola em detrimento da pequena produção camponesa. No Brasil, a pesquisa de campo foi realizada em assentamentos do MST do Estado do Pará, e em Cuba, no município de Vinhales, província de Pinar del Río. Uma contradição semelhante a ambos os casos é que a agricultura coletiva, como grande unidade produtiva, demanda investimentos e recursos permanentes, que nem sempre as cooperativas são capazes de arcar. Com isso há perda de autonomia sobre a produção e os resultados econômicos podem não ser os esperados. Em decorrência, tanto no MST, quanto em Cuba, há um movimento de reflexão sobre as contradições da produção agrícola coletiva, e um considerável retorno dos cooperados à condição camponesa, trazendo à tona novamente o debate sobre o papel do campesinato na construção de um mundo melhor e mais justo.The doctoral research this aimed to analyze the socialist model of collective agricultural production implemented through the Agricultural Production Cooperatives (CPAs), both in Cuba, from the beginning of the 1970s, and by the Rural Workers Landless Movement ( MST) in Brazil since the mid-1980s CPAs In the logic of life and peasant production are transformed to make way for agricultural labor in the socialist logic. The work done before the peasant family in order to satisfy their needs, is now held by the cooperative worker, aimed at increasing production, productivity and efficiency. The agricultural collectivization is due to a historical debate within Marxism on the need for changes in production and property relations aimed at overcoming of capitalism. The theoretical perspective underlying it is the Marxist-Leninist, you see on the peasantry as a class endangered in capitalism, and no place in socialism. The main thesis that sustains it is the superiority of large agricultural production at the expense of small peasant production. In Brazil, the field survey was conducted in the state of Para MST settlements, and Cuba in the town of Vinales, Pinar del Río. A similar contradiction to both cases is that collective farming, as large manufacturing plant, investment demand and permanent resources that are not always cooperatives are able to afford. Thus, there is a loss of autonomy over production and economic results cannot be expected. As a result, both the MST, as in Cuba, there is a reflection movement on the contradictions of collective farming, and a considerable return of the cooperative to the peasant condition, bringing up again the debate on the role of the peasantry in building a world better and fairer.
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Almeida, Jalcione Pereira de. "Agriculteurs de la deuxième chance : un regard sur les (ré)actions contestataires et la mouvance alternative dans l'agriculture du Brésil méridional." Paris 10, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA100106.
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This study concerns the complex space of collective actions and social actors, which fight for an alternative or different agriculture, which propose another type of modernization of the south Brazilian agriculture. It is a subject included in the more general problem of the declining of a certain project of modernity, or more precisely, the declining of a rationalistic idea of modernity and modernization process in Brazil’s agriculture of the last three decades. The factor that shows or explains the propositions and the social practices of the way we can overcome this declining process of modernity-modernization.
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Anderson, Destinee R. "Ohmic heating as an alternative food processing technology." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/610.
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McGrady, John, Vince Rubatzky, Norm Oebker, Tim Hartz, Marvin Butler, Phil Tilt, and Sherry Hagerman. "Cultural Alternative for Avoidance of Lettuce Infectious Yellows Virus (LIYV)." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221452.
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Marra, Michael A. "Switchgrass potential on reclaimed surface mines for biofuel production in West Virginia." Thesis, West Virginia University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1522523.
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The high cost and environmental risks associated with non-renewable energy sources has caused an increased interest in, and development of renewable biofuels. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a warm season perennial grass, has been investigated as a source of biofuel feedstock due to its high biomass production on marginal soils, its tolerance of harsh growing conditions, and its ability to provide habitat for wildlife and soil conservation cover. West Virginia contains vast expanses of reclaimed surface mine lands and could potentially benefit from the production of switchgrass as a biofuel feedstock. Furthermore, switchgrass production could satisfy Surface Mining Reclamation and Control Act of 1977 (SMCRA) requirements for reclamation bond release to mine operators. Three separate studies will be discussed in this thesis to determine if switchgrass grown on reclaimed surface mines can produce yields similar to yields from stands grown under normal agronomic conditions and what common surface mining reclamation practices may be most appropriate for growing switchgrass. The first study examined yield production of three commercially-available, upland switchgrass varieties grown on two reclaimed surface mines in production years two, three and four. The Hampshire Hill mine site, which was reclaimed in the late 1990s using top soil and treated municipal sludge, averaged 5,800 kg (ha-yr)-1 of switchgrass compared to 803 kg (ha-yr)-1 at the Hobet 21 site which was reclaimed with crushed, unweathered rock over compacted overburden. Site and variety interacted with Cave-in-Rock as the top performer at the more fertile Hampshire Hill site and Shawnee produced the highest yields at Hobet 21 (7,853 kg ha-1 and 1,086 kg ha-1 averaged across years, respectively). Switchgrass yields increased from 2009 to 2010, but declined from 2010 to 2011. Switchgrass yields from farmlands in this region averaged about 15000 kg (ha-yr)-1 in the research literature, so switchgrass grown on reclaimed lands appears to be about 50% lower. A second study to determine optimal nitrogen and mulch rates for switchgrass establishment began in June 2011 on two newly-reclaimed surface mines. Both sites were seeded at a rate of 11.2 kg pure live seed (PLS) ha-1 of Cave-in-Rock on replicated treatments of 0, 33.6 and 67.0 kg N ha-1, and high and low mulch rates of mulch applied as hydromulch. Switchgrass cover, frequency and yield improved with the addition of any amount of N fertilizer compared to no N application. There was no significant difference in yield associated with high and low levels of N. We also observed that yields were not affected by application of additional mulch. The final study compared a one- and two-harvest system in the fourth year of production at the Hampshire Hill and Hobet 21 sites. There was no increase in yield production utilizing a two-harvest system (2922 kg (ha-yr)-1, averaged across site) compared to a one-harvest system (3029 kg (ha-yr)-1). The data also showed that re-growth collected from July to October in the two-harvest system added negligible yield and that yield collected in July was comparable in one- and two-harvest systems.
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Fox, Susan. "A Comparison of Chemical Composition & Fermentation Patterns of Alternative Silages to Whole Plant Corn Silage." TopSCHOLAR®, 1989. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2346.
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A comparison of the relationship of fermentation to chemical composition was made for forages which were wilted and ensiled at 35 to 45 percent dry matter. Trial I consisted of three forages ensiled in October, 1981: interseeded soybeans and grain sorghum. whole plant corn with added anhydrous ammonia, and whole plant corn with shelled corn added at a rate of 150 kg/t of fresh forage. Trial II consisted of two forages ensiled in 1982: interseeded soybeans and pearlmillet, and wheat. Temperatures of fermentation were collected, and chemical composition during the first 25 days of fermentation analyzed.
Production data were also collected in Trial I. The cash expenses and yields do not indicate a significant advantage to either crop in this study in terms of yields and return over variables. In terms of plant nutrient content there was an advantage for soybean/grain sorgum silage in protein yield of 854 kilograms per hectare as compared to whole plant corn silage.
Temperature data collected on the forages in Trial I covered 57 days from October 8 through December 4. The maximum recorded temperatures for soybean/grain sorghum, corn silage with added anhydrous ammonia and the corn silage control were 37, 37, and 24 degrees Celcius. achieved by day 11, 4, and 11 of ensilement respectively. The rapid temperature increase for material treated with anhydrous ammonia confirmed previous reports. Small fluctuations occurred in silage temperatures but these were not correlated to ambient temperature. Temperatures declined very slowly in all forages, with the lowest reading for silages by day 57 recorded at 19 C for soybean/grain sorghum silage. Ambient temperature was not reached in the ensiled mass during the 57 day period in which data were recorded.
The soybean/pearlmillet ensiled in Trial II quickly reached a high peak temperature of 44 C at 4 days of ensilement, gradually decreasing over a 57 day period to 35 degrees on October 19. The silage did not reach a desireable pH. Initial forage pH was high, 7.4, dropped rapidly to 5.1 on day 5, but did not decline further in succeeding samples. Samples were low in lactic acid and high in acetic acid content.
Initial buffering capacities for both of the soybean mixture forages were considerably higher than the other forage materials. Buffering capacities at day 0 for whole plant corn, whole plant corn treated with anhydrous ammonia, soybean/grain sorghum, soybean/pearlmillet and wheat forages IA ere 19.4, 20.0, 35.3, 35.3. 38.6 and 22.2 milliequivalents/100 g of dry matter respectively. Increases in buffering capacities during fermentation were smaller for soybean/grain sorgum and soybean/pearlmillet . Buffering capacity increases for the forages were 133.5, 290.5, 69.1, 64.2 and 87.4%.
High ammonia nitrogen levels were found in samples of whole plant corn silage with added anhydrous ammonia obtained on days 10 and 20 of ensilement. These contained .282 and .351% ammonia-nitrogen and tested 18.0 and 20.1% crude protein. The increase in buffering capacity which occurrs with addition of anhydrous ammonia was confirmed by the higher acetic acid and pH levels, with corresponding decreases in lactic acid from samples taken days 10 and 25. Crude protein levels were 17.9 and 17.4 percent while the other samples contained only 10-12% crude protein. It appeared that application of anhydrous ammonia was not uniform throughout the silage. Where high concentrations of ammonia occurred fermentation was prolonged as indicated by excessive amounts of lactic and acetic acids and a high pH in these samples. Values for L(+) lactic acid ranged from .2 to .523 in fresh forage to 5.66% of dry matter on day 25. Concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen in the other silages ranged from .061 to .131%.
The low buffering capacity of whole plant corn silage was reflected by normal concentrations of lactate and acetate but a more acidic pH when compared to the other forages. Lactic and acetic acid production for soybean/grain sorghum silage was similar to that of the corn silage control. Corn silage pH was lower, however, throughout fermentation and reached a stable pH by day 5 of fermentation. The wheat silage went through a gradual fermentation with low lactic acid production, and an intermediary ending pH of 4.0.
Fermentation was essentially complete by day 10 in all silages as indicated by pH, buffering capacity, and lactic acid production: however, there was a tendency for buffering capacity and acetic acid content to increase in all of the ensiled materials throughout the 25 day collection period.
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Hassan, Sajjadul. "Evaluation of alternative farming systems with reference to income and gender in selected areas of Bangladesh /." View thesis View thesis, 2002. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030407.134141/index.html.
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Thesis (M.Sc.)(Hons.) -- University of Western Sydney, [2002]."A thesis presented to the School of Environment and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Honours) " Bibliography: leaves 133-140.
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Ingram, Mrill. "Fertile ground: Geographies of knowledge about soil fertility in the United States alternative agriculture movement." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290033.
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I argue in this dissertation, that alternative agriculture offers an epistemological challenge to the conventional approach to food production. To put it succinctly: alternative agriculture is not just about another way to grow; it's about another way to know. I test this hypothesis through an examination of the discourses of three of the more organized networks in U.S. alternative agriculture: biodynamics, organics and ecoagriculture. These networks have supported research, education and outreach activities around alternative agriculture for decades. I focus on people and institutions of the U.S. Midwest. Bruno Latour's actor-networks and his "circulatory" model of the process of "science-making" provide me with a method for analyzing the creation of alternative knowledge by these groups, from their founders to the present. This research relies on writing by Foucault and Latour as well as by agricultural geographers to inform an investigation into the alternative knowledge networks, with a focus on the discourse of soil fertility. The definition and use of science in core texts provides a central thread for the analysis, which sheds light on how different groups claim and defend territories of agricultural knowledge, and construct their arguments about soil in alternative production. I analyze the identification and labeling of material nature, as well as specific technologies developed to do this work. I also examine criteria for, and evaluation of, experts as well as how people build alliances with other scientists and with a larger public, and how they argue for the importance of their scientific contributions. Although these networks all produce arguments for "following nature," they offer radically different perspectives on what nature consists of, and different frameworks and technologies for working with it. I also juxtapose this discourse analysis with an analysis of the public discourse and regulatory language of the federal standard regulating organic production---the Organic Farm Production Act of 1990, controversy around which prevented it from being implemented until 2002. This comparison sheds light on some of the specific challenges presented to mainstream production and conventional agricultural science by alternative agriculture, and on the process by which some alternative ideas become mainstream.
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Palumbo, John. "Comparison of Alternative Management Approaches for Lepidopterous Larvae in Fall Lettuce." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221651.
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For the second year, a large block experiment was conducted at the Yuma Ag Center to compare the field performance of three lettuce management programs for control of lepidopterous larvae. Conventional, experimental and biorational insecticides were sprayed to control beet armyworm, cabbage looper and Heliothis species throughout the growing season. Differences in populations of total larvae among the four treatments, relative to insecticide treatments and timing of application were observed throughout the season. In general, the standard and experimental treatments provided the most consistent control of lepidopterous larvae following each application. Harvest data showed that the spray regimes had a significant influence of head lettuce yield or quality. Maturity and quality were significantly reduced in the untreated control. An economic analysis shows that net returns varied widely among the management programs at different market prices. In conclusion, this study provides preliminary data to support the need for more development of experimental and biorational insecticide products as alternatives to conventional management programs in desert lettuce production.
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Holdcroft, Anna M. "Alternative Methods of Control for Phytophthora nicotianae of Tobacco." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/plantpath_etds/5.
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Kentucky is the nation’s leading producer of burley tobacco and the crop’s most economically important disease is black shank, caused by Phytophthora nicotianae (Pn). Current management is effective, however, problems with expense and pathogen persistence are issues. Two alternative methods for control of Pn were examined: biofumigation and soil application of an organic, yeast fermentation‐derived product (Soil‐Set). Field studies in 2009 and 2010 found no effect on populations of fungi, disease severity of Pn, and yield between mustard‐ and wheat‐amended plots. Experiments in the greenhouse suggested that survival of Pn was impacted by biomass rather than biofumigation. Biofumigation is not a viable option for controlling black shank in tobacco production. Soil‐Set was inhibitory against mycelial growth of Pn on corn meal agar rather than V8 juice. Results from a greenhouse study indicated that increasing the dose of Soil‐Set by four times what is recommended held the most potential for suppression of Pn in a burley variety with no resistance. A field study in 2012 found no differences among treatments in reducing severity of Pn in a variety with high resistance. More field and greenhouse studies need to be conducted to examine the potential of Soil‐Set in tobacco production.
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Ettema, William Dirk. "Alternative tile intake design for intensively managed agro-ecosystems." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1451.
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The overarching objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness and performance of ATIs. In doing so, this research provides a fundamental understanding of the flow and sediment propagation through a different combination of porous media (pea gravel and woodchips). The research hypothesizes that the theory of advection and diffusion describes the migration of flow and identifies a myriad of depositional networks of sediment. A key hypothesis of the study is that global and local pressure differentiation affects the flow pathways and distribution with intimate effects of sediment trapping efficiency and distribution within the permeameter. A significant goal of this study is to decompose the key mechanisms that affect this migration of sediment under a fixed value for the head and incoming concentration. The nature of the study is experimental and is supported by limited numerical and field analysis. Although the experimental setup is site specific to the conditions encountered in the study location, it offers a generic way of examining flow and sediment intrusion within a permeable bed. The study in that sense hypothesizes that the intrusion by Einstein is valid and it shows the change in the hydraulic gradient that occurs during an event and during a sequence of events. A secondary goal of this research is to understand the cyclicity in the migration of sediment in a sequence of different events, where the initial conditions of each run constitutes the outcome of the final result of the previous runs. The nature of those experiments is to mimic the occurrence of sequential events in nature, although the continuous examined in the laboratory as reflective of conditions representing extreme runs. This research also treats the hydraulic conductivity as a dynamic entity to reflect the effect of localized clogging on the propagation of flow. The experimental design of this research considers a series of experimental runs to address the aforementioned objectives of this research and test the posed hypothesis.
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Oliveira, Antonio Roque Sarmento de. "EAFSALINAS como socializadora de Tecnologia: cana de a??car na alimenta??o de su?nos na fase de termina??o." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2008. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1705.
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Due to the shortage in the labour market, it is necessary to provide an education that stimulates the student to conquer a profession. Not just the mere transmission of knowledge. There is a need for action liberating, in which the teaching profession give rise to the task of educator. Thus, the technical-vocational education represents an alternative, because at the same time that teaches, ensures a profession. The objective of this research was improving knowledge in the field of education and understand the reality of vocational education, taking as the object of study the Agrot?cnica Federal School of Salinas. This study was conducted with the students of the second series of technical course in Agriculture. The methodology is based on qualitative research. A questionnaire was used by students, supervised by Professor advisor for the collection of information among family farmers. The council was divided into 05 regions, totaling 50 respondents. The search diagnosed the economic importance of the creation of pigs and the parameters evaluated were the profile of the interviewees, position in the process of agricultural production, current insertion in the labour market agricultural, socioeconomic and participation policy. Through the results, it was concluded that most respondents residing for a long time in the farm and are owners of the property. Although the sugar cane is cultivated by most producers it is not widely used as an alternative food for pigs. It assessed the participation of students in the search through a questionnaire aimed at assessing the importance of research for them and encourage them to basic scientific research. Another segment was the search done with pigs in the process of termination. The Escola Agrot?cnica, provided a complete cycle of pigs, facilitated the conduct of the trial. The objective of the research was to evaluate the effects of the replacement of 15% of sugar cane by the diet provided. The effects were studied performance, quality of the carcass, morphology of gastrointestinal tract and economic analysis. The study based on the inclusion of sugar cane in the diet of pigs, replacing 15% of the dry matter-of the diet, because by its energy wealth to sugar cane can be considered a viable alternative in the feeding of these animals. The ration provided to them was formulated in order to meet nutritional requirements. In performance were analyzed the consumption of diet, weight gain and feed conversion. The amount of feed given not caused reduction in the thickness of bacon and not influenced the weight of the digestive and other organs of finish pigs.
Devido ? escassez de m?o-de-obra especializada no mercado de trabalho, ? necess?rio ministrar uma educa??o que estimule o estudante ? conquista de uma profiss?o. N?o basta a simples transmiss?o de conhecimentos. Torna-se necess?ria uma a??o libertadora, em que a profiss?o de professor ceda lugar ? miss?o de educador. Assim, o ensino t?cnico-profissionalizante representa uma alternativa, pois ao mesmo tempo em que ensina, garante uma profiss?o. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi aprimorar os conhecimentos na ?rea da educa??o e compreender a realidade educacional do ensino profissionalizante, tomando como objeto de estudo a Escola Agrot?cnica Federal de Salinas. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido juntamente com os alunos das segundas s?ries do curso t?cnico em Agropecu?ria. A metodologia fundamentou-se na pesquisa qualitativa. Um question?rio foi utilizado pelos discentes, supervisionados pelo professor orientador, para a coleta de informa??es junto aos agricultores familiares. O munic?pio foi subdividido em 05 regi?es, totalizando 50 entrevistados. A pesquisa diagnosticou a import?ncia econ?mica da cria??o de su?nos e os par?metros avaliados foram: o perfil dos entrevistados, posi??o no processo de produ??o agropecu?ria, atual inser??o no mercado de trabalho agr?cola, n?vel socioecon?mico e participa??o pol?tica comunit?ria. Atrav?s dos resultados, concluiu-se que a maioria dos entrevistados reside h? muito tempo na fazenda e s?o propriet?rios dos im?veis. Embora a cana-de-a??car seja cultivada pela maioria dos produtores ela ? pouco utilizada como alternativa alimentar para su?nos. Foi avaliada a participa??o dos alunos na pesquisa atrav?s de um question?rio visando a avaliar a import?ncia da investiga??o para os mesmos e incentiv?-los a inicia??o cient?fica. Outro segmento foi ? pesquisa feita com su?nos em fase de termina??o. A Escola Agrot?cnica, provida de uma suinocultura de ciclo completo, facilitou a condu??o do experimento. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos da substitui??o de 15% de cana-de-a??car pela dieta fornecida. Os efeitos estudados foram: o desempenho, qualidade da carca?a, morfologia do trato gastrointestinal e an?lise econ?mica. O estudo fundamentou-se na inclus?o da cana-de-a??car na dieta alimentar dos su?nos, substituindo 15% da mat?ria-seca da dieta, porque pela sua riqueza energ?tica a cana-de-a??car pode ser considerada uma alternativa vi?vel na alimenta??o desses animais. A dieta fornecida a eles foi formulada de modo a atender ?s exig?ncias nutricionais. No desempenho, foram analisados o consumo de ra??o, ganho de peso e convers?o alimentar. A quantidade de dieta ministrada n?o ocasionou redu??o na espessura de toucinho e nem influenciou no peso dos ?rg?os digestivos e demais ?rg?os de su?nos em termina??o
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Smith, Jason K. "Utilization of leaf meal as a potential feed source." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/11108.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2010.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 83 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-74).
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Valentyn, Aatika. "Orthodox and alternative strategies to control postharvest decay in table grapes." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/351.
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Dittmer, Kyle Michael. "Mitigating Gaseous Nitrogen and Carbon Losses from Northeastern Agricultural Soils via Alternative Soil Management Practices." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2019. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1161.
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Traditional agricultural practices often result in gaseous losses of nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia (NH3), and carbon dioxide (CO2), representing a net loss of nutrients from agricultural soils, which negatively impacts crop yield and requires farmers to increase nutrient inputs. By adopting best management practices (BMPs; i.e., no-tillage, cover crops, sub-surface manure application, and proper manure application timing), there is great potential to reduce these losses. Because N2O and CO2 are also greenhouse gases (GHGs), climate change mitigation via BMP adoption and emissions reductions would be an important co-benefit. However, adopting a no-tillage and cover cropping system has had setbacks within the Northeast, primarily due to concerns regarding manure nitrogen (N) losses in no-tillage systems as well as uncertainty surrounding the benefits of cover crops. This thesis used two field-trials located in Alburgh, Vermont to assess differences in (i) GHG emissions from agricultural soils, (ii) nitrate and ammonium retention, (iii) corn yield and protein content, and (iv) N uptake and retention via cover crop scavenging under a combination of different BMPs.
Chapter 1 evaluates the effects of different reduced-tillage practices and manure application methods (i.e., vertical-tillage, no-tillage, manure injection, and broadcast manure application) on reducing N2O and CO2 emissions, retaining inorganic N, and improving crop yields. Greenhouse gas measurements were collected every other week for the growing season of 2015-2017 via static chamber method using a photoacoustic gas analyzer. Results from this study showed that tillage regimes and manure application method did not interact to affect any of the three research objectives, although differences between individual BMPs were observed. Notably, vertical tillage enhanced CO2 emissions relative to no-tillage, demonstrating the role of soil disturbance and aeration on aerobic microbial C transformations. Manure injection was found to significantly enhance both N2O and CO2 emission relative to broadcast application, likely due to the formation of anerobic micro-zones created from liquid manure injection. However, plots that received manure injection retained greater concentrations of soil nitrate, a vital nutrient for quality crop production, thereby highlighting a major tradeoff between gaseous N losses and N retention with manure injection.
Chapter 2 evaluates the effects of tillage practices and timing of manure application to increase N retention with the use of cover crops in order to mitigate GHG emissions, enhance soil nitrate and ammonium retention, and improve cropping system N uptake. Treatments at this field trial consisted of a combination of the presence or absence of cover crops, no-tillage or conventional-tillage, and spring or fall manure application. Greenhouse gas emissions were measured every other week via static chamber method using a gas chromatograph for the growing season of 2018. Results from this study showed that the presence of cover crops enhanced both N2O and CO2 emissions relative to fallow land, irrespective of tillage regime and manure application season, likely as a result of greater N and carbon substrates entering the soil upon cover crop decomposition. Due to enhanced N2O emissions with cover crops, cover crops did not retain significantly greater inorganic N in the system upon termination.
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Dornelles, Carla Patricia Noronha. "Aprendizagem sobre aprendizagem no âmbito das ONGs agroecológicas: o caso do CETAP." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/11285.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESIn the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s the popular movements reorganize themselves bringing to the fore the need to rethink the agricultural model and present solutions to the crisis of industrial agriculture. In this context arises the movement of alternative agriculture that, in the 1990s, takes Agroecology as a benchmark for its acting. So, it put for this movement the challenge of building a new agriculture (more sustainable), which required the creation of new references.This research seeks to understand the determinants and dynamics of references generation processes within agroecological NGOs. Specifically, it covers: Identify and analyze the importance attached by agroecological NGOs to referrals generation; Characterize the nature of the references constructed by agroecological NGOs; and describe the conditions and the dynamics of referrals generation process by agroecological NGOs from a case study. To meet these purposes was carried out a literature review aimed to characterize the historical context and understand the institutional mission of agroecological NGOs and the importance of the generating references on it, systematic review of articles published in Agroecology y Desarrollo and Agriculturas magazines with a view to identifying the nature of the generated references and case study of CETAP (RS) to describe the conditions and the dynamic of the generation of references. The research suggests the need to interpret the references generation as a social and dymamic learning process that occurs in the agroecological network.
No final da década de 1970 e durante toda a década de 1980 se reorganizam os movimentos populares, trazendo à tona a necessidade de se repensar o modelo agrícola e apresentar soluções para a crise da agricultura industrial. Neste contexto nasceu o movimento da agricultura alternativa que, na década de 1990 assumiu a Agroecologia como referencial para sua atuação. Assim, se colocou para esse movimento o desafio de construir uma nova agricultura (mais sustentável), o que requeria a geração de novos referentes. A presente pesquisa procurou compreender os condicionantes e a dinâmica dos processos de geração de referentes no âmbito das ONGs agroecológicas. Especificamente, abrangeu: Identificar e analisar a importância concedida pelas ONGs agroecológicas à geração de referentes; Caracterizar a natureza dos referentes gerados pelas ONGs agroecológicas; e Descrever os condicionantes e a dinâmica do processo de geração de referentess pelas ONGs agroecológicas a partir de um estudo de caso. Para atender esses propósitos foi realizada revisão bibliográfica visando a caracterização do contexto para compreensão da importância da geração de referências frente a missão institucional das ONGs agroecológicas, analise sistemática de artigos publicados nas revistas Agroecologia y Desarrollo e Agriculturas com vistas a identificação da natureza dos referentes gerados e estudo de caso do CETAP (RS) para descrever os condicionantes e a dinâmica do processo de geração de referentes. A pesquisa propõe a necessidade de interpretar a construção de referentes como processo que se dá no movimento, e que está em permanente movimento fruto de aprendizagem.
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Dobricic, Kristina. "Empowerment and Sustainable Agriculture in Loma Linda, Guatemala : A qualitative study on contributions for empowerment by the local association in Loma Linda." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, SV, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-14321.
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This study is focused in a Guatemalan small village, Loma Linda, and on the local association ASODILL that is working for sustainable agriculture and alternative employment possibilities. Many rural areas throughout the world, including Guatemala, have been exposed to neglect by the government, political exclusion, and socioeconomic inequalities. The civil war that roared in Guatemala from 1960 to 1996 left behind psychological suffering, mistrust for the government, socioeconomic weakening and infrastructural destruction. Currently Guatemala suffers from rural poverty, environmental destruction and from an unaccountable state prioritizing economic before an environmentally sound alternative development. Presently, pesticides are encouraged by the Guatemalan government and sold below the market price. The pesticides are, however, destroying the soil and decreasing soil fertility to the point that it turns unusable for agriculture. There have been records of farmers protesting demanding change: requiring the government to halt environmental damaging actions and financial assistance for sustainable agriculture. I am examining if the local association, ASODILL, has contributed to a social, political and economic empowerment through their main objectives of sustainable agriculture and increasing employment alternatives Loma Linda. John Friedmanns Empowerment theory is the main helping device for understanding the empowerment effects of ASODILL in the village better. Ethnography as interpersonal method enabled me to construct a view on how the village has generally changed through the association, by participatory observation and interviews. The conclusion suggests that the association, through its work for sustainable development, has contributed to a social empowerment. This is mainly because Loma Linda already has the necessary prerequisites. With a stable social infrastructure ASODILLs external networking and expansion made the association grow which included them in a wider political community that aims for similar objective and thereby are politically empowered. The association has not yet achieved any economic empowerment. If a long-term empowerment is to be achieved the Guatemalan government must start to take the farmers political demand seriously or there is a risk that the local prosperity will not be long lasted.
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Foltz, Lindsey Marie 1981. "Food for Local Tables: Willamette Valley Farmers Re-embedding Agriculture into Local Community, Environment, and Economy." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11501.
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xiii, 161 p. : ill.This study investigates the motivations, influences, techniques, challenges, and perceived opportunities of 11 food producers who are participating in an evolving localized food system near Eugene, Oregon. These producers are resisting the distanced anonymity and negative externalities of mainstream global food production. Interviews reveal participation in a move towards production and distribution that are not only geographically traceable, economically satisfying and ecologically sustainable but that also emphasize reflexive communication between the producer and consumer. Through initial surveying and in-depth interviews, producers identified that producing food for the local market allows them to pursue a meaningful livelihood, respond appropriately to the local environment, and engage more deeply in community. In short their practices and attitudes closely follow the "Civic Agriculture" model. Particularly their focus on local production for the local market, as opposed to a more distanced quality oriented supply chain audit model.
Committee in charge: Stephen Wooten, Chairperson; Galen Martin, Member; Harper Keeler, Member
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Hassan, Sajjadul. "Evaluation of alternative farming systems with reference to income and gender in selected areas of Bangladesh." Thesis, View thesis View thesis, 2002. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/737.
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Farming systems in Bangladesh are characterised by a mixed culture of crop, livestock, poultry, fish and agro forestry sub systems of agricultural enterprise. Low productivity and inefficient resource use are the main constraints to farming in Bangladesh. It is necessary to improve the performance of all enterprises in existing farming systems which depends on the proper utilisation of the existing level of resources. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the alternative farming systems in terms of income and gender participation. To achieve the objectives, a study was conducted in four villages of Kaliakair Upazilla in the Gazipur district of Bangladesh. Thirty sample farmers were selected randomly from four dominant farming systems.Gender roles in farming systems were assessed in consideration to time spent in agricultural activities.In addition, time spent in household activities was also calculated. The conclusion is that there is no one right choice of selecting farming systems.
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Riofrío, Ordóñez Carlos Andrés. "Economics of introducing forage and livestock into alternative crop rotation systems during the transition to organic agriculture." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98779.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the economic feasibility of alternative crop rotations and to determine the economic implications of including forages and livestock during the transition to organic agriculture in Nova Scotia. The rotation systems were distinguished by: (i) frequency of forage in the rotation, (ii) source of nutrient supply, and (iii) type of farming operation. The economic analysis was divided in two parts. The first part analysed data from a four-year crop rotation experiment, using enterprise budgeting and statistical methods to compare differences among rotations under different treatments. The second part involved the development of a multi-period linear programming (LP) model to simulate a commercial operation.The results from the statistical analysis suggest that crop enterprise net returns tended to be higher in forage-based rotations and in the livestock systems compared to cash crop rotations and the stockless system. Results from the LP model suggest that including forages and beef cattle during the transition to organic agriculture can provide considerable economic benefits, especially when crops were grown under ruminant compost.
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Khan, Md Farid Uddin. "Productivity Growth and R&D Spending in Australian Broadacre Agriculture: Empirical Analyses by Using Alternative Approaches." Thesis, Curtin University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1736.
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This thesis computes and decomposes productivity changes and investigates the effect of research and development (R&D) expenditure on productivity growth in Australian broadacre agriculture. The empirical results indicate slower TFP growth, driven by declining growth in technical change and find a cointegrated and causal relationship between public R&D and productivity growth. With R&D spending seen to increase agricultural productivity significantly, impact variations across states emerged as important to public R&D policy development in Australian agriculture.
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Cody, Sacha. "Exemplary Agriculture: Organic Farming and Urban/Rural Space in China." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110547.
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Exemplary agriculture is a grassroots alternative food movement in Shanghai, China and the surrounding countryside. At the movement’s centre are a group of 13 independent and small-scale organic farmers. This thesis outlines the movement’s formation and functioning, and discusses participants’ motivations and objectives. It also identifies relationships between movement activists and intellectuals, rural residents, volunteers on the farms and customers in the city. Exemplary agriculture is different to other alternative food movements because it is heavily influenced by the continuing legacies of state socialism. Two legacies in particular affect how exemplary agriculturalists think and act. The first is exemplarity, a form of morality and social governance that achieves order through leadership by example and the emulation of role models. Exemplarity and the promotion of role models has been a pillar of Chinese Communist Party policy since the 1940s. The second is the differentiation of the urban and the rural. The household registration system, established by the CCP in the 1950s, paved the way for the formation of powerful discourses of
urban/rural difference. These discourses polarise the city and the countryside into discrete spaces and identities with clearly demarcated boundaries, privileging the urban. Exemplary agriculturalists worry about the health of Chinese society and want to provide alternatives. By growing organic produce in the countryside and selling to customers in the city, they want to relieve Chinese urbanites from anxiety caused by food safety concerns. At a deeper level, they want to influence urban attitudes toward rural China and improve relations between the two groups. Exemplary agriculturalists adopt principles derived from rural culture and call on others to emulate them. They encourage urban residents to apply these principles to their own lives, thereby facilitating alternative and better ways of city living. In short, they borrow from the rural to help the urban.