Academic literature on the topic 'Alternated jets'
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Journal articles on the topic "Alternated jets"
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O'Connell, Mark G., and Ian Goodwin. "Water stress and reduced fruit size in micro-irrigated pear trees under deficit partial rootzone drying." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 7 (2007): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06306.
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Crop water relations, vegetative and reproductive growth, and soil water status were studied during 2 seasons to determine the effectiveness of partial rootzone drying (PRD) in a mature micro-irrigated pear orchard in the Goulburn Valley, Australia. PRD treatments were 50% (PRD50) and 100% (PRD100) of predicted crop water requirement (ETc) applied on one side of the tree alternated on a 14-day cycle compared with a Control treatment, which received 100% of ETc irrigated on both sides of the tree. Irrigation was applied daily by micro-jets to replace ETc estimated using reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) and a FAO-56 crop coefficient of 1.15 adjusted for tree size. The PRD50 regime applied 174–250 mm for the season v. 347–470 mm for both the Control and PRD100 treatments. Irrigation maintained a well watered rootzone under the emitter compared with the drying profiles of the alternated wet/dry irrigated zones of the PRD treatments. There was no significant benefit of PRD100 compared with the Control irrigation regime. Similar vegetative growth (canopy radiation interception), reproductive growth (fruit growth rate, final fruit size, yield), fruit quality (total soluble solids, flesh firmness), and crop water relations (midday leaf conductance, midday leaf and stem water potential) were measured between the Control and PRD100. Trees under the PRD50 regime showed symptoms of severe water stress, that being greater fruit drop, reduced fruit size, lower yield, reduced leaf conductance, and lower leaf and stem water potential. The 50% water saving afforded by PRD50 led to a yield penalty of 16–28% compared with the Control and PRD100. PRD50 fruit failed to meet commercial cannery requirements due to poor fruit size. We conclude from an agronomic basis that deficit PRD irrigation management is not recommended for micro-irrigated pear orchards on fine-textured soils in the Goulburn Valley, Australia.
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Lubczyńska, Zuzanna, Yevheniia Popravko, Mateusz Mirosław Lewandowski, Grzegorz Bienia, Maja Żołnierek, Jakub Świętochowski, Nikola Siekierko, Wiktoria Kotusiewicz, Barbara Jędrzejewska, and Maria Kotulska. "Intermittent fasting – a novel approach to treating overweight and obesity? – meta-analysis and literature review." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 38, no. 1 (June 7, 2023): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.38.01.005.
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Introduction Intermittent fasting (IF) is a form of dietary intervention that includes periods of regular calorie intake alternated with periods of fasting. IF has gained a lot of attention as a potential approach to treating metabolic syndrome-related diseases. Therefore, health care professionals need to be able to provide their patients with evidence-based information on IF. The aim of this article is to review data on effectiveness of IF in weight loss, especially in comparison with calorie restriction.
MethodsPubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies published from 1.01.2017 to 31.12.2022 that included phrases “intermittent fasting” or “alternate day fasting”, “intermittent fasting obesity”, “alternate day fasting obesity”. Intervention studies on obese or overweight patients were included. We excluded studies of short duration and studies that focused on intercurrent medical conditions. In total, 14 articles that suited those criteria were identified.
ResultsIntermittent fasting induces pronounced metabolic changes in the body due to strict and time-limited restriction of calorie intake and in animal models was proved to prolong lifespan and modulate tumorigenesis and aging. It is a proposed new approach to treating obesity, which is a a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.
ConclusionsIn our study, IF was found as effective, but not superior to calorie restriction in reducing body mass, improving body composition and reducing other cardiometabolic risk factors. Our findings are consistent with other recent systematic reviews. Further research is needed to directly compare various IF regimens and determine patients’ characteristics that may be associated with more successful implementation of intermittent fasting regimens.
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Kursa, Weronika, Agnieszka Jamiołkowska, and Barbara Skwaryło-Bednarz. "Laboratoryjna ocena oddziaływania substancji czynnych fungicydów na wzrost niektórych grzybów chorobotwórczych." Annales Horticulturae 31, no. 4 (January 24, 2023): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/ah.2022.4.1.
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Celem pracy jest laboratoryjna ocena skuteczności fungicydalnego oddziaływania azoksystrobiny (Amistar 250 SC) i difenokonazolu (Score 250 EC) na wybrane grzyby fitopatogeniczne (Alternatia alternata, Botritis cinerea, Fusarium avenaceum). W badaniu zastosowano metodę zatrutych podłoży. Oddziaływanie azoksystrobiny i difenokonazolu na wzrost grzybów zależało od gatunku grzyba i dawki substancji toksycznej w podłożu. Testowane substancje czynne nie wykazywały działania fungicydalnego, lecz działanie fungistatyczne, najbardziej skuteczne w stężeniach 0,01% i 0,1%. Difenokonazol działał efektywniej niż azoksystrobina. Obie substancje czynne hamowały wzrost A. alternata i B. cinerea w zakresie od 3,85% do 88,07%, zależnie od dawki substancji czynnej i czasu jej działania. Azoksystrobina nie hamowała wzrostu powierzchniowego F. avenaceum, natomiast difenokonazol wykazywał słabe działanie fungistatyczne. Najwyższy stopień zahamowania wzrostu F. avenaceum zanotowany dla 0,1% stężenia difenokonazolu to 39,75%.
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Jéheil, Phillippe. "Limited Horizon Forecast in Repeated Alternate Games." Journal of Economic Theory 67, no. 2 (December 1995): 497–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jeth.1995.1082.
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Zhang, Lu, Lin Gang Wang, and Ping Hu. "Fabrication of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds via Multi-Jet and Component Alternate Electrospinning." Key Engineering Materials 288-289 (June 2005): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.288-289.67.
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In this article, electrospinning of poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) /egg white blend and that of poly (carbon dioxide-co-propylene oxide) were studied. Blend fibrous mats containing poly (carbon dioxide-co-propylene oxide) and PEO/egg white blend were obtained through multi-jet and component alternate eletrospinning, respectively. Component alternate electrospinning exhibits higher efficiency and produces better blended products than multi-jet electrospinning does because the inter-influence between different jets during multi-jet electrospinning greatly affects electrospinning process while component alternate electrospinning avoids such kind of influence.
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Khadimian, Abdul Manan, Noor Ahmad Akbari, and Ahmadullah Joyan. "Effect of Medicinal Plant Infusions (Allium sativum, Berberis lycium) Schedules on Hepatic Function and Lipid Profile of Broiler Chickens." Journal of Environmental and Agricultural Studies 4, no. 3 (September 6, 2023): 06–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jeas.2023.4.3.2.
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The current research endeavor was undertaken to explore the impact of varying administration schedules of medicinal plant infusions (Allium sativum and Berberis lycium) on the hepatic function and lipid profile of young broiler chicks. A total of 240 day-old broiler chicks were meticulously categorized into four distinct groups, namely TI-0D, TI-1D, TI-2D, and TI-3D. These designations corresponded to the administration schedules as follows: the TI-0D group received daily infusions, the TI-1D group received infusions every alternate day, the TI-2D group received infusions every alternate two days, and the TI-3D group received infusions every alternate three days. Each of these groups was subsequently subdivided into two subgroups based on their vaccination protocols. Each subgroup was composed of three replicates, with each replicate containing 10 chicks. Notably, the serum protein levels were observed to be comparatively lower in the group subjected to daily infusion administration, while the highest levels were recorded in the group receiving infusions every alternate two days. However, it is important to underline that these differences did not attain statistical significance. Remarkably, the serum triglyceride levels demonstrated a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the group receiving infusions every alternate two days (TI-2D), with the highest levels being observed in the TI-0D group, which received daily infusions. Additionally, the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were markedly elevated (P<0.05) in the TI-2D group compared to all other groups. In terms of serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, the TI-2D group exhibited the lowest levels, while the TI-0D group displayed the highest levels, although these differences were observed numerically rather than statistically. In conclusion, it can be deduced that the water-based infusion of Allium sativum and Berberis lyceum, administered every alternate two days, led to improvements in both the hepatic function and lipid profile of broiler chicks. This finding underscores the potential benefits of this specific administration schedule in enhancing the physiological parameters of the subjects under investigation.
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Canton, J., F. Auteri, and M. Carini. "Linear global stability of two incompressible coaxial jets." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 824 (July 13, 2017): 886–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.290.
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The linear stability of two incompressible coaxial jets, separated by a thick duct wall, is investigated by means of both a modal and a non-modal approach within a global framework. The attention is focused on the range of unitary velocity ratios for which an alternate vortex shedding from the duct wall is known to dominate the flow. In spite of the inherent convective nature of jet flow instabilities, such behaviour is shown to originate from an unstable global mode of the dynamics linearised around the axisymmetric base flow. The corresponding wavemaker is located in the recirculating-flow region formed behind the duct wall. At the same time, the transient-growth analysis reveals that huge amplifications (up to $20$ orders of magnitude) of small flow perturbations at the nozzle exit can occur in the subcritical regime, especially for high ratios between the outer and the inner velocities.
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Wachulak, P. W., L. Wegrzynski, A. Bartnik, T. Fok, R. Jarocki, J. Kostecki, M. Szczurek, and H. Fiedorowicz. "Characterization of a dual-gas multi-jet gas puff target for high-order harmonic generation using extreme ultraviolet shadowgraphy." Laser and Particle Beams 31, no. 2 (May 3, 2013): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034613000207.
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AbstractCharacterization measurements and modes of operation of a novel, dual-gas multi-jet target, developed for experiments on high-order harmonic generation, are presented. The target has been formed by pulsed injection of argon through a nozzle in a form of linearly oriented small orifices. The argon jets were separated with the helium jets formed by injection of helium through alternate orifices in the nozzle. The targets have been characterized by extreme ultraviolet backlighting at 13.5 nm wavelength. Density profiles for this type of targets have been obtained, to our knowledge, for the first time.
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Xu, Peng, Agus Sasmito, and Arun Mujumdar. "A computational study of heat transfer under twin turbulent slot jets impinging on planar smooth and rough surfaces." Thermal Science 20, suppl. 1 (2016): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci151130016x.
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The flow and heat transfer characteristics of twin turbulent slot jets impinging on planar smooth and rough surfaces are examined using a computational fluid dynamics model. The interaction between jets lowers the heat transfer performance of each jet in the zone where the wall jets collide. A single jet performs better than the equivalent twin jet. The average heat transfer under twin jets which are injected alternately so that each one of the pair of jets behaves like a single jet, is found to be better than twin jets issuing simultaneously. It is proposed that alternating jet flows in the twin jet arrangement is a simple novel way to enhance thermal performance of jet pairs. Along with parametric studies of the key flow and geometric parameters, effects of large temperature differences between the jet air and the target surface being heated, and model roughness of the target surface are also evaluated. Interestingly, roughness can lower the heat transfer performance in the impingement zone as the fluid can get trapped in the valleys in the rough surface.
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Banakh, Viktor A., Igor N. Smalikho, and Andrey V. Falits. "Wind–Temperature Regime and Wind Turbulence in a Stable Boundary Layer of the Atmosphere: Case Study." Remote Sensing 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12060955.
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The paper presents the results of probing the stable atmospheric boundary layer in the coastal zone of Lake Baikal with a coherent Doppler wind lidar and a microwave temperature profiler. Two-dimensional height–temporal distributions of the wind velocity vector components, temperature, and parameters characterizing atmospheric stability and wind turbulence were obtained. The parameters of the low-level jets and the atmospheric waves arising in the stable boundary layer were determined. It was shown that the stable atmospheric boundary layer has an inhomogeneous fine scale layered structure characterized by strong variations of the Richardson number Ri. Layers with large Richardson numbers alternate with layers where Ri is less than the critical value of the Richardson number Ricr = 0.25. The channels of decreased stability, where the conditions are close to neutral stratification 0 < Ri < 0.25, arise in the zone of the low-level jets. The wind turbulence in the central part of the observed jets, where Ri > Ricr, is weak, increases considerably to the periphery of jets, at heights where Ri < Ricr. The turbulence may intensify at the appearance of internal atmospheric waves.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Alternated jets"
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Boissinot, Alexandre. "Modélisation de la dynamique atmosphérique de Jupiter." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS075.
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Jupiter possède une atmosphère extrêmement dynamique caractérisée par des courants-jets alternés, une activité convective intense et un jet équatorial en super-rotation : autant de phénomènes dont les mécanismes de formation restent mal connus. Dans cette thèse nous cherchons à mieux cerner ces mécanismes grâce à la modélisation numérique de la couche météorologique de Jupiter. Pour cela nous utilisons le modèle global de climat DYNAMICO-giant qui a permis pour la première fois de simuler l'écoulement atmosphérique à haute résolution spatiale tout en le forçant avec un transfert radiatif réaliste. Afin d'enrichir la représentation des forçages de l'écoulement dans notre modèle, nous avons adapté le "modèle du thermique", une paramétrisation terrestre de la convection humide, au cas de Jupiter. Nos simulations reproduisent alors spontanément des caractéristiques essentielles de l'atmosphère de Jupiter y compris des jets alternés, un écoulement zonostrophique et une cascade inverse d'énergie traduisant le forçage des jets par la turbulence de moyenne échelle. En revanche, la simulation d'un jet équatorial en super-rotation n'est pas systématique et semble nécessiter la présence d'une activité convective suffisamment humide. Les résultats optimaux sont obtenus pour une abondance atmosphérique en eau de Jupiter proche de celle mesurée récemment par la mission JunoThe extremely dynamic atmosphere of Jupiter is characterised by alternated jets, a strong convective activity and an equatorial super-rotation whose formation mechanisms are poorly understood. In this thesis, we adopt a numerical modelling approach of the jovian weather layer to investigate those formation mechanisms. We use the global climate model DYNAMICO-giant which allows for simulating the atmospheric flow at high resolution with a realistic radiative transfer. In order to improve our model by way of more realistic forcings of the flow, we adapted the "thermal plume model", a terrestrial parametrization of the moist convection, to Jupiter's atmosphere. Thus our simulations recreate spontaneously some of the most essential features of the jovian atmosphere such as alternated jets, the zonostrophic regime of the flow and an inverse cascade of energy which shows jets forcing by the mesoscale turbulence. On the other hand, an equatorial superrotation is not systematically reproduced and seems to require a sufficiently high water atmospheric abundance. Optimal results are obtained for a jovian atmospheric abundance of water close to the one which was measured by the Juno mission
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Borée, Jacques. "Analyse physique et expérimentale d'un écoulement de jet compressé." Toulouse, INPT, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPT089H.
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L'etude a ete realisee dans le contexte de l'industrie des moteurs alternatifs confrontee a des problemes de production de l'energie et de pollution. Le concept d'ecoulement compresse represente en effet une situation physique de base dont une retombee fondamentale est l'etude de l'ecoulement dans un cylindre pendant la phase de compression. L'experimentation relative a la compression d'un ecoulement de jet axisymetrique a necessite la construction d'une machine a compression totalement nouvelle. Avant toute contribution experimentale, une analyse par ordre de grandeur permet une premiere description de la physique etudiee. Cette analyse se poursuit dans une etude analytique en situation laminaire. Deux types de solutions instationnaires sont etablies. Nous construisons et exploitons enfin un modele integral d'evolution instationnaire du jet turbulent compresse autorisant une comprehension des effets dynamiques et de leurs consequences sur l'entrainement instantane de fluide exterieur par le jet. L'ensemble experimental est ensuite decrit et valide par anemometrie laser doppler. Le systeme de mesure et d'exploitation instationnaire mis en place par nos soins est enfin applique a la compression de l'ecoulement de jet. Les premieres mesures se revelent en accord avec l'analyse physique qualitative des premiers chapitres. Cette etude, premiere etape au sein d'un domaine nouveau, a pour l'essentiel contribue a la comprehension physique du probleme par la mise en evidence des interactions profondes de l'ecoulement avec la compression et a la mise en place d'un ensemble experimental operationnel
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Pellé, Julien. "Etude expérimentale des échanges convectifs sur le rotor d'une machine discoïde : influence d'un jet impactant." Valenciennes, 2006. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/7cba07cb-e44b-4272-bc7b-ca5e2a2a403d.
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La nécessité de produire plus d’énergie électrique à un côut moindre entraîne la nécessité de produire mieux, à un rendement meilleur. Ce constat pose de multiples problèmes de refroidissement des machines électriques, notamment celles utilisées au sein des éoliennes. La méconnaissance des phénomènes qui s’y produisent et la recherche de solutions de refroidissement ont motivé cette étude. Le travail consiste en la détermination expérimentale des échanges convectifs à la surface d’un disque en rotation en régime permanent, dans trois configurations : rotor seul et système rotor-stator avec et sans jet. Un banc expérimental a été mis au point pour mesurer localement l’énergie prélevée au disque en rotation en utilisant une technique de « couche épaisse » et la thermographie infrarouge. Le disque est mis en rotation dans de l’air au repos. Cela crée un écoulement d’air à sa surface et un échange de chaleur convectif. L’étude du rotor seul a permis la validation du banc expérimental en comparaison aux données bibliographiques, très complètes sur cette configuration. Les configurations rotor-stator avec et sans jet ont permis de mettre en évidence l’influence des différents paramètres sur le refroidissement du système. Les données bibliographiques sur les écoulements et les visualisations effectuées permettent de faire une analyse des phénomènes mis en jeu. Les transferts de chaleur locaux et moyens à la surface du disque en rotation sont ensuite corrélés par des lois faisant intervenir les paramètres géométriques et dynamiques de l’étudeThe need for producing more electric power at a less cost involves the need for better producing, at a higher efficiency. This report poses multiple problems as far as the cooling of electrical machines is concerned, particularly those used within the wind turbines. The ignorance of the phenomena which occur there and the search of cooling improvement justified this study. Work consists of the experimental determination of the convective heat transfer on the surface of a rotating disk, when the steady-state regime is reached: single rotating disk and rotor-stator system with and without impinging jet. An experimental apparatus was developed to locally measure the dissipated energy over the rotating disk surface by using a technique of “thick layer” and infrared thermography. When the disk is rotating, an air flow is created and so a convective heat transfer. The apparatus was validated in a single disk configuration, which is very detailed in literature. The both rotor-stator configurations (with and without jet) let to highlight the influence of the different parameters on the system cooling. As far as the flow structure is concerned, literature data and visualization using a laser technique make possible the analysis of phenomena inside the air gap. Local and mean heat transfer are then correlated
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Balagurunathan, Jayakishan. "Investigation of Ignition Delay Times of Conventional (JP-8) and Synthetic (S-8) Jet Fuels: A Shock Tube Study." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1330351552.
Full textBooks on the topic "Alternated jets"
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Gurock, Jeffrey S. Holocaust Averted: An Alternate History of American Jewry, 1938-1967. Rutgers University Press, 2015.
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Holocaust Averted: An Alternate History of American Jewry, 1938-1967. Rutgers University Press, 2015.
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Gurock, Jeffrey S. Holocaust Averted: An Alternate History of American Jewry, 1938-1967. Rutgers University Press, 2015.
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Gurock, Jeffrey S. The Holocaust Averted: An Alternate History of American Jewry, 1938-1967. Rutgers University Press, 2017.
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Vilain, Michael, ed. Wege in die digitale Zukunft. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748907008.
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Digitisation and mechanisation, in conjunction with network phenomena, are fundamentally changing the working and organisational world. They are both a complexity driver and a facilitator. The results of this for the social sector are accordingly multifaceted: new technology-based fields of work are emerging, powerful market players are appearing in changed value creation structures, and both management paradigms and specific requirements for employees and management are changing. Theory and practice are trying to conceptually grasp this new reality from a solution-oriented management perspective: exploration instead of exploitation, disruption instead of evolution or the contradictory concept of organisational ambidexterity. The contributions in this conference volume approach the facets of this complex phenomenon in an interdisciplinary manner, whereby theory and practice can meet on an equal footing, with the result that theoretical and empirical findings alternate with practical tests and findings. With contributions by Michael Vilain, Matthias Heuberger und Michael Vilain, Michael Beier und Sebastian Früh, René Linek, Thomas Klauß, Helmut Kreidenweis, Hartmut Kopf, Jens Runkehl, Christoph Minnig, Max Pascher, Andreas Schmidt, Philipp Köhler
Book chapters on the topic "Alternated jets"
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Zhang, Lu, Lin Gang Wang, and Ping Hu. "Fabrication of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds via Multi-Jet and Component Alternate Electrospinning." In Advanced Biomaterials VI, 67–70. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-967-9.67.
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Stroup, Christopher. "Recontextualizing Acts." In The Christians Who Became Jews, 17–40. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300247893.003.0002.
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This chapter situates Acts of the Apostles historically and examines previous scholarship on Jewish identity and Acts. It argues that Lukan ethnic reasoning—as mediated by the cultural context of Greek cities under Roman rule—sought to create an alternate construal of Jewish and Christian identity. This alternate identity integrated Christian non-Jews into the civic hierarchy. The chapter then surveys the scholarship on Jews and Judaism in Acts and looks at recent developments in interpretation that have emphasized the author's rhetoric rather than “attitude.” It also discusses four texts that highlight the value of ethnic reasoning and, scholar of ancient Christianity, Denise Kimber Buell's discussion of four uses of religious rhetoric in ethnic reasoning. Ultimately, Acts leverages the connection between gods, people, and places in its depiction of Jewish identity. It employs ethnic rhetoric in order to present all Christians as Jews and to privilege Christians as an ideal embodiment of Jewishness for the Roman-era polis.
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Austin, James H. "Following an Auditory Stimulus, Then “Seeing the Light”." In Living Zen Remindfully. The MIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035088.003.0011.
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This chapter recounts the visual hallucination and alternate state that was triggered in a man whose attention followed the sound of a jet airplane flying overhead. Recent research is reviewed involving subjects who are presented with auditory stimuli in so-called near space and far space. The phrases “just this,” or suchness are among those used to describe similar states of awakening.
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Stroumsa, Sarah. "Neoplatonist Inroads." In Andalus and Sefarad, 102–23. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691176437.003.0005.
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This chapter analyzes how the attraction to Neoplatonism unfolded in al-Andalus in the fifth/eleventh and sixth/twelfth centuries. Until the middle of the twelfth century, philosophy in al-Andalus was almost entirely dominated by Neoplatonism. It ranged from mystical philosophy and Sufi-inspired pietism, via compositions dedicated to the occult, to comprehensive, sometimes highly abstract Neoplatonist systems. In itself, this Neoplatonist near-monopoly in al-Andalus is hardly surprising: different shades of Neoplatonism were also prevalent in the Islamic East in this period. Remarkable, however, are the relative parts played by Muslims and Jews in Andalusian philosophy. Within the overarching Andalusian Neoplatonism, one can clearly detect a two-pronged development, the two branches of which progress in the same direction. They do so, however, at a drastically different pace and with different levels of self-confidence. Thus, beginning with Isaac Israeli in the tenth century, Jewish philosophy emerged in an uninterrupted vigorous tradition. In contrast, since Ibn Masarra in the first half of the tenth century, Muslim al-Andalus witnessed a decidedly sporadic growth of Neoplatonism, one that alternately ducked and surfaced. It was the political map of al-Andalus, and the different ways it impacted on Muslims and Jews, that determined this difference.
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Uslaner, Eric M. "Germany and Austria." In National Identity and Partisan Polarization, 85—C5.T2. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197633946.003.0005.
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Abstract Germany and Austria are both countries that have long emphasized heritage based upon bloodlines. In World War II they were both ruled by the Nazi party (Adolph Hitler was born in Austria). After the war, Germany felt that it was necessary to repent for its sins and became a more open society. It began to welcome refugees from Muslim countries and Jews from the Soviet Union. Its parties did divide between the left and the right, but both were mostly centrist. There is a small nationalist movement, the Alternatif für Deutschland (AfD) that gets support from areas where the Nazis received most of their votes. It does not challenge either major party, even as it has pushed the major conservative party slightly to the right on immigration. In Austria the nationalist movement is strong, even entering the government. The government in Austria has become the most nationalist of any democracy in Europe, emphasizing the German past that Germany itself has abandoned.
Conference papers on the topic "Alternated jets"
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Tra´vni´cˇek, Zdeneˇk, and Va´clav Tesarˇ. "An Annular Impinging Jet Alternated by Pulse-Modulated Synthetic Jets." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44128.
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The present experimental study focuses on a generation and control of annular impinging jets. The used working fluid is air. An active flow control system is designed with six radial synthetic jets, which are generated by a common actuator located in the central body of the annular nozzle. The synthetic jets are pulse-modulated. Flow visualization and measurements of the wall pressure and wall heat transfer have been performed. Two flowfield steady patterns A and B (small or large recirculation bubbles, respectively) are recognized. The pattern B exists without the actuation, the unmodulated actuation causes the flowfield switching into the pattern A, and the pulse-modulated actuation generates an alternating flowfield. The present results indicate that the area of higher heat transfer can be slightly spread by means of flow alternation. However, the penalty for this slight gain is a substantial reduction of the heat transfer in the central area.
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Lander, Herbert R., and Henry E. Reif. "The Production of Jet Fuel From Alternate Sources." In ASME 1985 Beijing International Gas Turbine Symposium and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/85-igt-67.
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The most significant potential source of aviation gas turbine fuels in the continental United States of America is the western oil shale located in the Rocky Mountain States of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Nearly 600 billion barrels of recoverable oil is located in this area. This paper discusses the availability of oil shale and reviews the recovery, upgrading and refining schemes necessary to produce fuel which can be used in present-day aircraft. Other synthetic fuels are discussed with regard to the processing necessary to produce suitable fuels for today’s high performance aircraft. Heavy oil and tar sand bitumen are likely to be refined in the next decade. Methods for producing suitable fuels are discussed. The chemical structure of these sources, which is basically cyclic, leads to the potential of heavier fuels with more energy per given volume and therefore longer range for certain aircraft. This exciting possibility is reviewed.
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Kannaiyan, Kumaran, and Reza Sadr. "Spray Characteristics of Fischer-Tropsch Alternate Jet Fuels." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95761.
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Increase in energy demand and stringent emission norms drive the need for clean, alternative energy source. Recently, gas-to-liquid (GTL), a synthetic jet fuel produced from natural gas using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis has grabbed global attention due to its cleaner combustion aspects when compared to the conventional jet fuel. The chemical and physical properties of GTL fuels are different from the conventional fuels which could potentially affect the atomization and in turn the combustion characteristics and pollutant formation. In this work the spray characteristics of two GTL blends and conventional Jet A-1 fuels are investigated downstream of a pressure swirl nozzle exit at two injection pressures and the results are then compared. Microscopic spray characteristics, droplet size and velocity distributions are obtained at global as well as local levels of the spray using global sizing velocimetry and phase Doppler anemometry measurement techniques, respectively. Results clearly show that although the GTL fuels have different physical properties, such as viscosity, density, and surface tension the spray characteristics of the GTL fuels are found to be similar to those of Jet A-1 fuel.
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Mahalingam, Raghav, and Ari Glezer. "Low-Profile Synthetic Jet Cooling for Portable Computers." In ASME 2003 International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2003-35069.
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This paper explores the novel technique of forced synthetic jet cooling within high-aspect ratio ducts that can be accommodated within low-profile electronic systems. A synthetic jet is an intense, small-scale turbulent jet that is synthesized directly from the fluid in the system in which it is embedded and is formed when fluid is alternately sucked and ejected from the cavity by the motion of a diaphragm bounding the cavity, so that there is no net mass addition to the system. This feature obviates the need for input piping or complex fluidic packaging and makes synthetic jets ideally suited for the low-profile geometries of portables. In the current work, a simple configuration of a 2-D synthetic jet ejector in a rectangular channel is used to ascertain the flow and thermal performance curves, overall thermal resistance and effectiveness for the synthetic jet ejector channel flow.
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Davison, Craig R., and Wajid A. Chishty. "Altitude Performance of a Turbojet With Alternate Fuels." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45132.
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To enhance energy security and reduce the environmental impact of aviation, alternate fuels derived from various non-petroleum based sources are being developed. Currently alternate fuels are produced to match the properties of existing jet fuels allowing the new fuels to be used in current fleets concurrently with traditional jet fuel. The alternate fuels must, therefore, perform as well as the traditional fuels through the entire operating envelope. This paper provides the results of performance testing in an altitude chamber up to 11,300 m (35,000 feet) with a simulated forward speed up to Mach 0.75. The test engine was an instrumented 1.15 kN thrust turbojet burning conventional Jet A-1 as a baseline; a semi-synthetic blend of camelina based hydro processed renewable jet and JP8; a blend of 50% Fischer-Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosene and 50% JP8; and a 100% Fischer-Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosene. Both steady state and transient performance are presented. The theoretical effect of the alternate fuels for a simple idealized Brayton cycle is also presented. The work was conducted as part of on-going efforts by departments within the Government of Canada to systematically assess alternative aviation fuels.
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Jorgensen, Kris L., Satish Ramadhyani, and Raymond Viskanta. "Assessment of the Thermal Performance of Alternate Firing Schemes in Oxygen-Fired Glass Melting Furnaces." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47190.
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Three firing schemes for an industrial oxygen-fired glass melting furnace were examined to determine the thermal performance and relative merits of each scheme. A comprehensive computer model was used to investigate the effects of each scheme on the combustion and heat transfer in the furnace. The three-dimensional computer model, suitable for predicting and analyzing fluid flow, combustion and heat transfer has been used to simulate the combustion space of the furnace. The turbulent flow field is obtained by solving the Favre averaged Navier-Stokes equations and using the k-ε model to calculate the turbulent shear stresses and close the equation set. The combustion model consists of a single step, irreversible, infinitely fast reaction. A mixture fraction is used to track the mixing of fuel and oxidant and thus reaction progress in this mixing limited model. An assumed shape PDF method is utilized to account for turbulent fluctuations. Radiative heat transfer in the combustion gases and between surfaces is modeled using the discrete ordinates method coupled with the weighted-sum-of-gray-gases model. The model furnace for all three firing schemes was the same size and shape, was charged from the rear end wall and was pulled from the front wall. The three schemes investigated were: 1) non-interlaced side-wall fired, 2) interlaced side-wall fired, and 3) end fired. The results show that all three arrangements provide similar thermal performance and heat transfer characteristics. However, the flow field for the non-interlaced arrangement is very complex in the region where jets from opposing walls meet at the furnace center line. This type of jet interference can lead to unstable flow, particularly at the centerline of the furnace. Unstable flow conditions can affect the heat transfer characteristics of the furnace and make the furnace difficult to operate. Conversely, the interlaced and end-fired schemes do not exhibit the jet interference seen in the non-interlaced arrangement. While the results indicate that the thermal performance of all three arrangements were similar, the possibility of jet interference suggests that an interlaced or end-fired arrangement is preferable.
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Muldoon, Frank, and Sumanta Acharya. "Numerical Investigation of the Dynamical Behavior of a Row of Square Jets in Crossflow Over a Surface." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-127.
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Results of a three dimensional unsteady computational study of a row of jets injected normal to a cross-flow are presented with the aim of understanding the dynamics of the large scale structures in the region near the jet. The jet hole is square in cross-section, and the jet to cross-flow velocity ratio is 0.5. The calculations are based on higher-order finite differences, and are performed on extremely refined spatial and temporal meshes so that all the important energy-carrying scales are resolved. Results obtained indicate that the near field large scale structures include the shear layer vortices, the counter rotating vortex pair (CVP), the horseshoe vortex system, and wake and wall vortices. The dynamics of these structures appear to be significantly influenced by a time-periodic interaction between the jet hole boundary layer and the approaching crossflow. This periodic behavior involves the approaching crossflow periodically ingressing into the jet hole region and pushing the injected jet back toward the trailing edge at a Strouhal number of 0.44 based on the jet velocity and diameter. A new mechanism for the formation of shear layer vortices is identified and consists of alternate shedding of positive vorticity from the hole leading edge boundary layer and negative vorticity from the leading horseshoe vortex. Comparison of the predicted turbulent statistics with experimental measurements are made and reasonable agreement is observed.
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Galbraith, Marshall C., Amit Kasliwal, Kirti Ghia, and Urmila Ghia. "Numerical Simulation of a Low Pressure Turbine Blade Employing Active Flow Control." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98566.
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High altitude aircraft experience a large drop in the Reynolds number (Re) from take off conditions to cruise conditions. It has been shown in previous research performed by Simon and Volino [1] that this reduction in Re number causes the flow inside the turbine cascades to become laminar, and separate more readily on the suction side of the turbine blade. This boundary-layer separation greatly reduces the efficiency of the turbine and aircraft engine as a whole, and therefore is undesirable. To prevent this loss of efficiency, research will be pursued for active and passive means to delay and/or eliminate the flow separation. Lake et al. [2] used passive boundary layer trip, dimples, and V-grooves in an extensive study to reduce separation on the Pak-B turbine blade. Although these passive techniques were able to reduce the separation at fixed Re numbers, an active flow control method is needed for more efficient separation reduction over a range of Re numbers. Currently, researchers are investigating several different active flow control devices, including pulsating synthetic jets, vortex generator jets (VGJ), and moving protuberances. The proposed study intends to further investigate the mechanism of flow control via synthetic jets, which alternate between suction and blowing, on a low pressure turbine blade utilizing a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solver. Optimum values of the associated parameters such as jet angle, blowing ratio, frequency, duty cycle, etc., of the synthetic jets will be determined. However, before investigation of the effectiveness of synthetic jets, the CFD simulation will be validated with experimental data on VGJ. A description of the implementation is presented along with preliminary results.
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Teramoto, Hiroshi, Takahiro Kiwata, and Kako Yajima. "Influence of Nozzle Aspect Ratio and Orientation on Flow Characteristics of Multiple Elliptic Jets." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-5255.
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Abstract An experimental study is conducted to investigate the flow characteristics of multiple elliptic jets issuing from a 6 × 6 nozzle array at a relatively low-Reynolds number (Re = 4.3 × 103). Two aspect ratios of the multiple elliptic nozzles (equivalent diameter, de, of a nozzle was 6 mm), namely a/b = 2.25 and 6.25, where a and b are the radii of the major and minor axes of an elliptic nozzle, respectively, and two nozzle azimuthal orientations, namely the same and alternate azimuthal orientation arrangements, were used. The mean and fluctuating velocities were measured using a constant-temperature hot-wire anemometer. The multiple jets located at the side of the ambient fluid were stretched due to interactions between the self-induced flow of an elliptic vortex ring and the secondary flow caused by the entrainment of the ambient fluid. For a/b = 2.25, axis switching occurred only once in the range of 1 < x/de ≤ 3 for both nozzle azimuthal orientations. For a/b = 6.25 and the same azimuthal orientation arrangement, axis switching occurred only once at 3 < x/de ≤ 5; axis switching did not occur for the alternate azimuthal orientation arrangement. Thus, the flow characteristics of multiple elliptic jets are influenced by the azimuthal orientation of adjoining nozzles.
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Hix, Jimmy. "Second Sourcing of a Jet Engine." In ASME 1988 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/88-gt-145.
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The U.S. Navy’s desire to establish a competitive second source for its newest fighter engine compelled the USN to develop Pratt & Whitney as an alternate manufacturer of the F404-GE-400 afterburning turbofan jet engine. This paper describes in detail the process of developing a “build to print” alternate manufacturing source which does not have access to the original design agent. It further describes the trials, triumphs, and lessons learned in the case history. The specifics which are described in the paper are: the validation of the U.S. Navy’s data procurement policies, the strength of its procuring agencies, the key decisions leading to the end results, the vital roles played by specific U.S. Government agencies in the process, the engineering methods used in transferring unfamiliar data sets into the manufacturing of all facets of a jet engine, the engineering process used to substantiate the manufacturing processes, the source qualification process, the quality assurance methods used to implement unfamiliar quality control requirements, the overall benefits to industry and the U.S. Government, and the long term implications of this effort to the U.S. Government Department of Defense procurement process.