Journal articles on the topic 'Alternate fuels'
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1
Glancy, John. "Prospects for alternate fusion fuels." Journal of Fusion Energy 5, no. 2 (June 1986): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01056063.
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Tamilselvan, P., K. Vignesh, and N. Nallusamy. "Performance and Emission Studies of Biodiesel Fuelled Diesel Engines: A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.797.
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As the decreasing availability of the fossil fuel is rising day by day, the search of alternate fuel that can be used as a substitute to the conventional fuels is rising rapidly. Especially, the exhaust gas emission by using fossil fuel insists on exploring the available sources of biofuel to provide an eco-friendly environment compared to that of fossil fuels. India depends mainly on imported fuels due to lack of fossil fuel reserves and it has a great impact on the economy. Biodiesel is one of the best available resources that has come to the forefront recently. Recent studies and research have made it possible to extract biodiesel at economical costs and quantities. The blend of biodiesel with fossil diesel has many benefits like reduction in emissions, lower engine wear, reduction in engine oil consumption and comparable thermal efficiency with diesel. It is also found that low fuel consumption and increase in thermal efficiency of engines for biodiesel fuels having higher calorific values than diesel. This paper reviews the performance and emission characteristics of various biodiesel fuels used in CI engine as alternate fuel. This study is based on the reports of biodiesel fuel published by different researchers.
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Shouse, D. T., C. Neuroth, R. C. Hendricks, A. Lynch, C. W. Frayne, J. S. Stutrud, E. Corporan, and Capt T. Hankins. "Alternate-Fueled Combustor-Sector Performance—Part A: Combustor Performance and Part B: Combustor Emissions." ISRN Mechanical Engineering 2012 (January 18, 2012): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/684981.
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Alternate aviation fuels for military or commercial use are required to satisfy MIL-DTL-83133F or ASTM D 7566 standards, respectively, and are classified as “drop-in’’ fuel replacements. To satisfy legacy issues, blends to 50% alternate fuel with petroleum fuels are acceptable. Adherence to alternate fuels and fuel blends requires “smart fueling systems’’ or advanced fuel-flexible systems, including combustors and engines, without significant sacrifice in performance or emissions requirements. This paper provides preliminary performance and emissions and particulates combustor sector data. The data are for nominal inlet conditions at 225 psia and 800°F (1.551 MPa and 700 K), for synthetic-paraffinic-kerosene- (SPK-) type (Fisher-Tropsch (FT)) fuel and blends with JP-8+100 relative to JP-8+100 as baseline fueling. Assessments are made of the change in combustor efficiency, wall temperatures, emissions, and luminosity with SPK of 0%, 50%, and 100% fueling composition at 3% combustor pressure drop. The performance results (Part A) indicate no quantifiable differences in combustor efficiency, a general trend to lower liner and higher core flow temperatures with increased FT fuel blends. In general, emissions data (Part B) show little differences, but, with percent increase in FT-SPK-type fueling, particulate emissions and wall temperatures are less than with baseline JP-8. High-speed photography.
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Ameta, Rakshit, Shikha Panchal, Noopur Ameta, and Suresh C. Ameta. "Photocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide." Materials Science Forum 764 (July 2013): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.764.83.
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World is facing problems of global warming as well as energy crisis. Both these problems can be solved to a reasonable extent by photoreduction of carbon dioxide. Here, photocatalysis enters the scene. Photocatalytic reduction to synthetic organic fuels like formaldehyde, methanol, formic acid, acetic acid, methane, etc. will provide a solution to the problem of energy crisis as it will give us alternate fuels, which can be burnt into fuel cells to generate electricity. Once we get electricity at the cost of carbon dioxide, one can convert this form of energy to any other form of energy. Secondly, it will give a solution to put a check on the increasing amount of carbon dioxide, which is the main culprit of global warming. Any conventional fuel on burring will add some molecules of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but synthetic fuels derived by photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide will not add even a single molecule of carbon dioxide in the environment. It can be considered as a short term loan of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as the carbon dioxide molecules utilized in the synthesis of alternate fuels are generated back on burning it in fuel cell.
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Hendricks, Robert C., Dennis M. Bushnell, and Dale T. Shouse. "Aviation Fueling: A Cleaner, Greener Approach." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/782969.
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Projected growth of aviation depends on fueling where specific needs must be met. Safety is paramount, and along with political, social, environmental, and legacy transport systems requirements, alternate aviation fueling becomes an opportunity of enormous proportions. Biofuels—sourced from halophytes, algae, cyanobacteria, and “weeds” using wastelands, waste water, and seawater—have the capacity to be drop-in fuel replacements for petroleum fuels. Biojet fuels from such sources solve the aviation CO2emissions issue and do not compete with food or freshwater needs. They are not detrimental to the social or environmental fabric and use the existing fuels infrastructure. Cost and sustainable supply remain the major impediments to alternate fuels. Halophytes are the near-term solution to biomass/biofuels capacity at reasonable costs; they simply involve more farming, at usual farming costs. Biofuels represent a win-win approach, proffering as they do—at least the ones we are studying—massive capacity, climate neutral-to-some sequestration, and ultimately, reasonable costs.
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Meier, J. G., W. S. Y. Hung, and V. M. Sood. "Development and Application of Industrial Gas Turbines for Medium-Btu Gaseous Fuels." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 108, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239869.
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This paper describes the successful development and application of industrial gas turbines using medium-Btu gaseous fuels, including those derived from biodegradation of organic matters found in sanitary landfills and liquid sewage. The effects on the gas turbine and its combustion system of burning these alternate fuels compared to burning high-Btu fuels, along with the gas turbine development required to use alternate fuels from the point of view of combustion process, control system, gas turbine durability, maintainability and safety, are discussed.
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Um Min Allah, Fazal. "Opportunities, Challenges and Future Prospects of Production and Usage of Jatropha Biodiesel as Road Transport Fuel in Romania." Applied Mechanics and Materials 822 (January 2016): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.822.230.
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Primarily, Romania relies on fossil fuels for its energy needs in transport sector. Increase in prices of conventional fuels, climate change and energy security are the reasons to find alternate solutions. China, Japan, Belgium, Brazil, Tanzania, Mexico, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines and South Africa are already using jatropha biodiesel blends with fossil fuels. Keeping in view food security, Romania has sufficient land to cultivate jatropha. In this paper we tried to find out opportunities to cultivate jatropha in Romania and its economic comparison with fossil fuel usage. On the basis of this study, recommendations will be made for the usage of jatropha biodiesel as future road transport fuel in Romania.
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Singh, Chandanpreet, Sandeep Singh, and A. K. Sarma. "Comparative Analysis of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Compression Ignition Engine using Biodiesel and Microemulsion Based Bio Fuel Derived from Grape-seeds." Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 7, no. 2 (October 5, 2018): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2018.7.2.947.
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Rapid declining of fossil fuel resources has generated awareness towards the development of various alternates to the conventional fuel resources. Grapes being grown worldwide, with India have the potential of making up a good feedstock. Grape-seed oil from grape-seeds was extracted with the aid of Soxhlet apparatus with a maximum yield of 18%. In Biodiesel making, the viscosity of feedstock oil was reduced in a single step transesterification process. Bio Fuel prepared by microemulsification process named as Microemulsion Based Bio Fuel (MBBF). An addition of 1% 2- Ethylhexyl nitrate was done in MBBF to study its effect in comparison to MBBF itself. In this present work, the Performance and Emission characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with 4 fuels (B20, B100, MBBF and MBBF1%) were evaluated. The performance parameters studied include Brake Thermal Efficiency, Brake Power and Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, whereas Emissions parameters include Oxides of Nitrogen, Hydrocarbons, Carbon monoxide and Carbon dioxide. The results obtained in the experiment were compared with values of Petrodiesel. Major improvements had been observed in the performance parameters of the engine as well as exhaust emissions. It was concluded that B20 fuel amongst all the Bio Fuels acted as the best alternate fuel.
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SINGH, Prabhat, Dharmahinder Singh CHAND, Sourav PAL, and Aadya MISHRA. "Influence of Alternative Fuel Ratio on Turbocharger Combustor." INCAS BULLETIN 11, no. 4 (December 8, 2019): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2019.11.4.16.
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The present study investigates the effects of alternative fuel properties on combustion performance, in order to ensure reliable combustion performance using various fuel blends for powering an engine. The increasing rate of fuel cost and depletion of fossil fuels has led to the search for alternate fuels. Palm biodiesel derived from palm fatty acids meets the fuel requirements of an aircraft and is compatible with any engine without modifications. Viability of using a blend of present fossil fuels with biodiesel is studied. The engine was operated with petrol, diesel, palm biodiesel and a blend of these three fuels as a pair, with various ratios. The fuel was injected into the combustion chamber at an angle of 45o to the airflow and ignited using a spark plug. The blended fuel is found to have better efficiency than petrol or diesel. Furthermore, the low cost and abundant availability of the biofuel make it a viable alternative to the petroleum-based fuels currently in use. The combustion time and ignition delay are decreased with efficient biofuel due to high oxygen content and high octane number of the biofuel.
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Rajasekhar, D., and N. Manoharan. "Alternate Fuels For Emission Reduction: Internal Combustion Engines." Medico-Legal Update 18, no. 1 (2018): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-1283.2018.00102.0.
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Crabtree, Robert H. "Alternate Strategies for Solar Fuels from Carbon Dioxide." ACS Energy Letters 5, no. 8 (July 10, 2020): 2505–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01359.
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Powers, Bill. "Alternate fuels: Calculating the value of rooftop solar." Natural Gas & Electricity 28, no. 6 (December 16, 2011): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.21580.
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Karpovich, P. A., and A. I. Masters. "Fuel Effects on the TF30 Engine (Alternate Test Procedure)." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 107, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239799.
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The objective of the Alternate Test Procedure (ATP) is to develop the capability to qualify new fuels for Navy aircraft use with a minimum of testing. The effect of fuel composition and properties on engine performance and component life has been show to vary significantly from one engine configuration to another. The P&WA approach to the ATP has been to define fuel effects on the TF30 engine and then apply the methodology to other engines of interest to the Navy. Investigations of the TF30 conducted under the ATP Program and other Navy and Air Force Contracts have produced one of the most complete fuel effect characterizations available for any gas turbine engine. Major fuel effects which have been quantified are the relationships of lubricity to main fuel control reliability, viscosity and volatility to main burner and augmentor ignition limits, and hydrogen content to smoke and combustor life. The effects of fuel properties and composition on combustion efficiency and elastomeric seal life were found to be of secondary importance. Remaining uncertainties are the effects of fuel properties on turbine life and fuel nozzle fouling rate.
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Verma, Puneet, Svetlana Stevanovic, Ali Zare, Gaurav Dwivedi, Thuy Chu Van, Morgan Davidson, Thomas Rainey, Richard J. Brown, and Zoran D. Ristovski. "An Overview of the Influence of Biodiesel, Alcohols, and Various Oxygenated Additives on the Particulate Matter Emissions from Diesel Engines." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 23, 2019): 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101987.
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Rising pollution levels resulting from vehicular emissions and the depletion of petroleum-based fuels have left mankind in pursuit of alternatives. There are stringent regulations around the world to control the particulate matter (PM) emissions from internal combustion engines. To this end, researchers have been exploring different measures to reduce PM emissions such as using modern combustion techniques, after-treatment systems such as diesel particulate filter (DPF) and gasoline particulate filter (GPF), and alternative fuels. Alternative fuels such as biodiesel (derived from edible, nonedible, and waste resources), alcohol fuels (ethanol, n-butanol, and n-pentanol), and fuel additives have been investigated over the last decade. PM characterization and toxicity analysis is still growing as researchers are developing methodologies to reduce particle emissions using various approaches such as fuel modification and after-treatment devices. To address these aspects, this review paper studies the PM characteristics, health issues, PM physical and chemical properties, and the effect of alternative fuels such as biodiesel, alcohol fuels, and oxygenated additives on PM emissions from diesel engines. In addition, the correlation between physical and chemical properties of alternate fuels and the characteristics of PM emissions is explored.
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Jayamurugan, M., and S. Rajkumar. "Modeling the Spray Characteristics of Biodiesel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (November 2015): 846–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.846.
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Biodiesel is considered as one most of the promising alternate fuels for the diesel engines without any major engine modifications due to its similar properties that of diesel. However, it is imperative to study the fuel spray behavior and its effective distribution inside the engine which affect combustion and emission characteristics. Hence, a model will be a useful tool in analyzing the spray characteristics of different biodiesel fuels. Therefore, in this paper a numerical modeling is pursued to analyse the spray characteristics namely spray penetration, spray angle, and atomization of biodiesel. This model is likely to be useful for biodiesel combustion modeling.
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Ivashchuk, O. S., V. M. Atamanyuk, R. A. Chyzhovych, S. S. Kiiaieva, R. R. Zherebetskyi, and I. B. Sobechko. "Preparation of an alternate solid fuel from alcohol distillery stillage." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 1 (January 2022): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2022-140-1-54-59.
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The article describes preparation of an alternative solid fuel from corn alcohol distillery stillage, which is the waste of the alcohol industry. We determined the calorific values of the dried alcohol distillery stillage and experimental briquettes, which were made of it by pressing at high pressure and temperature. The average value of the higher calorific value of the dried alcohol distillery stillage is 19545 kJ kg–1, while this value for the produced briquettes is in the range of 22445 to 26594 kJ kg–1. The established calorific values exceed those of analogues, which are widely used for the producing of alternative solid fuels (miscanthus and energy willow). Solid fuel prepared from corn alcohol distillery stillage can be used both in a solid form and in a dried one. The proposed method for preparation of the solid fuel allows providing additional utilization of alcohol distillery stillage and rational use of secondary raw materials of alcohol production.
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Bowman, F. "Atmospheric chemistry of alternate fuels and reformulated gasoline components." Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 21, no. 5 (1995): 387–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1285(95)00008-9.
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Patni, Neha, Pallav Shah, Shruti Agarwal, and Piyush Singhal. "Alternate Strategies for Conversion of Waste Plastic to Fuels." ISRN Renewable Energy 2013 (May 20, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/902053.
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The present rate of economic growth is unsustainable without saving of fossil energy like crude oil, natural gas, or coal. There are many alternatives to fossil energy such as biomass, hydropower, and wind energy. Also, suitable waste management strategy is another important aspect. Development and modernization have brought about a huge increase in the production of all kinds of commodities, which indirectly generate waste. Plastics have been one of the materials because of their wide range of applications due to versatility and relatively low cost. The paper presents the current scenario of the plastic consumption. The aim is to provide the reader with an in depth analysis regarding the recycling techniques of plastic solid waste (PSW). Recycling can be divided into four categories: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. As calorific value of the plastics is comparable to that of fuel, so production of fuel would be a better alternative. So the methods of converting plastic into fuel, specially pyrolysis and catalytic degradation, are discussed in detail and a brief idea about the gasification is also included. Thus, we attempt to address the problem of plastic waste disposal and shortage of conventional fuel and thereby help in promotion of sustainable environment.
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Venkatesan, V., and N. Nallusamy. "A Review on Microalgae Biodiesel Production and its Usage in Direct Injection Diesel Engines as Alternate Fuel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 776–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.776.
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Biodiesel is one of the promising alternative fuels for automotive engines due to the depletion of fossil fuel resources, increasing energy demands and environmental concerns. The biodiesel can be obtained from various bio energy resources such as edible and non-edible vegetable oils and animal fats. However, the use of biodiesel derived from edible oils such as palm oil, sunflower oil and soybean oil has negative impact on global food market. Biodiesel from microalgae is considered as a third generation biofuel derived from non-edible resources and best suited for internal combustion engines. Microalgae have the potential to provide sufficient fuel for global consumption due to its high oil content and fast growing ability. This paper provides a brief overview of biodiesel production from microalgae biomass and its suitability as alternate fuel in diesel engines. This review highlights the selection of suitable algae species for oil production, fuel properties in comparison with standard diesel and other biodiesel fuels, performance, combustion and emission characteristics when used in engines, and the economical aspects. Further, the research and development aspects of biodiesel from microalgae as fuel for automobile diesel engines are also reviewed.
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Gupta, Vipul, Saksham, Santosh Kumar, Santosh Kumar, and Rakesh Kumar. "Biodiesel as an Alternate Energy Resource: A Study." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 1 (May 5, 2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2020.9.1.2470.
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As the world has been lately relied upon non-renewable fossil fuels for its daily energy requirements. Their depletion rate has been increased alarmingly, so there is a need to find an alternative energy source which can prove as a good alternative. From the many available sources, biodiesel has emerged as one of the best sources available. The reasons being included properties like it is highly biodegradable, non-toxic and has almost zero emissions. Distinct edible and non-edible oils such as coconut oil, castor oil, mahua, rice bran oil, apricot, jatropha, curcas, karanja and cotton seed oil, eucalyptus oil can be utilized to produce biodiesel. It has a potential to replace existing fuels, like diesel and petrol in many applications. This paper includes a detailed review on different aspects related to biodiesel. This includes properties, merits, demerits, extraction, and production techniques of biodiesel. In addition, future scopes of the biodiesel are also discussed in this paper.
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Shukla, Apoorv, Aman Mishra, S. Paneerselvam, and V. Mathanraj. "Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with biofuel and oxygenated additives." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2054, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2054/1/012046.
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Abstract The entire world has been seeing a continuous surge in the number of automobiles globally. This has further lead to a severe increase in the consumption of fossil fuels such as diesel, petrol, natural gas, etc. Biofuel can serve as a viable alternative to conventional fossil fuel made from renewable resources, such as edible as well as non-edible vegetable oils. This paper focuses on various studies related to the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with Simarouba oil as the bio fuel and Isobutanol as the oxygenated additives. The experiments were carried out on a 4 - stroke, single cylinder diesel engine by varying load. Extensive research work is being done in this field using a variety of biofuels. Bio fuels are nothing but the fuels that are obtained from plants to be used in Internal Combustion engines which in turn have the added advantage of lower emissions to that of conventional diesel and gasoline. Simarouba oil blends had been used in direct injection compressed ignition engine as an alternate fuel that has similar properties of diesel.
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Rajasekaran, Thangaraju, K. Duraisamy, K. R. Arvindd, D. Thamilarasu, Venkatachalam Chandraprabu, and S. Suresh. "Experimental Investigation of Four Stroke Diesel Engine Performance Using Neem Oil and Neem Oil with Hydrogen as a Fuel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1559.
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Depletion of fossil fuels, unaffordability of conventional fuels (petrol, diesel) and atmospheric pollution lead researchers to develop alternative fuels. Fuels derived from renewable biological resources used in diesel engines are known as biodiesel. Biodiesel is environmental friendly liquid fuel similar to petrol and diesel in combustion properties. Increasing environmental concern, diminishing petroleum reserves and agriculture based economy of our country are the driving forces to promote biodiesel as an alternate fuel. Hydrogen seems to be viable fuel to meet sustainable energy demand with minimum environmental impact. Hydrogen has high calorific value and clean burning characteristics which makes it effective fuel for future. It was found that hydrogen usage reduce emissions such as CO2and HC. India is one of the largest producers of neem oil and its seed contains 30% oil content. It is an untapped source in India, so the neem oil usage will be a best option. The investigation made on pure neem oil and neem oil with hydrogen addition at different flow rate (2 lpm & 4 lpm) in CI engines. The result shows that, brake thermal efficiency of neem oil with 4 lpm hydrogen was increased to 7.98% compare to pure neem oil at 4 Nm torque and fuel consumption of neem oil with 4 lpm hydrogen was decreased to 13.49% compared to pure neem oil at 4 Nm torque.
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Lakho, Nawab Ali, and Muhammad Auchar Zardari. "Structural Properties of Baked Clay Bricks Fired with Alternate Fuels." Engineering 08, no. 10 (2016): 676–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/eng.2016.810061.
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Paszner, Laszlo, and H. J. Cho. "High Efficiency Conversion of Lignocellulosics to Sugars for Liquid Fuel Production by the ACOS Process." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 6, no. 1 (February 1988): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878800600104.
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Decline of world oil reserves and pollution problems from burning of fossil fuels and lead require that methods for safe alternate liquid fuels be developed. Ethanol is one of the most important alternate liquid fuels since it can be produced readily by fermentation of sugars. Wood and vegetable growth are excellent sources of sugars to support an ethanol fuel economy of significant proportions. Acid Catalysed Organosolv Saccharification (ACOS) is a new means for total biomass dissolution and recover of component sugars and lignin from wood. The process uses an acidified aqueous acetone solution for the high-temperature hydrolysis of biomass. Acetone provides an excellent reaction medium for dissolution of both sugars and lignins and through a transient derivatization of the sugars protects them from further reaction (dehydration) to furfurals and humic substances. Therefore, sugar and lignin recoveries are quantitative. The ACOS process is 700 times faster than the conventional weak acid hydrolysis processes and wood can be dissolved in 30 sec by this process. The lignin is recovered as a low molecular weight powder by-product. This process is applicable to both coniferous and deciduous woods and agricultural residues such as corn stover, straw and bagasse. In case of such residues the ethanol yield can be doubled (straw and corn stover) or tripled (bagasse) compared to what has been obtained from the grain and sugarcane juice so far. Hitherto these residues were merely discarded or burned.
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Chivukula, Venkata Kalyan, and M. V. Aditya Nag. "Comparative Analysis on Characteristics of Gasoline & Gasoline Methanol Blend." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.111.
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Researchers, environmentalists, and policy makers are keen to reduce the dependency on use of fossil fuels towards climate change. Various alternatives are being implemented for alternate sources of energy for transportation sector; Biofuels can reduce the dependency on the import of the fossil fuels. Different kind of biofuels are available compositions are alcohols, ethers, esters etc. Commonly available biofuels are ethanol, methanol and biodiesel. They can be produced from various thermo-chemical and bio-chemical processes. Methanol has been gaining momentum as a potential alternative for traditional fossil fuels in transportation sector. There is an increased trend in the development of methanol as a fuel around the world. This paper deals with the study of the use of methanol as an automotive fuel. Methanol has certain positive properties on the vehicle’s performance. However, methanol cannot be used directly as a fuel in the vehicles due to volatility and compatibility issues. But it could be used as a blend with the gasoline for its characteristics such as high octane number and lower emissions. Blending of methanol with gasoline will have affect on the properties of blend, this paper discusses about the change in properties and its effects on engine.
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Singaram, Lakshmanan. "Biodiesel: An eco-friendly alternate fuel for the future: A review." Thermal Science 13, no. 3 (2009): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0903185s.
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In today's society, researchers around the world are searching for ways to develop alternate forms of fuel. With the ever-rising fuel costs, developing alternate energy is a top priority. Biodiesel was developed to combat the high gas and oil prices. It is especially made for use in diesel cars and trucks. Biodiesel can be made from all natural foods that can produce oil. Oils such as vegetable, canola, peanut, rapeseed, palm, and olive oil can be used as bio diesel fuel. Virtually all oils that are used in the kitchens everyday can fuel automobiles. Biodiesel fuel is better for the environment because it burns cleaner and does not pollute the atmosphere. It is non-toxic and biodegradable, making it the perfect fuel. Many car manufacturers are realizing that the bio diesel automobile is becoming more popular, and are jumping on the bandwagon, by developing their own version of a biodiesel vehicle. They realize that the need for these vehicles will increase, and predict that they will be ready for the onslaught. Diesel engines have superior fuel efficiencies, and hence they are predominantly used in commercial transportation and agricultural machinery. Due to the shortage of diesel fuel and its increasing costs, a need for an alternate source of fuel for diesel engines is imminent. This paper investigates the suitability of biodiesels as such an alternative with particular reference to automobiles. It reviews techniques used to produce biodiesel and provides a comprehensive analysis of the benefits of using biodiesel over other fuels.
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Hogan, Dustin, Anoop Desai, and Valentin Soloiu. "Economic Impact and Obstacles to Mainstream Biodiesel Integration." Industrial and Systems Engineering Review 5, no. 1 (August 4, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37266/iser.2017v5i1.pp1-11.
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Active research is being conducted to enable the integration of an alternate energy sources so as to replace petroleum based fuels. However, this research has been confined primarily within the auspices of a research laboratory. Of the various alternate energy source available today, biodiesel constitutes perhaps the most dominant and promising alternate energy source. A comprehensive analysis of the processes and effects involved with its integration would need to be conducted before said transition could occur as efficiently and as seamlessly as possible. These processes can recognize the mass appeal of biodiesel and its viability as a dominant energy source. This information can be used to develop a comprehensive methodology to achieve large-scale transfer of technology from the laboratory to the marketplace. Such a methodology needs to take into account the technological characteristics of the fuel production process, environmental effects of biodiesel emissions, and economic factors integral to the biodiesel supply chain. It is essential to analyze the characteristics and effects of this integration in order to successfully achieve the cost effective integration of this alternate fuel source into the marketplace. The aforementioned analysis would serve as a stepping stone or a foundation block to enable future research. This paper presents an overview of current practices and state of the art research focusing on integration of biodiesel into a mainstream marketplace.
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Somani, Dhruv M., Daivik H. Sheth, Arpit S. Sharma, Navin R. Shukla, and Iqbal Mansuri. "Evaluation of Combustion and Emission Parameter of CI Engine Using Waste Transformer Oil as Fuel." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41191.
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Abstract: This project gives idea for the effective use of Waste Transformer Oil as an alternate option for petroleum based fuels. Rapid depletion of fossil fuels, increasing pollution and increasing prices of petroleum based fuels have given a base for the research of various fossil fuels. As we all know that, petroleum based fuels are limited in reserves, concentrated in certain regions of the world are shortening day by day. Huge amount of dollars are being invested in research of alternative fuels. Meanwhile, the disposal of waste products like waste transformer oil from different electric power stations from many electric transformers throughout the country is becoming increasingly complex. while biodiesel from certain vegetable oils like Jatropha, Karanja, Soyabean and Rapeseed is acquiring much needed attention. The Waste Transformer Oil is a waste product which comes out from a electrical transformer is used for insulation and cooling purpose. This waste product can be used asansource of fuel for diesel engine applications. The WTO can be used after refining it by transesterification process or catalytic cracking process and then mixed with diesel fuel as an base fuel for evaluating different engine and emission parameters and to use it as an alternate source of fuel. The engine and fuel researchers are devoted to explore alternative fuels as the present world largely depends on petroleum fuel for generating power, vehicle movement and agriculture sectors. Price hike, limited reserve of petroleum oils and stringent emission regulation also forced researchers to find alternative fuels. In Bangladesh, there is limited petroleum reserve to meet the demand of the petroleum product and for this reason it is necessary to spend a lot of foreign currency for importing fuel every year. Recent price hike of petroleum oil incurs lots of money. Bangladesh imports most of the petroleum oils from Middle East. In this point of view, waste transformer oil (WTO) can be an alternative source for petroleum oils. WTO has significant physiochemical properties. WTO can meet a portion of our demand without any hesitation. There is a huge unused amount of transformer oil in Bangladesh which is rejected every year. This oil is not used for any other purpose. So, WTO is an important source for meeting the demand of diesel in Bangladesh. Bangladesh imports approximately 2.4 million ton diesel each year . It is well known that the transformer oil is used mainly in the electrical transformer for insulation purpose. Moreover, cooling is another purpose of using transformer oil in the electrical transformer while the transformer is running. Among various properties, one of the main properties of transformer oil is to sustain high temperature during operation. When an electrical transformer is in operation, the transformer oil is subject to mechanical and electrical resistance. For a certain period of time, it is recommended to check the electrical and chemical properties of the transformer oil. By using WTO, Bangladesh can reduce importing a huge amount of petroleum products from foreign countries. Our attention goes to the WTO. WTO results from the power generation and transmission station. At present 100 per cent transformer oil is not used in place of diesel fuel (DF) to run the engine rather blends of WTO and DF. Keywords: Waste transformer oil, WTO characteristics, Diesel fuel
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Hariram, V., J. Godwin John, E. Sangeethkumar, B. Gajalakshmi, and V. Ramanathan. "Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris – A Prospective Algal Fuel Source." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 5(Suppl) (December 29, 2022): 2129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i05.009.
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In recent years, the prospective use of algae as an alternate fuel source for petroleum-based fuels has increased drastically. It has been researched extensively and proven that it can be used as a sustainable feedstock for producing green energy considering environmental safety. This article focused on the economically viable algal feedstock for the production of lipid content for its use as a feedstock for biodiesel production. For this purpose, the algal species Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris were selected, and it was grown under lab and open ambient conditions with two Blue green Medium (BG-11) and Bold Basal medium (BBM). Upon the yield, it was noticed that the BG-11 medium gave optimum lipid yield for both species. Hence, it was determined that through this medium higher lipid yield can be expected, and based on the GC-MS result it was notified that it can be a viable source of alternate fuel.
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Hari Prasad, Tarigonda, R. Meenakshi Reddy, and P. Mallikarjuna Rao. "Experimental Studies on the Performance of C.I Engine with Fish Oil Methyl Ester as Fuel for Various Blends of Diesel and LPG." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.687.
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Fossil fuels are exhausting quickly because of incremental utilization rate due to increase population and essential comforts on par with civilization. In this connection, the conventional fuels especially petrol and diesel for internal combustion engines, are getting exhausted at an alarming rate. In order to plan for survival of technology in future it is necessary to plan for alternate fuels. Further, these fossil fuels cause serious environmental problems as they release toxic gases into the atmosphere at high temperatures and concentrations. The predicted global energy consumption is increasing at faster rate. In view of this and many other related issues, these fuels will have to be replaced completely or partially by less harmful alternative, eco-friendly and renewable source fuels for the internal combustion engines. Hence, throughout the world, lot of research work is in progress pertaining to suitability and feasibility of alternative fuels. Biodiesel is one of the promising sources of energy to mitigate both the serious problems of the society viz., depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution. In the present work, experiments are carried out on a Single cylinder diesel engine which is commonly used in agricultural sector. Experiments are conducted by fuelling the diesel engine with bio-diesel with LPG through inlet manifold. The engine is properly modified to operate under dual fuel operation using LPG through inlet manifold as fuel along FME as ignition source. The brake thermal efficiency of FME with LPG (2LPM) blend is increased at an average of 5% when compared to the pure diesel fuel. HC emissions of FME with LPG (2LPM) blend are reduced by about at an average of 21% when compared to the pure diesel fuel. CO emissions of FME with LPG (2LPM) blends are reduced at an average of 33.6% when compared to the pure diesel fuel. NOx emissions of FME with LPG (2LPM) blend are reduced at an average of 4.4% when compared to the pure diesel fuel. Smoke opacity of FME with LPG (2LPM) blend is reduced at an average of 10% when compared to the pure diesel fuel.
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Udya Sri, K., B. S. N. Murthy, and N. Mohan Rao. "Experimental study of VCR engine performance analysis using python module." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012179.
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Abstract Petroleum is non-renewable supply of energy and also the diminution of natural fuel resources, leads to explore for various fuels for cars. The critical search for various fuels for compression ignition engines has been paying interest on fuels obtained from hydrogen and linseed oil plays a significant role in alternate fuel for C.I Engines. The aim of this research effort is to appraise the property of Linseed oil and Hydrogen as dual blend recital on a variable Compression ratio diesel engine. This really provides the discharge individualism of linseed oil amalgamated with gas and its blends with diesel and are taken up for study. Vertical, 4-stroke, water cooled VCR engine with Linseed oil blends for a extensive series of engine load conditions such as Diesel, B10, B20, B40 along with 5lpm, 10lpm and 15lpm of hydrogen were performed. The brake thermal competence of B20 is found nearly closer to diesel fuel with minimum vibrations and less emissions of CO, hydro carbons HC and slight increase in NOx when compared to fossil fuels. During the experiments, vibrations, performance uniqueness of the test engine was analysed and compared with the precise VCR diesel vibrations, fuel performance. The results obtained by using Python module and the best suited code is derived and found that the combined increase of compression ratio and injecting timing increases the brake thermal efficiency and reduces specific fuel consumption. This module helps and reduces each load variations and performances compared tp experimental. Diesel (25%) saved, will greatly meet the demand of fuel in automobiles.
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Sundaram, N., and K. A. Thole. "Effects of Surface Deposition, Hole Blockage, and Thermal Barrier Coating Spallation on Vane Endwall Film Cooling." Journal of Turbomachinery 129, no. 3 (July 25, 2006): 599–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2720485.
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With the increase in usage of gas turbines for power generation and given that natural gas resources continue to be depleted, it has become increasingly important to search for alternate fuels. One source of alternate fuels is coal derived synthetic fuels. Coal derived fuels, however, contain traces of ash and other contaminants that can deposit on vane and turbine surfaces affecting their heat transfer through reduced film cooling. The endwall of a first stage vane is one such region that can be susceptible to depositions from these contaminants. This study uses a large-scale turbine vane cascade in which the following effects on film cooling adiabatic effectiveness were investigated in the endwall region: the effect of near-hole deposition, the effect of partial film cooling hole blockage, and the effect of spallation of a thermal barrier coating. The results indicated that deposits near the hole exit can sometimes improve the cooling effectiveness at the leading edge, but with increased deposition heights the cooling deteriorates. Partial hole blockage studies revealed that the cooling effectiveness deteriorates with increases in the number of blocked holes. Spallation studies showed that for a spalled endwall surface downstream of the leading edge cooling row, cooling effectiveness worsened with an increase in blowing ratio.
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Prabu, N. Manikanda, T. Senthil Kumar, and S. Nallusamy. "Effect of Solvent Ether (DEE) on Internal Combustion Engine with J20 Optimum Characterized Bio-Diesel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1520.
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Considering the fuel demands, lots of researches have been done in the field of alternate fuels. After attaining the saturation level in this research area, still we are in need to find some alternate ways for fuel demand. Previous researchers concluded that approximate addition of 0-20% of vegetable oil with conventional diesel fuel leads to closer performance of diesel oil and controlled carbon emission; additionally they proved that there is no engine modifications needed for this optimized blend characteristic usage. Likewise, Chemical additives also can be added directly with diesel fuel and fuel blends of vegetable oils in which various researches concluded that 0-10% addition of chemical additives providing closer performance to diesel fuel. If we specifically pointing about solvent ether say Di-ethyl ether, resulting preferable performance to use as alternate fuel up to 0-5% and accepted results have been provided on some vegetable oils such as POME, Neem oil. In case of Jatropha oil, Proper results and Experiments are not found to be used as better alternative solution with Di-ethyl ether blend. This article brings us to enhanced experiment details and results obtained on Di-ethyl ether with Jatropha oil blend in which optimized Bio-diesel blend (J20= 80% diesel and 20% Jatropha oil) is taken as base fuel throughout the experiment. Keeping J20 oil as base fuel, experiments are conducted with various proportions of Di-ethyl ether (0-12%). Additionally it provides, engine performance characteristics and emission parameters when compared to conventional diesels, Jatropha blend (J20), Di-ethyl ether blend.
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Kumar, Brajesh, Shashi Kumar, and Surendra Kumar. "Butanol reforming: an overview on recent developments and future aspects." Reviews in Chemical Engineering 34, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revce-2016-0045.
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AbstractRecently, hydrogen is utilized by numerous chemical industries as an alternate over non-renewable fuels, and surely it will be considered as an important fuel in the near future. This paper reports a review of various reforming technologies for hydrogen production from butanol produced by fermentation of feedstocks like wheat, sugar beets, sugar cane, etc. with a number of aspects involving selection of an appropriate catalyst to suppress undesirable products as many reforming reactions are dependent on the catalyst properties to enhance the formation of significant fuels which may fulfill the future energy needs. An overview of butanol reforming processes with experimental and theoretical studies in order to grasp possibilities and restrictions of these processes is not comprehensively presented yet. In this paper, an assessment of published articles in brief related to essential parameters to carry out a pertinent research in the future is presented for the advancement of fuel processing technologies.
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Sharma, Yash. "Alternate fuels for vehicles and their effects on I.C. Engines Characteristics." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology V, no. VIII (August 30, 2017): 1437–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2017.8203.
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Gopinath, V., and P. Suresh. "Performance Evaluation of Diesel Engine Runs on Biodiesel Blending." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1719.
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Diesel plays a very important role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources along with increasing demand and also major contributors of air pollutants. Diesel is used in the present days for engines and the invention of an alternative or a blend to the conventional diesel seems very essential to the energy crisis. Major portion of today's energy demand in India is with fossil fuels. Hence it is high time that alternate fuels for engines should be derived from indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural country, there is a wide scope for the production of corn oil from the germ of corn (maize). In this experiment, an attempt has been made to investigate four types of fuels are considered 100% Diesel, 90% Diesel+10% Corn oil Methyl Ester, 80% Diesel+20% Corn oil Methyl Ester, 70% Diesel+30% Corn oil Methyl Ester and 60% Diesel+40% Corn oil Methyl Ester. The various performance parameters like, brake thermal efficiency, Mechanical efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption were measured and analyzed. In the experiment it found the biodiesel blends gives comparable performance to diesel.
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Senthil Kumar, Selvaraj, and Singanahally ThippaReddy Aruna. "Hydrocarbon Compatible SOFC Anode Catalysts and Their Syntheses: A Review." Sustainable Chemistry 2, no. 4 (December 10, 2021): 707–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/suschem2040039.
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With the fast depleting rate of fossil fuels, the whole world is looking for promising energy sources for the future, and fuel cells are perceived as futuristic energy sources. Out of the different varieties of fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising due to their unique multi-fuel operating capability without the need for an external reformer. Nonetheless, the state-of-the-art anode material Ni–YSZ undergoes carburization in presence of hydrocarbons (HCs), resulting in performance degradation. Several strategies have been explored by researchers to overcome the issue of carburization of the anode. The important strategies include reducing SOFC operating temperature, adjustment of steam: carbon ratio, and use of alternate anode catalysts. Among these, the use of alternate anodes is a promising strategy. Apart from the carburization issue, the anode can also undergo sulfur poisoning. The present review discusses carburization and sulfur poisoning issues and the different strategies that can be adopted for tackling them. The quintessence of this review is to provide greater insight into the various developments in hydrocarbon compatible anode catalysts and into the synthesis routes employed for the synthesis of hydrocarbon compatible anodes.
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Rachcha, Anish, Arya Mishra, and Kanchan Shinde. "Smart Electric Tractor." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 1145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46374.
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Abstract: Due to the environmental threats associated with the combustion of fossil fuels, the hike in fuel prices and everyone is looking for an alternate energy sources to propel the vehicle. One such solution is the adoption of electric vehicles, which accounts for high degree of sustainability as compared to the conventional fuel vehicles. This work presents the working prototype of a Smart Electric Tractor. Description of the subsystems which includes the steering system, braking system, electric powertrain, and the chassis frame will be delineated precisely. Major focus will be to infuse IOT in dynamics and its automation. Design calculations will be carried out to obtain an optimized powertrain.
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P M Bhatt. "Performance Evaluation of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Tyre Pyrolysis Oil (TPO) Blends." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 7, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v7i2.5232.
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Increasing industrialization and motorization led to a significant rise in demand of petroleum products. As these are the non-renewable resources, it will be troublesome to predict the availability of these resources in the future, resulting in uncertainty in its supply and price and is impacting growing economies like India importing 80% of the total demand of the petroleum products. Many attempts have been made by different researchers to find out alternate fuels for Internal Combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Biodiesel, LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) and Alcohol are being used nowadays by different vehicles. In this context pyrolysis of scrap tyres can be used effectively to produce oil, thereby solving the problem of waste tyre disposal. In the present study, Experimental investigations were carried out to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine fueled by TPO10, TPO15, and TPO20 at a crank angle 280 before TDC (Top Dead Centre) and injection pressure of 180 bar keeping the blend quality by controlling the density and viscosity of tyre pyrolysis oil within permissible limit of euro IV diesel requirement. The performance and emission results were analyzed and compared with that of diesel fuel operation. The results of investigations indicate that the brake thermal efficiency of the TPO - DF blend decreases by 4 to 8%. CO emissions are slightly higher but within permissible limit of euro IV emission standards. HC emissions are higher by about 40 to 60% at partial load whereas smoke opacity is lower by about 14% to 22% as compared to diesel fuel.
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Hira, Jaspreet, Nalin Chaudhary, Bharat Ankur Dogra, Rohit Sharma, Vikas Kumar, and Kavita Rani. "Comparison of the emissions of different biofuels with fossil fuel through the utilization of GREET Model." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1228, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1228/1/012023.
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Abstract Biofuels are the alternate solutions in the fossil fuel family and has been mainly utilized for the reduction in the emissions that are been generated through I.C. engine combustion. This comparison study basically works on the emission characteristics of various types of biofuels with the existing fossil fuel utilized in an internal combustion engine. Through the research work it has been concluded that the biofuels or contributing to the lower emission levels as compared to fossil fuels. According to the Greet model study, methanol produced by gasification is the best recommended fuel for combustion with the lowest emission levels. This study shown that using methanol fuel produced by gasification results in the lowest GHG emission value of 11.44 gm using the GREET model.
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Konada, Naresh Kumar, K. N. S. Suma, and B. B. Ashok Kumar. "Experimental investigation on performance, smoke and exhaust gas analysis of four stroke diesel engine using pongomia/neem oil biodiesel." International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology 12, no. 4 (March 19, 2021): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v12i4.3.
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Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led to the discovery of alternative fuels forinternal combustion engines. Many alternative fuels like alcohols, petroleum gas, and compressed natural gas have been alreadycommercialized in the transport sector. In the present work, Pongomia oil and Neem oil are blended with diesel and used as analternate fuel for CI engines. The Pongomia oil and Neem oil can be converted into bio diesel using a chemical process of trans- esterification.Different proportions of fuel blends have been produced by the process of blending bio diesel consisting of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% (B10, B15, B20, B25, B30). The fuel properties of each blend are determined. The load test along with smoke and exhaust gas analysis of 4- Stroke Diesel engine using the blends of Pongomia oil and Neem oil with diesel are done in this study. The performance parameters of an engine are calculated for different blends. The sustainability of using alternate fuels in Diesel engines, especially the potential use of Pongomia oil and Neem oil as biodiesel have been brought to the fore through this work and suitable blends of bio diesel is suggested from the results.
Keywords: 4-Stroke Diesel Engine, Pongomia and Neem oil Bo diesel, Performance, Smoke and exhaust gas analysis.
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Vithya, P., and V. Logesh. "Performance and Emission Test of Different Mixtures of Oils with Diesel Using Twin Cylinder Four Stroke Diesel Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 751–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.751.
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The use of fossil fuel is increasing drastically due to its consumption in all consumer activities. The utility of fossil fuel depleted its existence, degraded the environment and led to reduction in underground carbon resources. Hence the search for alternative fuels is paying attention for making sustainable development, energy conservation, efficiency and environmental preservation. The worldwide reduction of underground carbon resources can be substituted by the bio-fuels. The researchers around the world are finding the alternate fuel that should have the least impact on the environment degradation. This paper aims at finding an alternative for diesel and reducing the pressure on its existing demand. This study aimed at using two types of oil mixtures namely cashew nut shell oil and camphor oil mixed with diesel, turpentine oil mixed with diesel in different proportions as fuel in twin cylinder four stroke diesel engine. Performance and emission analysis have been performed by using exhaust gas analyzer in the oil samples. It was observed that 40% cashew nut shell oil and 10%camphor oil mixed with 50% diesel, 50% turpentine oil mixed with 50% diesel shows the better engine performance and also less emissions.
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Attri, Vikas, Prabhakar Sharma, and Avdhesh Kr Sharma. "Conversion of Stationary Diesel Engine into Producer Gas-Engine Operated in Spark Ignited Mode." Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 12, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 1353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2020.2602.
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Decentralized power supply for remote and urban areas via gasifier-engine system is an attractive choice especially when sources of fossil fuel are getting depleted and leading to serious emission hazards. In gasifier, the solid biomass is converted into “producer gas,” which can fuel a gas-engine in single fuel mode i.e., complete substitution. The conversion of stationary diesel engine into producer gas-engine (i.e., complete substitution) ensure complete independency from fossil fuels; although it demands major modifications/retrofitting arrangements. Herein, an existing diesel engine of capacity 7.4 kW is chosen and converted into producer gas-engine operated on single fuel mode (spark ignited) at compression ratio of 14:1. Other arrangements such as installation of spark ignited mode (i.e., ignition coil and distributor followed by contact breaker unit), gasoline carburetor and special induction system followed by other necessary arrangements were carried out. A kit is suggested for conversion of different capacity and types engines utilizing alternate/renewable gaseous fuels. A considerable power loss (power derating) and reduction in thermal efficiency is observed while operation in single producer gas mode. More detailed experiments are required to predict qualitative performance trends.
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Kanthavelkumaran, Natesan, and P. Seenikannan. "Biofuel (Cooking Oil) Blends Contribution in DI Diesel Engine – Performance & Emission Study." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.839.
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In present scenario researchers focusing the alternate sources of petroleum products. Based on this, current research work focused the emission study of its characteristics and potential as a substitute for Diesel fuel in CI engines. Current research biodiesel is produced by base catalyzed transesterification of rice bran oil is known as Rice Bran Oil Methyl Ester (Biofuel). In this research various proportions of Biofuel and Diesel are prepared on volume basis. It is used as fuels in a four stroke single cylinder direct injection Diesel engine to study the performance and emission characteristics of these fuels. Varieties of results obtained, that shows around 50% reduction in smoke, 33% reduction in HC and 38% reduction in CO emissions. In result discussion a different blends of the brake power and BTE are reduced nearly 2 to 3% and 3 to 4% respectively around 5% increase in the SFC. Therefore it is accomplished from the this experimental work that the blends of Biofuel and Diesel fuel can successfully be used in Diesel engines as an alternative fuel without any modification in the engine. It is also environment friendly blended fuel by the various emission standards.
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Naz, Erum Gull, and Manikandan Paranjothy. "Theoretical studies of unimolecular decomposition of thiophene at high temperatures." Electronic Structure 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 045003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2516-1075/ac391f.
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Abstract Thiophene is an organo-sulfur aromatic molecule present in fossil fuels and alternate fuels such as shale oils and contributes to air pollution via fuel burning. Hence, it is essential to remove thiophene and its derivatives during the refining process. In this regard, experimental and electronic structure theory studies investigating the thermal decomposition of thiophene have been reported in the literature. In the present work, high temperature thermal decomposition of thiophene was investigated using Born–Oppenheimer direct dynamics simulations. The trajectory integrations were performed on-the-fly at the density functional B3LYP/6-31+G* level of electronic structure theory to investigate the atomic level decomposition mechanisms. Simulation results show that C–S cleavage accompanied by an intramolecular proton transfer to C is the dominant initial dissociation step. Acetylene was observed as primary decomposition product and the results are in agreement with previous experimental studies.
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Hussain, Abadal Salam T., S. Faiz Ahmed, F. Malek, M. S. Jawad, Nursabrina Noorpi, Gomesh Nair Shasidharan, Mohd Irwan Yusoff, Muhammad Irwanto Misrun, Taha A. Taha, and Shouket A. Ahmed. "Wind Turbine Farm as an Alternate Electric Power Generating System in Perlis - Malaysia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 793 (September 2015): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.793.333.
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In many countries fossil fuels are used as the main source to generate electricity, but due to the increase in energy consumption and the rapid depletion of the fossil fuel resources, the demand of alternate energy sources such as solar, wind or hydro power becomes high [1]. In this paper wind energy as an alternate energy resource for electric power generation is proposed in the form of a small wind farm for grid-connected application in Perlis Malaysia. The monthly wind speed data of Perlis which is the smallest state of Malaysia were measured and the wind mill parameters such as Air Density, Blade Length, Power Coefficient and Blade Length were calculated. The mechanical output power of the proposed wind turbine form is calculated to check out its performance and reliability. The results showed that the proposed wind energy power generating system is a good choice and can be implemented in Malaysia to provide enough power for small towns and rural areas.
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Reddy, R. Bhaskar, and S. Sunilkumar Reddy. "INVESTIGATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FLAXSEED BIODIESEL BLENDS WITH TIO2 COATED PISTON ON A FOUR STROKE DI DIESEL ENGINE." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 46, no. 1 (May 11, 2017): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v46i1.32523.
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Diesel engines are being used extensively for fuel economy but due to gradual depletion of Petroleum resources and increase in exhaust emissions, there is an urgent need for suitable alternative fuels for the diesel engines. As our country is an agricultural country, if the alternate fuels are produced by our farmers it will be beneficial for the country and the farmers also. In recent studies, researchers studied various vegetable oils like canola oil, alovera oil, soya been oil, flaxseed oil and hone oil etc. Out of all flaxseed oil play an important role as an alternative fuel. But the properties of flaxseed oil are not suitable for the usage in the existing diesel engines without blending with diesel fuel. The performance of the engine depends on the combustion phenomenon and it further depends on the amount of heat retained in the combustion chamber. Hence the present work is planned accordingly to develop an insulated engine by coating the piston with TIO2material. So that more amount of heat will be retained in the combustion chamber which aids the combustion. Further the performance of flaxseedbiodiesel blend namely B10, B20, B30 and B40 are tested and the results are mentioned accordingly.
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CH, Hussaian Basha, T. Mariprasath, Shaik Rafi Kiran, and M. Murali. "An Experimental Analysis of Degradation of Cellulosic Insulating Material Immersed in Natural Ester Oil for Transformer." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 18957–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.18957ecst.
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The physical, chemical and electrical prosperities of MO is matched as an insulating material for transformer. Therefore, it can be used in transformers. Whereas, the MO is extracted from the fossil fuels. Due to vast consumption of fossil fuels, the accessibility of vestige fuel is going to run out near future. In addition, the MO (MO) is doesn’t meet the new environmental regulation due to it has less biodegradable. Therefore, this research proposed a new ecological friendly insulating oil for transformer which is renewable that of petroleum based insulating oil such as MO. Initially, a critical review has been made on recent development on alternate liquid dielectrics for transformer. Subsequently, critical characteristics of insulating oil have been measured according to the standard. Added to that, the critical characteristics of Natural Ester Oil (NEO) are estimated at diverse temperatures from 50°C, 70°C, 90°C, 110°C, 130°C, and 150°C respectively.
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Sankar, V. V. Arun, AP Arun Pravin, and P. Suresh. "Load and Emission Characteristics of Pongamia Pinnata Oil in ACI Engine." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.24 (April 25, 2018): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.24.12150.
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As the world is running on fossil fuels there has been an ever increase in the depletion rate of these fuels. A promising and a best alternate to the fossil fuel is vegetable oils. Pongamia Pinnata oil is non edible in nature and is available abundantly in India. An experimental investigation is made to evaluate the performance, emission and combustion characteristics on a compression ignition engine by using methyl ester of pongamia with mineral diesel in different proportions. Pongamia methyl ester was blended with diesel in proportions of 50% and 100% by mass and the results are tabulated and evaluated under various test conditions. The performance parameters were found to be very close to that of mineral diesel. The brake thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency were better than mineral diesel for some specific blending ratios under certain loads. The Efficiency and emission characteristics were also studied and levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hydrocarbons were found to be equal than pure diesel.
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Sharath Shree Vathsan, M. K., J. Dinesh, S. Karthikeyan, Rovan Srimas, S. Arul Kumar, and V. Mathanraj. "Performance analysis of pine oil with benzyl as additives in direct compression ignition engine." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2054, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2054/1/012035.
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Abstract Fossil fuels supply 84% of world’s energy. Almost of the world’s population are persuaded in using of fossil fuels as a primary fuel where mostly Petroleum and Diesel are used as a major requirement in automobiles. Diesel engine are mostly preferred for heavy transportation and agriculture sectors for carrying enormous loads because of high work efficiency and low cost-setup. The properties of Diesel helps us physically with its Density, low viscosity, low flash point (>52*C), increased evaporation time and compression ratio of 14:1 to 25:1. With increasing usage of natural resources which are non-renewable shortage occurs with increase in Demand and pricing fluctuation in the fuel market. With all the problems faced researchers are working in finding an alternate fuel with same properties of fossil fuels. Some basic properties are Brake thermal value, viscosity of the fuel, density, specific gravity of fuel, flash point, self-ignition temperature, vapour pressure, compression ratio and more. Introducing Benzyl alcohol blending with pine oil and Diesel acting as base fuel with mixture in quantities starting with Diesel, B40, B60, B80, B40+5%, B60+5%, B80+5%, B40+10%, B60+10%, B80+10% total of 10 different values and calculating the outputs of BTE and BSFC.With loads 1.14, 2.28, 3.42, 4.56 applied on the engine. This paper concludes the work of Benzyl alcohol as fuel blends with Diesel and Pine oil which helps in increase in performance of BTE and BSFC with direct injection of the blends and their corresponding properties are studied at different loads in a Single Intake Direct Compression Ignition Engine (C224).