Journal articles on the topic 'Alternate Uses Task'
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Kröger, Sören, Barbara Rutter, Holger Hill, Sabine Windmann, Christiane Hermann, and Anna Abraham. "An ERP study of passive creative conceptual expansion using a modified alternate uses task." Brain Research 1527 (August 2013): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.007.
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Vartanian, Oshin, Erin L. Beatty, Ingrid Smith, Sarah Forbes, Emma Rice, and Jenna Crocker. "Measurement matters: the relationship between methods of scoring the Alternate Uses Task and brain activation." Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 27 (June 2019): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.10.012.
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Blake, Annabel, and Stephen Palmisano. "Divergent Thinking Influences the Perception of Ambiguous Visual Illusions." Perception 50, no. 5 (March 27, 2021): 418–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03010066211000192.
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This study investigated the relationships between personality and creativity in the perception of two different ambiguous visual illusions. Previous research has suggested that Industriousness and Openness/Intellect (as measured by the Big Five Aspects Scale) are both associated with individual differences in perceptual switching rates for binocular rivalry stimuli. Here, we examined whether these relationships generalise to the Necker Cube and the Spinning Dancer illusions. In the experimental phase of this study, participants viewed these ambiguous figures under both static and dynamic, as well as free-view and fixation, conditions. As predicted, perceptual switching rates were higher: (a) for the static Necker Cube than the Spinning Dancer, and (b) in free-view compared with fixation conditions. In the second phase of the study, personality type and divergent thinking were measured using the Big Five Aspects Scale and the Alternate Uses Task, respectively. Higher creativity/divergent thinking (as measured by the Alternate Uses Task) was found to predict greater switching rates for the static Necker Cube (but not the Spinning Dancer) under both free-view and fixation conditions. These findings suggest that there are differences in the perceptual processing of creative individuals.
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Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas, Viren Swami, Avegayle Terrado, and Adrian Furnham. "The Effects of Background Auditory Interference and Extraversion on Creative and Cognitive Task Performance." International Journal of Psychological Studies 1, no. 2 (November 17, 2009): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v1n2p2.
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The present study examined the effects of different types of background auditory stimuli on the cognitive and creative task performance of introverts and extraverts. A sample of 77 high-school students completed two cognitive tasks (Baddeley Reasoning Test and sentence-completion) and a creative task (Alternate-Uses Test of divergent thinking) under one of four different background auditory conditions (speech, noise, music, or silence), as well as being assessed on Extraversion. Results showed no significant main or interactive effects of background auditory stimuli and personality on either cognitive task performance. However, there was a significant interactive effect on creative performance, with extraverts performing better in the presence of music than introverts. Consistencies and discrepancies with past literature are discussed.
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Ludyga, Sebastian, Markus Gerber, Manuel Mücke, Serge Brand, Peter Weber, Mark Brotzmann, and Uwe Pühse. "The Acute Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Flexibility and Task-Related Heart Rate Variability in Children With ADHD and Healthy Controls." Journal of Attention Disorders 24, no. 5 (February 22, 2018): 693–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054718757647.
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Objective: To investigate cognitive flexibility and task-related heart rate variability following moderately intense aerobic exercise and after watching a video in both children with ADHD and healthy controls. Method: Using a cross-over design, participants completed cognitive assessments following exercise and a physically inactive control condition. Behavioral performance was assessed using the Alternate Uses task. Heart rate variability was recorded via electrocardiography during the cognitive task. Results: The statistical analysis revealed that in comparison with the control condition, both groups showed higher cognitive flexibility following aerobic exercise. Moreover, decreased low frequency and high frequency power was observed in the exercise condition. Conclusion: The findings suggest that exercise elicits similar benefits for cognitive flexibility in children with ADHD and healthy controls, partly due to an increase in arousal induced by parasympathetic withdrawal.
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Brown, Steven, and Eunseon Kim. "The neural basis of creative production: A cross-modal ALE meta-analysis." Open Psychology 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 103–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psych-2020-0114.
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Abstract One of the central questions about the cognitive neuroscience of creativity is the extent to which creativity depends on either domain-specific or domain-general mechanisms. To address this question, we carried out two parallel activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses of creativity: 1) a motoric analysis that combined studies across five domains of creative production (verbalizing, music, movement, writing, and drawing), and 2) an analysis of the standard ideational task used to study divergent thinking, the Alternate Uses task. All experiments contained a contrast between a creative task and a matched non-creative or less-creative task that controlled for the sensorimotor demands of task performance. The activation profiles of the two meta-analyses were non-overlapping, but both pointed to a domain-specific interpretation in which creative production is, at least in part, an enhancement of sensorimotor brain areas involved in non-creative production. The most concordant areas of activation in the motoric meta-analysis were high-level motor areas such as the pre-supplementary motor area and inferior frontal gyrus that interface motor planning and executive control, suggesting a means of uniting domain-specificity and -generality in creative production.
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Vartanian, Oshin, Ingrid Smith, Timothy K. Lam, Kristen King, Quan Lam, and Erin L. Beatty. "The relationship between methods of scoring the alternate uses task and the neural correlates of divergent thinking: Evidence from voxel-based morphometry." NeuroImage 223 (December 2020): 117325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117325.
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Johannesen, Jason K., Jessica B. Lurie, Joanna M. Fiszdon, and Morris D. Bell. "The Social Attribution Task-Multiple Choice (SAT-MC): A Psychometric and Equivalence Study of an Alternate Form." ISRN Psychiatry 2013 (June 20, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/830825.
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The Social Attribution Task-Multiple Choice (SAT-MC) uses a 64-second video of geometric shapes set in motion to portray themes of social relatedness and intentions. Considered a test of “Theory of Mind,” the SAT-MC assesses implicit social attribution formation while reducing verbal and basic cognitive demands required of other common measures. We present a comparability analysis of the SAT-MC and the new SAT-MC-II, an alternate form created for repeat testing, in a university sample (n=92). Score distributions and patterns of association with external validation measures were nearly identical between the two forms, with convergent and discriminant validity supported by association with affect recognition ability and lack of association with basic visual reasoning. Internal consistency of the SAT-MC-II was superior (alpha = .81) to the SAT-MC (alpha = .56). Results support the use of SAT-MC and new SAT-MC-II as equivalent test forms. Demonstrating relatively higher association to social cognitive than basic cognitive abilities, the SAT-MC may provide enhanced sensitivity as an outcome measure of social cognitive intervention trials.
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Vartanian, Oshin, Colin Martindale, and Jonna Kwiatkowski. "Creativity and Inductive Reasoning: The Relationship between Divergent Thinking and Performance on Wason's 2—4—6 Task." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 56, no. 4 (May 2003): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980244000567.
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This study was an investigation of the relationship between potential creativity—as measured by fluency scores on the Alternate Uses Test—and performance on Wason's 2—4—6 task. As hypothesized, participants who were successful in discovering the rule had significantly higher fluency scores. Successful participants also generated higher frequencies of confirmatory and disconfirmatory hypotheses, but a multiple regression analysis using the stepwise method revealed that the frequency of generating disconfirmatory hypotheses and fluency scores were the only two significant factors in task outcome. The results also supported earlier studies where disconfirmation was shown to play a more important role in the later stages of hypothesis testing. This was especially true of successful participants, who employed a higher frequency of disconfirmatory hypotheses after receiving feedback on the first announcement. These results imply that successful participants benefited from the provision of feedback on the first announcement by switching to a more successful strategy in the hypothesis-testing sequence.
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Wießner, Isabel, Marcelo Falchi, Lucas Oliveira Maia, Dimitri Daldegan-Bueno, Fernanda Palhano-Fontes, Natasha L. Mason, Johannes G. Ramaekers, et al. "LSD and creativity: Increased novelty and symbolic thinking, decreased utility and convergent thinking." Journal of Psychopharmacology 36, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 348–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02698811211069113.
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Background: Controversy surrounds psychedelics and their potential to boost creativity. To date, psychedelic studies lack a uniform conceptualization of creativity and methodologically rigorous designs. Aims: This study aimed at addressing previous issues by examining the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on creativity using multimodal tasks and multidimensional approaches. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 24 healthy volunteers received 50 μg of LSD or inactive placebo. Near drug peak, a creativity task battery was applied, including pattern meaning task (PMT), alternate uses task (AUT), picture concept task (PCT), creative metaphors task (MET) and figural creativity task (FIG). Creativity was assessed by scoring creativity criteria (novelty, utility, surprise), calculating divergent thinking (fluency, originality, flexibility, elaboration) and convergent thinking, computing semantic distances (semantic spread, semantic steps) and searching for data-driven special features. Results: LSD, compared to placebo, changed several creativity measurements pointing to three overall LSD-induced phenomena: (1) ‘pattern break’, reflected by increased novelty, surprise, originality and semantic distances; (2) decreased ‘organization’, reflected by decreased utility, convergent thinking and, marginally, elaboration; and (3) ‘meaning’, reflected by increased symbolic thinking and ambiguity in the data-driven results. Conclusion: LSD changed creativity across modalities and measurement approaches. Three phenomena of pattern break, disorganization and meaning seemed to fundamentally influence creative cognition and behaviour pointing to a shift of cognitive resources ‘away from normal’ and ‘towards the new’. LSD-induced symbolic thinking might provide a tool to support treatment efficiency in psychedelic-assisted therapy.
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Zebehazy, Kim T., Rachel C. Weber, Meagan Murphy, and Aisha Ghani. "Divergent Thinking: The Performance of Students with Visual Impairments on Abstract and Scenario-Based Tasks and Their Correlates." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 114, no. 4 (July 2020): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x20940101.
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Introduction: Divergent thinking is a crucial component of effective problem-solving. This study investigated the divergent thinking of students with visual impairments (i.e., blindness or low vision) in three countries and explored the correlates of their performance on two tasks. Methods: A sample of 52 students with visual impairments completed two divergent thinking tasks, one traditional Alternate Uses task, and one scenario-based task created for this study. Each student’s teacher of students with visual impairments completed a questionnaire containing demographic, curriculum, and student characteristics. Results: Of the correlates examined, teacher-rated academic independence, working on grade level, number of expanded core curriculum (ECC) areas of instruction currently received, and ongoing receipt of assistive technology instruction were significantly related to task performance. Discussion: Findings demonstrate the strong relationship between real-life problem-solving, divergent thinking, and academic functioning in students with visual impairments. Further investigation is needed about the relationship between aspects of problem-solving instruction and student outcomes as they relate to divergent thinking. Implications for practitioners: Given the connection of divergent thinking to overall problem-solving ability, teachers should assess these skills in students. Using similar scenario-based real-life tasks, they can also incorporate practice opportunities for divergent thinking within ECC instruction.
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Murugan, Palani, Vivek Kumar Gautam, and V. Ramanathan. "Performance evaluation of super resolution algorithms in generating high resolution images using MSE and PSNR." International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science 10, no. 02 (February 28, 2021): 25284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijecs/v10i02.4560.
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In recent days, requirement of high spatial resolution remote sensing data in various fields has increased tremendously. High resolution satellite remote sensing data is obtained with long focal length optical systems and low altitude. As fabrication of high-resolution optical system and accommodating on the satellite is a challenging task, various alternate methods are being explored to get high resolution imageries. Alternately the high-resolution data can be obtained from super resolution techniques. The super resolution technique uses single or multiple low-resolution mis-registered data sets to generate high resolution data set. Various algorithms are employed in super resolution technique to derive high spatial resolution. In this paper we have compared two methods namely overlapping and interleaving methods and their capability in generating high resolution data are presented.
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Yao, Fengjia, Bugra Alkan, Bilal Ahmad, and Robert Harrison. "Improving Just-in-Time Delivery Performance of IoT-Enabled Flexible Manufacturing Systems with AGV Based Material Transportation." Sensors 20, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 6333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216333.
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Autonomous guided vehicles (AGVs) are driverless material handling systems used for transportation of pallets and line side supply of materials to provide flexibility and agility in shop-floor logistics. Scheduling of shop-floor logistics in such systems is a challenging task due to their complex nature associated with the multiple part types and alternate material transfer routings. This paper presents a decision support system capable of supporting shop-floor decision-making activities during the event of manufacturing disruptions by automatically adjusting both AGV and machine schedules in Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMSs). The proposed system uses discrete event simulation (DES) models enhanced by the Internet-of-Things (IoT) enabled digital integration and employs a nonlinear mixed integer programming Genetic Algorithm (GA) to find near-optimal production schedules prioritising the just-in-time (JIT) material delivery performance and energy efficiency of the material transportation. The performance of the proposed system is tested on the Integrated Manufacturing and Logistics (IML) demonstrator at WMG, University of Warwick. The results showed that the developed system can find the near-optimal solutions for production schedules subjected to production anomalies in a negligible time, thereby supporting shop-floor decision-making activities effectively and rapidly.
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Lynch, Myles L., C. Boyd Hegarty, Nate Trauntvein, and Jonathan A. Plucker. "Summer Camp as a Force for 21st Century Learning: Exploring Divergent Thinking and Activity Selection in a Residential Camp Setting." Journal of Youth Development 13, no. 1-2 (April 20, 2018): 286–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2018.544.
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This study investigated change in divergent thinking (DT), an indicator of creative potential, at two gender-specific residential summer camps. Additionally, this study examined whether the change in DT varied by gender and by the type of activities campers self-select. Quantitative methods, using a quasi-experimental design was used in order to understand differences in camper scores. A total of 189 youth, 100 girls, 89 boys, between the ages of 9 and 14 years participated in the current study. Participants were administered a modified version of Guilford's (1967) alternate uses task, a measure of DT, in which respondents were asked questions such as name all of the uses for a brick or name all of the uses for a plate before the camp session started, and then again at the end of the two-week session. Results indicate overall mean significant increases in DT across all scoring methods of fluency, flexibility, and originality. Participants who self-selected one or more artistic activities (e.g., drama, arts and crafts, dance) had significant increases on the tasks as opposed to participants who did not select any artistic activities (e.g., basketball, baseball, archery). Finally, girls significantly increased across all scoring methods, whereas boys slightly increased in fluency and flexibility but not in originality. These results indicate residential summer camp may provide a creativity "benefit" for youth in attendance, especially those who participate in certain activities. Practitioners should use this study to understand their own programming in terms of creativity, activity offerings, and camp culture.
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Venditti, Sabrina, Loredana Verdone, Caterina Pesce, Nicoletta Tocci, Micaela Caserta, and Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan. "Creating Well-Being: Increased Creativity and proNGF Decrease following Quadrato Motor Training." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/275062.
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Mind-body practices (MBP) are known to induce electrophysiological and morphological changes, whereas reports related to changes of neurotrophins are surprisingly scarce. Consequently, in the current paper, we focused on the Quadrato motor training (QMT), a newly developed whole-body movement-based MBP, which has been reported to enhance creativity. Here we report the effects of 4 weeks of daily QMT on creativity and proNGF level in two interrelated studies. In Study A, we examined the effects of QMT compared with a walking training (WT) in healthy adults, utilizing the alternate uses task. In contrast with the WT, QMT resulted in increased creativity. In addition, the change in creativity negatively correlated with the change in proNGF levels. In Study B, we examined QMT effects on creativity and additional metacognitive functions in children, using a nonintervention group as control. Similar to Study A, following QMT, we found a negative correlation of proNGF with creativity, as well as working memory updating and planning ability. Together, the current results point to the relationship between increased creativity and decreased proNGF following MBP. Thus, the current research emphasizes the importance of widening the scope of examination of “MBP in motion” in relation to metacognition and well-being.
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Kleinkorres, Ruben, Boris Forthmann, and Heinz Holling. "An Experimental Approach to Investigate the Involvement of Cognitive Load in Divergent Thinking." Journal of Intelligence 9, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence9010003.
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Up to now, support for the idea that a controlled component exists in creative thought has mainly been supported by correlational studies; to further shed light on this issue, we employed an experimental approach. We used four alternate uses tasks that differed in instruction type (“be fluent” vs. “be creative”) and concurrent secondary workload (load vs. no load). A total of 51 participants (39 female) went through all tasks and generated ideas for a total of 16 different objects; their responses were scored in terms of fluency (number of responses generated), creative quality, and flexibility. We did find, as expected, that the be-creative instruction resulted in fewer and more creative ideas, as well as more flexible idea sets, but neither of the expected interaction effects became significant. Specifically, fluency was not affected more strongly by secondary workload in the be-fluent instruction condition than in the be-creative instruction condition. Further, the performance drop evoked by the secondary workload was not stronger in the be-creative instruction condition compared to the be-fluent instruction condition when creative quality or flexibility were examined as dependent variable. Altogether, our results do not confirm that be-creative instructions involve more cognitive load than be-fluent instructions. Nevertheless, the analysis of the serial order effect and additional correlational examinations revealed some promising results. Methodological limitations which may have influenced the results are discussed in light of the inherent suspense between internal and external validity (i.e., most likely the applied self-paced dual-task approach increased external validity, but undermined internal validity) and potentially guide future research.
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Kleinkorres, Ruben, Boris Forthmann, and Heinz Holling. "An Experimental Approach to Investigate the Involvement of Cognitive Load in Divergent Thinking." Journal of Intelligence 9, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence9010003.
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Up to now, support for the idea that a controlled component exists in creative thought has mainly been supported by correlational studies; to further shed light on this issue, we employed an experimental approach. We used four alternate uses tasks that differed in instruction type (“be fluent” vs. “be creative”) and concurrent secondary workload (load vs. no load). A total of 51 participants (39 female) went through all tasks and generated ideas for a total of 16 different objects; their responses were scored in terms of fluency (number of responses generated), creative quality, and flexibility. We did find, as expected, that the be-creative instruction resulted in fewer and more creative ideas, as well as more flexible idea sets, but neither of the expected interaction effects became significant. Specifically, fluency was not affected more strongly by secondary workload in the be-fluent instruction condition than in the be-creative instruction condition. Further, the performance drop evoked by the secondary workload was not stronger in the be-creative instruction condition compared to the be-fluent instruction condition when creative quality or flexibility were examined as dependent variable. Altogether, our results do not confirm that be-creative instructions involve more cognitive load than be-fluent instructions. Nevertheless, the analysis of the serial order effect and additional correlational examinations revealed some promising results. Methodological limitations which may have influenced the results are discussed in light of the inherent suspense between internal and external validity (i.e., most likely the applied self-paced dual-task approach increased external validity, but undermined internal validity) and potentially guide future research.
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Mewada, Hiren K., and Jitendra Chaudhari. "Low computation digital down converter using polyphase IIR filter." Circuit World 45, no. 3 (August 5, 2019): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-02-2019-0015.
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Purpose The digital down converter (DDC) is a principal component in modern communication systems. The DDC process traditionally entails quadrature down conversion, bandwidth reducing filters and commensurate sample rate reduction. To avoid group delay, distortion linear phase FIR filters are used in the DDC. The filter performance specifications related to deep stopband attenuation, small in-band ripple and narrow transition bandwidth lead to filters with a large number of coefficients. To reduce the computational workload of the filtering process, filtering is often performed as a two-stage process, the first stage being a down sampling Hoegenauer (or cascade-integrated comb) filter and a reduced sample rate FIR filter. An alternative option is an M-Path polyphase partition of a band cantered FIR filter. Even though IIR filters offer reduced workload to implement a specific filtering task, the authors avoid using them because of their poor group delay characteristics. This paper aims to propose the design of M-path, approximately linear phase IIR filters as an alternative option to the M-path FIR filter. Design/methodology/approach Two filter designs are presented in the paper. The first approach uses linear phase IIR low pass structure to reduce the filter’s coefficient. Whereas the second approach uses multipath polyphase structure to design approximately linear phase IIR filter in DDC. Findings The authors have compared the performance and workload of the proposed polyphase structured IIR filters with state-of-the-art filter design used in DDC. The proposed design is seen to satisfy tight design specification with a significant reduction in arithmetic operations and required power consumption. Originality/value The proposed design is an alternate solution to the M-path polyphase FIR filter offering very less number of coefficients in the filter design. Proposed DDC using polyphase structured IIR filter satisfies the requirement of linear phase with the least number of computation cost in comparison with other DDC structure.
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Privodnova, Evgeniya Yu, Nina V. Volf, and Gennady G. Knyazev. "The Evaluation of Creative Ideas in Older and Younger Adults." Journal of Psychophysiology 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000232.
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Abstract. The ability to solve problems of divergent type is one of the most intact functions in successful aging. However, neurophysiologic mechanisms that support the efficiency of creative thinking remain largely unknown. This study was aimed to investigate age-related difference in localized induced electroencephalogram (EEG) changes during creative idea evaluation stage of divergent problem-solving (Alternate Uses Task), using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography. Younger (45 women, 44 men, Mage = 22.1 years, age range: 18–30 years) and older adults (46 women, 43 men, Mage = 64.9 years, age range: 55–75 years) participated in the study. Higher synchronization in individually adjusted theta frequency band [from (individual alpha peak frequency −6 Hz) to (individual alpha peak frequency −4 Hz)] in anterior areas with the maximum values in anterior cingulate gyrus was revealed in older as compared with younger participants by group contrast. Higher desynchronization in wide beta range [from (individual alpha peak frequency +2 Hz) to 30 Hz] was localized in posterior brain regions with the highest values in posterior cingulate gyrus, precuneus, and parietal lobule in older adults. Induced beta 2 synchronization was positively correlated with originality (as measured by the mean frequency of ideas) in younger and years of education in older subjects. Based on the data, it was supposed that controlling the decision-making processes is more important for older adults while maintenance of the internal image of elements’ recombination may play essential role for younger subjects.
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Bhagyalakshmi, R., Roopashree D., and Shruthi K. N. "Performance Analysis of Hybrid Cryptography System for High Security and Cloud-Based Storage." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 17 (July 20, 2022): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232016.2022.17.25.
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Now a day, the security of the data is playing a major part in communication systems due to further bushwhackers between channels media. The security position depends on cache crucial and as per literature, advanced the bit size of the key, advanced the security and also larger data size comes major challenge task for the further process. Thus, the generation of crucial with the further size is a major grueling task and at present, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a better cryptography system where the encryption and decryption can perform with a fixed key. The literature says the holomorphic function is well-suitable for data size reduction. To address this issue, new Holomorphic grounded encryption and decryption and AES are combined to increase the security position. The alternate novelty is that variable crucial generation using Elliptic Wind Cryptography (ECC) due to its enlarged proportion of consideration in assiduity and experimenters. The ECC uses point addition and point doubling to induce 256 values and addition operations can be avoided. After the generation of the matrix, each matrix value is translated and decrypted using a Holomorphic algorithm. The proposed work has been designed using MATLAB 2017a, dissembled, and validated with different datasets in real decors. Cloud computing is expected to be considered one of the primary computing platforms in the field of storage and security as it possesses many advantages such as profitability, efficiency as well as lower implementation overheads. Contemporary cloud computing security algorithms are enhanced extensions of cryptography. Data privacy, as well as data protection, are the major areas of concern in Cloud computing. The cryptographic with holomorphic based data encryption and interchange of information is exchanged and then accumulated in the cloud through holomorphic encryption which uses point addition and doubling operation to ensure data confidentiality of owners as well as users. Proposed work novel hybrid algorithm based on the context of encryption and decryption and thus integrates cryptography hybrid techniques include modified 126-bit AES and ElGamal based ECC through splitting algorithm. The advantage of splitting the larger data in size into binary form and then processing for encryption and decryption leads to optimization of latency, increase throughput, and security. The proposed hybrid approach has better security towards information sharing as well as cloud storage intrusions. Based on obtained results in MATLAB 2017a software tool, the obtained results show that 43% improvement in throughput and 12% reduction in latency, and a 21% improvement in security level.
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Chen, Chong, Yasuhiro Mochizuki, Kosuke Hagiwara, Masako Hirotsu, and Shin Nakagawa. "Regular Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity and Walking Are Associated with Divergent but not Convergent Thinking in Japanese Young Adults." Brain Sciences 11, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081046.
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The beneficial effects of regular physical activity (PA) on cognitive functions have received much attention. Recent research suggests that regular PA may also enhance creative thinking, an indispensable cognitive factor for invention and innovation. However, at what intensity regular PA brings the most benefits to creative thinking remains uninvestigated. Furthermore, whether the levels of regular PA affect the acute PA effects on creative thinking is also unclear. In the present study, using a previous dataset that investigated the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise on creative thinking in healthy Japanese young adults (22.98 ± 1.95 years old) in the year 2020, we tested the association between different intensities of regular PA (i.e., vigorous, moderate, and walking) and creative thinking with the cross-sectional baseline data using multiple linear regression. We also investigated whether regular PA levels were associated with the acute aerobic exercise intervention effects on creative thinking. The results showed that cross-sectionally, the regular PAs were differentially associated with divergent but not convergent thinking. Specifically, whereas the amount of vigorous-intensity PA was positively associated with fluency and flexibility, the amount of walking was positively associated with novelty on the alternate uses test (AUT) measuring divergent thinking. Importantly, the explained variances of fluency, flexibility, and novelty were 20.3% (p = 0.040), 18.8% (p = 0.055), and 20.1% (p = 0.043), respectively. None of the regular PAs predicted convergent thinking (i.e., an insight problem-solving task), nor were they associated with the acute aerobic exercise intervention effects on divergent and convergent thinking. These findings suggest that engaging in regular vigorous-intensity PA and walking may be useful strategies to enhance different aspects of divergent thinking in daily life.
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Abubaker, Maen. "Conflict of Fatwā (Islamic Advisory Opinion) Between Shariah Committees of Islamic Financial Institutions and Ways to Harmonise It." مجلة إسرا الدولية للمالية الإسلامية 9, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 9–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.55188/ijifarabic.v9i1.270.
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This research aims to discuss the root cause of conflict of fatwa (Islamic advisory opinion) between Shariah bodies as it constitutes an obstacle that cannot be overlooked in the distinguished process of Islamic banking business even though it is still at its infancy stage. To get to the root of conflict of fatwā it is of paramount importance to establish the essence of Shariah Committees in Islamic financial institutions. And to point out the danger of the fatwā and confirm high status of fatwā as it is Shariah endorsement on behalf of Almighty Allah pertaining to His [Allah] legal rulings on His servants (mukallafin). Thereby, the research will further examine the core subject and effects of conflict of fatwā, causes and ways to harmonise the conflict. The research uses the descriptive and inductive methods to conduct its investigation. The descriptive method requires to study the phenomenon and analyse it as evidenced by the reality. Subsequently, will explore ways to harmonise the conflict and provide evidence to support it. The research concluded that the conflict of fatwā does not serve the development of Islamic banking operation as anticipated by practitioners whom foresee Islamic banks as alternate to conventional banking system or interest-based banking system. It is believed that Islamic banking operation in this manner will rupture the necessary segment is expected to unite and re-join. Further, the standardisation of fatwā is a difficult task and almost impossible to realise. The only option left is to harmonise it through mutual agreement on common features that regulate ijtihad (juristic reasoning) on Islamic banking operations which result in standardisation of method of fatwā. One of the features of this standardised method is moderation in deducing fiqh rulings. Such moderation does not conflict with adoption of lesser approach as relaxation of fiqh doctrines provided it is furnished by evidence and free from selfdesire. The moderation also can be manifested in the Islamic bank’s disposition to make easy profit or be relieved from certain restrictions taking into account end result and far from hiyal (tricks).
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Peer, S. K., Dinesh Sharma, K. Ravindranath, and M. M. Naidu. "Layout design of user interface components with multiple objectives." Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research 14, no. 2 (2004): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/yjor0402171p.
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A multi-goal layout problem may be formulated as a Quadratic Assignment model, considering multiple goals (or factors), both qualitative and quantitative in the objective function. The facilities layout problem, in general, varies from the location and layout of facilities in manufacturing plant to the location and layout of textual and graphical user interface components in the human?computer interface. In this paper, we propose two alternate mathematical approaches to the single-objective layout model. The first one presents a multi-goal user interface component layout problem, considering the distance-weighted sum of congruent objectives of closeness relationships and the interactions. The second one considers the distance-weighted sum of congruent objectives of normalized weighted closeness relationships and normalized weighted interactions. The results of first approach are compared with that of an existing single objective model for example task under consideration. Then, the results of first approach and second approach of the proposed model are compared for the example task under consideration.
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CHOUDHURY, B. B., and B. B. BISWAL. "ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR MULTI-ROBOT TASK ALLOCATION." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 08, no. 02 (December 2009): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219686709001717.
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One of the most important aspects in the design of multi-robot systems (MRS) is the allocation of tasks among the robots in a productive and efficient manner. This paper presents an empirical study on task allocation strategies in multirobot environment. In general, optimal solutions are found through an exhaustive search, but because there are n × m ways in which m tasks can be assigned to n robots, an exhaustive search is often not possible with increased number of tasks. Task allocation methodologies for multirobot systems are developed by considering their capability in terms of time and space. The present work adopts a two-phase methodology to allocate tasks optimally amongst the candidate robots. The allocation cost of the robots is determined during the first phase and alternate algorithms are used in the second phase for optimizing the allocation. The work considers systems of practical sizes and the results obtained through this are helpful in recommending appropriate techniques to the users of MRS for increasing producibility and robot utilization. Three different approaches using Linear programming, Hungarian Algorithm and Knapsack Algorithm are presented and their results are analyzed for the suitability of the methods for an allocation problem. Simulation results are presented and compared for the benefit of the users.
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Raab, Hillary A., Careen Foord, Romain Ligneul, and Catherine A. Hartley. "Developmental shifts in computations used to detect environmental controllability." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): e1010120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010120.
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Accurate assessment of environmental controllability enables individuals to adaptively adjust their behavior—exploiting rewards when desirable outcomes are contingent upon their actions and minimizing costly deliberation when their actions are inconsequential. However, it remains unclear how estimation of environmental controllability changes from childhood to adulthood. Ninety participants (ages 8–25) completed a task that covertly alternated between controllable and uncontrollable conditions, requiring them to explore different actions to discover the current degree of environmental controllability. We found that while children were able to distinguish controllable and uncontrollable conditions, accuracy of controllability assessments improved with age. Computational modeling revealed that whereas younger participants’ controllability assessments relied on evidence gleaned through random exploration, older participants more effectively recruited their task structure knowledge to make highly informative interventions. Age-related improvements in working memory mediated this qualitative shift toward increased use of an inferential strategy. Collectively, these findings reveal an age-related shift in the cognitive processes engaged to assess environmental controllability. Improved detection of environmental controllability may foster increasingly adaptive behavior over development by revealing when actions can be leveraged for one’s benefit.
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Bracken, Bruce A. "Incidence of Basic Concepts in the Directions of Five Commonly Used American Tests of Intelligence." School Psychology International 7, no. 1 (January 1986): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014303438600700101.
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Five intelligence tests produced in the United States of America were reviewed to determine the incidence of basic concepts within the test directions. The 258 concepts assessed by the Bracken Basic Concept Scale were used to produce the frequency count and it was found that the directions of four of the five intelligence tests were replete with basic concepts. The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children had only six concepts used in the test directions, and the instrument allows for task teaching and alternate wording. Threats to validity are discussed for the four American instruments that had the most concepts assumed by the test authors.
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Alsehli, M., B. Saleh, A. Elfasakhany, Ayman A. Aly, and M. M. Bassuoni. "Experimental study of a novel solar multi-effect distillation unit using alternate storage tanks." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 10, no. 2 (March 17, 2020): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2020.068.
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Abstract In recent years, the use of solar energy has been growing exponentially and applied in a wider range of applications; one of the important applications for using solar energy is water desalination. The current work investigates the proof of concept experimental setup for a novel solar multi-effect distillation (MED) using alternate storage tanks. The experimental setup consists of a MED unit, two thermal storage tanks, and a solar collector. One storage tank is used as a charging tank while the other tank is used as a discharging tank. This unique dual-tank system stores the thermal energy to be used later in the MED unit, which improves the control of the water mass flow rate and water temperature throughout the MED process. The peak temperature achieved every day in the charging tank determines the MED production capacity. This system is designed for the tanks to alternate roles every 24 hours. The testing of this design was carried out during May 2019 in Saudi Arabia. The experimental results prove the novel concept design to work efficiently providing an average production rate of about 21 kg/day with total solar collector area of 2.7 m2 and average daily performance ratio of 2.5.
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PEER, S. K., DINESH K. SHARMA, K. RAVINDRANATH, and M. M. NAIDU. "A MULTI-CRITERIA PROCEDURE FOR THE USER INTERFACE COMPONENTS LAYOUT PROBLEM." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 26, no. 02 (April 2009): 257–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595909002195.
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The multi-criteria facilities layout problem can be formulated as a quadratic assignment model that can handle multiple qualitative and quantitative factors in the objective function. Some studies have shown that the techniques and tools of facilities layout problems can equally be applied for the layout design of user interface components in human-computer interface. This paper presents an alternate approach, which handles multiple qualitative and quantitative factors in a different manner separately in the objective function to obtain the initial layouts. The proposed approach also consists of a layout procedure, in which the pair of facilities with the least composite criterion value has been selected to be placed far apart in the layout to generate an initial layout in the construction procedure. The results of the proposed approach are compared with that of an existing approach which handles a number of qualitative and quantitative factors in the same manner as in the objective function to obtain the initial layouts for the example task of the user interface components layout problem under consideration.
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Herlong, David W., and Beverly H. Williges. "Designing Speech Displays for Telephone Information Systems." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 4 (October 1988): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128803200401.
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This study used a computer-driven telephone information system as a real-time human-computer interface to simulate applications where synthetic speech is used to access data. Subjects used a telephone keypad to search though an automated department store database to locate and transcribe specific information messages. Because speech provides a sequential and transient information display, users may have difficulty navigating through auditory databases. One issue investigated in this study was whether the alternate use of male and female voices to code different levels of the database would improve user search performance. Other issues investigated were the basic intelligibility of these male and female voices as influenced by different levels of speech rate. All factors were assessed as functions of search or transcription task performance and user preference. Analysis of transcription accuracy, user search efficiency and time, and subjective ratings revealed an overall significant effect of speech rate on all groups of measures but no significant effects for voice type or coding scheme. Results were used to recommend design guidelines for developing speech displays for telephone information systems.
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Lugo, Ferran, Marta N. Torres, and V. D. Chamizo. "Two strategies used to solve a navigation task: A different use of the hippocampus by males and females? A preliminary study in rats." Psicológica Journal 39, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 319–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/psicolj-2018-0014.
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AbstractThere is abundant research (both in rodents and in humans) showing that males and females often use different types of information in spatial navigation. Males prefer geometry as a source of information, whereas females tend to focus on landmarks (which are often near to a goal objects). However, when considering the role of the hippocampus, the research focuses primarily on males only. In the present study, based on Rodríguez, Torres, Mackintosh, and Chamizo’s (2010, Experiment 2) navigation protocol, we conducted two experiments, one with males and another with females, in order to tentatively evaluate the role of the dorsal hippocampus in the acquisition of two tasks: one based on landmark learning and the alternate one on local pool-geometry learning. Both when landmark learning and when geometry learning, Sham male rats learned significantly faster than Lesion male animals. This was not the case with female rats in geometry learning. These results suggest that the dorsal hippocampus could play an important role in males only.
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Li, Larry Hong-lin. "You Speak What They Wear." Asian Journal of Social Science 47, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 169–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04702002.
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Abstract We manipulated persona features characterising US and Taike subcultures, and examined its impact on preference toward Chinese-English alternated uses among Taiwanese youngsters. We conducted (i) a literature survey to identify the features iconic of US and Taike subcultures, (ii) a norming task to verify the subculture icons obtained, (iii) a multi-choice task to survey preference for six relevant non-/mixed forms of language, (iv) a forced-choice task to inspect “relative” code choices between Chinese versus its code-mix with English elements under the cues of the probe features. We found that visual cues and the stereotypical generalisations thereof play a role in language negotiation in first meeting contexts; cultural personae manifest themselves in the language alternation; with code mixing as an accommodative move, language users self-categorise themselves with the interlocutor that is stereotyped as having a linguistic preference associated to their persona character; linguistic convergence to stereotypes is driven by unconscious need.
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Ball, Nick, and Joanna Scurr. "Electromyography Normalization Methods for High-Velocity Muscle Actions: Review and Recommendations." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 29, no. 5 (October 2013): 600–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.29.5.600.
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Electromyograms used to assess neuromuscular demand during high-velocity tasks require normalization to aid interpretation. This paper posits that, to date, methodological approaches to normalization have been ineffective and have limited the application of electromyography (EMG). There is minimal investigation seeking alternative normalization methods, which must be corrected to improve EMG application in sports. It is recognized that differing normalization methods will prevent cross-study comparisons. Users of EMG should aim to identify normalization methods that provide good reliability and a representative measure of muscle activation. The shortcomings of current normalization methods in high-velocity muscle actions assessment are evident. Advances in assessing alternate normalization methods have been done in cycling and sprinting. It is advised that when normalizing high-intensity muscle actions, isometric methods are used with caution and a dynamic alternative, where the muscle action is similar to that of the task is preferred. It is recognized that optimal normalization methods may be muscle and task dependent.
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He, Chao, and Jia Xiao. "Joint Optimization in Intelligent Reflecting Surface-Aided UAV Communication for Multiaccess Edge Computing." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (March 31, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5415562.
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Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is a key enabling technology for b5G and 6G networks, which can provide a reconfigurable electromagnetic environment while reducing energy consumption. In this article, the communication link between user equipment (UE) and the base station (BS) is severely blocked, so we deployed IRS on the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to assist UE for offloading the computing task to the multiaccess edge computing (MEC) server on the base station, which provides mobile users with low-latency edge computing services. By jointly optimizing active beamforming of UE transmitter, passive beamforming of the IRS, UAV hovering position, and computing task scheduling, the response time of user tasks is minimized. In order to solve this complex nonconvex problem, we propose an alternating optimization (AO) algorithm combined with the genetic algorithm to decouple the problem, alternate optimization, until the convergence condition is met, to find the approximate optimal solution of the problem. Numerical results show that with the assistance of IRS, MIMO channels can significantly improve the performance of edge computing and meet the needs of users for high speed and low latency.
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Huk, Alexander C., and David J. Heeger. "Task-Related Modulation of Visual Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 3525–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.6.3525.
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We performed a series of experiments to quantify the effects of task performance on cortical activity in early visual areas. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure cortical activity in several cortical visual areas including primary visual cortex (V1) and the MT complex (MT+) as subjects performed a variety of threshold-level visual psychophysical tasks. Performing speed, direction, and contrast discrimination tasks produced strong modulations of cortical activity. For example, one experiment tested for selective modulations of MT+ activity as subjects alternated between performing contrast and speed discrimination tasks. MT+ responses modulated in phase with the periods of time during which subjects performed the speed discrimination task; that is, MT+ activity was higher during speed discrimination than during contrast discrimination. Task-related modulations were consistent across repeated measurements in each subject; however, significant individual differences were observed between subjects. Together, the results suggest 1) that specific changes in the cognitive/behavioral state of a subject can exert selective and reliable modulations of cortical activity in early visual cortex, even in V1; 2) that there are significant individual differences in these modulations; and 3) that visual areas and pathways that are highly sensitive to small changes in a given stimulus feature (such as contrast or speed) are selectively modulated during discrimination judgments on that feature. Increasing the gain of the relevant neuronal signals in this way may improve their signal-to-noise to help optimize task performance.
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Zaki, Tarannum, Zinia Sultana, S. M. Anisur Rahman, and Muhammad Nazrul Islam. "Exploring and Comparing the Performance of Design Methods Used for Information Intensive Websites." MIST INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 8 (July 21, 2020): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47981/j.mijst.08(01)2020.165(49-60).
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At present, web applications are one of the most widely used software applications in different organizations. A website is a virtual representation of the structure of any organization. Good user experience of a website is highly dependent on the content organization or design of a website. Thus, the design is a very important factor to develop a high usability standard website. Different types of design techniques are used to develop different types of websites. It is a very challenging task to develop information-intensive websites using a suitable design technique so that the website can serve its intended purpose with enhanced usability and user experience. Therefore, the objective of this research is to compare the performance of two alternate design techniques for developing an information-intensive website. To achieve this objective, the existing design techniques were explored; and selected the Card Sorting and Interactive Dialogue Model (IDM) techniques to design two websites for an orphanage system. Later, the developed orphanage web systems were evaluated with ten participants through a user study; and found that the IDM design technique performs better than the Card Sorting technique in terms of the system’s usability and user experience.
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Song, Mofei. "Personalized Image Classification by Semantic Embedding and Active Learning." Entropy 22, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): 1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22111314.
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Currently, deep learning has shown state-of-the-art performance in image classification with pre-defined taxonomy. However, in a more real-world scenario, different users usually have different classification intents given an image collection. To satisfactorily personalize the requirement, we propose an interactive image classification system with an offline representation learning stage and an online classification stage. During the offline stage, we learn a deep model to extract the feature with higher flexibility and scalability for different users’ preferences. Instead of training the model only with the inter-class discrimination, we also encode the similarity between the semantic-embedding vectors of the category labels into the model. This makes the extracted feature adapt to multiple taxonomies with different granularities. During the online session, an annotation task iteratively alternates with a high-throughput verification task. When performing the verification task, the users are only required to indicate the incorrect prediction without giving the exact category label. For each iteration, our system chooses the images to be annotated or verified based on interactive efficiency optimization. To provide a high interactive rate, a unified active learning algorithm is used to search the optimal annotation and verification set by minimizing the expected time cost. After interactive annotation and verification, the new classified images are used to train a customized classifier online, which reflects the user-adaptive intent of categorization. The learned classifier is then used for subsequent annotation and verification tasks. Experimental results under several public image datasets show that our method outperforms existing methods.
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Kouzaki, Motoki, Minoru Shinohara, Kei Masani, Masanobu Tachi, Hiroaki Kanehisa, and Tetsuo Fukunaga. "Local blood circulation among knee extensor synergists in relation to alternate muscle activity during low-level sustained contraction." Journal of Applied Physiology 95, no. 1 (July 2003): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00671.2002.
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The relation between local circulation and alternate muscle activity among knee extensor synergists was determined during low-level sustained knee extension at 2.5% of maximal voluntary contraction for 60 min in seven subjects. Blood volume of rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) was assessed by using near-infrared spectroscopy. Surface electromyogram (EMG) was recorded from RF, VL, and vastus medialis (VM). Alternate muscle activity was observed between RF and either VL or VM. Cross-correlation analysis was used to investigate the relation between blood volume and integrated EMG (iEMG) sequences throughout the task. One negative peak in the cross-correlation function was seen between the iEMG and blood volume with time lag of 30–60 s, indicating that muscle activity increases (or decreases) with the decrease (or increase) in local circulation with the corresponding time lag. Two cases in the emergence of alternate muscle activities, i.e., an increase in the EMG of RF accompanied by a decline of EMG in VL ( case I) and vice versa ( case II) were further analyzed. The time lag between iEMG and blood volume was longer in case I than that in case II. These results were statistically significant in the RF but not in the VL. It is concluded that even during low-level sustained contraction, local circulation is modulated by the alternate muscle activity of knee extensor synergists, and a negative correlation between the muscle activity and blood volume sequences was found in only RF but not in VL.
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Harris, David, Mark Wilson, and Samuel Vine. "Development and validation of a simulation workload measure: the simulation task load index (SIM-TLX)." Virtual Reality 24, no. 4 (December 21, 2019): 557–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10055-019-00422-9.
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AbstractVirtual reality (VR) simulation offers significant potential for human factors training as it provides a novel approach which enables training in environments that are otherwise dangerous, impractical or expensive to simulate. While VR training has been adopted in many environments, such as heavy industry, surgery and aviation, there remains an inadequate understanding of how virtual simulations impact cognitive factors. One such factor, which needs careful consideration during the design of VR simulations, is the degree of mental or cognitive load experienced during training. This study aimed to validate a newly developed measure of workload, based on existing instruments (e.g. the NASA-TLX), but tailored to the specific demands placed on users of simulated environments. While participants completed a VR puzzle game, a series of experimental manipulations of workload were used to assess the sensitivity of the new instrument. The manipulations affected the questionnaire subscales (mental demands; physical demands; temporal demands; frustration; task complexity; situational stress; distraction; perceptual strain; task control; presence) as predicted in all cases (ps < .05), except for presence, which displayed little relationship with other aspects of task load. The scale was also found to have good convergent validity with an alternate index of task load. The findings support the sensitivity of the new instrument for assessing task load in virtual reality. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of mental workload in simulated environments and provides a practical tool for use in both future research and applications in the field.
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Akash, Varshney, and Singh O. P. "Municipal Solid Waste as an Alternate Source of Energy: A Review." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 02 (2022): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i02.049.
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Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a big environmental challenge. However; it is a potential source of recycling materials, heat and energy. In developed countries this waste is used as resource to produce energy and compost; whereas in developing countries like India, collection, transportation and disposal of MSW are a big task. Wastes to energy technologies (WTE-T) play important role in sustainable management of MSW throughout the world. These technologies reduce the amount of waste as well as produce energy, which can be used to generate electricity. These include thermochemical treatment technologies, biochemical treatment technologies and utilization of landfill gas. Thermochemical techniques include Incineration, Gasification, Pyrolysis, Plasma arc gasification and Hydrothermal carbonization. Incineration is the most common technique used for treatment of MSW. It reduces 70% mass and 90% volume of MSW and sterile ash remains as byproduct. Gasification is advantageous over incineration, as gases are not released into atmosphere. Pyrolysis is the anaerobic thermal degradation of MSW, carried out in an oxygen free environment, producing gases (syngas), liquid and solid residuals. Syngas is composed of methane, hydrogen, carbon mono oxide and carbon dioxide. It can be used in engines, boilers, turbines, fuel cells and heat pumps. Plasma arc gasification also involves partial oxidation of MSW. Syngas and high quality producer gas is obtained that can be used as transport fuel, heat and to generate electricity. Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) is a complex process through which hydro-char is produced, which is similar to coal and can be used as a solid fuel for heat and power generation. Organic fraction of MSW is biodegradable and has high energy content. Biochemical treatment technologies are designed to utilize this fraction of MSW. Anaerobic digestion of organic waste is performed by microbes in absence of oxygen in a closed container (biogas digester), resulting in the reduction of waste and production of a combustible gas, biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. Landfill gas is rich in methane and must be used to produce heat and energy. It usually consists of 50% methane and 50% CO2. Gas is collected by pipes and reaches the wells installed inside the landfills.
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Rai, Harikrishna G. N., K. Sai Deepak, and P. Radha Krishna. "Figure Based Biomedical Document Retrieval System using Structural Image Features." International Journal of Knowledge Discovery in Bioinformatics 3, no. 1 (January 2012): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jkdb.2012010103.
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Multi-modal and Unstructured nature of documents make their retrieval from healthcare document repositories a challenging task. Text based retrieval is the conventional approach used for solving this problem. In this paper, the authors explore an alternate avenue of using embedded figures for the retrieval task. Usually, context of a document is directly reflected in the associated figures, therefore embedded text within these figures along with image features have been used for similarity based retrieval of figures. The present work demonstrates that image features describing the structural properties of figures are sufficient for the figure retrieval task. First, the authors analyze the problem of figure retrieval from biomedical literature and identify significant classes of figures. Second, they use edge information as a means to discriminate between structural properties of each figure category. Finally, the authors present a methodology using a novel feature descriptor namely Fourier Edge Orientation Autocorrelogram (FEOAC) to describe structural properties of figures and build an effective Biomedical document retrieval system. The experimental results demonstrate the better retrieval performance and overall improvement of FEOAC for figure retrieval task, especially when most of the edge information is retained. Apart from invariance to scale, rotation and non-uniform illumination, the proposed feature descriptor is shown to be relatively robust to noisy edges.
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Mahava, Ferzin, Christine Sheppard, Laura Monetta, and Vanessa Taler. "The Development of Scoring Criteria for a New Picture Naming Task." Revue interdisciplinaire des sciences de la santé - Interdisciplinary Journal of Health Sciences 6, no. 1 (November 13, 2016): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/riss-ijhs.v6i1.1351.
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Objective: The purpose of the study was to develop a scoring system for a novel naming task suitable for assessing naming performance in younger (18-30 years) and older (65+ years) adults in monolingual English, monolingual French, and English-French bilingual groups. This novel naming task will serve as an important health service to help diagnose and assess cognitively impaired older individuals, while also serving as an educational tool for healthcare providers.Materials and Methods: The Naming Task consists of 120 images organized in the same randomized order, and are shown on a white background displayed on a computer screen using PowerPoint. Participants are instructed to name the image displayed. Monolinguals completed the test in their native language and bilinguals completed the test in English only, French only, and a bilingual administration. Scoring criteria was established based on the responses from testing.Results: Strict and lenient scoring criteria developed for the Naming Task are presented. Eight items were removed from the original Naming Task due to quality and/or clarity, inability to name the image, or too many alternate responses. Performance in monolingual English and French was similar in younger and older adults for strict and lenient scoring. Bilinguals performed better with bilingual administration and worse with French administration, where scores were the lowest of all age and language groups.Conclusion: The Naming Task appears to be suitable for monolingual French and English individuals. Results suggest that a bilingual administration should be used when testing English-French bilinguals.
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McGarry, Kathleen, Ericka Rovira, and Raja Parasuraman. "Adaptive Change in the Type of Automation Support Reduces the Cost of Imperfect Decision Aids in a Simulated Battlefield Engagement Task." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 3 (September 2005): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504900320.
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Automation that is meant to aid the human operator may actually be detrimental to performance, particularly if faulty decision recommendations are provided (decision automation), as opposed to prioritized or integrated information advisories that are incorrect (information automation). Because automation can be imperfect, operator over-reliance on decision automation can degrade performance. The present study examined whether temporary adaptive changes in the type and level of automation—-between decision and information automation, or between decision automation and manual performance—–could mitigate the cost of automation imperfection in a combat engagement selection task. Twelve participants were provided with two types of automation (decision and information) and also performed the task manually. In three conditions, the type of automation was alternated during performance of the task over three blocks of trials. In all three conditions, decision automation was provided in the first and third blocks of the task, with the middle block requiring the use of decision automation, information automation, or manual performance. The accuracy of engagement decisions improved in the third block with decision automation when it was preceded by a temporary adaptive change to information automation. No such improvement occurred when decision automation was used throughout the task or when the adaptive change involved a temporary return to manual performance. This suggests that providing the user with short periods of information automation can help mitigate some of the costs of imperfect decision automation by keeping the operator in the decision-making loop.
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Thornton, Ian M., and Todd S. Horowitz. "Searching Through Alternating Sequences: Working Memory and Inhibitory Tagging Mechanisms Revealed Using the MILO Task." i-Perception 11, no. 5 (September 2020): 204166952095801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669520958018.
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We used the Multi-Item Localisation (MILO) task to examine search through two sequences. In Sequential blocks of trials, six letters and six digits were touched in order. In Mixed blocks, participants alternated between letters and digits. These conditions mimic the A and B variants of the Trail Making Test (TMT). In both block types, targets either vanished or remained visible after being touched. There were two key findings. First, in Mixed blocks, reaction times exhibited a saw-tooth pattern, suggesting search for successive pairs of targets. Second, reaction time patterns for vanish and remain conditions were identical in Sequential blocks—indicating that participants could ignore past targets—but diverged in Mixed blocks. This suggests a breakdown of inhibitory tagging. These findings may help explain the elevated completion times observed in TMT-B, relative to TMT-A.
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Hussein, Sabeeha, Kevin Johnston, Brandon Belbeck, Stephen G. Lomber, and Stefan Everling. "Functional Specialization within Macaque Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex for the Maintenance of Task Rules and Cognitive Control." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 9 (September 2014): 1918–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00608.
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The abilities of switching between and maintaining task rules are fundamental aspects of goal-oriented behavior. The PFC is thought to implement the cognitive processes underling such rule-based behavior, but the specific contributions of the several cytoarchitecturally distinct subfields of PFC remain poorly understood. Here, we used bilateral cryogenic deactivation to investigate the relative contributions of two regions of the dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC)—the inferior dlPFC (idlPFC) area, consisting of the cortex lining the caudal principal sulcus, and the dorsally adjacent superior dlPFC (sdlPFC)—to different aspects of rule-based behavior. Macaque monkeys performed two variants of a task that required them to alternate unpredictably between eye movements toward (prosaccade) or away from (antisaccade) a visual stimulus. In one version of the task, the current rule was overtly cued. In the second, the task rule was uncued, and successful performance required the animals to detect rule changes on the basis of reward outcome and subsequently maintain the current task rule within working memory. Deactivation of the idlPFC impaired the monkeys' ability to perform pro- and antisaccades in the uncued task only. In contrast, deactivation of the sdlPFC had no effect on performance in either task. Combined deactivation of idlPFC and sdlPFC impaired performance on antisaccade, but not prosaccade, trials in both task variants. These results suggest that the idlPFC is required for mnemonic processes involved in maintenance of task rules, whereas both idlPFC and sdlPFC together are necessary for the deployment of the cognitive control required to perform antisaccades. Together, these data support the concept of a functional specialization of subregions within the dlPFC for rule-guided behavior.
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Makai-Bölöni, Soma, Eva Thijssen, Emilie M. J. van Brummelen, Geert J. Groeneveld, and Robert J. Doll. "Touchscreen-based finger tapping: Repeatability and configuration effects on tapping performance." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 7, 2021): e0260783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260783.
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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects almost 2% of the population above the age of 65. To better quantify the effects of new medications, fast and objective methods are needed. Touchscreen-based tapping tasks are simple yet effective tools for quantifying drug effects on PD-related motor symptoms, especially bradykinesia. However, there is no consensus on the optimal task set-up. The present study compares four tapping tasks in 14 healthy participants. In alternate finger tapping (AFT), tapping occurred with the index and middle finger with 2.5 cm between targets, whereas in alternate side tapping (AST) the index finger with 20 cm between targets was used. Both configurations were tested with or without the presence of a visual cue. Moreover, for each tapping task, within- and between-day repeatability and (potential) sensitivity of the calculated parameters were assessed. Visual cueing reduced tapping speed and rhythm, and improved accuracy. This effect was most pronounced for AST. On average, AST had a lower tapping speed with impaired accuracy and improved rhythm compared to AFT. Of all parameters, the total number of taps and mean spatial error had the highest repeatability and sensitivity. The findings suggest against the use of visual cueing because it is crucial that parameters can vary freely to accurately capture medication effects. The choice for AFT or AST depends on the research question, as these tasks assess different aspects of movement. These results encourage further validation of non-cued AFT and AST in PD patients.
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Adhikari, Shambhu P., Rubee Dev, and Soo Borson. "Modifying the Mini-Cog to Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Nonliterate Individuals." International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2021 (August 16, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5510093.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives. The Mini-Cog, a rapid, valid, and reliable screening tool for cognitive impairment, consists of 3-word recall and an executive clock drawing test (CDT). However, CDT requires at least basic literacy and cultural exposure to analog clocks, conditions not met in many population groups around the world. We developed a modification of the Mini-Cog (MMC) for use with nonliterate and literate individuals. Methods. Participants were adults (≥60 years) with no neurological diagnosis, with known cognitive impairment due to stroke, Parkinsonism, traumatic brain injury, or Alzheimer’s disease, and whose family members were able to read and write. We replaced the CDT with two tasks of everyday life: a serial subtraction task or a multistep performance task. Family members rated the acceptability and feasibility of the Mini-Cog versions using a 6-point scale and completed a proxy-rated cognitive staging tool, the Dementia Severity Rating Scale (DSRS). Spearman’s rho, Mann-Whitney U , and chi-square tests were used to evaluate group differences and associations between measures. Results. Data were collected from 63 participants ( 75 % ≥ 60 years , 67% nonliterate). Literacy was associated with CDT (chi-square strength 0.9, p < 0.001 ). Both MMC versions correlated with DSRS in healthy adults and patients (rho 0.6-0.7, p < 0.05 ). In literate individuals, the acceptability and feasibility of CDT and both alternate distractors were similarly high (5/6). Conclusions. Two alternate distractor tasks may successfully replace CDT in the Mini-Cog. The MMC versions are promising and deserve further study as screening tools for cognitive impairment in larger and more fully characterized samples.
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Ferilli, Stefano, and Domenico Redavid. "Experiences on the Improvement of Logic-Based Anaphora Resolution in English Texts." Electronics 11, no. 3 (January 26, 2022): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030372.
Full textAbstract:
Anaphora resolution is a crucial task for information extraction. Syntax-based approaches are based on the syntactic structure of sentences. Knowledge-poor approaches aim at avoiding the need for further external resources or knowledge to carry out their task. This paper proposes a knowledge-poor, syntax-based approach to anaphora resolution in English texts. Our approach improves the traditional algorithm that is considered the standard baseline for comparison in the literature. Its most relevant contributions are in its ability to handle differently different kinds of anaphoras, and to disambiguate alternate associations using gender recognition of proper nouns. The former is obtained by refining the rules in the baseline algorithm, while the latter is obtained using a machine learning approach. Experimental results on a standard benchmark dataset used in the literature show that our approach can significantly improve the performance over the standard baseline algorithm used in the literature, and compares well also to the state-of-the-art algorithm that thoroughly exploits external knowledge. It is also efficient. Thus, we propose to use our algorithm as the new baseline in the literature.
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Sugiyama, Yoko, Noriyuki Higo, Kimika Yoshino-Saito, Yumi Murata, Yukio Nishimura, Takao Oishi, and Tadashi Isa. "Effects of early versus late rehabilitative training on manual dexterity after corticospinal tract lesion in macaque monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 12 (June 15, 2013): 2853–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00814.2012.
Full textAbstract:
Dexterous hand movements can be restored with motor rehabilitative training after a lesion of the lateral corticospinal tract (l-CST) in macaque monkeys. To maximize effectiveness, the optimal time to commence such rehabilitative training must be determined. We conducted behavioral analyses and compared the recovery of dexterous hand movements between monkeys in which hand motor training was initiated immediately after the l-CST lesion (early-trained monkeys) and those in which training was initiated 1 mo after the lesion (late-trained monkeys). The performance of dexterous hand movements was evaluated by food retrieval tasks. In early-trained monkeys, performance evaluated by the success rate in a vertical slit task (retrieval of a small piece of food through a narrow vertical slit) recovered to the level of intact monkeys during the first 1–2 mo after the lesion. In late-trained monkeys, the task success rate averaged ∼30% even after 3 mo of rehabilitative training. We also evaluated hand performance with the Klüver board task, in which monkeys retrieved small spherical food pellets from cylindrical wells. Although the success rate of the Klüver board task did not differ between early- and late-trained monkeys, kinematic movement analysis showed that there was a difference between the groups: late-trained monkeys with an improved success rate frequently used alternate movement strategies that were different from those used before the lesion. These results suggest that early rehabilitative training after a spinal cord lesion positively influences subsequent functional recovery.
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Nielsen, Wendy, Helen Georgiou, Pauline Jones, and Annette Turney. "Digital Explanation as Assessment in University Science." Research in Science Education 50, no. 6 (November 16, 2018): 2391–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11165-018-9785-9.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAssessments in tertiary science subjects typically assess content knowledge, and there is current need to both develop and assess different forms of knowledge and skills, such as communications and digital literacies. A digital explanation is a multimodal artefact created by students to explain science to a specified audience, which is an alternate form of assessment that has potential to develop and assess these other important forms of knowledge and skills. This research draws from perspectives in multimodality, educational semiotics and science education to gain a better understanding of digital explanation as a form of assessment in university science. Data sources include digital artefacts (n = 42), task descriptions and rubrics and pre-/post-interviews (n = 21) with students who created them as a task in a university science subject. Analysis involved identifying the range of media resources used across the data set, seeking patterns in how multiple resources were used and exploring students’ perspectives on the task, including their design decisions. A more detailed look at artefacts from three different science learning contexts illustrates that students base their design decisions on the content knowledge being represented, their technical capabilities to generate them and how to engage the audience. Students enjoy this form of assessment and feel that the tasks allowed them to demonstrate different sorts of capabilities than are normally assessed in their subjects. Recommendations for instructors provide guidance for considering this sort of task in tertiary science contexts.
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Shi, Lian Yan, Wen Yuan Song, Xin He, and Zi Bin Zhang. "Anti-Air Missile Warhead with Multiple Explosive Forged Projectiles." Advanced Materials Research 510 (April 2012): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.510.128.
Full textAbstract:
Owing to the increase in the types of battle field targets and the improvement of their velocity, flexibility and protection ability etc., the anti-air missile warhead with multiple explosive forged projectiles goes upon the stage. The warhead is based on multiple explosive forged projectiles with an alternate angled and layered structure. Thanks to its distributed explosive way and measures of safety barrier and anti-interference, all energy of this warhead can be controlled to release intensively in the dynamic damage volume, and damage the air target seriously even at a long distance. So it is used to attack the armor-protected targets in the air, and slso accomplish the task of distributing antimissile and antiaircraf ammunition etc.