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1
Price, Christopher A., and Paul D. Carrière. "Alternate two- and three-follicle wave interovulatory intervals in Holstein heifers monitored for two consecutive estrous cycles." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-094.
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Follicle dynamics were monitored by ultrasonography for two consecutive estrous cycles in 11 Holstein heifers. Overall, 12 of the 22 cycles (55%) had three follicle waves and 10 (45%) had two follicle waves. Two heifers (18%) had consecutive two-wave cycles, three (27%) had consecutive three-wave cycles and six (55%) alternated between two- and three-wave cycles. These data demonstrate that the number of follicle waves can change from one estrous cycle to the next in Holstein heifers. Key words: Cattle, follicle dynamics, follicle wave, follicle-stimulating hormone, consecutive cycles
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Viviani, S., G. Bonadonna, A. Santoro, V. Bonfante, M. Zanini, L. Devizzi, F. Soncini, and P. Valagussa. "Alternating versus hybrid MOPP and ABVD combinations in advanced Hodgkin's disease: ten-year results." Journal of Clinical Oncology 14, no. 5 (May 1996): 1421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1996.14.5.1421.
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PURPOSE To compare, in a prospective randomized trial, the efficacy of two different sequences of mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP) and doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) chemotherapy in untreated advanced Hodgkin's disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS From June 1982 to September 1990, 427 consecutive previously untreated patients with pathologic stage IB, IIA bulky, IIB, III (A and B), and IV (A and B) disease were prospectively randomized to receive two different sequences of MOPP and ABVD for a minimum of six cycles followed by radiotherapy (median dose, 30 Gy) to the nodal site(s) of pretreatment bulky disease. Of 415 assessable patients, 211 received one cycle of MOPP monthly, alternated with one cycle of ABVD (alternating regimen), and 204 patients received one-half cycle of MOPP alternated with one-half cycle of ABVD within a 1-month period (hybrid regimen). RESULTS The complete remission (CR) rate was 91% with the alternating regimen and 89% with the hybrid regimen. At 10 years, the freedom-from-progression (FFP) rate was 67% versus 69% and the overall survival (OS) rate was 74% versus 72%, respectively. After attainment of CR, 85 patients relapsed in nodal (n = 60) versus extranodal with or without nodal (n = 25) sites. In patients given consolidative radiation because of bulky lymphoma, the true recurrence rate was 13%. A total of 23 second malignancies (6%) were documented, including 11 cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. No cases of congestive heart failure attributable to doxorubicin or pulmonary toxicity related to bleomycin were documented. CONCLUSION By delivering MOPP and ABVD, it is possible to cure approximately 70% of patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease. The two different drug sequences yielded superimposable results.
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SHAROM, M. S., and L. V. EDGINGTON. "MOBILITY AND DISSIPATION OF METALAXYL IN TOBACCO SOILS." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 761–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-094.
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Soil thin layer chromatography studies showed that metalaxyl (methyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxyacetyl)alaninate) was similar to 2,4-D and more mobile than pyrazone > permethrin. Soil column studies indicated that approximately 0, 9, 73 and 83% of the applied fungicide leached through a 25-cm soil column after being subjected to 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm of simulated rainfall, respectively. A study on the effects of sequential periods of rain and dry spells on movement of metalaxyl showed that the fungicide was leached with each 5 cm simulated rainfall but moved upward during the dry cycle. There was no leachate from soil columns that received four increments of 5 cm of simulated rainfall alternated with a 48-h drying cycle. However, approximately 32% of the applied metalaxyl was leached through soil columns that received similar rainfall treatment alternated with a 24-h drying cycle. Field plot studies indicated that most of the soil-incorporated metalaxyl remained in the upper 0–30 cm, with approximately 10% being leached into the 30- to 45-cm zone. The half-life of metalaxyl in soil from field plots and six growers’ farms ranged from 3 to 5 wk. Metalaxyl acid, a possible metabolite, was not detected in any of the soil samples. Metalaxyl and its acid were not detected in either the water or sediment of Big Creek which drains the tobacco region.Key words: Metalaxyl, mobility, persistence, environmental contamination
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Stein, Paul S. G., and Margaret L. McCullough. "Example of 2:1 Interlimb Coordination During Fictive Rostral Scratching in a Spinal Turtle." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 1132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.2.1132.
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Stein, Paul S. G. and Margaret L. McCullough. Example of 2:1 interlimb coordination during fictive rostral scratching in a spinal turtle. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1132–1134, 1998. The usual interlimb coordination pattern during fictive rostral scratching in turtles is 1:1 coordination. We describe an example in a turtle of 2:1 coordination during fictive rostral scratching in which there were two cycles of ipsilateral hip flexor activity during each cycle of contralateral hip extensor activity. During 2:1 coordination, there were fluctuations in the ipsilateral hip flexor cycle period such that a larger ipsilateral hip flexor normalized period, which was associated with the onset of a contralateral hip extensor burst, alternated with a smaller ipsilateral hip flexor normalized period, which was associated with the absence of the onset of a contralateral hip extensor burst. These observations support the concept that contralateral circuitry modulates the timing of ipsilateral motor rhythms and therefore contributes to the production of the ipsilateral motor pattern for rostral scratching.
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Ottenhoff, F. A., A. van der Bilt, H. W. van der Glas, and F. Bosman. "Control of elevator muscle activity during simulated chewing with varying food resistance in humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 68, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 933–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.68.3.933.
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1. During chewing, a small part of the observed muscle activity is needed for the basic open-close movements of the mandible, and much additional muscle activity (AMA) is needed to overcome the resistance of the food. In chewing cycles in which a counteracting force is expected, the AMA is mainly generated by peripheral induction with a latency of approximately 23 ms. It was investigated whether an open-loop or closed-loop mechanism is involved in the control of the AMA in these cycles. 2. Subjects made rhythmic open-close movements at their natural chewing frequency controlled by a metronome. Food resistance was simulated by an external force, acting on the jaw in a downward direction during part of the closing movement. Sequences of cycles with a force were unexpectedly alternated with sequences of cycles with a different force. The force changed from 19 to 0 N and vice versa, and from 25 to 6 N and vice versa. Jaw movement and surface electromyogram of the masseter, temporalis, and suprahyoid muscles on both sides were recorded during cycles before and after the transition from one force condition to another. 3. The movement trajectory and AMA of the second and following cycles with a new force appeared to be similar. Thus adaptation to the changed circumstances occurred within two open-close cycles. 4. In the first cycle with 0 or 6 N in the 19----0 N and 25----6 N experiments respectively, a large part of the AMA had disappeared. The AMA in this cycle started to differ from the AMA in the previous cycle approximately 23 ms after the moment the force in this cycle started to differ from the previous cycle. 5. In the first cycle with 19 or 25 N in the reverse experiments, the AMA increased 120–136 ms after the moment the force in this cycle started to differ from the previous cycle. 6. During the closing phase of each open-close cycle, no muscle activity of the suprahyoid muscles was observed; thus co-contraction with the elevator muscles did not occur. 7. It was concluded that the AMA is under control of a closed-loop mechanism with a latency of approximately 23 ms. However, the reflex output has a maximum, depending on information about the food resistance gained in previous cycles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Habiyaremye, Jean de Dieu, Sylvie Herrmann, François Buscot, and Kezia Goldmann. "Temporal Changes and Alternating Host Tree Root and Shoot Growth Affect Soil Microbiomes." Proceedings 66, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020066035.
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Patterns of trees’ endogenous rhythmic growth (ERG) and paralleled C allocation shift between root and shoot systems have been studied, but there is still a need to understand their impact in shaping soil microbiomes. Moreover, the impact of plants on soil microbial communities can be modulated or overweighed by time-induced plant and/or seasonal changes. Thus, we intended to analyze the structure of soil microbiomes as response to simultaneous alternated host tree root and shoot flushes and time-induced changes within one vegetation period at two sites in Central Germany. In this study, we utilized oak phytometers (Quercus robur L., clone DF159) as host trees, and made use of their ERG, whereby consecutive root and shoot flushes make a complete growth cycle. We studied two complete growth cycles during the same vegetation period, performed a non-destructive soil sampling and applied high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the bacterial 16S gene and the fungal ITS2 region. As C allocation shifts between the tree root and shoot, released root exudates and consequently the nutrient availability alternate for soil microorganisms. We therefore anticipated different microbial communities in the host tree root zone along the growth cycles until autumnal leaf senescence. In our results, the bacterial community exhibited a directional change over time along the vegetation period. In contrast, the fungal community appeared sample specific. Our findings enlarge the current understanding of the temporal microbial assembly in the host tree root zone.
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Sheremetyev, Vadim, Muhammad Farzik Ijaz, Anastasia Kudryashova, Anton S. Konopatsky, Sergey Prokoshkin, and Vladimir Brailovski. "Characterization of the Superelastic and Structural Characteristics of β-Ti Alloys by Strain-Controlled Cycling after Thermomechanical Processing and Subsequent Ageing." Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials 31 (January 2019): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jmnm.31.43.
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In this comparative study, the structural and superelastic characteristics of two thermomechanically treated metastable Ti-Nb based (Ti-22Nb-6Zr) and Ti-Zr based (Ti-18Zr-14Nb and Ti-18Zr-13Nb-2Ta (at. %)) alloy systems were studied. To study the influence of room temperature storage on the functional properties of these two alloy systems, the alloys were subjected to a multistage testing routine consisting of four ten-cycle loading-unloading testing series alternated with three room temperature ageing periods (1, 5 and 20 days). Based on microstructure-properties relationships, it was shown that for each alloy system, the forward stress-induced martensitic transformation was essentially dependent on the material microstructure, whereas the subsequent reverse martenstic transformation was controlled by the material composition. The Ti-Zr based alloys demonstrated more stable functional behavior than their Ti-Nb based counterparts. More specifically Ti-18Zr-13Nb-2Ta, subjected to a combination of cyclic training alternated with room temperature ageing showed a significant improvement in superelastic behavior with small accumulated strains and narrow stress hysteresis.
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Karvonen, M., J. Tuomilehto, J. Pitkäniemi, and P. Saikku. "The epidemic cycle of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in eastern Finland, 1972–1987." Epidemiology and Infection 110, no. 2 (April 1993): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800068291.
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SUMMARYThe epidemic cycle of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection was examined in two areas in eastern Finland over a period of 15 years, 1972–87. The C. pneumoniae IgG antibody prevalence was determined with 5-year intervals in a random sample of the population aged 25–59 years. The total number of sera studied using immunofluorescence was 2387. In 1972 the antibody prevalence was 57% and it increased to 66% in 1977. Over the next 5 years the prevalence decreased to 44% in 1982, but by 1987 it had again increased to 59%. The temporal variation in prevalence was statistically significant (P < 0·001) and similar for both genders. Throughout the observation period the overall prevalence Mas 7–11% higher in men than in women (P < 0·01). The antibody prevalence increased with age, being the highest among the oldest study subjects of both genders. The periods of high and low prevalence alternated in an epidemic cycle (P < 0·001) of about 10 years
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Nam, Purumeh, and Seung-Hyun Kim. "Partially Accommodative Esotropia Manifesting as Cyclic Esotropia: A Case Study." Annals of Optometry and Contact Lens 21, no. 4 (December 25, 2022): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.52725/aocl.2022.21.4.180.
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Purpose: Cyclic esotropia is a rare disease with alternating cycles of recurrent esotropia that has been reported after strabismus surgery, head trauma, and psychological stress. We report a patient who presented with accommodative esotropia that deteriorated to cyclic esotropia and was managed successfully.Case Summary: A 2-year-old girl with no previous ophthalmological or neurological illnesses presented with esotropia. The alternate prism cover test showed 16 prism diopters (PD) of esotropia during distance and near fixation, and cycloplegic refraction showed +2.00 diopters (D) right eye and +1.50 D left eye. Under the impression of accommodative esotropia, she was prescribed glasses to fully correct her cycloplegic refraction. Nine months later, her esotropia was 14 PD with hyperopic correction. Her parents also complained that she had ‘non-squinting’ and ‘squinting’ days. The history and clinical findings suggested cyclic esotropia and she was asked to start a daily diary documenting the presence or absence of her squint. This revealed that the esotropia alternated on a 24-hour cycle. With a diagnosis of cyclic esotropia, she underwent right medial rectus recession. Postoperatively, her angle of esodeviation improved to orthotropia (near and distance) and stereoacuity was restored; this was maintained at the 1-year follow-up.Conclusions: A daily diary documenting the presence or absence of squint in patients who complain of alternating esotropia, even after hyperopic correction, is important. Cyclic esotropia often responds well to surgical management.
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Yuniarti, K., L. Efiyanti, E. Basri, G. Pasaribu, and TK Waluyo. "Intermittent drying of dragon blood’s resin." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1034, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1034/1/012010.
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Abstract Dragon blood’s resin is one of herbal commodities from Indonesia’s forest, mainly obtained from the rattan fruits called Jernang (Daemonorops sp). The effectiveness of its simplicia as medical material is affected by, one of which, the processing stages it exposes to, i.e. the drying techniques being applied. Intermittent drying is a drying technique combining heating phase at certain temperature and period with non-heating phase at ambient temperature and certain period. The cycle was alternated until the samples being dried reach the final target condition. This study particularly investigated the effect of implementing different intermittent drying conditions on the drying rate and quality of dragon’s blood resin. Three heating temperatures, 60°C, 55°C and 55/60°C, and 2 non-heating periods, 15 and 30 mins, were applied. A 1-hour heating phase was applied and alternated regularly with the non-heating period. c. Further statistical analysis confirmed that the heating temperature levels and non-heating periods, as well as their interaction, significantly affected several quality parameters of dragon blood’s resin (dracorhodin, final moisture, ash and impurity levels). Intermittent drying with heating phase at 60°C and 15-mins non-heating period is potential for further application.
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Satoh, Aya, Eiji Yoshioka, and Hideharu Numata. "Circatidal activity rhythm in the mangrove cricket Apteronemobius asahinai." Biology Letters 4, no. 3 (February 26, 2008): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0036.
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Mangrove forests are influenced by tidal flooding and ebbing for a period of approximately 12.4 hours (tidal cycle). Mangrove crickets ( Apteronemobius asahinai ) forage on mangrove forest floors only during low tide. Under constant darkness, most crickets showed a clear bimodal daily pattern in their locomotor activity for at least 24 days; the active phases of approximately 10 hours alternated with inactive phases of approximately 2 hours, which coincided with the time of high tide in the field. The free-running period was 12.56±0.13 hours (mean±s.d., n =11). This endogenous rhythm was not entrained by the subsequent 24 hours light–dark cycle, although it was suppressed in the photophase; the active phase in the scotophase continued from the active phase in the previous constant darkness, with no phase shift. The endogenous rhythm was assumed to be a circatidal rhythm. On the other hand, the activity under constant darkness subsequent to a light–dark cycle was more intense in the active phase continuing from the scotophase than from the photophase of the preceding light–dark cycle; this indicates the presence of circadian components. These results suggest that two clock systems are involved in controlling locomotor activity in mangrove crickets.
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Stevens, Todd M., Morad Qarmali, Diana Morlote, Fady M. Mikhail, Jeffrey Swensen, Zoran Gatalica, Gene P. Siegal, and Robert M. Conry. "Malignant Ewing-Like Neoplasm With an EWSR1-KLF15 Fusion: At the Crossroads of a Myoepithelial Carcinoma and a Ewing-Like Sarcoma. A Case Report With Treatment Options." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 26, no. 5 (February 1, 2018): 440–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896918755009.
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We present a case of a malignant Ewing-like neoplasm of the parotid gland in a 20-year-old woman with an EWSR1-KLF15 gene fusion that presented with pulmonary metastasis. Despite the fact that the tumor was essentially immunohistochemically negative for keratins, p63, and p40, we interpret this neoplasm as an unusual form of a high-grade myoepithelial carcinoma based on its focal plasmacytoid cytology, chondromyxoid matrix, SOX10, S100 protein, and calponin expression, and the knowledge that the EWSR1-KLF15 gene fusion has, to date, only been identified in 2 tumors, both myoepithelial carcinomas of the kidney. We also present a cytogenetic analysis of this unusual tumor. This “Ewing-like myoepithelial carcinoma” initially did not respond to 2 cycles of ifosfamide and etoposide alternated with a cycle of cytoxan, adriamycin, and vincristine, a standard regimen for Ewing sarcoma. Subsequent oral pazopanib therapy did result in a reduction of the patient’s pulmonary and nodal disease.
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Hadley, N. F., and M. C. Quinlan. "DISCONTINUOUS CARBON DIOXIDE RELEASE IN THE EASTERN LUBBER GRASSHOPPER ROMALEA GUTTATA AND ITS EFFECT ON RESPIRATORY TRANSPIRATION." Journal of Experimental Biology 177, no. 1 (April 1, 1993): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.177.1.169.
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Ventilatory patterns were examined in the Eastern lubber grasshopper Romalea guttata and correlated with respiratory transpiration. Discontinuous release of CO2 was only observed in quiescent individuals during their scotophase. Interburst periods (spiracles closed) alternated with bouts of CO2 emission and O2 consumption (burst phase); no true ‘flutter’ phase was observed. Cycle duration decreased with increasing temperature in both hydrated and dehydrated individuals. Metabolic rates for this large, sluggish species are lower than those reported for smaller and/or more active grasshoppers. Water loss rates fell within an expected range of values for arthropods from mesic environments. Respiratory transpiration accounted for only 1.9-3.9 % of the total water loss between 15 and 30 sC and for only 7 % of the water loss during the burst phase of the cycle. These data indicate that the cyclic release of CO2 in this adult insect does not result in substantial savings of water.
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Ottenhoff, F. A., A. van der Bilt, H. W. van der Glas, and F. Bosman. "Peripherally induced and anticipating elevator muscle activity during simulated chewing in humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.67.1.75.
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1. During chewing, little muscle activity is required to make open-close movements with the mandible, and much additional muscle activity (AMA) of the closing muscles is needed to overcome the resistance of food. The neuromuscular control of the AMA was investigated. 2. Subjects made rhythmic open-close movements at their natural chewing frequency controlled by a metronome. Food resistance was simulated by an external force, acting on the jaw in a downward direction during part of the closing movement. Sequences of cycles with a force were unexpectedly alternated with sequences of cycles without a force. Jaw movement, and surface electromyograph (EMG) of the masseter, temporalis, and digastric muscles on both sides were recorded during cycles before and after the transition from force to no force (Disappear experiment) and vice versa (Appear experiment). 3. The movement trajectory of the second and following cycles after the transition from force to no force or vice versa were similar. Thus adaptation to the changed circumstances occurred in both types of experiments within two open-close cycles. 4. In the first cycle with force in the Appear experiments, the AMA started, on average, 129 ms after the onset of the force. In all other cycles with force, the AMA started, on average, 70 ms before the onset of the force at a low level and steeply increased 23 ms after the onset of the force. 5. In the first cycle without force in the Disappear experiments, the AMA started, on average, 69 ms before the moment at which the force would have started. However, the large contribution to the AMA had disappeared.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Mingo, Darren M., Julian C. Theobald, Mark A. Bacon, William J. Davies, and Ian C. Dodd. "Biomass allocation in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants grown under partial rootzone drying: enhancement of root growth." Functional Plant Biology 31, no. 10 (2004): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp04020.
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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were grown in either a glasshouse (GH) or a controlled environment cabinet (CEC) to assess the effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) on biomass allocation. Control and PRD plants received the same amounts of water. In control plants, water was equally distributed between two compartments of a split-root system. In PRD plants, only one compartment was watered while the other was allowed to dry. At the end of each drying cycle, wet and dry compartments were alternated. In the GH, total biomass did not differ between PRD and control plants after four cycles of PRD, but PRD increased root biomass by 55% as resources were partitioned away from shoot organs. In the CEC, leaf water potential did not differ between treatments at the end of either of two cycles of PRD, but stomatal conductance of PRD plants was 20% less at the end of the first cycle than at the beginning. After two cycles of PRD in the CEC, biomass did not differ between PRD and control plants, but PRD increased root biomass by 19% over the control plants. The promotion of root biomass in PRD plants was associated with the alternation of wet and dry compartments, with increased root biomass occurring in the re-watered compartment after previous exposure to soil drying. Promotion of root biomass in field-grown PRD plants may allow the root system to access resources (water and nutrients) that would otherwise be unavailable to control plants. This may contribute to the ability of PRD plants to maintain similar leaf water potentials to conventionally irrigated plants, even when smaller irrigation volumes are supplied.
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Antunes, Renato Altobelli, Rodrigo Uchida Ichikawa, Luis Gallego Martinez, and Isolda Costa. "Characterization of Corrosion Products on Carbon Steel Exposed to Natural Weathering and to Accelerated Corrosion Tests." International Journal of Corrosion 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/419570.
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The aim of this work was to compare the corrosion products formed on carbon steel plates submitted to atmospheric corrosion in urban and industrial atmospheres with those formed after accelerated corrosion tests. The corrosion products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The specimens were exposed to natural weathering in both atmospheres for nine months. The morphologies of the corrosion products were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. The main product found was lepidocrocite. Goethite and magnetite were also found on the corroded specimens but in lower concentrations. The results showed that the accelerated test based on the ASTM B117 procedure presented poor correlation with the atmospheric corrosion tests whereas an alternated fog/dry cycle combined with UV radiation exposure provided better correlation.
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Mazzoni, R., and C. F. Rezende. "Seasonal diet shift in a Tetragonopterinae (Oateichthyes, Characidae) from the Ubatiba river, RJ, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 63, no. 1 (February 2003): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842003000100009.
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In the present study, we describe feeding habits of Deuterodon sp. from the Ubatiba River and explore if diet changes according to a temporal cycle of dry and wet seasons. We observed that Deuterodon sp. fed on an extremely high diversity of items ranging from organic matter, sediment (sand plus quartz parts), algae, seeds and leaves to animal organisms, such as, crustaceans, oligochaets and several life stages of terrestrial and aquatic insects, indicating an omnivorous diet. An important shift in the use of feeding resources was also registered; animal and vegetal items had alternated importance between both seasons. Allochthonous vs. autochthonous items analysis showed predominance of allochthonous items during dry season while no significant differences were registered during wet season.
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Cooper, Lynn A., and Thomas W. Scott. "Differential Evolution of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Populations in Response to Host Cell Type." Genetics 157, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 1403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/157.4.1403.
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AbstractArthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) cycle between hosts in two widely separated taxonomic groups, vertebrate amplifying hosts and invertebrate vectors, both of which may separately or in concert shape the course of arbovirus evolution. To elucidate the selective pressures associated with virus replication within each portion of this two-host life cycle, the effects of host type on the growth characteristics of the New World alphavirus, eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus, were investigated. Multiple lineages of an ancestral EEE virus stock were repeatedly transferred through either mosquito or avian cells or in alternating passages between these two cell types. When assayed in both cell types, derived single host lineages exhibited significant differences in infectivity, growth pattern, plaque morphology, and total virus yield, demonstrating that this virus is capable of host-specific evolution. Virus lineages grown in alternation between the two cell types expressed intermediate phenotypes consistent with dual adaptation to both cellular environments. Both insect-adapted and alternated lineages greatly increased in their ability to infect insect cells. These results indicate that different selective pressures exist for virus replication within each portion of the two-host life cycle, and that alternation of hosts selects for virus populations well adapted for replication in both host systems.
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Bunchuk, Borys. "Canvas Embroidery: Lesya Ukrainka’s Versification Skillfulness in the Poems of the Cycle “Rhythms”." Pitannâ lìteraturoznavstva, no. 104 (December 27, 2021): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/pytlit2021.104.007.
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The article under studies deals with the form of Lesya Ukrainka’s poetic works that comprised the verse cycle “Rhythms”. The meaningful unity of the cycle proems has been emphasized by a specifically defined syllable-tonic meter – pentameter iamb, which, however, does not cause the feeling of monotony of the verse form. The purpose of the article is to determine the means, used by the poetess, in order to diversify the structure. The structure of each verse of the cycle is considered separately. The curriculum verse-dialogue “De podilysia vy, holosniyi slova…”, which opens the cycle and develops the theme in the following poems, is extensively analyzed and statistically examined in the aspect of conveying emotions through the verse rhythm. It has been ascertained that the final verses of the cycle (seventh and eighth) differ in the type of the rhythm (“alternated” – “transitive”), the nature of the caesura, the hierarchy of the forms used, the presence or absence of the lines with a different meter, the number of enjambments, and the strophic structure. Thus, despite the fact that the six poems and the second parts of the two polymetric constructions of the cycle “Rhythm” have been written in pentameter iamb, they are far from being similar. Most often, the distinction is in terms of rhythm and syntax. Among the rhythmic means, there prevail the type of the caesura and the forms of the rhythm; then – the percentage of the lines with a different meter, the verses with out-of-scheme stresses and the type of the rhythm; next – the percentage of the stressed feet and the verses with masculine endings. The syntactic means are represented, above all, through enjambments and “sentences-stanzas”, more rarely – through the division into “periods” and anaphors.
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Weintraub, M., M. A. Adde, D. J. Venzon, A. T. Shad, I. D. Horak, J. E. Neely, N. L. Seibel, et al. "Severe atypical neuropathy associated with administration of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors and vincristine." Journal of Clinical Oncology 14, no. 3 (March 1996): 935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1996.14.3.935.
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PURPOSE We have observed a severe atypical neuropathy (SAN) in patients with small non-cleaved-cell (SNCL) and large-cell lymphoma (LCL) treated with intensive chemotherapy and hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors (CSFs). The present analysis was undertaken in an attempt to identify factors associated with the development of this syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-four adult and pediatric patients consecutively treated according to the same chemotherapy protocol were included in the analysis. Low-risk patients received three cycles of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and high-dose methotrexate (CODOX-M) while in high-risk patients this drug combination was alternated with high-dose cytarabine (ara-C), etoposide, and ifosfamide (IVAC) for a total of four cycles. Twenty-eight patients received a CSF (granulocyte [G]- or granulocyte-macrophage [GM]-CSF), and 26 patients received no CSF. A statistical analysis, which included a logistic regression model, was undertaken to examine the importance of potential contributing factors to the development of SAN. RESULTS SAN, which consisted of excruciating foot pain, usually associated with marked motor weakness, was observed in 12 patients. There was a highly significant association between the occurrence of this syndrome and the administration of CSFs, and an independent association with the cumulative dose of vincristine given in the first cycle of chemotherapy. Furthermore, the analysis suggested a synergistic effect between administration of the CSFs and vincristine in the genesis of this neuropathy. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that CSFs can precipitate SAN when given in conjunction with vincristine. The development of SAN was associated most strongly with the cumulative dose of vincristine -- the size of individual doses and the number of doses given in cycle 1 were important to the extent that they influenced the cumulative dose.
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Whelan, Patrick, Agnes Bonnot, and Michael J. O'Donovan. "Properties of Rhythmic Activity Generated by the Isolated Spinal Cord of the Neonatal Mouse." Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 2821–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.6.2821.
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We examined the ability of the isolated lumbosacral spinal cord of the neonatal mouse (P0–7) to generate rhythmic motor activity under several different conditions. In the absence of electrical or pharmacological stimulation, we recorded several patterns of spontaneous ventral root depolarization and discharge. Spontaneous, alternating discharge between contralateral ventral roots could occur two to three times over a 10-min interval. We also observed other patterns, including left-right synchrony and rhythmic activity restricted to one side of the cord. Trains of stimuli delivered to the lumbar/coccygeal dorsal roots or the sural nerve reliably evoked episodes of rhythmic activity. During these evoked episodes, rhythmic ventral root discharges could occur on one side of the cord or could alternate from side to side. Bath application of a combination of N-methyl-d,l-aspartate (NMA), serotonin, and dopamine produced rhythmic activity that could last for several hours. Under these conditions, the discharge recorded from the left and right L1–L3 ventral roots alternated. In the L4–L5segments, the discharge had two peaks in each cycle, coincident with discharge of the ipsilateral and contralateral L1–L3 roots. The L6 ventral root discharge alternated with that recorded from the ipsilateral L1–L3 roots. We established that the drug-induced rhythm was locomotor-like by recording an alternating pattern of discharge between ipsilateral flexor and extensor hindlimb muscle nerves. In addition, by recording simultaneously from ventral roots and muscle nerves, we established that ankle flexor discharge was in phase with ipsilateral L1/L2 ventral root discharge, while extensor discharge was in phase with ipsilateral L6 ventral root discharge. Rhythmic patterns of ventral root discharge were preserved following mid-sagittal section of the spinal cord, demonstrating that reciprocal inhibitory connections between the left and right sides of the cord are not essential for rhythmogenesis in the neonatal mouse cord. Blocking N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, in both the intact and the hemisected preparation, revealed that these receptors contribute to but are not essential for rhythmogenesis. In contrast, the rhythm was abolished following blockade of kainate/AMPA receptors with 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxalene-2,3-dione. These findings demonstrate that the isolated mouse spinal cord can produce a variety of coordinated activities, including locomotor-like activity. The ability to study these behaviors under a variety of different conditions offers promise for future studies of rhythmogenic mechanisms in this preparation.
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Petit, G., M. Beauchaud, J. Attia, and B. Buisson. "Food intake and growth of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) held under alternated light/dark cycle (12L:12D) or exposed to continuous light." Aquaculture 228, no. 1-4 (December 2003): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00315-6.
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LIMA, GEOVANI SOARES DE, JAILSON BATISTA DA SILVA, FRANCISCO WESLEY ALVES PINHEIRO, LAURIANE ALMEIDA DOS ANJOS SOARES, and HANS RAJ GHEYI. "POTASSIUM DOES NOT ATTENUATE SALT STRESS IN YELLOW PASSION FRUIT UNDER IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES." Revista Caatinga 33, no. 4 (October 2020): 1082–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252020v33n423rc.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the gas exchange, growth and production of yellow passion fruit cv. BRS GA1, as a function of irrigation management strategies with saline water and potassium doses. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in São Domingos, PB, Brazil. A randomized block design was used in a 6 * 2 factorial scheme. The treatments consisted of six strategies of irrigation with saline waters (irrigation with low-salinity water throughout the crop cycle - SE; irrigation with high-salinity water in the vegetative stage - VE; flowering stage - FL; fruiting stage - FR; in the successive vegetative/flowering stages - VE/FL; vegetative/fruiting stages - VE/FR) and two doses of potassium (100 and 130% of the K2O recommendation), with four replicates and four plants per plot. The 100% dose corresponded to 60 g of K 2O plant-1 year-1. The effects of using high-salinity water (3.2 dS m-1) alternated with low-salinity water (1.3 dS m-1) were evaluated in different stages of the cultivation cycle. Irrigation with saline water in the fruiting stage promoted an increase in intercellular CO2 concentration and decrease in CO2 assimilation, with effects of non-stomatal origin standing out as limiting factors of photosynthetic efficiency. The highest CO 2 assimilation rate in plants subjected to water salinity of 1.3 dS m-1 throughout the cycle resulted in increments in the number of fruits and in the production per plant of the passion fruit cv. BRS GA1.
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Lopes, M., F. Savoca, S. Bartolotta, C. Nisticò, and B. Ventimiglia. "Physiokinesitherapy in the treatment of female stress incontinence." Urologia Journal 65, no. 1 (February 1998): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039806500126.
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The authors report the results of treatment with physiokinesitherapy (PKT) in 36 women with stress incontinence (29 with genuine-stress incontinence and 7 with urge-stress incontinence). The therapeutic programme consisted of twelve 30-minute sessions, in which biofeedback was alternated with functional electric stimulation. Clinical evaluation included a self-assessment questionnaire, a physiatric visit and a urodynamic examination at 6 and 12 months after treatment. At the end of the PKT cycle, approx. 92% of patients had improved or recovered. After 6 months, however, 53% of patients had recovered, 33% had improved and 14% were stationary. After 12 months, in the 29 patients with genuine-stress incontinence, 66% had recovered, 24% had improved and 3% were stationary, while none of the patients with urge-stress incontinence had recovered (72% improved, 28% stationary). Our study confirms that PKT is helpful in treating urinary stress incontinence in women.
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Stone, Cal, and Maury L. Hull. "Rider/Bicycle Interaction Loads during Standing Treadmill Cycling." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 9, no. 3 (August 1993): 202–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.9.3.202.
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This paper provides measurements of rider-induced loads during standing cycling. Two strain gauge dynamometers were used to measure these loads while three subjects rode bicycles on a large motorized treadmill; the cycling situation simulated hill climbing while standing. Comparing the results to those previously published for seated cycling revealed that the loading for standing cycling differed fundamentally from that for seated cycling in certain key respects. One respect was that the maximum magnitude normal pedal force reached substantially higher values, exceeding the weight of the subject, and the phase occurred later in the crank cycle. Another respect was that the direction of the handlebar forces alternated indicating that the arms pulled up and back during the power stroke of the corresponding leg and pushed down and forward during the upstroke. Inasmuch as these forces were coordinated (i.e., in phase) with the leaning of the bicycle, the arms developed positive power.
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V, Bhagyashree A., and Khaja Moinuddin. "An Efficient power utilization approach with secure data transmission to maximize the life time of wireless sensor network with the help of duty cycle mechanism." International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science 7, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 24433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijecs/v7i12.04.
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Lifetime enhancement has always been a crucial issue as most of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) operate in unattended environment where human access and monitoring are practically infeasible. Clustering is one of the most powerful techniques that can arrange the system operation in associated manner to attend the network scalability, minimize energy consumption and achieve prolonged network lifetime. An efficient path selection will reduce energy utilization on data transmission phase at this time data should be secure, by using RSA algorithm. In this paper, clustering mechanism and improvement in security is proposed. These two methods are used to decrease the energy consumption at data transmission phase and ensuring the security of the sensor data over wireless sensor .Key based security mechanism is used to secure the data. To ensure that any energy consumption associated with the role of the cluster head (CH) is shared between the nodes, the cluster head (CH) role is alternated between the nodes using duty cycle mechanism.
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Jayne, B., and G. Lauder. "Red muscle motor patterns during steady swimming in largemouth bass: effects of speed and correlations with axial kinematics." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 1575–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.7.1575.
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We analyzed midline kinematics and obtained electromyograms (EMGs) from the superficial red muscle at seven longitudinal positions in four largemouth bass swimming steadily at standardized speeds of 0.7, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 and 2.4 lengths s-1. Analysis of variance was used to test for significant variation attributable to both speed and longitudinal position. EMGs propagated posteriorly were unilateral and alternated between the left and right sides. Despite the propagation of EMGs, all the red muscle along an entire side of the fish was simultaneously active for as much as one-quarter of the locomotor cycle. When expressed as a proportion of the locomotor cycle, EMG durations at a given site did not vary significantly with speed but did vary longitudinally, ranging from values of 0.45 cycles anteriorly to 0.35 cycles posteriorly. The amplitudes of lateral displacement and bending depended on longitudinal position and also increased by a maximum of approximately 50 % with increased swimming speed, whereas for all longitudinal positions the intensity of EMGs increased approximately fourfold with increased swimming speed. Electrical activity of red muscle did not correspond simply to the time of muscle shortening. Instead, the timing of EMG onset and offset relative to both lateral bending and displacement changed significantly with both longitudinal position and increased speed, such that the phase shifts between the EMGs and kinematic values were generally greatest for posterior sites at the fastest speeds. At a single longitudinal position, the phase shift between the EMG and maximal lateral bending could change by more than one-tenth of a cycle from the slowest to the fastest swimming speed. Phase lags per body segment of EMG onset and EMG offset did not vary significantly with either swimming speed or longitudinal position. EMG offset was propagated posteriorly faster than EMG onset, and both EMG onset and EMG offset were generally propagated faster than both lateral bending and displacement. Largemouth bass have a similar number of vertebrae to carp, and these two species also have a very similar pattern of muscle activation that differs substantially from that of the trout, which has nearly twice as many vertebrae.
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AFFY, Mataphouet Emmanuel, Wahon Marie-Odile TOVI, N’guessan Ernest ZOUGROU, and Koffi KOUAKOU. "Effect of methanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis leaves on reproductive functions in wistar female rats." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 6-s (December 15, 2019): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i6-s.3775.
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Objective : The aim of this study is to determine the pharmacological effects and the estrogenic properties of Amaranthus viridis leaves on the reproductive function of animal model (female rat).
Methods : Vaginal smears performed 9 days before treatment allowed to select female rats having alternated on two cycles a regularity. Thereafter, the selected rats were administered by gavage daily for 28 days taking care of smear every morning at 7am from the first day of treatment follow the evolution of the cycle. For this study 20 nulliparous rats, 2 months old, weighing between 120-150 g. The first group (control) was administered with olive oil and the other three batches received respectively the doses 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg of the methanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis. At the end of the 28-day treatment, ovary and uterine horn were removed, histological and hormonal parameters were studied for determine pharmacological effects of methanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis.
Results : The extract caused a disturbances of the cycle according to the doses administered. Disturbances at doses 200 and 400 mg/kg PC are significant. The calculation of the total duration of the different phases of the cycle revealed very significant increases in the estrous phase (P<0.01) by 22.79 % and 17.13 % at the respective doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w compared to control. Non-significant difference was recorded on FSH, LH and estradiol level. On progesterone level, administration of the methanolic extract showed a significant difference at dose of 600 mg/kg b.w compared to control. On histological structure of the ovary, the presence of active and degenerate corpus luteum, secondary follicles depending on the dose administered were recored.
Conclusion : The results showed that the methanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis contain estrogenic substances or estrogen-like substances according to a dose-dependent mechanism, with high estrogenic potential at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w .
Keywords: vaginal smears, Amaranthus viridis, methanolic extract, histology
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PAZ, J. D. S., and D. F. ROSSETTI. "Linking lacustrine cycles with syn-sedimentary tectonic episodes: an example from the Codó Formation (late Aptian), northeastern Brazil." Geological Magazine 142, no. 3 (May 2005): 269–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756805000488.
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The Codó Formation exposed in the eastern Grajaú Basin, northeastern Brazil, consists mostly of black shales, limestones and evaporites arranged into several shallowing-upward cycles formed by progradation of lake deposits. Three ranks of cycles are distinguished. The lower-rank cycles correspond to millimetric interbeddings of: bituminous black shales with evaporites, calcimudstones or peloidal wackestone–packstone; grey/green shale with calcimudstone, peloidal wackestone–packstone or ostracodal wackestone/grainstone; and ostracodal wackestone/grainstone and/or calcimudstones with cryptomicrobial mats and ooidal/pisoidal packstones. The intermediate-rank cycles average 1.7 m in thickness and are formed by complete and incomplete cycles. Complete cycles show a transition from central to intermediate and then to marginal facies associations and include two types: C1 cycle with central lake deposits consisting of evaporites and black shales; and C2 cycle with central lake deposits formed by grey/green shale. Complete cycles were produced by the upward gradation from central to marginal environments of the lake or saline pan–sabkha system. Incomplete cycles are those where at least one facies association is lacking, having been formed by successions either with central and intermediate facies associations (I1) or intermediate and marginal facies associations (I2). The higher-rank cycles are, on average, 5.2 m thick and consist of four depositional units that display shallowing-upward successions formed by complete and incomplete intermediate-rank cycles that vary their distribution upward in the section, and are bounded by sharp surfaces. While the lower-rank cycles display characteristics that reveal their seasonal signature, detailed sedimentological characterization and understanding of stratal stacking patterns related to the intermediate and higher-rank cycles support a genesis linked to syn-sedimentary tectonic activity. This is particularly suggested by the high facies variability, limited lateral extension, and frequent and random thickness changes of the intermediate-rank cycles. Additionally, the four higher-rank cycles recognized in the Codó Formation match with stratigraphic zones having different styles of soft-sediment deformation structures attributed to seismic activities. Therefore, the several episodes of lake shallowing recorded in the Codó Formation are linked to seismic pulses that alternated with sediment deposition. This process would have created significant changes in the lake water level and resulted in sharply bounded successions with upward gradation from deeper to relatively shallower facies associations.
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Hiebert, A., and J. E. Anderson. "Satellite cell division and fiber hypertrophy alternate with new fiber formation during indeterminate muscle growth in juvenile lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 98, no. 7 (July 2020): 449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0243.
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Age-dependent changes in muscle fiber size, myonuclear domain volume, fiber-end-terminal configuration, fiber and fish growth, and stem cell or satellite cell (SC) number and proliferation were investigated in developing lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, 1817) to characterize indeterminate muscle growth during early life. We hypothesized that up to 29 months post hatch (MPH), SC numbers and mitotic activity, the mitotic cycle duration of SCs, fiber morphology, and the volume of cytoplasmic domains around fiber nuclei would change during periods of fiber hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Single-fiber cultures were used in pulse-chase studies of SC division and the Pax7+ SC population. The number of SCs per fiber increased until 17 MPH, peaking as a proportion of fiber nuclei at 3 and 17 MPH. SC cycle time decreased in duration with age after peaks at 3 and 5 MPH. Domain volume was high at 1 and 29 MPH and low from 2 to 6 MPH. Fibers with uniformly tapered ends were most frequent at 4 MPH. Results suggest 3 and 6–17 MPH as intervals for both SC proliferation and fiber hypertrophy, and that fiber growth alternated with new fiber formation (termed fiber hyperplasia) from 4 to 5 MPH and from 17 to 29 MPH. These patterns of cellular dynamics in lake sturgeon muscle growth advance our understanding of indeterminate growth.
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Liu, Jiaqi, Yinglan Gong, Ling Xia, and Xiaopeng Zhao. "In Silico Investigation into Cellular Mechanisms of Cardiac Alternans in Myocardial Ischemia." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4310634.
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Myocardial ischemia is associated with pathophysiological conditions such as hyperkalemia, acidosis, and hypoxia. These physiological disorders may lead to changes on the functions of ionic channels, which in turn form the basis for cardiac alternans. In this paper, we investigated the roles of hyperkalemia and calcium handling components played in the genesis of alternans in ischemia at the cellular level by using computational simulations. The results show that hyperkalemic reduced cell excitability and delayed recovery from inactivation of depolarization currents. The inactivation time constantτfof L-type calcium current (ICaL) increased obviously in hyperkalemia. One cycle length was not enough forICaLto recover completely. Alternans developed as a result ofICaLresponding to stimulation every other beat. Sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase (SERCA2a) function decreased in ischemia. This change resulted in intracellular Ca (Cai) alternans of small magnitude. A strong Na+-Ca2+exchange current (INCX) increased the magnitude ofCaialternans, leading to APD alternans through excitation-contraction coupling. Some alternated repolarization currents contributed to this repolarization alternans.
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Liu, Jianxiong, and Charles A. Lessman. "Changes in γ-Tubulin Protein Distribution in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Oocytes and the Early Cleavage-Stage Embryo." ISRN Developmental Biology 2013 (December 4, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/920265.
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We investigated the distribution of γ-tubulin in zebrafish oocytes and embryos using epifluorescent or confocal microscopy and γ-tubulin antibodies. During meiotic maturation of zebrafish oocytes, γ-tubulin begins redistribution from oocyte ooplasm and cortex to the future blastodisc region at the animal pole. In activated eggs, γ-tubulin was uniformly distributed in the enlarging blastodisc with label emanating from the yolk cell. In newly fertilized eggs, γ-tubulin was evenly distributed in blastomere cytoplasm, with the presence of pronuclei but initially lacking discernable centrosomes. During early cleavage, especially at the eight-cell stage, striking arc-shaped/rings (A/R) of putative centrosomes were detected. Decreasing γ-tubulin was seen in yolk cells while early cleavage blastomeres had strong cytoplasmic label along with obvious A/R arrays. In addition, we found the orientation of the A/R array and nuclear division alternated by about 90 degrees for each cell cycle along with alternation of punctate and A/R arrays.
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O'Connell, Mark G., and Ian Goodwin. "Water stress and reduced fruit size in micro-irrigated pear trees under deficit partial rootzone drying." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 7 (2007): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06306.
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Crop water relations, vegetative and reproductive growth, and soil water status were studied during 2 seasons to determine the effectiveness of partial rootzone drying (PRD) in a mature micro-irrigated pear orchard in the Goulburn Valley, Australia. PRD treatments were 50% (PRD50) and 100% (PRD100) of predicted crop water requirement (ETc) applied on one side of the tree alternated on a 14-day cycle compared with a Control treatment, which received 100% of ETc irrigated on both sides of the tree. Irrigation was applied daily by micro-jets to replace ETc estimated using reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) and a FAO-56 crop coefficient of 1.15 adjusted for tree size. The PRD50 regime applied 174–250 mm for the season v. 347–470 mm for both the Control and PRD100 treatments. Irrigation maintained a well watered rootzone under the emitter compared with the drying profiles of the alternated wet/dry irrigated zones of the PRD treatments. There was no significant benefit of PRD100 compared with the Control irrigation regime. Similar vegetative growth (canopy radiation interception), reproductive growth (fruit growth rate, final fruit size, yield), fruit quality (total soluble solids, flesh firmness), and crop water relations (midday leaf conductance, midday leaf and stem water potential) were measured between the Control and PRD100. Trees under the PRD50 regime showed symptoms of severe water stress, that being greater fruit drop, reduced fruit size, lower yield, reduced leaf conductance, and lower leaf and stem water potential. The 50% water saving afforded by PRD50 led to a yield penalty of 16–28% compared with the Control and PRD100. PRD50 fruit failed to meet commercial cannery requirements due to poor fruit size. We conclude from an agronomic basis that deficit PRD irrigation management is not recommended for micro-irrigated pear orchards on fine-textured soils in the Goulburn Valley, Australia.
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Sertoli, M. R., P. Bruzzi, P. Pronzato, P. Queirolo, D. Amoroso, L. Del Mastro, M. Venturini, A. Vigani, G. Bertelli, and E. Campora. "Randomized cooperative study of perioperative chemotherapy in breast cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 13, no. 11 (November 1995): 2712–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1995.13.11.2712.
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PURPOSE The aim of this multicentric randomized trial was to determine whether reducing the interval between surgery and chemotherapy improves the outcome of breast cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between June 1985 and July 1992, 600 breast cancer patients, clinical stages T1-3A,N0-2,M0 were randomly assigned to a perioperative cycle (PC) of cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2, epidoxorubicin 60 mg/m2, and fluorouracil 600 mg/m2 (CEF). Node-negative (N-) patients did not receive any further treatment. Node positive (N+) patients received 11 cycles if previously given PC, or 12 cycles of CEF alternated with cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2, methotrexate 40 mg/m2, and fluorouracil 600 mg/m2 (CMF). In addition, N+ patients received concomitant or sequential 5-year tamoxifen therapy. RESULTS At a median follow-up duration of 5.7 years, no significant difference in survival (88% v 84%, P = .3) between the two treatment arms was seen. However, a difference of borderline significance in relapse-free survival (RFS; 76% v 70%, P = .053) was evident. A significant survival advantage for the PC arm was detected only in the estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) patients (P = .003). RFS was significantly improved in N- patients, postmenopausal patients, and ER- patients. Multivariate analyses show that pathologic tumor size, nodal status, receptor status, and treatment (only in ER- patients) are significantly correlated with survival and RFS. PC toxicity did not influence wound healing. CONCLUSION This study provides preliminary evidence that PC positively affects relapse rate and survival in some subgroups, namely, ER- patients.
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Shaha, D. C., Y. K. Cho, G. H. Seo, C. S. Kim, and K. T. Jung. "Using flushing rate to investigate spring-neap and spatial variations of gravitational circulation and tidal exchanges in an estuary." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 2 (March 2, 2010): 1621–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-1621-2010.
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Abstract. Spring-neap and spatial variations of gravitational circulation and tidal exchanges in the Sumjin River Estuary (SRE) were investigated using the flushing rate method. This method was applied to multiple estuarine segments to estimate both the exchanges. The strength of gravitational circulation and tidal exchanges modulated significantly between spring and neap tides, where stratification alternated between well-mixed and highly-stratified conditions over the spring-neap cycle. Strong gravitational circulation developed during neap tide along the SRE due to the significant reduction in vertical mixing that accompanied strong stratification. The tidal exchanges dominated over gravitational circulation near the mouth during spring tide due to the larger tidal amplitude that caused well-mixed conditions and rapid exchange. In contrast, the central and inner regimes were found to be partially stratified during spring tide due to the reduction in tidal amplitude which induced gravitational circulation and weakened the tidal exchange. Only the gravitational circulation dominated at the upstream end during spring and neap tides which was governed by the river flow.
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Bond, Andrew D. "Automated least-squares molecular overlay withouta prioriatomic correspondence or connectivity information." Journal of Applied Crystallography 43, no. 1 (December 18, 2009): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188980904134x.
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A method is described for automated least-squares molecular overlay withouta prioriatomic correspondence and without the requirement to establish connectivity information. The method is intended to be useful for automated structure comparison where it might be difficult to establish consistent descriptions of molecular connectivity, and for unconstrained molecular overlay. The general assignment algorithm of Munkres [J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math.(1957),5, 32–38] is utilized to obtain the least-squares pairwise atomic correspondence for two molecules in a given relative orientation, and this step is alternated with analytical least-squares overlay using the established pairwise correspondence. Optional constraints for matching only atoms of the same type or same chemical connectivity can be applied by partitioning the molecule into corresponding groups during each Munkres match. The optimization cycle converges on a local minimum and a grid-search procedure is implemented to identify the global minimum. The method is validated and used to compare crystallographically distinct molecules in 18 941 single-component molecular crystal structures taken from the Cambridge Structural Database.
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Eaton, L. J., K. R. Sanderson, and S. A. E. Fillmore. "Comparison of consecutive and alternate fertilizer applications in wild blueberry production." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08068.
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Research has shown that improved nutrient uptake and yield of wild blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait) are very sporadic when fertilizers are applied. Growers are concerned with environment impacts and keeping fertilizer costs to a minimum. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of wild blueberries to soil-applied fertilization over four cropping cycles in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia from 1997 to 2004. Commercial fertilizers (17-17-17, 1-46-0 and 13-26-5) were soil-applied in the sprout year either as a consecutive fertilizer application (every cropping cycle) or an alternate fertilizer application (every second cropping cycle). All fertilizers were applied at a rate of 200 kg ha-1. Fertilizer applications increased soil levels of P and K, leaf tissue concentrations of N and P and stem lengths of plants. Higher levels of soil P and leaf tissue concentrations of N, P and K were observed with consecutive than with alternate fertilizer applications. Average stem lengths, buds and blossoms per stem were higher over the length of the study when fertilizers were applied consecutively compared with alternately. Fruit yields were increased compared with the unfertilized control. Within applied fertilizers treatments, fruit yield was not affected when fertilizer was applied in either consecutive or alternate cropping cycles. Alternate fertilizer applications may reduce soil accumulation of P and production costs without comprising yields. Key words: Cropping cycles, fertilization, soil and tissue nutrients, yield
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van de Velde, Sebastiaan J., Dominik Hülse, Christopher T. Reinhard, and Andy Ridgwell. "Iron and sulfur cycling in the cGENIE.muffin Earth system model (v0.9.21)." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 2713–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2713-2021.
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Abstract. The coupled biogeochemical cycles of iron and sulfur are central to the long-term biogeochemical evolution of Earth's oceans. For instance, before the development of a persistently oxygenated deep ocean, the ocean interior likely alternated between states buffered by reduced sulfur (“euxinic”) and buffered by reduced iron (“ferruginous”), with important implications for the cycles and hence bioavailability of dissolved iron (and phosphate). Even after atmospheric oxygen concentrations rose to modern-like values, the ocean episodically continued to develop regions of euxinic or ferruginous conditions, such as those associated with past key intervals of organic carbon deposition (e.g. during the Cretaceous) and extinction events (e.g. at the Permian–Triassic boundary). A better understanding of the cycling of iron and sulfur in an anoxic ocean, how geochemical patterns in the ocean relate to the available spatially heterogeneous geological observations, and quantification of the feedback strengths between nutrient cycling, biological productivity, and ocean redox requires a spatially resolved representation of ocean circulation together with an extended set of (bio)geochemical reactions. Here, we extend the “muffin” release of the intermediate-complexity Earth system model cGENIE to now include an anoxic iron and sulfur cycle (expanding the existing oxic iron and sulfur cycles), enabling the model to simulate ferruginous and euxinic redox states as well as the precipitation of reduced iron and sulfur minerals (pyrite, siderite, greenalite) and attendant iron and sulfur isotope signatures, which we describe in full. Because tests against present-day (oxic) ocean iron cycling exercises only a small part of the new code, we use an idealized ocean configuration to explore model sensitivity across a selection of key parameters. We also present the spatial patterns of concentrations and δ56Fe and δ34S isotope signatures of both dissolved and solid-phase Fe and S species in an anoxic ocean as an example application. Our sensitivity analyses show that the first-order results of the model are relatively robust against the choice of kinetic parameter values within the Fe–S system and that simulated concentrations and reaction rates are comparable to those observed in process analogues for ancient oceans (i.e. anoxic lakes). Future model developments will address sedimentary recycling and benthic iron fluxes back to the water column, together with the coupling of nutrient (in particular phosphate) cycling to the iron cycle.
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Shaha, D. C., Y. K. Cho, G. H. Seo, C. S. Kim, and K. T. Jung. "Using flushing rate to investigate spring-neap and spatial variations of gravitational circulation and tidal exchanges in an estuary." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 8 (August 5, 2010): 1465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1465-2010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Spring-neap and spatial variations of gravitational circulation and tidal exchanges in the Sumjin River Estuary (SRE) were investigated using the flushing rate. The flushing rate was calculated between multiple estuarine segments and the adjacent bay to examine the spatial variation of two exchanges. The strength of gravitational circulation and tidal exchanges modulated significantly between spring and neap tides, where stratification alternated between well-mixed and highly-stratified conditions over the spring-neap cycle. Tide-driven dispersive flux of salt dominated over gravitational circulation exchange near the mouth during spring tide due to the larger tidal amplitude that caused well-mixed conditions and rapid exchange. In contrast, the central and inner regimes were found to be partially stratified during spring tide due to the reduction in tidal amplitude where both gravitational circulation and tidal exchanges were important in transporting salt. The combined contributions of two fluxes were also found during neap tide along the SRE due to the significant reduction in vertical mixing that accompanied strong stratification. Gravitational circulation exchange almost entirely dominated in transporting salt at the upstream end during spring and neap tides.
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Carmigniani, R., L. Seifert, D. Chollet, and C. Clanet. "Coordination changes in front-crawl swimming." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 476, no. 2237 (May 2020): 20200071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2020.0071.
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We report the evolution of the coordination with velocity in front-crawl swimming which is used in competitions over a large range of distances (from 50 m up to 25 km in open-water races). Inside this single stroke, top-level swimmers show different patterns of arm organization. At low velocities, swimmers select an alternated stroke with gliding pauses during their propulsion. The relative duration of the gliding pauses on a stroke cycle is independent of the velocity in this first regime. Above a critical velocity, the relative duration of the gliding pauses starts to decrease as speed increases. Above a second critical velocity, the gliding pauses disappear and the swimmers start to superpose their propulsion phases. These three regimes are first revealed experimentally and then studied theoretically. It appears that below the first critical velocity, swimmers use a constant coordination index and vary their speed by varying their propulsive force to minimize their cost of propulsion. For larger velocities, swimmers use their maximum propulsive force and vary their recovery time to increase further their speed. The physical model developed is general and could be applied to understand other modes of locomotion.
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Di Blasio, Andrea, Teresa Morano, Giorgio Napolitano, Ines Bucci, Serena Di Santo, Sabina Gallina, Lucia Cugusi, Francesco Di Donato, Alberto D'Arielli, and Ettore Cianchetti. "Nordic Walking and the Isa Method for Breast Cancer Survivors: Effects on Upper Limb Circumferences and Total Body Extracellular Water - a Pilot Study." Breast Care 11, no. 6 (2016): 428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000453599.
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Background: The negative side effects of breast cancer treatments can include upper limb lymphoedema. The growing literature indicates that Nordic walking is an effective discipline against several disease symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine whether introduction to Nordic walking alone is effective against total body extracellular water and upper limb circumferences in breast cancer survivors compared to its combination with a series of specifically created exercises (i.e. the Isa method). Methods: 16 breast cancer survivors (49.09 ± 2.24 years) were recruited and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 different training groups. Results: 10 lessons on Nordic walking technique plus the Isa method significantly reduced both extracellular body water and the extracellular-to-total body water ratio (p = 0.01 for both), and also the circumference of the upper limb, (both relaxed arm and forearm circumferences) (p = 0.01 for all), whereas Nordic walking alone did not. Conclusions: Introduction to Nordic walking does not seem to affect lymphoedema in breast cancer survivors. This might be because novice Nordic Walkers do not adequately generate an effective muscular pump through coordination of the alternated bimanual open-close cycle. The Isa method appears to close this gap.
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Lambert, R. W., L. J. Goldberg, and S. H. Chandler. "Comparison of mandibular movement trajectories and associated patterns of oral muscle electromyographic activity during spontaneous and apomorphine-induced rhythmic jaw movements in the guinea pig." Journal of Neurophysiology 55, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 301–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1986.55.2.301.
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Vertical and horizontal movements of the lower jaw (mandible) of ketamine-anesthetized guinea pigs were recorded in association with electromyographic (EMG) activity in the anterior digastric, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid, and deep masseter muscles during spontaneously occurring rhythmic jaw movements (SRJMs) and during rhythmical jaw movements induced by the intravenous administration of apomorphine (ARJMs). Both ARJMs and SRJMs were near periodic and occurred at frequencies in the 2- to 5-Hz range. However, the profiles of the mandibular movements and associated patterns of jaw muscle EMG activity differed dramatically for SRJMs versus ARJMs. SRJMs were characterized by prominent lateral excursions of the mandible that occurred in association with both the jaw opening and closing movements. The lateral excursions were directed to the left side on some SRJM cycles and to the right side on others. The direction of the lateral component alternated irregularly, but no more than three consecutive cycles with horizontal movements to the same side were observed at any time. Each SRJM cycle was generated by the occurrence of one of two coordinated sequences of EMG activity. One sequence produced right-sided cycles, the other produced left-sided cycles. Each sequence was initiated by an EMG burst in the digastric muscle ipsilateral to the direction of the horizontal excursion of the mandible, followed by EMG bursts in the contralateral digastric, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid muscles. The EMG bursts in the digastrics and contralateral lateral pterygoid muscles were associated with jaw opening and the initial stage of lateral movement. EMG activity in the contralateral medial pterygoid muscle was associated with the onset of closing and a second stage of lateral movement. Masseter muscle activity was also observed during SRJMs, but only in a subset of the animals tested (3 of 12). When present, the masseter activity began well after the onset of jaw closing. No significant horizontal mandibular movements were observed during ARJMs. The mandibular trajectories during opening and closing always remained close to the midline. The opening phase of ARJM cycles was associated with bilaterally synchronized activity in the digastric and lateral pterygoid muscles. The closing phase was associated with bilaterally symmetric activity in the masseter muscles. The medial pterygoid muscles displayed little or no EMG activity during ARJMs. The durations of the EMG bursts recorded in the masseter muscle were correlated with cycle time during SRJMs, as were the burst durations of the digastric and lateral pterygoid muscles during ARJMs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Lurvink, Robin J., Paulien Rauwerdink, Koen P. Rovers, Emma C. E. Wassenaar, Maarten J. Deenen, Joost Nederend, Clément J. R. Huysentruyt, et al. "First-line palliative systemic therapy alternated with electrostatic pressurised intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (oxaliplatin) for isolated unresectable colorectal peritoneal metastases: protocol of a multicentre, single-arm, phase II study (CRC-PIPAC-II)." BMJ Open 11, no. 3 (March 2021): e044811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044811.
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IntroductionDespite its increasing use, first-line palliative systemic therapy alternated with electrostatic pressurised intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy with oxaliplatin (ePIPAC-OX), hereinafter referred to as first-line bidirectional therapy, has never been prospectively investigated in patients with colorectal peritoneal metastases (CPM). As a first step to address this evidence gap, the present study aims to assess the safety, feasibility, antitumour activity, patient-reported outcomes, costs and systemic pharmacokinetics of first-line bidirectional therapy in patients with isolated unresectable CPM.Methods and analysisIn this single-arm, phase II study in two Dutch tertiary referral centres, 20 patients are enrolled. Key eligibility criteria are a good performance status, pathologically proven isolated unresectable CPM, no previous palliative systemic therapy for colorectal cancer, no (neo)adjuvant systemic therapy ≤6 months prior to enrolment and no previous pressurised intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC). Patients receive three cycles of bidirectional therapy. Each cycle consists of 6 weeks first-line palliative systemic therapy at the medical oncologists’ decision (CAPOX-bevacizumab, FOLFOX-bevacizumab, FOLFIRI-bevacizumab or FOLFOXIRI-bevacizumab) followed by ePIPAC-OX (92 mg/m2) with an intraoperative bolus of intravenous leucovorin (20 mg/m2) and 5-fluorouracil (400 mg/m2). Study treatment ends after the third ePIPAC-OX. The primary outcome is the number of patients with—and procedures leading to—grade ≥3 adverse events (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events V.5.0) up to 4 weeks after the last procedure. Key secondary outcomes include the number of bidirectional cycles in each patient, treatment-related characteristics, grade ≤2 adverse events, tumour response (histopathological, cytological, radiological, biochemical, macroscopic and ascites), patient-reported outcomes, systemic pharmacokinetics of oxaliplatin, costs, progression-free survival and overall survival.Ethics and disseminationThis study is approved by the Dutch competent authority, a medical ethics committee and the institutional review boards of both study centres. Results will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed medical journals and presented to patients and healthcare professionals.Trial registration numberNL8303.
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Agnalt, Ann-Lisbeth, Tore S. Kristiansen, and Knut E. Jørstad. "Growth, reproductive cycle, and movement of berried European lobsters (Homarus gammarus) in a local stock off southwestern Norway." ICES Journal of Marine Science 64, no. 2 (November 8, 2006): 288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsl020.
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Abstract Agnatt, A-L., Kristiansen T. S., and Jorstad K. E. 2007. Growth, reproductive cycle, and movement of berried kuropean lobsters (Homarus gammarus) in a local stock off southwestern Norway. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 288–297. The Norwegian fishery for the European lobster (Homarus gammarus) collapsed between 1960 and 1980, to <10% of its pre-1960 level, and since then the spawning stock seems to be too low to generate good recruitment. In 1998, a project to evaluate the feasibility and effect of protecting berried female lobsters as a management restriction was initiated. The study area selected was previously an important fishing ground in Kvitsøy off southwestern Norway, and 125 000 hatchery-reared juveniles were released between 1990 and 1994. From spring 1998 to spring 2000, a total of 942 wild and 480 cultured berried females was purchased from fishers, individually tagged with a streamer-tag, and released. The proportion of berried females in the landings varied annually from 19 to 58% for wild females, and from 22 to 44% for cultured females. By spring 2000, 23% of the tagged females had been recaptured at least once, and 3% twice or more. Average moult increment was 7 mm carapace length (CL), independent of pre-moult size in both wild and cultured females. Reproduction (spawning) and growth (moulting) alternated in a 2 y cycle for >90% of the females. A small number moulted and spawned a few weeks after hatching. More than 95% of the recaptures were taken within a radius of 1 km of the release area. Egg production varied considerably between seasons. Reproductive potential (RP) of landed berried females underestimated egg production compared with what was actually produced (AE). For the entire period, RP was estimated to be about 15.0 million eggs, and AE to be 17.2 million eggs. Cultured females contributed 27% of AE. To reduce the fishing mortality in a heavily fished and depleted population is vital. A ban on landing berried females would be a valuable first step in attempting to increase the spawning biomass.
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Adamenko, Oleh M., Denys O. Zorin, and Kateryna O. Radlowska. "Forecasting of disaster floods in Dniester valley." Environmental safety and natural resources 42, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2022.2.112-120.
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In recent years, two catastrophic floods have occurred in the Carpathian region and in Podillya: one on July 23–28, 2008, and the other on June 20–24, 2020. Both caused enormous damage to the environment and the population, which was widely reported in the media. To be prepared for natural disasters, you need to learn to predict them, that is, to know in what area they occur, what will be the height of the rise of water and when it will happen. From this triad, the first two components have already learned to predict, but the third has not yet. The article considers the possibility of a weather forecast, which was confirmed during the flood of June 20–24, 2020. O.M. Adamenko and D.O. Zorin plotted global climate change over the period of the Earth's history from its birth 4.567 billion years ago to the present. It turned out that the warm and cold periods alternated periodically, from the Galactic Year (225–250 million years), of which there were 19, to the current 11 summer cycles of solar activity. A total of 13 orders of cycles were identified, which interfere in the form of sinusoids, determining the periodicity of geological events. Geotectonic epochs of the 2nd order (50–70 million years) are superimposed on the cyclicity of the 1st order – galactic years – these are Karelian, Baikal, Caledonian, Hercynian, Pacific and Alpine tectonic-magmatic epochs, which are divided into parts of the 3rd (30–40 million years) and 4th (10–15 million) orders. The following cycles – 5 (3–5 million years), 6 (150–140 thousand years) and 7 (10–20 thousand years) are associated with a large Cenozoic cooling, which ended with the Quaternary glaciation. 8 (1–4 thousand years) and 9 (500–600 years) cycles reflect changes in warming and cooling in the quarter. And then the analysis of events is reconstructed on the basis of archaeological and chronicle data: from the beginning of our era to the XII century. Warming of the IX cycle continued – a small climatic optimum and a small ice age (XIII – XVII centuries). Since the XIX century modern warming began with clear 33-year fluctuations of the X cycle. Since 1881, instrumental observations have appeared at meteorological stations and hydro posts. XI (20–15–11 years), XII (5–6 years) and XIII (3–4 years) cycles appeared. Against the background of 33 annual fluctuations in the global climate, 11 annual cycles and catastrophic floods of 1911, 1927, 1941, 1955, 1969, 1980, 1988, 2002, 2008 appeared, and the catastrophic flood of 2020 predicted by O.M. Adamenko and D.O. Zorin. Thus, it is possible to learn to predict the time of the next catastrophic flood.
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Johnston, R. M., and R. B. Levine. "Crawling motor patterns induced by pilocarpine in isolated larval nerve cords of Manduca sexta." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 5 (November 1, 1996): 3178–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.5.3178.
Full textAbstract:
1. Larval crawling is a bilaterally symmetrical behavior that involves an anterior moving wave of motor activity in the body wall muscles in conjunction with sequential movements of the abdominal prolegs and thoracic legs. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the larval CNS by itself and without phasic sensory feedback was capable of producing patterned activity associated with crawling. To establish the extent of similarity between the output of the isolated nerve cord and crawling, the motor activity produced in isolated larval nerve cords was compared with the motor activity from freely crawling larvae. 2. When exposed to the muscarinic receptor agonist pilocarpine (1.0 mM), isolated larval nerve cords produced long-lasting rhythmic activity in the motor neurons that supply the thoracic leg, abdominal body wall, and abdominal proleg muscles. The rhythmic activity evoked by pilocarpine was abolished reversibly and completely by bath application of the muscarinic-receptor antagonist atropine (0.01 mM) in conjunction with pilocarpine (1.0 mM), suggesting that the response was mediated by muscarinic-like acetylcholine receptors. 3. Similar to crawling in intact animals, the evoked activity in isolated nerve cords involved bilaterally symmetrical motor activity that progressed from the most posterior abdominal segment to the most anterior thoracic segment. The rhythmic activity in thoracic leg, abdominal proleg, and abdominal body wall motor neurons showed intrasegmental and intersegmental cycle-to-cycle coupling. The average cycle period for rhythmic activity in the isolated nerve cord was approximately 2.5 times slower than the cycle period for crawling in intact larvae, but not more variable. 4. Like crawling in intact animals, in isolated nerve cords, bursting activity in the dorsal body wall motor neurons occurred before activity in ventral/lateral body wall motor neurons within an abdominal segment. The evoked bursting activity recorded from the proleg nerve was superimposed on a high level of tonic activity. 5. In isolated nerve cords, bursts of activity in the thoracic leg levator/extensor motor neurons alternated with bursts of activity in the depressor/flexor motor neurons. The burst duration of the levator/extensor activity was brief and remained relatively steady as cycle period increased. The burst duration of the depressor/ flexor activity occupied the majority of an average cycle and increased as cycle period increased. The phase of both levator/extensor motor nerve activity and depressor/flexor motor nerve activity remained relatively stable over the entire range of cycle periods. The timing and patterning of thoracic leg motor neuron activity in isolated nerve cords quantitatively resembled thoracic leg motor activity in freely crawling larvae. 6. The rhythmic motor activity generated by an isolated larval nerve cord resembled a slower version of normal crawling in intact larvae. Because of the many similarities between activity induced in the isolated nerve cord and the muscle activity and movements of thoracic and abdominal segments during crawling, we concluded that central mechanisms can establish the timing and patterning of the crawling motor pattern and that crawling may reflect the output of a central pattern generating network.
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Bernstein, Mark L., Meenakshi Devidas, Dominique Lafreniere, Abdul-Kader Souid, Paul A. Meyers, Mark Gebhardt, Kimo Stine, et al. "Intensive Therapy With Growth Factor Support for Patients With Ewing Tumor Metastatic at Diagnosis: Pediatric Oncology Group/Children's Cancer Group Phase II Study 9457—A Report From the Children's Oncology Group." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.02.1717.
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Purpose Prognosis is poor for Ewing sarcoma patients with metastasis at diagnosis. We intensified a five-drug therapy (ifosfamide, etoposide alternated with vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide) using filgrastim but not stem-cell support. We studied topotecan alone and combined with cyclophosphamide in therapeutic windows before the five-drug therapy. A randomly assigned proportion of patients received amifostine as a cytoprotective agent. Patients and Methods Eligible patients were ≤ 30 years old and had histologically proven Ewing sarcoma or primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) and metastasis at diagnosis. Chemotherapeutic cycles began every 21 days, after recovery from toxicities. Results One hundred ten of the 117 patients enrolled were eligible. Thirty-six patients received initial topotecan. Three had partial responses (PRs), and 17 had progressive disease (PD). Thirty-seven patients were administered topotecan and cyclophosphamide; 21 of these patients achieved PR, and one patient had PD. In a randomly assigned group of 69 patients, amifostine did not provide myeloprotection, which was measured by absolute neutrophil count, platelet count, or cycle intervals. The best responses to the overall therapy included 45 complete responses, 41 PRs, stable disease in 14 patients, and PD in five patients. For all patients, the 2-year event-free survival (EFS) rate was 24% (± 4%), and the overall survival rate was 46% (± 5%). For the 39 patients with isolated pulmonary metastases, the 2-year EFS rate was 31% (± 7%) compared with 20% (± 5%) for patients with more widespread disease. Conclusion Topotecan had limited activity in patients with Ewing sarcoma or PNET metastatic at diagnosis. The topotecan-cyclophosphamide combination was active. Amifostine was not myeloprotective. Overall results showed no improvement compared with previous studies.
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Lin, Tongyu, He Huang, Chao Yong Liang, Chengcheng Guo, Ying Tian, Tingzhi Liu, Xue Ying Li, Mengping Zhang, Huang Ming Hong, and Dr Prem Raj Shrestha. "Phase II/III randomized trial of CID-ATT with radiotherapy compared with CHOP with radiotherapy as first-line treatment for previously untreated early staging extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 8508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.8508.
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8508 Background: Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL) is more prevalent in Asia and has worse prognosis than B-NHL. No therapeutic strategy is currently identified for ENKL. This phase II/III study was undertaken to compare CHOP-B/IMVD/DHAP-Alternating Triple Therapy (CID-ATT) and standard CHOP regimen as first-line treatment prospectively. Methods:109 patients (pts) initially diagnosed as ENKL (16-70 ys old) with Ann Abor Stage I to II were randomized to receive CID-ATT or CHOP regimen from Jan 2006 to Jan 2012. CID-ATT alternated among CHOP-B, IMVD, and DHAP, given in alternating sequence for a total of 6 courses (2 circle). Involved field radiation was administered after 6 courses(2 circle) of CID-ATT regimen or 6 cycles of CHOP regimen. All pts received prophylactic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-11and thrombopoietin for each DHAP cycle. Results: 109 pts were evaluable (54CID-ATT; 55 CHOP). With a median follow-up of 40.3months,OS and PFS was significantly prolonged with CID-ATT compared with CHOP (1yOS :80.2% vs 78.6%, 3yOS:68.0% vs 42.3%, 5yOS: 64.2% vs 34.5%,P=0.023; 1yPFS: 74.9% vs 59.6%, 3yPFS:60.5% vs 32.0%, 5yPFS: 60.5% vs 32.0% ; P=0.016). Compared to CHOP group, CID-ATT group has a much higher complete remission rate (CID-ATT:47/54,87.0 % vs CHOP:29/55,52.7%, P<0.001). The survivals for pts who achieved CR after One circle (3 courses) were significantly better than those who were in non-CR group.(5yOS: CR group in ATT:75.3%, non-CR group in ATT:51.5%, CR group in CHOP:39.3%, non-CR group in CHOP:31.0%; P=0.003). No treatment related death was observed, although Grade III/IV neutropenia (30/54,55.6%) and thrombocytopenia (33/54,61.1%) were observed in CID-ATT regimen, especially in DHAP cycle. Conclusions: Our study has demonstrated that the CID-ATT regimen as an optimal first-line therapy achieved promising clinical activity with safe and tolerated toxicity under close monitoring and good supportive care of untreated early staging ENKL pts. CR of induce chemotherapy following radiotherapy is very important for ENKL survival. Clinical trial information: CSWOG0002.
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Lavigne, G., J. S. Kim, C. Valiquette, and J. P. Lund. "Evidence that periodontal pressoreceptors provide positive feedback to jaw closing muscles during mastication." Journal of Neurophysiology 58, no. 2 (August 1, 1987): 342–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1987.58.2.342.
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1. Mastication was produced by stimulation of the right motor-sensory cortex of urethan-anesthetized rabbits with 15-s trains of shocks (1-ms duration) at 50 Hz. Movements of the lower jaw and jaw muscle electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded on magnetic tape for later computer analysis. 2. The stimulus site was chosen, and stimulus intensity adjusted, so that stereotyped movements were produced that included a wide swing of the mandible to the left side during jaw closure. 3. Control trials were alternated with trials in which a steel ball (2 mm diam) was thrust between the anterior molar teeth on the left side and left in place for several seconds. 4. When the obstruction was first introduced, a jaw opening reflex was sometimes evoked if the ball struck the buccal surface of the advancing mandibular molar teeth. Thereafter, when the ball was crushed between the occlusal surfaces of the teeth, no jaw opening reflex was seen. 5. Instead, the amplitude and duration of all the jaw closing EMGs increased, beginning at least 12 ms after contact with the ball. This caused a prolongation of the slow closing (SC) phase of the cycle that, coupled with a delay in the start of activity in the digastric muscle (jaw opener), prolonged the cycle by more than 60 ms. 6. During the SC phase of the obstructed trials, the medially directed grinding stroke was exaggerated because of an increase in the contraction of the contralateral zygomaticomandibular and anterior temporal muscles. 7. After collecting data, the sensory nerves to the maxillary and mandibular anterior molar teeth were cut to eliminate feedback from the periodontal pressoreceptors. Control and obstructed trials were repeated. 8. Following denervation, the obstructed cycles were of shorter duration. The mandible still moved to the right during SC in some animals, but the increase in closer muscle EMG activity was much reduced. 9. We conclude that periodontal receptors provide positive feedback to the jaw closing muscles during mastication. This is supplemented by input from other receptors, probably muscle spindles. In addition, an increase in periodontal feedback prolongs the SC phase and the early phases of the opening stroke.
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Zhou, Wei, Romain Brossier, Stéphane Operto, Jean Virieux, and Pengliang Yang. "Velocity model building by waveform inversion of early arrivals and reflections: A 2D case study with gas-cloud effects." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): R141—R157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0282.1.
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Joint full-waveform inversion (JFWI) combines reflection waveform inversion (RWI) and early-arrival waveform inversion to build a large-scale velocity model of the subsurface from long-offset data. The misfit function of JFWI requires an explicit separation between the short-spread reflections and early arrivals, the feasibility of which is illustrated with a real data case study. JFWI is alternated with a waveform inversion/migration of short-spread reflections to provide a short-scale impedance model. This model is needed for building the sensitivity kernel of RWI along the two-way reflection paths. The large-scale velocity macromodel built by JFWI can be used as the initial model for classic FWI to enrich the high-wavenumber content of the subsurface model. We have developed an application of this workflow to a real 2D ocean bottom cable (OBC) profile across a gas cloud in the North Sea to review its main promises and pitfalls. Viscoacoustic VTI seismic modeling allows us to account for attenuation and anisotropy effects in a passive way during JFWI and FWI. Using a smoothed version of an existing traveltime tomographic model as the initial model, we first find that the JFWI velocity macromodel is more accurate than the RWI counterpart thanks to the key contribution of the diving waves. Second, we find that the large-scale velocity model updated by JFWI provides a more accurate initial model for classic FWI than does the original smoothed tomographic model. However, because a data difference-based misfit function is used, 2D JFWI still suffers from cycle skipping when a crude 1D velocity model is used as the initial model; therefore, more robust misfit function should be designed to mitigate cycle skipping.