Academic literature on the topic 'Alternate Uses Task'
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Journal articles on the topic "Alternate Uses Task"
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Kröger, Sören, Barbara Rutter, Holger Hill, Sabine Windmann, Christiane Hermann, and Anna Abraham. "An ERP study of passive creative conceptual expansion using a modified alternate uses task." Brain Research 1527 (August 2013): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.007.
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Vartanian, Oshin, Erin L. Beatty, Ingrid Smith, Sarah Forbes, Emma Rice, and Jenna Crocker. "Measurement matters: the relationship between methods of scoring the Alternate Uses Task and brain activation." Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 27 (June 2019): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.10.012.
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Blake, Annabel, and Stephen Palmisano. "Divergent Thinking Influences the Perception of Ambiguous Visual Illusions." Perception 50, no. 5 (March 27, 2021): 418–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03010066211000192.
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This study investigated the relationships between personality and creativity in the perception of two different ambiguous visual illusions. Previous research has suggested that Industriousness and Openness/Intellect (as measured by the Big Five Aspects Scale) are both associated with individual differences in perceptual switching rates for binocular rivalry stimuli. Here, we examined whether these relationships generalise to the Necker Cube and the Spinning Dancer illusions. In the experimental phase of this study, participants viewed these ambiguous figures under both static and dynamic, as well as free-view and fixation, conditions. As predicted, perceptual switching rates were higher: (a) for the static Necker Cube than the Spinning Dancer, and (b) in free-view compared with fixation conditions. In the second phase of the study, personality type and divergent thinking were measured using the Big Five Aspects Scale and the Alternate Uses Task, respectively. Higher creativity/divergent thinking (as measured by the Alternate Uses Task) was found to predict greater switching rates for the static Necker Cube (but not the Spinning Dancer) under both free-view and fixation conditions. These findings suggest that there are differences in the perceptual processing of creative individuals.
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Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas, Viren Swami, Avegayle Terrado, and Adrian Furnham. "The Effects of Background Auditory Interference and Extraversion on Creative and Cognitive Task Performance." International Journal of Psychological Studies 1, no. 2 (November 17, 2009): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v1n2p2.
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The present study examined the effects of different types of background auditory stimuli on the cognitive and creative task performance of introverts and extraverts. A sample of 77 high-school students completed two cognitive tasks (Baddeley Reasoning Test and sentence-completion) and a creative task (Alternate-Uses Test of divergent thinking) under one of four different background auditory conditions (speech, noise, music, or silence), as well as being assessed on Extraversion. Results showed no significant main or interactive effects of background auditory stimuli and personality on either cognitive task performance. However, there was a significant interactive effect on creative performance, with extraverts performing better in the presence of music than introverts. Consistencies and discrepancies with past literature are discussed.
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Ludyga, Sebastian, Markus Gerber, Manuel Mücke, Serge Brand, Peter Weber, Mark Brotzmann, and Uwe Pühse. "The Acute Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Flexibility and Task-Related Heart Rate Variability in Children With ADHD and Healthy Controls." Journal of Attention Disorders 24, no. 5 (February 22, 2018): 693–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054718757647.
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Objective: To investigate cognitive flexibility and task-related heart rate variability following moderately intense aerobic exercise and after watching a video in both children with ADHD and healthy controls. Method: Using a cross-over design, participants completed cognitive assessments following exercise and a physically inactive control condition. Behavioral performance was assessed using the Alternate Uses task. Heart rate variability was recorded via electrocardiography during the cognitive task. Results: The statistical analysis revealed that in comparison with the control condition, both groups showed higher cognitive flexibility following aerobic exercise. Moreover, decreased low frequency and high frequency power was observed in the exercise condition. Conclusion: The findings suggest that exercise elicits similar benefits for cognitive flexibility in children with ADHD and healthy controls, partly due to an increase in arousal induced by parasympathetic withdrawal.
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Brown, Steven, and Eunseon Kim. "The neural basis of creative production: A cross-modal ALE meta-analysis." Open Psychology 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 103–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psych-2020-0114.
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Abstract One of the central questions about the cognitive neuroscience of creativity is the extent to which creativity depends on either domain-specific or domain-general mechanisms. To address this question, we carried out two parallel activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses of creativity: 1) a motoric analysis that combined studies across five domains of creative production (verbalizing, music, movement, writing, and drawing), and 2) an analysis of the standard ideational task used to study divergent thinking, the Alternate Uses task. All experiments contained a contrast between a creative task and a matched non-creative or less-creative task that controlled for the sensorimotor demands of task performance. The activation profiles of the two meta-analyses were non-overlapping, but both pointed to a domain-specific interpretation in which creative production is, at least in part, an enhancement of sensorimotor brain areas involved in non-creative production. The most concordant areas of activation in the motoric meta-analysis were high-level motor areas such as the pre-supplementary motor area and inferior frontal gyrus that interface motor planning and executive control, suggesting a means of uniting domain-specificity and -generality in creative production.
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Vartanian, Oshin, Ingrid Smith, Timothy K. Lam, Kristen King, Quan Lam, and Erin L. Beatty. "The relationship between methods of scoring the alternate uses task and the neural correlates of divergent thinking: Evidence from voxel-based morphometry." NeuroImage 223 (December 2020): 117325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117325.
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Johannesen, Jason K., Jessica B. Lurie, Joanna M. Fiszdon, and Morris D. Bell. "The Social Attribution Task-Multiple Choice (SAT-MC): A Psychometric and Equivalence Study of an Alternate Form." ISRN Psychiatry 2013 (June 20, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/830825.
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The Social Attribution Task-Multiple Choice (SAT-MC) uses a 64-second video of geometric shapes set in motion to portray themes of social relatedness and intentions. Considered a test of “Theory of Mind,” the SAT-MC assesses implicit social attribution formation while reducing verbal and basic cognitive demands required of other common measures. We present a comparability analysis of the SAT-MC and the new SAT-MC-II, an alternate form created for repeat testing, in a university sample (n=92). Score distributions and patterns of association with external validation measures were nearly identical between the two forms, with convergent and discriminant validity supported by association with affect recognition ability and lack of association with basic visual reasoning. Internal consistency of the SAT-MC-II was superior (alpha = .81) to the SAT-MC (alpha = .56). Results support the use of SAT-MC and new SAT-MC-II as equivalent test forms. Demonstrating relatively higher association to social cognitive than basic cognitive abilities, the SAT-MC may provide enhanced sensitivity as an outcome measure of social cognitive intervention trials.
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Vartanian, Oshin, Colin Martindale, and Jonna Kwiatkowski. "Creativity and Inductive Reasoning: The Relationship between Divergent Thinking and Performance on Wason's 2—4—6 Task." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 56, no. 4 (May 2003): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980244000567.
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This study was an investigation of the relationship between potential creativity—as measured by fluency scores on the Alternate Uses Test—and performance on Wason's 2—4—6 task. As hypothesized, participants who were successful in discovering the rule had significantly higher fluency scores. Successful participants also generated higher frequencies of confirmatory and disconfirmatory hypotheses, but a multiple regression analysis using the stepwise method revealed that the frequency of generating disconfirmatory hypotheses and fluency scores were the only two significant factors in task outcome. The results also supported earlier studies where disconfirmation was shown to play a more important role in the later stages of hypothesis testing. This was especially true of successful participants, who employed a higher frequency of disconfirmatory hypotheses after receiving feedback on the first announcement. These results imply that successful participants benefited from the provision of feedback on the first announcement by switching to a more successful strategy in the hypothesis-testing sequence.
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Wießner, Isabel, Marcelo Falchi, Lucas Oliveira Maia, Dimitri Daldegan-Bueno, Fernanda Palhano-Fontes, Natasha L. Mason, Johannes G. Ramaekers, et al. "LSD and creativity: Increased novelty and symbolic thinking, decreased utility and convergent thinking." Journal of Psychopharmacology 36, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 348–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02698811211069113.
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Background: Controversy surrounds psychedelics and their potential to boost creativity. To date, psychedelic studies lack a uniform conceptualization of creativity and methodologically rigorous designs. Aims: This study aimed at addressing previous issues by examining the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on creativity using multimodal tasks and multidimensional approaches. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 24 healthy volunteers received 50 μg of LSD or inactive placebo. Near drug peak, a creativity task battery was applied, including pattern meaning task (PMT), alternate uses task (AUT), picture concept task (PCT), creative metaphors task (MET) and figural creativity task (FIG). Creativity was assessed by scoring creativity criteria (novelty, utility, surprise), calculating divergent thinking (fluency, originality, flexibility, elaboration) and convergent thinking, computing semantic distances (semantic spread, semantic steps) and searching for data-driven special features. Results: LSD, compared to placebo, changed several creativity measurements pointing to three overall LSD-induced phenomena: (1) ‘pattern break’, reflected by increased novelty, surprise, originality and semantic distances; (2) decreased ‘organization’, reflected by decreased utility, convergent thinking and, marginally, elaboration; and (3) ‘meaning’, reflected by increased symbolic thinking and ambiguity in the data-driven results. Conclusion: LSD changed creativity across modalities and measurement approaches. Three phenomena of pattern break, disorganization and meaning seemed to fundamentally influence creative cognition and behaviour pointing to a shift of cognitive resources ‘away from normal’ and ‘towards the new’. LSD-induced symbolic thinking might provide a tool to support treatment efficiency in psychedelic-assisted therapy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Alternate Uses Task"
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Agestad, Emma, and Mia Lindgren. "Kan kreativitet manipuleras? : En experimentell studie om hur prestationskrav under tidspress påverkar kreativiteten." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för psykologi, pedagogik och sociologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-11312.
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Kreativitet är ett populärt begrepp som frekvent förekommer i arbetslivet. Trots begreppets popularitet varierar förutsättningar till att vara kreativ mellan arbetsplatser, och många medarbetare upplever att de inte får utlopp för sin kreativitet i sin arbetsroll. Den föreliggande studiens syfte låg därmed i att undersöka hur olika förutsättningar kan påverka kreativiteten. De två frågeställningar som besvarades var: a) Kan individers kreativa prestation manipuleras av prestationskrav under uttalad tidspress? b) Kan individers självskattade kreativitet manipuleras av prestationskrav under uttalad tidspress? En experimentell studie utfördes med totalt 89 deltagare randomiserat fördelade i två grupper. Experimentgrupp 1 hade totalt 47 deltagare, varav 23 kvinnor (48.9%) och Experimentgrupp 2 hade totalt 42 deltagare, varav 15 kvinnor (35.7%). Experimenten genomfördes individuellt och enskilt med en deltagare åt gången. De mätinstrument som användes var Guilfords (1967) Alternative Uses Task för att mäta kreativitet och Mini-IPIP6 för att även kontrollera för personlighetsdrag. Det aktuella föremålet i Alternative Uses Task var en kaffemugg som deltagarna skulle komma på alternativa användningsområden till. Experimentgrupp 1 fick ett prestationskrav att komma på minst 15 alternativ samt uttalad tidspress. Experimentgrupp 2 utförde samma kreativa uppgift, men hade inget prestationskrav och ingen uttalad tidspress. Data analyserades med hjälp av IBM SPSS och de analysverktyg som användes var Pearsons korrelation (r), oberoende t-test och Repeated Measures ANOVA. Resultaten visade 1) att Experimentgrupp 1 producerade fler kreativa idéer än Experimentgrupp 2, men att Experimentgrupp 2 hade signifikant högre kreativ kvalitet på sina idéer än Experimentgrupp 1. Vidare visade resultaten 2) att manipulationen inte hade en signifikant effekt på den självskattade kreativiteten när personlighetsdraget Openness kontrollerades för.Creativity is a popular term that frequently occurs in the working life. Despite its popularity, the possibility to be creative varies a lot between work places, and many employees feel that they do not have a creative outlet in their work role. The purpose of the present study was to examine how different conditions could affect creativity. The two questions that this study intended to answer was: a) Can individuals' creative performance be manipulated by performance requirements during explicit time constraint? b) Can individuals' self-rated creativity be manipulated by performance requirements during explicit time constraint? An experimental study was conducted with a total of 89 participants randomly distributed into two groups. Experimental group 1 had a total of 47 participants, of which 23 women (48.9%) and Experimental group 2 had a total of 42 participants, of which 15 women (35.7%). The experiments were conducted individually with one participant at a time. The measuring instruments used were Guilford's (1967) Alternative Uses Task to measure creativity and Mini-IPIP6 to control for personality. The current item used in Alternative Uses Task was a coffee mug that the participants were assigned to write down as many alternative uses for as possible. Experimental group 1 had a performance requirement to write down a minimum of 15 alternative uses and an explicit time constraint. Experimental group 2 did the same task, but without performance requirement and no explicit time constraint. The collected data was analysed with IBM SPSS and the tools used for the analyses was Pearson's correlation (r), independent t-test and Repeated Measures ANOVA. The results showed a) that Experimental group 1 produced a higher number of creative ideas than Experimental group 2, but that Experimental group 2 had a significantly higher creative quality on their ideas than Experimental group 1. Further the results showed b) that it was not possible to manipulate the self-rated creativity when the personality trait Openness was controlled for.
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Uzunic, Nermana. "”Dina händer har du med dig hela tiden” En studie om pedagogernas användning utav TAKK i grundsärskolan ” Your hands do you have with you all the time ” A study of teachers use of TAKK in special school." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-34394.
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SammanfattningSyfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka pedagogernas användning utav TAKK i deras undervisning i grundsärskolan. Mina frågeställningar är: 1.På vilket sätt använder pedagogerna TAKK och i så fall varför?2.Vilka TAKK kunskaper har pedagogerna?3.Vilka andra kommunikationssätt använder pedagogerna?Metod: Datainsamlingen i studien genomfördes utifrån kvalitativa intervjuer med fem pedagoger på en grundsärskola i södra Sverige. Utöver intervjuer genomfördes under två dagar observationer, både i en träningsklass och i en särskoleklass. Intervjuerna transkriberades och en analys gjordes utifrån tematisering av materialet. Intervjuerna tolkades sedan hermeneutiskt. Under de två observationstillfällena genomfördes fria anteckningar i direkt anslutning till observationerna. Teori: Den teoretiska förankringen i studien är ur ett symboliskt interaktionistiskt perspektiv. Detta perspektiv fokuserar på hur en individ handlar i samspel med andra och hur hen tolkar vardagliga händelser med symboliska handlingar som t.ex. tal, gester och ansiktsuttryck (Trost och Levin, 2010).Resultat: Utifrån intervjuer samt observationer har det framkommit att pedagoger som arbetar i träningsklasser använder betydligt mer TAKK än pedagoger som arbetar i särskoleklass. Pedagoger som arbetar i särskoleklass använder sig inte utav TAKK i sin undervisning trots att observationen har visat att behovet finns. Pedagogerna använder sig mer utav olika datorprogram som stöd till sina elever. Pedagogerna som arbetar i träningsklasserna använder sig utav TAKK i betydligt mer utsträckning men även här har resultatet visat att det finns situationer som pedagogerna inte använder sig utav TAKK. Dessa situationer är bland annat raster och lunchraster. Resultatet har även visat att inte alla pedagoger som arbetar i träningsklasser använder TAKK i lika stor utsträckning som sina andra kollegor. Skolan har erbjudit all personal att delta i grundkurser i TAKK och alla intervjupersoner har deltagit i dessa kurser.
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Zohar, Tikva. "The education of prospective teachers in the use of classroom based alternative assessment tasks." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367824.
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Amdahl, Per, and Per Chaikiat. "Personas as Drivers : - an alternative approach for creating scenarios for ADAS evaluation." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8621.
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Research and development on vehicle safety has lately started to direct its focus towards how to actively support the driver and make it easier for her to drive safely through letting Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) have effect on how the driver interacts with the vehicle and the surrounding traffic. This requires research on both how the driver and vehicle perform in different situations, in terms of psychology, cognition and individual differences. In addition, physical limitations and requirements of the driver and the vehicle must be taken into account. Therefore scenarios for evaluation of these systems are required. In the area of user-centered design a rather new method, Personas, is being adopted. This thesis tries to explore if the Persona method is a viable tool for creating scenarios for such evaluations. Experiences after completing this work imply that personas indeed is a viable way to include aspects and raise issues concerning individual variability and situational context in ADAS scenarios.
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Shah, Raza. "Property inference decision-making and decision switching of undergraduate engineers : implications for ideational diversity & fluency through movements in a Cartesian concept design space." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/278700.
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Design fixation is a phenomenon experienced by professional designers and engineering design students that stifles creativity and innovation through discouraging ideational productivity, fluency and diversity. During the design idea and concept generation phase of the design process, a reliance on perceptual surface feature similarities between design artefacts increases the likelihood of design fixation leading to design duplication. Psychologists, educators and designers have become increasingly interested in creative idea generation processes that encourage innovation and entrepreneurial outcomes. However, there is a notable lack of collaborative research between psychology, education and engineering design particularly on inductive reasoning of undergraduate engineering students in higher education. The data gathered and analysed for this study provides an insight into property inference decision-making preferences and decision switching (SWITCH) patterns of engineering undergraduates under similarity-based inductive judgements [SIM] and category-based inductive judgements [CAT]. For this psychology experiment, property induction tasks were devised using abstract shapes in a triad configuration. Participants (N = 180), on an undergraduate engineering programme in London, observed a triad of shapes with a target shape more similar-looking to one of two given shapes. Factors manipulated for this experiment included category alignment, category group, property type and target shape. Despite the cognitive development and maturation stage of undergraduate engineers (adults) in higher education, this study identified similarity-based inductive judgements [SIM] to play a significant role during inductive reasoning relative to the strength of category-based inductive judgements [CAT]. In addition to revealing the property inference decision-making preferences of a sample of undergraduate engineers (N = 180), two types of switch classification and two types of non-switch classification (SWITCH) were found and named SIM_NCC, SIM-Salient, Reverse_CAT and CAT_Switching. These different classifications for property inference switching and non-switching presented a more complex pattern of decision-making driven by the relative strength between similarity-based inductive judgements [SIM] and category-based inductive judgements [CAT]. The conditions that encouraged CAT_Switching is of particular interest to design because it corresponds to inference decision switching that affirms the sharing of properties between dissimilar-looking shapes designated as category members, i.e., in a conflicting category alignment condition (CoC). For CAT_Switching, this study found a significant interaction between a particular set of conditions that significantly increased the likelihood of property inference decisions switching to affirm the sharing of properties between dissimilar-looking shapes. Stimuli conditions that combined a conflicting category alignment condition (where dissimilar-looking shapes belong to the same category) with category specificity, a causal property and a target shape with merged (or blended) perceptual surface features significantly increased the likelihood of a property inference decision switching. CAT_Switching has important implications for greater ideational productivity, fluency and diversity to discourage design fixation within the conceptual design space. CAT_Switching conditions could encourage more creative design transformations with alternative design functions through inductive inferences that generalise between dissimilar artefact designs. The findings from this study led to proposing a Cartesian view of the concept design space to represent the possibilities for greater movements through flexible and expanding category boundaries to encourage conceptual combinations, greater ideational fluency and greater ideational diversity within a configuration design space. This study has also created a platform for further research into property inference decision-making, ideational diversity and category boundary flexibility under stimuli conditions that encourage designers and design students to make inductive generalisations between dissimilar domains of knowledge through a greater emphasis on causal relations and semantic networks.
Books on the topic "Alternate Uses Task"
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President's Council on Sustainable Development, ed. Sustainable agriculture: Task Force report. Washington, D.C. (730 Jackson Pl., NW, Washington 20503): President's Council on Sustainable Development, 1997.
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Ranade, Gireeja V., and Lav R. Varshney. The Role of Information Patterns in Designing Crowdsourcing Contests. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816225.003.0007.
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Crowdsourcing contests are used widely by organizations as a means of accomplishing tasks. These organizations would like to maximize the utility obtained through worker submissions to the contest. If this utility is greater than that obtained through alternative means of completing the task (e.g. hiring someone), the task should be crowdsourced. We analyze the utility generated for different types of tasks and provide a rule-of-thumb crowdsourcing contest design. Knowledge about the relative strengths of the workers participating in the contest is an important factor in contest design. When the contest organizer is unsure about the strength of the workers, crowdsourcing contests deliver higher utility than would hiring or assignment. Disseminating worker strength information acts as a lever to influence participation and increase utility in the contest. Finally, while crowdsourcing is a good option for generic tasks, it might perform poorly for highly specialized tasks.
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Brunstetter, Daniel R. Just and Unjust Uses of Limited Force. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897008.001.0001.
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Limited force—no-fly zones, limited strikes, Special Forces raids, and drones strikes outside “hot” battlefields—has been at the nexus of the moral and strategic debates about just war since the fall of the Berlin Wall but has remained largely under-theorized. The main premise of the book is that limited force is different than war in scope, strategic purpose, and ethical permissions and restraints. By revisiting the major wars animating contemporary just war scholarship (Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq, the drone “wars,” and Libya) and drawing insights from the just war tradition, this book teases out an ethical account of force-short-of-war. It covers the deliberation about whether to use limited force (jus ad vim), restraints that govern its use (jus in vi), when to stop (jus ex vi), and the after-use context (jus post vim). While these moral categories parallel to some extent their just war counterparts of jus ad bellum, jus in bello, jus post bellum, and jus ex bello, the book illustrates how they can be reimagined and recalibrated in a limited force context, while also introducing new specific to the dilemmas associated with escalation and risk. As the argument unfolds, the reader will be presented with a view of limited force as a moral alternative to war, exposed to a series of dilemmas that raise challenges regarding when and how limited force is used, and provided with a more precise and morally enriched vocabulary to talk about limited force and the responsibilities its use entails.
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and, Bruno. Attention and Learning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198725022.003.0009.
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Attention can be defined as a multifaceted gateway to consciousness. We use attention to focus on specific sensory signals (selective attention), to allocate resources to concurrent relevant sources (divided attention), to switch between tasks (alternate attention), to maintain focus on a task for a prolonged period (sustained attention), to ready ourselves for a quick response to sudden novel information (alertness); and all these processes, to some extent, control what sensory signals are processed up to the level of conscious awareness. The multifarious functions of attention often involve multisensory interactions, and in this chapter, will we discuss three broad issues in studying multisensory attention. We will start by considering multisensory spatial attention to signals within different sensory channels in a goal directed manner, in comparison to conditions whereby attention is automatically engaged by external multisensory signals. Next, we will discuss multisensory non-spatial attention. In conclusion, we will discuss the implications for multisensory learning and memory.
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Schmitt, Neal. Combining Cognitive and Noncognitive Measures. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199373222.003.0012.
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The use of noncognitive measures enhances the prediction of various individual outcomes. Although structured measures of noncognitive constructs are routinely used in employee selection, they are rarely used to predict college student success. Situational judgment, biodata measures, and other methods of measurement address constructs that add to the prediction of grade point average and are major correlates of other student outcomes. Employers and college administrators indicate that outcomes other than task performance and grades are important. Because noncognitive attributes are the best predictors of these alternative outcomes, it seems they should be included in the set of criteria used by college admissions personnel. Several issues should be addressed if noncognitive measures are used more frequently, including the possibility of their use in other ways than for selection only, the minimizing of the influence of faking, and the reaction of various constituencies to their use in college admissions decisions.
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McFarr, Lynn, Julie Snyder, Lisa Benson, and Rachel Higier. Psychosocial Treatment Approaches for Substance Use. Edited by Shahla J. Modir and George E. Muñoz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.003.0013.
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Multiple psychosocial treatments for substance-use disorders have been studied for efficacy. A recent meta-analysis indicates that psychosocial interventions are effective across multiple types of substances used. In the case of opiates, psychosocial interventions combined with medication appear to be the most effective. Many studies further agree that psychosocial interventions are an integral and necessary part of treating substance-use disorders. Although theoretical orientations may differ across psychosocial treatments, they have several principles and practices in common. All involve talk therapy or talk in communities as a way to clarify triggers, build commitment, and improve accountability. Many also target addiction behaviors and work to develop alternative contingencies to reduce or eliminate use. Finally, targeting repeated performance (or building “chains of committed behavior”) decreases the likelihood of relapse. This chapter discusses the most frequently studied and employed psychosocial treatments for substance use including CBT, motivational interviewing, contingency management, mindfulness, and community-based programs.
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Brogaard, Berit. Seeing and Saying. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495251.001.0001.
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We often communicate with each other about how the things we see visually appear to us when we want to achieve a goal like finding the perfect end table, deciding what to eat or issuing a warning. But what do we say when we talk about how things visually appear to us? Can our talk about appearances tell us anything about the nature of visual perception? In this book, the author delves into these questions, defending the view that in spite of all its imprecision, the language used to report on how things look provides important insight into the nature of visual perception. In chapters that explore the semantics of ‘appear’ words and the nature of the mental states they are used to express, she argues that considerations of how we talk and think about our experiences can help us establish that our visual experiences are akin to mental states, such as belief and desire, in being relations to contents, or propositions, that represent things and features in the perceiver’s environment. Along the way, she argues against alternative theories of what our talk about looks can tell us, including those of Chisholm, Jackson, Byrne, Johnston, Martin, Brewer, Travis, Siegel, Schellenberg, and Glüer. Finally, she examines how our talk about visual experience compares to our talk about how things sound, smell, taste and feel. This book is thus an extended defense of the view that experience in creatures like us is representational.
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Green, Peter, Kanti Mardia, Vysaul Nyirongo, and Yann Ruffieux. Bayesian modelling for matching and alignment of biomolecules. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.2.
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This article describes Bayesian modelling for matching and alignment of biomolecules. One particular task where statistical modelling and inference can be useful in scientific understanding of protein structure is that of matching and alignment of two or more proteins. In this regard, statistical shape analysis potentially has something to offer in solving biomolecule matching and alignment problems. The article discusses the use of Bayesian methods for shape analysis to assist with understanding the three-dimensional structure of protein molecules, with a focus on the problem of matching instances of the same structure in the CoMFA (Comparative Molecular Field Analysis) database of steroid molecules. It introduces a Bayesian hierarchical model for pairwise matching and for alignment of multiple configurations before concluding with an overview of some advantages of the Bayesian approach to problems in protein bioinformatics, along with modelling and computation issues, alternative approaches, and directions for future research.
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Anderson, James A. After Digital. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.001.0001.
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We are surrounded by digital computers. They do many things well that humans do not and have transformed our lives. But all computers are not the same. Although digital computers dominate today’s world, alternative ways to “compute” might be better and more efficient than digital computation when mechanically performing those tasks, important to humans, that we think of as “cognition.” Cognition, after all, was originally developed to work with our own specific biological hardware. Digital computers require elaborate detailed instructions to work; they are flexible but not simple. Analog computers are designed to do specific tasks. They can be simple but not flexible. Hardware matters. The book discusses two classic kinds of computer, digital and analog, and gives examples of their history, functions, and limitations. The author suggest that when brain “hardware,” with its associated brain “software” work together, it could form a computer architecture that would be useful for the efficient performance of cognitive tasks. This book discusses the essentials of brain hardware—in particular, the cerebral cortex, where cognition lives—and how cortical structure can influence the form taken by the computational operations underlying cognition. Topics include association, understanding complex systems through analogy, formation of abstractions, and the biology of number and its use in arithmetic and mathematics. The author introduces novel “brain-like” control mechanisms: active associative search and traveling waves. There is discussion on computing across scales of organization from single neurons to brain regions containing millions of neurons.
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Kim, Sunae, Ameneh Shahaeian, and Joëlle Proust. Developmental diversity in mindreading and metacognition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0006.
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A first aim of this chapter is to explain why children seem to present different patterns of development across cultures for solving false-belief tasks. Anthropological evidence is presented suggesting that the tests devised for Western children might not be adequate outside Western cultures. Alternative practices and values, such as the willingness/refusal to express one’s own mental states, the degree of autonomous agency allocated to young children, and the style of communication used in child-rearing, might partly explain the timing differences in the development of mindreading. A second aim is to identify the sociocultural factors that might also differentially impact the development of metacognitive abilities. It is proposed that the cultural practices that regulate patterns of attention, ways of learning, and communicational pragmatics should differentially influence the kinds of epistemic decisions that need to be monitored and the process of attribution of knowledge to the self in young children.
Book chapters on the topic "Alternate Uses Task"
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Lone, M. I. "Tissue ion content of wheat and maize irrigated with blended and alternate use of canal and tubewell water." In Tasks for vegetation science, 131–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0067-2_13.
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Piepenbrock, Jelle, Tom Heskes, Mikoláš Janota, and Josef Urban. "Guiding an Automated Theorem Prover with Neural Rewriting." In Automated Reasoning, 597–617. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10769-6_35.
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AbstractAutomated theorem provers (ATPs) are today used to attack open problems in several areas of mathematics. An ongoing project by Kinyon and Veroff uses Prover9 to search for the proof of the Abelian Inner Mapping (AIM) Conjecture, one of the top open conjectures in quasigroup theory. In this work, we improve Prover9 on a benchmark of AIM problems by neural synthesis of useful alternative formulations of the goal. In particular, we design the 3SIL (stratified shortest solution imitation learning) method. 3SIL trains a neural predictor through a reinforcement learning (RL) loop to propose correct rewrites of the conjecture that guide the search.3SIL is first developed on a simpler, Robinson arithmetic rewriting task for which the reward structure is similar to theorem proving. There we show that 3SIL outperforms other RL methods. Next we train 3SIL on the AIM benchmark and show that the final trained network, deciding what actions to take within the equational rewriting environment, proves 70.2% of problems, outperforming Waldmeister (65.5%). When we combine the rewrites suggested by the network with Prover9, we prove 8.3% more theorems than Prover9 in the same time, bringing the performance of the combined system to 90%.
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Hurmekoski, Elias, Lauri Hetemäki, and Janne Jänis. "Outlook for the Forest-Based Bioeconomy." In Forest Bioeconomy and Climate Change, 55–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99206-4_4.
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AbstractThe state of the world’s managed forests is determined by the societal demands for wood resources and other ecosystem services. The forest-based sector is experiencing a number of structural changes, which makes the task of looking ahead important, but challenging. One of the main trends in the forest-based industries is diversification. On one hand, this refers to the emergence of new factors influencing the demand for forest-based products, which leads to substitution between forest-based products and alternative products. On the other hand, it refers to new market opportunities for forest-based industries in, for example, the construction, textiles, packaging, biochemicals and biofuels markets. As the importance of some of the traditional forest-based industries, such as communication papers, is declining, and new opportunities are simultaneously emerging, the sector will not necessarily be dominated by single sectors in the long term. However, research illuminating the possible impacts of the expected structural changes of the forest-based sector remains scarce. The uncertainties in the future outlook of the forest-based sector also imply great uncertainties in the demand for roundwood globally, and by extension, the extent of trade-offs between different ecosystem services and land uses.
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Morselli, Davide, and André Berchtold. "Life Calendars for the Collection of Life Course Data." In Withstanding Vulnerability throughout Adult Life, 319–36. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4567-0_20.
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AbstractLife course studies involve the use of longitudinal data. Focusing on vulnerability processes that unfold in the medium or long term only reinforces this use, by requiring long sequences of data. However, traditional prospective data collection methods are not always compatible with restricted research time. The alternative is to collect retrospective data, sometimes in combination with prospective ones, and life calendars are a tool of choice for this kind of task. Although several methodological studies have shown that calendar data outperform conventional retrospective question lists, the quality of retrospective and prospective data is likely not to be the same. Hence, it is crucial to develop life calendars able to enhance the correct recall of past information, and to be able to demonstrate the accuracy of the resulting data. Moreover, with the advent of online data collection, the perspective to replace paper-and-pencil life calendars by electronic ones, and to make them self-administered, could help generalize this kind of data collection, but it also implies additional challenges. This chapter draws on several experiments with life calendars performed within the NCCR LIVES. It shows that life calendars can capture accurate data, and that online calendars have now become more than just a possibility.
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Schäffer, Eike, Philipp Gönnheimer, Daniel Kupzik, Matthias Brossog, Sven Coutandin, Jörg Franke, and Jürgen Fleischer. "Web-Based Platform for Planning and Configuration of Robot-Based Automation Solutions: A Retrospective View on the Research Project ROBOTOP." In Annals of Scientific Society for Assembly, Handling and Industrial Robotics 2021, 387–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74032-0_32.
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AbstractAutomation solutions in production represent a sensible and long-term cost-effective alternative to manual work, especially for physically strenuous or dangerous activities. However, especially for small companies, automation solutions are associated with a considerable initial complexity and a high effort in planning and implementation. The ROBOTOP project, a consortium of industrial companies and research institutes has therefore developed a flexible web platform for the simplified, modular planning and configuration of robot-based automation solutions for frequent tasks. In this paper, an overview of the project’s scientific findings and the resulting platform is given. Therefore, challenges due to the scope of knowledge-based engineering configurators like the acquisition of necessary data, its description, and the graphical representation are outlined. Insights are given into the platform’s functions and its technical separation into different Microservices such as Best Practice selection, configuration, simulation, AML-data-exchange and spec-sheet generator with the focus on the configuration. Finally, the user experience and potentials are highlighted.
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Jürgensen, Martina, and Madeleine Herzog. "Processes of Decision Making: Report from the Qualitative Interview Study." In Philosophy and Medicine, 151–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04166-2_10.
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AbstractThis chapter describes in some detail how complex family decision-making processes were made and how they have been and will be judged by families (members), both at the time of the illness and in retrospect. With one exception, all families said that the decision to conduct a BMT was not experienced as an option but as another step in the therapeutic process, to which there was no alternative. They felt they had no other choice. The decision to have family members typed and, if they match, use them as donors, was not interpreted as a “decision” either, but was considered a matter of course for the family members. Families preferred a sibling donor over an unrelated one. Parents felt that they needed to talk to the (potential) donor about the donation; the child was usually also “officially” asked whether she or he agreed to the donation. However, everyone knew that a negative answer to this question was not possible. In retrospect, only one family (out of 17) doubted that they had taken the right decision.
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Oppe, Mark, Richard Norman, Zhihao Yang, and Ben van Hout. "Experimental Design for the Valuation of the EQ-5D-5L." In Value Sets for EQ-5D-5L, 29–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89289-0_3.
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AbstractThe EQ-VT protocol for valuing the EQ-5D-5L offered the opportunity to develop a standardised experimental design to elicit EQ-5D-5L values. This chapter sets out the various aspects of the EQ-VT design and the basis on which methodological choices were made in regard to the stated preference methods used, i.e., composite time trade-off (cTTO) and discrete choice experiments (DCE). These choices include the sub-set of EQ-5D-5L health states to value using these methods; the number of cTTO and DCE valuation tasks per respondent; the minimum sample size needed; and the randomisation schema. This chapter also summarises the research studies developing and testing alternative experimental designs aimed at generating a “Lite” version of the EQ-VT design. This “Lite” version aimed to reduce the number of health states in the design, and thus the sample size, to increase the feasibility of undertaking valuation studies in countries with limited resources or recruitment possibilities. Finally, this chapter outlines remaining methodological issues to be addressed in future research, focusing on refinement of current design strategies, and identification of new designs for novel valuation approaches.
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Crouch, Dora P. "Profile of Individual Water User." In Water Management in Ancient Greek Cities. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195072808.003.0036.
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One way to show our understanding of ancient Greek management of water is to follow an ordinary person in her daily patterns, observing when and how she uses water. This schedule ignores differences that derive from local geology, climate, or customs, but rather tries to set out the common patterns. 1. At daylight. Wake up. Go to room or alcove set aside for excreting and do that. Rinse with previously used water. Then go to courtyard, pull up bucket of water from cistern, pour into louter, and wash face and hands. Save water for re-use (Fig. 13.3). 2. First meal. Fix breakfast, using water from cistern for any cooking. Water donkey, dog, house plants, with water from cistern or re-usable water from cooking or bathing. 3. Work. Morning and mid-afternoon to late day: A. Do family laundry—use giant pithos or scrub-board at edge of courtyard, filled from downspout from roof or with buckets of water from the cistern; hang clothes to dry on poles or rope strung between posts (columns) supporting roofs around courtyard. Alternate: laundry might be done communally at a large tank that received the overflow from a fountain near the agora, and the wet clothes carried home and spread out to dry, as above (Fig. 17.5). B. Or do craft activity such as making pottery, using courtyard and water from cistern. C. Or go out to farm. Excrement and garbage were probably carried daily to the farm for fertilizer. An important farming task was to monitor the irrigation of timber lots, fields, orchards, and vineyards with waste water from the town or with spring or river water or dispersed rainwater. D. Or do shopping and/or selling. Periodically carry craft items to Agora to sell them. If need be, rinse items such as vases in public fountains to show off their best colors. In Athens, women participated in the markets, selling lettuce and other farm or craft products, but in some Greek cities shopping and selling were solely masculine activities. 4. Recreation. A. Talk with cousin from the country who waters his donkey at the public trough in the Agora. B. On the way home stop at neighborhood fountain to chat with other people fetching water to drink (Fig. 21.1). C. On special occasions (marriage, birth) go to a sanctuary for a ritual bath. (Fig. 6.1).
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Scodari, Christine. "Introduction." In Alternate Roots, 3–19. University Press of Mississippi, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496817785.003.0001.
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The introduction narrates the author’s experiences with and practices of family history that led to her decision to critically investigate genealogy media and culture from the perspective of race, ethnicity, and intersected identities. It details the relevant research questions and critical objects, supplies theories and concepts appropriate to the task, outlines the methods used to examine associated institutions, media texts, and audiences/participatory cultures of genealogy, and previews upcoming chapters.
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Mierswa, Ingo, Katharina Morik, and Michael Wurst. "Handling Local Patterns in Collaborative Structuring." In Successes and New Directions in Data Mining, 167–86. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-645-7.ch008.
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Media collections in the internet have become a commercial success and the structuring of large media collections has thus become an issue. Personal media collections are locally structured in very different ways by different users. The level of detail, the chosen categories, and the extensions can differ completely from user to user. Can machine learning be of help also for structuring personal collections? Since users do not want to have their hand-made structures overwritten, one could deny the benefit of automatic structuring. We argue that what seems to exclude machine learning, actually poses a new learning task. We propose a notation which allows us to describe machine learning tasks in a uniform manner. Keeping the demands of structuring private collections in mind, we define the new learning task of localized alternative cluster ensembles. An algorithm solving the new task is presented together with its application to distributed media management.
Conference papers on the topic "Alternate Uses Task"
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Deo, Saurabh, Katja Hölttä-Otto, and Günther H. Filz. "Creativity and Engineering Education: Assessing the Impact of a Multidisciplinary Project Course on Engineering Students’ Creativity." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22250.
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Abstract Creativity is the essential driving force, and creative engineers are the drivers entrusted to propel the technology-driven industry to the pinnacle of innovations in all engineering sectors. Accordingly, creativity is being integrated into engineering education in different ways, from a single lecture to more extensive curriculum level approaches. In this paper, we measured the effect of a multidisciplinary project course, a joint effort between the School of Arts, Design and Architecture, and the School of Engineering, on students’ creativity. In particular, we assessed the Originality, Novelty, and Quantity of solutions produced by participants in two tasks, an Alternate uses test and the ShapeStorm exercise. An alternate uses test assessed the written form of divergent thinking, and the ShapeStorm exercise assessed the visual form of divergent thinking. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that solutions for the written divergent thinking task produced by students post-course were more novel than pre-course. We did not find a statistically significant improvement in the Quantity. Similarly, for the visual divergent thinking task, we see no statistically significant increase.
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Arabian, K., D. R. Addis, and L. H. Shu. "Memory and Idea Generation Applied to Product Repurposing." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22703.
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Abstract Many engineering problems still require novel solutions, e.g., the repurposing of retired wind-turbine blades. Increasing evidence suggests that the recall of episodic memories enhances idea generation, but its application to engineering problems has been limited. The current work investigates the effectiveness of a memory induction on generating ideas. Engineering undergraduate students in a fourth-year design course (N = 38) completed a study under both of two conditions, a memory induction and a control (non-episodic-memory) induction. Participants underwent the induction before generating ideas on the Alternate Uses Task (AUT), a standard test of divergent thinking, and a wind-turbine-blade repurposing task (WRT). AUT responses following the memory induction were deemed significantly more flexible (p = .045) and elaborate (p = .041) than responses following the control induction. No difference in response fluency (p = 0.205) followed the two inductions, possibly due to limited time allotted for the AUT. In line with this explanation, fluency was inversely related to elaboration. In the WRT, more appropriate (p = 0.009) and more feasible (p = 0.015) ideas for repurposing wind-turbine blades were generated following the memory than the control induction. These results suggest that strategies increasing access to episodic memory may improve generation of alternative-use ideas for both common objects and wind-turbine blades.
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Arabian, K., and L. H. Shu. "Sustainable Creativity: Overcoming the Challenge of Scale When Repurposing Wind-Turbine Blades." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-70668.
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Abstract Increased adoption of wind-energy technology helps address climate change, but also requires disposition of retired wind-turbine blades that are not easily recycled. This pressing environmental problem is used as the prompt in a creativity study, where participants are asked to identify potential reuses in a Wind-turbine-blade Repurposing Task (WRT). In past iterations of this study, participants consistently struggled with correctly incorporating the large physical size of wind-turbine blades in their reuse concepts. The Alternate Uses Task (AUT) is an established measure of creativity and asks participants to identify uses for much smaller objects like bricks and paper clips. The current work explored whether an AUT can be adapted as an intervention to help overcome the scale challenge in the WRT. Students in a fourth-year undergraduate engineering design course (N = 28) underwent both of two conditions, a scaled-AUT intervention and a control, typical AUT before the WRT. AUT fluency and flexibility (number and categories of ideas) were significantly lower in the scaled AUT than the typical AUT. This result supports that object scale more than unfamiliarity is the main WRT challenge, since the AUT objects were relatively common. Notably, correctly scaled WRT concepts significantly increased after the scaled AUT, supporting the intervention’s effectiveness. Finally, the WRT is proposed as a standard design-study task whose solutions help address a real-world problem.
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Sisson, Natalie M., Emily A. Impett, and L. H. Shu. "Can Gratitude Promote More Creative Engineering Design?" In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-70664.
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Abstract Urgent societal problems, including climate change, require innovation, and can benefit from interdisciplinary solutions. A small body of research has demonstrated the potential of positive emotions (e.g., gratitude, awe) to promote creativity and prosocial behavior, which may help address these problems. This study integrates, for the first time, psychology research on a positive and prosocial emotion (i.e., gratitude) with engineering-design creativity research. In a pre-registered study design, engineering students and working engineers (pilot N = 49; full study N = 329) completed gratitude, positive-emotion control, or neutral-control inductions. Design creativity was assessed through rater scores of responses to an Alternate Uses Task (AUT) and a Wind-Turbine-Blade Repurposing Task (WRT). No significant differences among AUT scores emerged across conditions in either sample. While only the pilot-study manipulation of gratitude was successful, WRT results warrant further studies on the effect of gratitude on engineering-design creativity. The reported work may also inform other strategies to incorporate prosocial emotion to help engineers arrive at more original and effective concepts to tackle environmental sustainability, and in the future, other problems facing society.
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Besnard, Jean-Baptiste, Julien Adam, Sameer Shende, Marc Pérache, Patrick Carribault, Julien Jaeger, and Allen D. Maloney. "Introducing Task-Containers as an Alternative to Runtime-Stacking." In EuroMPI 2016: The 23rd European MPI Users' Group Meeting. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2966884.2966910.
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Sahar, A., N. A. S. Farb, and L. H. Shu. "Mirroring Neurostimulation Outcomes Through Behavioral Interventions to Improve Creative Performance." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22557.
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Abstract Creativity, a key component of engineering design, is not a static trait, but a skill that can be strategically enhanced. Neurostimulation methods, e.g., using electrical current to stimulate brain areas, have been reliably shown to improve creative performance. However, safety and ethical concerns present obstacles to the direct implementation of such methods in the engineering-design process. Thus, the current work explores whether creative performance can be enhanced using behavioral tasks that recruit the same brain regions targeted in neurostimulation studies. Study participants were 30 undergraduate students enrolled in an introductory psychology course. Two intervention tasks, a Stroop task and a finger-tapping pattern-matching task, each with easy and hard versions, were used in a 2 (task type) x 3 (task difficulty) within-subjects design. Relative to the pretest period, difficulty was manipulated by using versions of tasks with 1) predictable responses (easy) and 2) unpredictable responses (hard). Creativity in each experimental condition was assessed via the well-validated Alternative Uses Test (AUT). A multilevel analysis revealed a significant increase in fluency (number of alternative uses) as task difficulty increased regardless of task type. Flexibility (number of alternative-uses categories) also increased with task difficulty, but the effect was stronger for the Stroop task. These results suggest that high-difficulty versions of the selected tasks may be more effective in increasing AUT performance. Between the two tasks studied, the Stroop task has greater potential as a candidate to adapt as a behavioral intervention to improve creativity. Beyond the Stroop task, other behaviors, which activate brain regions that respond favorably to neurostimulation, may also be explored as the bases of interventions to improve creative performance in engineering design.
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Nix, Anthony, Ryan Arlitt, Sebastian Immel, Mark Lemke, and Rob Stone. "Investigating Divergent Thinking in Creativity Exercises Through Alternative Uses Tests." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35335.
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Creativity is a valuable skill for today’s workplace and one that universities should be emphasizing in the classroom. Teaching creativity usually involves the completion of “creative exercises” that help an individual understand how to think outside the box. Often individuals that are considered creative “practice” creativity on a daily basis, either through their own will or through their occupation, which increases their creative potential. Creativity is shown to be divided into multiple aspects, one of which is divergent thinking. This study examines participants’ divergent thinking skills over nine weeks as they perform a simple design task each week. The participants are split into two groups as they perform an alternative uses test on a weekly basis. Each week a new item is presented and the results are collected and entered in a database. The number of entries per card is analyzed to determine if the participants have increased their divergent thinking ability throughout the nine weeks.
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Li, Haoyu, Ryan Yan, and Ang Li. "An Intelligent Social-based Assistant Application for Study Time Management using Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing." In 3rd International Conference on Data Mining and Machine Learning (DMML 2022). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.120714.
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The question that we aim to solve is “How will elderly people be able to increase their productivity and remember their tasks?” There are many ways to go about answering this question, but we have devised a simple solution to this question that can directly and quickly have a positive impact on these individuals. Our method to solving this is creating a to-do list in Flutter, which will allow elderly people to have easy access to a list of tasks that they have to complete [5]. Some predicted results of this to-do list is that it can raise productivity for its users. Our to-do list features a ChatBot, which talks to the user through a message-like system in order to prompt user input for specific details such as the time, date, and main description of the task [6]. Then, the ChatBot will take in all this information to produce a clean and concise final task description that takes keywords from the user-inputted description. This provides users of our to-do list with an alternative method of adding tasks, which may be greatly appreciated by those who are less able-bodied or struggle to type. By offering the elderly a way of adding tasks that can take less typing, these individuals may rely on this to-do list as a great convenience to their lives.
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Elmalech, Avshalom, David Sarne, Esther David, and Chen Hajaj. "Enhancing Crowdworkers' Vigilance." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/675.
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This paper presents methods for improving the attention span of workers in tasks that heavily rely on their attention to the occurrence of rare events. The underlying idea in our approach is to dynamically augment the task with some dummy (artificial) events at different times throughout the task, rewarding the worker upon identifying and reporting them. The proposed approach is an alternative to the traditional approach of exclusively relying on rewarding the worker for successfully identifying the event of interest itself. We propose three methods for timing the dummy events throughout the task. Two of these methods are static and determine the timing of the dummy events at random or uniformly throughout the task. The third method is dynamic and uses the identification (or misidentification) of dummy events as a signal for the worker's attention to the task, adjusting the rate of dummy events generation accordingly.
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Hartog, Tess, Megan Marshall, Md Tanvir Ahad, Amin G. Alhashim, Gul Okudan Kremer, Janet van Hell, and Zahed Siddique. "Pilot Study: Investigating EEG Based Neuro-Responses of Engineers via a Modified Alternative Uses Task to Understand Creativity." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22614.
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Abstract Assessing creativity is not an easy task, but that has not stopped researchers from exploring it. Because creativity is essential to engineering disciplines, knowing how to enhance creative abilities through engineering education has been a topic of interest. In this paper, the event related potential (ERP) technique is used to study the neural responses of engineers via a modified alternative uses task (AUT). Though only a pilot study testing two participants, the preliminary results of this study indicate general neuro-responsiveness to novel or unusual stimuli. These findings also suggest that a scaled-up study along these lines would enable better understanding and modeling of neuroresponses of engineers and creative thinking, as well as contribute to the growing field of ERP research in the field of engineering.
Reports on the topic "Alternate Uses Task"
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Gagnon, Marie-Pierre. Should non-physician clinicians versus doctors be used for caesarean section? SUPPORT, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/161011.
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Many low-income countries face a shortage of trained medical doctors, especially in rural areas. This situation has detrimental effects on healthcare outcomes for the population. Non-physician clinicians are trained to perform some tasks usually carried out by doctors, including obstetric care. In some countries, non-physician clinicians are authorized to carry out caesarean sections. As their training and salary are lower and their retention is better, these clinicians could offer an alternative to doctors for caesarean section in low-income countries.
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Schlossnagle, Trevor H., Janae Wallace,, and Nathan Payne. Analysis of Septic-Tank Density for Four Communities in Iron County, Utah - Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah. Utah Geological Survey, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ri-284.
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Iron County is a semi-rural area in southwestern Utah that is experiencing an increase in residential development. Although much of the development is on community sewer systems, many subdivisions use septic tank soil-absorption systems for wastewater disposal. Many of these septic-tank systems overlie the basin-fill deposits that compose the principal aquifer for the area. The purpose of our study is to provide tools for waterresource management and land-use planning. In this study we (1) characterize the water quality of four areas in Iron County (Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah) with emphasis on nutrients, and (2) provide a mass-balance analysis based on numbers of septic-tank systems, groundwater flow available for mixing, and baseline nitrate concentrations, and thereby recommend appropriate septic-system density requirements to limit water-quality degradation. We collected 57 groundwater samples and three surface water samples across the four study areas to establish baseline nitrate concentrations. The baseline nitrate concentrations for Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah are 1.51 mg/L, 1.42 mg/L, 2.2 mg/L, and 1.76 mg/L, respectively. We employed a mass-balance approach to determine septic-tank densities using existing septic systems and baseline nitrate concentrations for each region. Nitrogen in the form of nitrate is one of the principal indicators of pollution from septic tank soil-absorption systems. To provide recommended septic-system densities, we used a mass-balance approach in which the nitrogen mass from projected additional septic tanks is added to the current nitrogen mass and then diluted with groundwater flow available for mixing plus the water added by the septic-tank systems themselves. We used an allowable degradation of 1 mg/L with respect to nitrate. Groundwater flow volume available for mixing was calculated from existing hydrogeologic data. We used data from aquifer tests compiled from drinking water source protection documents to derive hydraulic conductivity from reported transmissivities. Potentiometric surface maps from existing publications and datasets were used to determine groundwater flow directions and hydraulic gradients. Our results using the mass balance approach indicate that the most appropriate recommended maximum septic-tank densities in Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah are 23 acres per system, 7 acres per system, 5 acres per system, and 11 acres per system, respectively. These recommendations are based on hydrogeologic parameters used to estimate groundwater flow volume. Public valley-wide sewer systems may be a better alternative to septic-tank systems where feasible.
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Baader, Franz, and Marcel Lippmann. Runtime Verification Using a Temporal Description Logic Revisited. Technische Universität Dresden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.203.
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Formulae of linear temporal logic (LTL) can be used to specify (wanted or unwanted) properties of a dynamical system. In model checking, the system’s behaviour is described by a transition system, and one needs to check whether all possible traces of this transition system satisfy the formula. In runtime verification, one observes the actual system behaviour, which at any point in time yields a finite prefix of a trace. The task is then to check whether all continuations of this prefix to a trace satisfy (violate) the formula. More precisely, one wants to construct a monitor, i.e., a finite automaton that receives the finite prefix as input and then gives the right answer based on the state currently reached. In this paper, we extend the known approaches to LTL runtime verification in two directions. First, instead of propositional LTL we use the more expressive temporal logic ALC-LTL, which can use axioms of the Description Logic (DL) ALC instead of propositional variables to describe properties of single states of the system. Second, instead of assuming that the observed system behaviour provides us with complete information about the states of the system, we assume that states are described in an incomplete way by ALC-knowledge bases. We show that also in this setting monitors can effectively be constructed. The (double-exponential) size of the constructed monitors is in fact optimal, and not higher than in the propositional case. As an auxiliary result, we show how to construct Büchi automata for ALC-LTL-formulae, which yields alternative proofs for the known upper bounds of deciding satisfiability in ALC-LTL.
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Ji, Yi, Bob McCullouch, and Zhi Zhou. Evaluation of Anti-Icing/De-Icing Products Under Controlled Environmental Conditions. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317253.
Full textAbstract:
Snow and ice removal are important tasks during the winter season and large amounts of anti-icing and de-icing chemicals are used and there is a critical need to review and synthesize information from the literature to compare and contrast anti-icing and de-icing chemicals to understand their environmental impact and support decision making. The effectiveness, costs, and environmental impact of commonly used and alternative anti-icing and de-icing chemicals were reviewed in this study. Application of anti-icing and de-icing chemicals may increase ion concentrations in soils and change nitrogen cycle, soil pH, and trace metal concentrations, affect surface water and groundwater, and increase public health risks. Life cycle assessment was conducted to quantitively evaluate environmental impact of selected anti-icing and de-icing chemicals. A decision support tool on environmental impact was developed to evaluate environmental impact of anti-icing and de-icing chemicals in ten different environmental impact categories. The results showed the environmental life cycle assessment tool developed in this study can be used to compare multiple environment impacts to support decision making for winter operation chemicals.