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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Alternate fuels'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Daggett, D. "Enabling alternate fuels for commercial aircraft." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2010. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11791.

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The following reports on the past four years of work to examine the feasibility, sustainability and economic viability of developing a renewable, greenhouse-gas-neutral, liquid biofuel for commercial aircraft. The sharp increase in environmental concerns, such as global warming, as well as the volatile price fluctuations of fossil fuels, has ignited a search for alternative transportation fuels. However, commercial aircraft can not use present alternative fuels that are designed for ground transportation. Aircraft also have much longer service lives, are capital intensive to purchase, require a complex refueling infrastructure, and are specifically designed to use petroleum-type liquid jet fuels. Synthetic jet fuel, manufactured using a Fischer-Tropsch process from coal, is currently the only alternative jet fuel commercially available to aviation, but it presently experiences environmental challenges. Biojet fuels are currently not commercially available for aviation, but have the potential to become quite acceptable If passenger growth increases at 5%/year, it appears the only way that the aviation industry can meets its environmental goals of reducing CO2 emissions would be through commercialization of carbon-neutral fuels. This research shows that biojet fuels can be developed that do not compete with food or fresh water resources, will not lead to deforestation and will not cause other adverse environmental or social impacts. The approach of using a “drop in” jet fuel replacement, which would consist of a blend of kerosene and up to 50% biofuel will be possible for use in existing and future aircraft. A 60-80% lifecycle CO2 emission reduction is calculated for the biofuel portion with no performance degradation. New biofuel processing techniques (i.e. hydroprocessing, isomerization & distillation) and next generation feedstock sources (e.g. halophyte and algal biomass) appear to be the best pathways to enable the large scale deployment of sustainable and economically competitive biojet fuels in the near future.
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2

Hui, Lai-yee, and 許麗儀. "Alternative fuels and reduction of air pollution in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254883.

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3

White, Timothy Ross Mechanical &amp Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Simultaneous diesel and natural gas injection for dual-fuelling compression-ignition engines." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25233.

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The introduction of alternative fuels such as natural gas is likely to occur at an increasing rate. The dual-fuel concept allows these low cetane number fuels to be used in compression-ignition (CI, diesel) type engines. Most CI engine conversions have pre-mixed the alternative fuel with air in the intake manifold while retaining diesel injection into the cylinder for ignition. The advantage is that it is simple for practical adaptation; the disadvantage is that good substitution levels are only obtained at midload. A better solution is to inject both the alternative and diesel fuels directly into the cylinder. Here, the fuel in the end-zone is limited and the diesel, injected before the alternative, has only a conventional ignition delay. This improves the high-end performance. Modern, very high pressure diesel injectors have good turndown characteristics as well as better controllability. This improves low-end performance and hence offers an ideal platform for a dual-fuel system. Several systems already exist, mainly for large marine engines but also a few for smaller, truck-sized engines. For the latter, the key is to produce a combined injector to handle both fuels which has the smallest diameter possible so that installation is readily achieved. There exists the potential for much improvement. A combined gas/diesel injection system based on small, high pressure common-rail injectors has been tested for fluid characteristics. Spray properties have been examined experimentally in a test rig and modelled using CFD. The CFD package Fluent was used to model the direct-injection of natural gas and diesel oil simultaneously into an engine. These models were initially calibrated using high-speed photographic visualisation of the jets. Both shadowgraph and schlieren techniques were employed to identify the gas jet itself as well as mixing regions within the flow. Different orientations and staging of the jets with respect to each other were simulated. Salient features of the two fuel jets were studied to optimise the design of a dual-fuel injector for CI engines. Analysis of the fuel-air mixture strength during the injection allowed the ignition delay to be estimated and thus the best staging of the jets to be determined.
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4

Ng, Bing Benson, and 吳賓. "Cleaner alternative fuels for vehicles: a cleaner future for Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255036.

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5

溫雅惠 and Ah-wai Angie Wan. "A policy analysis of the liquefied petroleum gas vehicles scheme in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31967048.

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6

Udell, Thomas Gregory. "Reducing emissions of older vehicles through fuel system conversion to natural gas." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19896.

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7

Tsui, Bing-cheung, and 徐秉璋. "LPG vehicles: will they replace small diesel vehicles in Hong Kong?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254123.

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8

Somuri, Dinesh Chandra. "Study of Particulate Number Concentrations in Buses running with Bio diesel and Ultra Low Sulfur diesel." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1302290189.

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9

Balagurunathan, Jayakishan. "Investigation of Ignition Delay Times of Conventional (JP-8) and Synthetic (S-8) Jet Fuels: A Shock Tube Study." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1330351552.

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10

Ngan, Shing-kwong, and 顔成廣. "Comparison of electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles & LPG vehicles." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254354.

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11

Ng, Tze-on, and 吳子安. "A study of sustainable fuel in public transport: the case of public light buses in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31945557.

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12

Fung, Kin-lin, and 馮建蓮. "A review of the effectiveness of the Government LPG Taxi Scheme as a fuel switch program for cleaner air: itsimplication for public acceptance and for future policies." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254196.

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13

Clarke, Adrian James. "The conceptual design of novel future UAV's incorporating advanced technology research components." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2011. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7163.

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There is at present some uncertainty as to what the roles and requirements of the next generation of UAVs might be and the configurations that might be adopted. The incorporation of technological features on these designs is also a significant driving force in their configuration, efficiency, performance abilities and operational requirements. The objective of this project is thus to provide some insight into what the next generation of technologies might be and what their impact would be on the rest of the aircraft. This work involved the conceptual designs of two new relevant full-scale UAVs which were used to integrate a select number of these advanced technologies. The project was a CASE award which was linked to the Flaviir research programme for advanced UAV technologies. Thus, the technologies investigated during this study were selected with respect to the objectives of the Flaviir project. These were either relative to those already being developed as course of the Flaviir project or others from elsewhere. As course of this project, two technologies have been identified and evaluated which fit this criterion and show potential for use on future aircraft. Thus we have been able to make a contirubtion knowledge in two gaps in current aerospace technology. The first of these studies was to investigate the feasibility of using a low cost mechanical thrust vectoring system as used on the X-31, to replace conventional control surfaces. This is an alternative to the fluidic thrust vectoring devices being proposed by the Flaviir project for this task. The second study is to investigate the use of fuel reformer based fuel cell system to supply power to an all-electric power train which will be a means of primary propulsion. A number of different fuels were investigated for such a system with methanol showing the greatest promise and has been shown to have a number of distinct advantages over the traditional fuel for fuel cells (hydrogen). Each of these technologies was integrated onto the baseline conceptual design which was identified as that most suitable to each technology. A UCAV configuration was selected for the thrust vectoring system while a MALE configuration was selected for the fuel cell propulsion system. Each aircraft was a new design which was developed specifically for the needs of this project. Analysis of these baseline configurations with and without the technologies allowed an assessment to be made of the viability of these technologies. The benefits of the thrust vectoring system were evaluated at take-off, cruise and landing. It showed no benefit at take-off and landing which was due to its location on the very aft of the airframe. At cruise, its performance and efficiency was shown to be comparable to that of a conventional configuration utilizing elevons and expected to be comparable to the fluidic devices developed by the Flaviir project. This system does however offer a number of benefits over many other nozzle configurations of improved stealth due to significant exhaust nozzle shielding.The fuel reformer based fuel cell system was evaluated in both all-electric and hybrid configurations. In the ell-electric configuration, the conventional turboprop engine was completely replaced with an all-electric powertrain. This system was shown to have an inferior fuel consumption compared to a turboprop engine and thus the hybrid system was conceived. In this system, the fuel cell is only used at loiter with the turboprop engine being retained for all other flight phases. For the same quantity of fuel, a reduction in loiter time of 24% was experienced (compared to the baseline turboprop) but such a system does have benefits of reduced emissions and IR signature. With further refinement, it is possible that the performance and efficiency of such a system could be further improved. In this project, two potential technologies were identified and thoroughly analysed. We are therefore able to say that the project objectives have been met and the project has proven worthwhile to the advancement of aerospace technology. Although these systems did not provide the desired results at this stage, they have shown the potential for improvement with further development.
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14

Hui, Xin. "Flame Studies on Conventional, Alternative, and Surrogate Jet Fuels, and Their Reference Hydrocarbons." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1354909906.

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15

Sinuka, Yonwaba. "Performance testing of a diesel engine running on varying blends of jatropha oil, waste cooking oil and diesel fuel." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2436.

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Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
The high cost of fossil fuels and the fact that the world has arguably reached its peak oil production, has driven the need to seek alternative fuel sources. The main objective of the current study is to determine the performance of a laboratory-mounted diesel engine when fuelled with varying laboratory prepared biofuel and biodiesel and whether the advancement of the injection timing parameters will improve the engine power output and improve the smoke effect of these different fuel blends. The laboratory prepared biofuels used in this project range from 100% bio-fuel (BF100) to 50%, 30% and 10% biodiesel blends (BF50, BF30 and BF10, respectively). It should be noted that these blends are not commercially available, since they were blended in the laboratory specifically for these tests. The overall results of the study show that there is a distinct opportunity for using certain bio-fuel blends in specific applications as the power outputs are no more than one quarter less than that of base diesel. Concomitantly, the smoke opacity in all of the blends is lower than that of base diesel, which is a significant benefit in terms of their overall air emissions.
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16

Stauber, Alfredsson Malin. "Effects of Different Fuels on Combustion Boiler Processes : The analysis of alternative fuel mixtures." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231565.

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The objective of this study is to investigate the eect of dierent fuels on two uidized bed boiler systemsat the energy company Soderenergi's site in Igelsta, called IKV and IGV P3. Today, recovered wastewood (RWW) is the major fuel share fed into the boilers. However, with an insecure fuel supply in thefuture, other fuel types must be considered. Based on knowledge from previous fuel usage in the boilers,an evaluation of how other potential fuel mixtures may eect the operation is conducted. The additionalfuels considered in the fuel blends are; stem wood chips, cutter shavings, solid recycled fuel (SRF) andrubber.With elemental analysis of the fuels and established key numbers, the previous fuel mixtures are evaluated.The indications by the guiding parameters are compared with experienced problems and the formercondition of the boilers, and the risk limits for the key numbers are adjusted to a suitable level. Thepotential mixtures are evaluated with the key numbers and the updated limits. In addition to the keynumbers, the heavy metal concentration, the heating value, the moisture content and the ash content ofthe fuel blends are included in the evaluation. The considered damages in the boilers caused by the fuelblends are corrosion, sintering and fouling.The damage level from the current fuel usage for IKV and IGV P3 is fairly low. The results from theanalyzed fuel mixtures show an increased damage risk in the boilers. Additionally, adjustments of theboiler systems are required by some of the analyzed fuel mixtures. In general, the corrosion risk andthe heavy metal content will increase in comparison with today's fuel. The fouling and slagging are aswell expected to increase for the assessed fuel mixtures. Moreover, the result illustrates an increased ashgeneration, which demands a reconstruction of the ash cooling system for IKV. Furthermore, the increaseof LHV in the assessed fuel mixtures to IGV P3, is likely to require an increased capacity of the ue gasrecirculation pump.In the analysis of the potential fuel mixtures it is found that the corrosion risk expressed by the keynumbers is reduced with a higher share of rubber. The heavy metal content is, however, increased,leading to e.g. an enhanced risk for formation of eutectic salts, which as well are corrosive. On thecontrary, the fuel mixtures with a high risk expressed by the key numbers, have the lowest concentrationsof heavy metals. Due to the results are con icting, a balance between the risk indicated by the keynumbers and the heavy metal concentration must be considered in the evaluation. The fuel mixturesconsidered causing least damage to IKV are a mixture of 42% RWW, 48% wood fuel and 15% SRF, and amixture of 70% wood fuel, 20% SRF and 10% rubber. The fuel mixtures considered causing least damageto IGV P3 are a mixture of 85% RWW and 15% rubber and a mixture of 70% RWW and 30% SRF.
Syftet med studien var att undersoka branslets paverkan pa tva uidbaddpannor, IKV och IGV P3, hos energiforetaget Soderenergi. Idag ar det huvudsakliga branslet i dessa pannor returtra (RT). Med en standigtrorlig branslemarknad kravs kunskap av alternativa branslen. Baserat pa tidigare bransleanvandning,har paverkan fran potentiella bransleblandningar pa pannan undersokts. Utover returtra ar stamveds is,span, papper-plast-tra (SRF) och gummi med i de analyserade blandningarna.Med elementaranalyser pa branslen och etablerade nyckeltal utvarderades de tidigare anvanda branslena.Indikationen fran nyckeltalen ar jamford med upplevda problem och risknivaerna for nyckeltalen arandrade till passande nivaer. De framtida bransleblandningarna analyserades med hjalp av nyckeltalenoch de uppdaterade risknivaerna. Utover nyckeltalen analyserades tungmetallhalten, varmevardet, fukthaltenoch askhalten i bransleblandningarna. De pannskador orsakade av bransleblandningarna somundersokts ar korrosion, sintring och paslag.Det nuvarande branslet till IKV och IGV P3 ger en relativt lag skadeniva. Resultaten fran de analyseradebransleblandningarna visar att skaderisken i pannorna kommer att oka och forandringar av pannan kankomma att kravas. Generellt kommer korrosionsrisken och tungmetallinnehallet att oka i jamforelse meddagens bransle. Okat paslag och slaggning ar ocksa forvantat. Vidare visar resultatet att askproduktionenkommer att oka, vilket gor att IKVs kylsystem for bottenaskan kommer behovas byggas ut. LHV for deanalyserade bransleblandningarna for IGV P3 okar, vilket innebar att kapaciteten for returgas aktarnatroligen maste okas.I jamforelsen av de olika bransleblandningarna visas att korrosionsrisken, forutspadd av nyckeltalen,minskar med en hogre andel gummi. Daremot okar tungmetallinnehallet, vilket leder till en okad riskfor bildning av eutektiska salter, vilka ocksa ar korrosiva. Bransleblandningarna med en indikerad hogrisk av nyckeltalen, har tvartemot den lagsta koncentrationen av tungmetaller. Eftersom resultatenar motsagande, kravs en avvagning mellan riskerna indikerade av nyckeltalen och tungmetallshalten.De bransleblandningar som ar ansedda att vara minst skadliga for IKV ar en blandning av 42% RT,48% tradbransle och 15% SRF, och en blandning av 70% tradbransle, 20% SRF och 10% gummi. Debransleblandning som ar ansedda att vara minst skadliga for IGV P3 ar en blandning av 85% RT och15% gummi, och en blandning av 70% RT och 30% SRF.
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17

Shasby, Benjamin Matthew. "Alternative Fuels: Incompletely Addressing the Problems of the Automobile." Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9976.

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The inordinate reliance of the United States on the automobile for transportation causes a number of problems for the nation. Finite supplies of petroleum imported from volatile parts of the world place the economy at risk from price spikes and eventual depletion. Pollution from motor vehicle exhaust has public health and environmental consequences. Many politicians, automotive interest groups, and others advocate for the use of alternative fuels to replace fossil fuels. This paper investigates the advantages and disadvantages of the following: Natural Gas, Ethanol, Biodiesel, Hydrogen Fuel Cells, and Hybrid Gasoline Electric Systems. The paper concludes with a discussion of the problems associated with the automobile that will not be addressed through a movement towards alternative fuels: urban sprawl, transportation equity, environmental degradation, and public health.
Master of Urban and Regional Planning
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18

Merling, Weston Lee. "Assessing the Compatibility of Alternative Jet Propulsion and Diesel Fuels with Selected Fuel System Elastomers." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1343399395.

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19

Nwafor, Onwuzurigbo Martin I. "Alternative fuels in diesel engines." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239031.

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20

Bari, Saiful. "Alternative fuels in diesel engine." Thesis, University of Reading, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303788.

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21

Adenfelt, Elin. "What happens when we have no more crude oil?" Thesis, Konstfack, Industridesign, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-866.

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22

Tira, Hendry Sakke. "Impact of alternative fuels and hydrogen-enriched gaseous fuel on combustion and emissions in diesel engines." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4376/.

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The utilisation of alternative fuels, specifically gaseous fuel, in diesel engines has some disadvantages such as reduced engine thermal efficiency and increased exhaust gas emissions, although showing good results in reducing soot and NOX, simultaneously. Therefore, the effect of the hydrogen – enriched gaseous fuel in the dual fuelled combustion process was studied as a mean of improving further the combustion process and control emissions. The hydrogen addition was very effective in overcoming the penalty of the biogas or LPG-diesel dual fuelled engine operation. With the presence of hydrogen the oxidation rate of combustion product was improved thus reducing emissions (HC, CO and PM except NOX) whilst the engine thermal efficiency was also improved. The implementation of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and advanced injection timing showed great potential for dual fuelled engine. The utilisation of EGR at high LPG concentration further improved soot – NOX trade-off through low in-cylinder temperatures and reduced amount of liquid fuel used for combustion. Moreover, the properties of the injected diesel fuels as a pilot fuel have been shown to significantly affect the combustion process, rate of heat release, and emissions formation and oxidation. Oxygenated fuel like RME contributed to the reduction of emissions, except NOX, while a high cetane number fuel like GTL showed better tolerance to EGR addition and soot – NOX trade-off.
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23

Chong, Cheng Tung. "Combustion characteristics of alternative liquid fuels." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244379.

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Envisaged application of biodiesel in gas turbine engines or furnaces requires extensive tests on the deflagration properties of biodiesel. The laminar flame speeds of Palm Methyl Esters (PME) and blends of PME with conventional fuels are determined using the jet-wall stagnation flame configuration. The same technique is also used to measure the laminar flame speed of diesel, Jet-A1, n-heptane, acetone, methane and methane/acetone. The spray atomization characteristics of a plain-jet airblast atomizer are investigated using a phase Doppler anemometry (PDA) under non-reacting conditions. The droplet size and velocity distribution of biodiesels are compared to conventional fuels. For spray combustion investigations, a generic gas turbine-type combustor is developed to compare the spray flame established from PME, rapeseed methyl esters (RME), diesel, Jet-A1 and biodiesel blends. The spray droplet characteristics in the flame and the flow field in the combustor are investigated. Chemiluminescence imaging of OH* and CH* are applied to capture the global flame structure and heat release region. Flame spectroscopy and long bandpass filtered imaging at > 550 nm are performed to evaluate the tendency of soot formation. In general, biodiesels exhibit flame shapes and spray droplet characteristics that are comparable to conventional fuels. In spite of the higher fuel specific consumption, the emission of NOx is found to be lower for biodiesels compared to conventional fuels. The results show that biodiesels can potentially be used as alternative fuels for gas turbine operation.
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Chien, Jui-Yu. "The future and outlook of alternative fuel bus industry and its marketing strategy." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2332.

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According to the current governmental regulations, all diesel buses will be replaced in the United States and the European market within the next ten years. There are over 60,000 buses in the United States and each year over 3,000 new buses of approximately 40 feet in length are purchased. The bus market has a growth rate of four to five percent per year over the last two years. The improvements in technology offered by United States companies prove unsatisfactory in terms of bus performance and the emissions of new buses. The energy crisis in the United States and concern over the health hazards of the diesel fuel exhaust gases and particulates, alternative fuel vehicles are in great demand in the transit market world wide.
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25

Imholt, Timothy James. "Carbon Nanotube/Microwave Interactions and Applications to Hydrogen Fuel Cells." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5796/.

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One of the leading problems that will be carried into the 21st century is that of alternative fuels to get our planet away from the consumption of fossil fuels. There has been a growing interest in the use of nanotechnology to somehow aid in this progression. There are several unanswered questions in how to do this. It is known that carbon nanotubes will store hydrogen but it is unclear how to increase that storage capacity and how to remove this hydrogen fuel once stored. This document offers some answers to these questions. It is possible to implant more hydrogen in a nanotube sample using a technique of ion implantation at energy levels ~50keV and below. This, accompanied with the rapid removal of that stored hydrogen through the application of a microwave field, proves to be one promising avenue to solve these two unanswered questions.
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Kashif, Muhammad. "Measurement of sooting tendencies of alternative fuels : application to primary reference fuels." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066258.

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Un dispositif a été conçu et validé pour mesurer la fraction volumique de suie dans de flammes non-prémélangées méthane/air dopées en vapeurs d’hydrocarbures liquides. La quantification en fraction volumique de suie est obtenue en inversant les données d’extinction d’un faisceau laser à travers une flamme axisymétrique par l’algorithme nommé Onion- Peeling stabilisé par une régularisation de type Tikhonov. La mesure est ensuite convertie en un indice appelé Yield Sooting Index (YSI). La méthode a été appliquée pour comparer les tendances des de mélanges de n-heptane et d’iso-octane (Primary Reference Fuels (PRFs)) à produire de suie dans une flamme non-prémélangée axisymmétrique dopée en vapeur de PRF, en maintenant constante soit la concentration en vapeur, soit de l’énergie des vapeurs injectés. Une corrélation de second ordre a été établie pour prédire la variation d’YSI avec la teneur en iso-octane dans le PRF et la concentration en dioxyde de carbone dans l’écoulement oxydant annulaire. Les études réalisées sur cette flamme de laboratoire et les résultats obtenus ont une portée pratique et doivent permettre de prédire le comportement des combustibles considérés à former de suie en condition réelles
An optical diagnostics layout is designed and validated to measure soot volume fraction in methane/air diffusion flames doped with vapors of liquid hydrocarbons. Soot volume fraction is inferred from the inversion of integrated light extinction data using an Onion-peeling algorithm stabilized by a Tikhonov regularization method. This measurement is then converted into apparatus-independent Yield Sooting Index (YSI). The method has been applied to compare the sooting tendencies of PRFs in doped axisymmetric diffusion flames when keeping the concentration or energy of injected vapors constant. A second-order correlation modeling the variation of YSI with the mole fraction of iso-octane in PRF mixture and the proportion of carbon dioxide in the co-flowing oxidizer has been established using least-squares non-linear data-fitting to experimental data. These studies performed on laboratory flames and the results obtained are of practical importance and can be used to predict the sooting behavior of fuels under practical combustion environment
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Taylor, Kevin Brian. "Comparative Study of Alternative Fuel Icing Inhibitor Additive Properties and Chemical Analysis of Metal Speciation in Aviation Fuels." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1280850044.

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28

Gunnarsson, Andreas. "Analysis of Alternative Fuels in Automotive Powertrains." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-17053.

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The awareness of the effect emissions have on the environment and climate has risen in the last decades. This has caused strict regulations of greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases cause global warming which may have devastating environmental effects. Most of the fuels commercially available today are fossil fuels. There are two major effects of using fuels with fossil origin; the source will eventually drain and the usage results in an increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Fuels that are created from a renewable feedstock are often referred to as alternative fuels and under ideal conditions they are greenhouse gas neutral, meaning that the same amount of greenhouse gases is released during combustion as the source of the fuel have absorbed during its growth period. This evaluation method is known as a well-to-wheel analysis which besides emissions also evaluates energy efficiencies during both the production and the combustion phases.

By evaluating results of well-to-wheel analyses along with fuel properties and engine concept characteristics, this report presents which driving scenario that is suitable for different powertrain configurations. For example, vehicles operating in high populated areas, as cities, have a driving scenario that includes low velocities and multiple stops while vehicles in low populated areas often travel long distances in higher speeds. This implies that different powertrains are suitable in different regions. By matching favorable properties of a certain powertrain to the properties important to the actual driving scenario this report evolves a fuel infrastructure that is suitable in Sweden.

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Faramarzi, Simin. "Effect of Alternative Fuels on SCR Chemistry." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-146185.

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In the time line of world industrial age, the most important era begins in the late 18th century when the use of fossil fuels was growing intensively. This approach has continued and developed up to the 20th century. Besides, this trend has had side effects like polluting environment. Air pollution is one of the critical issues nowadays that stems from using hydrocarbon fuels. One type of the problematic compounds in polluting air is nitrogen oxides that can be produced in combustion process from engines and industrial plants. Different solutions have been suggested to remove air polluting compounds. One method for removing nitrogen oxides is using the mechanism of Selective Catalytic Reduction in silencer of engines. This method has become practical in trucks’ engines. Therefore, research on SCR chemistry is important for improving the usage of this method in removing nitrogen oxides. SCR has its own problems when used in trucks. One of the problems is formation of white clumps on pipe wall of silencers using SCR which can cause back pressure in the engines and costs a lot to remove them from engines.  This report evaluates the effect of alternative fuels on SCR chemistry .Different parameters affecting deposit formation are studied and evaluated. Ethanol is one of the controversial fuels used in engines and acetic acid is one its byproducts. Also, urea and its by products are important materials in SCR chemistry, too. Consequently, the first part of the report studies the influence of acetic acid and Ferrite steel, one of the usual steels in silencers of engines, on urea, biuret and cyanuric acid decomposition. The instruments used in the first part include TGA-DSC (Thermo Gravimetric Analysis-Differential Scanning Calorimetric) which is connected to FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy).In the second part of the report, the effect of diesel exhaust and ethanol exhaust on cyanuric acid evaporation rate is evaluated. Cyanuric acid is the main compound forming deposit in silencers. The instrument used in the second part is TGA. The third part consists surveying effect of Adblue, aqueous solution of urea, and additivised Adblue, surfactant added Adblue to improve its efficiency, in a patented rig that is scaled down of a silencer of truck. The most important result for the first part includes the effect of Ferrite steel treated with acetic acid that accelerated the decomposition of cyanuric acid. This result can be investigated more in order to be used in silencers to accelerate the decomposition rate of clumps formed. In the second part, it is found out that cyanuric acid evaporates faster under ethanol exhaust than diesel exhaust. The third part’s results shows that in the current assembly of pipes in the rig, Additivised Adblue loses its improved efficiency which is an interesting result for engine welding in order to avoid this type of connection in engines.
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30

Zhang, Taoju. "Possibilities of Alternative Vehicle Fuels : a literature review." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-19896.

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Historically, gasoline and diesel have been used as vehicle fuels for a long time. But the decline of oil supply and unstable oil price drive people to find alternative energy for vehicle fuel. Alternative energy solutions may shift energy consumption to less carbon, less pollutions and provide more energy diversity. These issues are investigated in the present literature review.   The first part of the thesis introduces different kinds of alternative energy for vehicles, such as biofuel, natural gas, hydrogen, liquefied petrol gas, electricity and compressed air. The presentations includes their utilization, production, environment effect, running performance, fuel property, market share, running and investigate cost and production barriers. The second part of the thesis work compares the properties of the alternative fuels and discusses the advantages and drawbacks of different types of fuel energies.   Compared with traditional fuels, alternative fuels have superiority in environment impact, sustainability and energy efficiency. Some of them have been used in reality and show a potential as future fuels. The author found that natural gas and liquefied petrol gas have low running costs, better environment performance and acceptable running range, and thus are able to substitute conventional fuels in the short term. Biofuel has better sustainability than gasoline. It will probably become more sustainable and cost effective in the mid-term period. Electricity can also become a future fuel in mid-term period since it has excellent emission performance and low running costs. Hydrogen is expected to substitute conversional fuels in the long term due to high investment costs and current unsustainable production pathway of the latter. The compressed air turned out not suitable for substituting conventional fuels because of poor efficiency and running range performance.
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Rukowicz, Stefan Frederick. "Comparative analysis of alternative fuels for bus transit." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 1.04 Mb., 208 p, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1163250441&Fmt=7&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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32

Baslamisli, Ufuk. "Helicopter Turboshaft Engine Ground Preformance With Alternative Fuels." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614098/index.pdf.

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In recent years, extensive studies on alternative fuels have been conducted to find environmentally friendly, economically feasible fuels due to finite petroleum sources, environmental and economical reasons. In this thesis, effects of alternative fuels on engine performance and exhaust emission are studied experimentally. Cold and reacting tests have been performed. Volumetric flow rate, discharge pressure are measured according to different pump speed. Droplet diameters, droplet distribution, spray cone angle and two dimensional velocity distribution from combustor fuel nozzle are determined by IPI and PIV technique. The comparative performance of alternative fuels and JET A-1 are investigated by atmospheric combustion tests and experimental turbojet tests in terms of exhaust gas temperatures, emissions, combustion chamber efficiency. Emissions, combustion chamber exit temperature profile, power turbine inlet and exhaust gas temperatures, effects of fuels on engine performance are observed and measured in detail at RR Allison 250 C-18 turbo-shaft engine.
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33

Giles, Anthony Peter. "Alternative fuels and technology for internal combustion engines." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2006. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/56090/.

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Within this thesis is an investigation and appraisal of alternative automotive fuels, internal combustion engine technology and emission reduction techniques. A review of the developments in engine technology, with specific focus on improvements in engine efficiency and emission reductions was undertaken. Tighter emission legislation imposed after the Kyoto agreement has resulted in technological advances in the field of internal combustion engines improving the economy of modern motor vehicles while reducing their emissions of C02 and particulate matter. As part of an EU funded project entitled "Magnetic Movement Valve for Miller Cycle operation of engines", the application of a novel secondary valve apparatus to an internal combustion engine was investigated through the use of computer modelling. It was shown that the secondary valve concept is capable of controlling the output of an internal combustion engine, while increasing the operating efficiency and reducing the emission of NOx through the use of Miller cycle operation and throttle free load control. A development programme of the engine and the secondary valve apparatus, carried out in conjunction with EU project partners, resulted in a marketable engine incorporating the new technology which is now in production within Europe and the Far East. An engine test-bed facility was commissioned to investigate the emissions and performance of a diesel engine fuelled by a variety of biodiesel / diesel fuel blends. It was found that incremental addition of biodiesel to a low sulphur diesel fuel resulted in a decrease in engine power and an increase in fuel consumption, CO2 and NOx emissions. The particulates levels of pure biodiesel emissions were found to be much lower (by mass and number concentration) than that of the low sulphur diesel fuel. From analysis of the exhaust gases it was found that the average size of the particulates is larger for biodiesel fuel than for the low sulphur diesel fuel.
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Catalanotti, Elena. "Theoretical and experimental investigation of alternative aviation fuels." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.550587.

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Problems related to security of supply and environmental issues have led the research to find and investigate the possibility for short and long term replacement of conventional petrochemical fuels. In the aviation industry two alternatives have been indicated as possible substitutes to pure kerosene based fuels: blends of kerosene and biodiesel as well as blends of kerosene and Fischer- Tropsch synthetic fuels. Chemical kinetic studies have widely investigated the performance of pure kerosene, pure methyl esters as surrogates of biodiesel, as well as of mixtures of kerosene and biodiesel. A comprehensive theoretical model for the oxidation of blends of kerosene, biofuels and synthetic fuels is proposed in this work, the biofuel portion being represented for the first time by methyl tridecanoate (MTD), a methyl ester with a carbon chain of 13 carbon atoms and chemical formula C14H2802, the synthetic fraction by heptanes. Therefore this work has produced a novel and an original mechanism containing fuels of different characteristics combined in a single scheme and provides a chemical kinetic mechanism for a large methyl ester not previously reported in the current literature. The model development has undergone through the preliminary construction of a reaction mechanism including kerosene and methyl butanoate (MB), the AFRM v2.0 (Aviation Fuel Reaction Mechanism version 2.0). AFRM v2.0 has been updated through a multi-parameter optimization, including the addition of the reactions for the breakdown of the C-14 methyl ester and a set of reactions for the oxidation of heptane. The final scheme consists of surrogate kerosene components n-decane and toluene, a surrogate FAME (methyl tridecanoate), and a surrogate of the synthetic paraffinic portion, heptane. The scheme also includes NOx, SOx and PAH chemistry. Perfectly Stirred Reactor simulations were compared to experimental results from Dagaut et al. for the oxidation of bio-kerosene and pure heptane in a Jet Stirred reactor at different fueV02 equivalence ratios. To investigate the combustion behaviour of the alternative aviation fuels in a flat premixed flame, an experimental study at a variety of stoichiometries of kerosene, kerosenelbiofuel blends, and Fischer- Tropsch derived kerosene substitutes have been performed. A fine wire thermocouple measures the temperature profile of the flame, and product analysis by online gas sampling provides the major species concentrations (02, CO2, CO) along with NOx. These measurements are complemented by the use of a Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) to provide relative concentration profiles of NO and the reactive intermediate OH.
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Withers, Mitch Russell. "Environmental and economic assessment of alternative transportation fuels." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90808.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 56-63).
Alternative fuels have the potential to mitigate transportation's impact on the environment and enhance energy security. In this work, we investigate two alternative fuels: liquefied natural gas (LNG) as an aviation fuel, and middle distillate fuel derived from woody biomass for use in aviation or road transport. The use of LNG as a supplemental aircraft fuel is considered in the context of the Lockheed Martin C- 1 30H and C-130J transport aircraft. We estimate the cost of retrofitting these aircraft to use LNG and the savings from reduced fuel expenses. We evaluate the societal impacts of LNG within a cost-benefit framework, taking into account resource consumption, human health impacts related to air quality, and climate damage. We find that aircraft operators can save up to 14% on fuel expenses (retrofit costs included) by employing LNG retrofits, with a 95% confidence interval of 2-23%. Society can also benefit by 12% (3-20%) from LNG use as a result of improved surface air quality, lower resource consumption, and climate neutrality relative to conventional fuel. These results are highly dependent on fuel prices, the quantity and cost of the LNG retrofits, and the frequency and length of missions. Woody biomass harvested from old-growth forests produces a large carbon debt when used as a feedstock for transportation fuel. Managed forests are an attractive alternative for inexpensive biomass production with the potential to reduce this carbon debt. We study the effect of forest management practices on the carbon debt payback time resulting from harvesting woody biomass from managed forests for middle distillate fuel production. We also calculate the breakeven time in terms of radiative forcing, temperature change, and economic damages. We find that biofuels produced over a period of 30 years have higher CO 2 emissions than fossil fuels for 59 years, higher radiative forcing for 42 years, higher temperature change for 48 years, and higher cumulative discounted (1-2%) economic damages for more than 100 years. These damages never break even at discount rates above 2%. Payback times can be reduced by increasing the age at which biomass is harvested. When biofuel production is sustained indefinitely, greater climate benefits are achieved over the next 100 years by instead producing long-lived wood products like lumber.
by Mitch Russell Withers.
S.M.
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36

Foscoli, Beatrice. "Alternative fuels for shipping : Feasibility study in Singapore." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279509.

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This thesis work was performed as a collaboration between the University of Cambridge and the Royal Institute of Technology and was initially intended to be performed as a 5-months internship at the CREATE Centre of Singapore. Unfortunately, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it could only be done remotely. The aim of the research is to investigate the use of alternative fuels for shipping in Singapore, as maritime power in a global process of decarbonization of this sector. A range of alternative fuels and technologies with different carbon reduction potentials, depending on the primary energy source, have been proposed for ships to reduce emissions. The overall ambition of the project has been to carry out a comprehensive study, based on existing academic and industry literature, on the technical viability of alternative marine fuels tailored to the context of Singapore. The approach of the study has been to assess how a selection of alternative fuels performs on a set of parameters. The alternative fuels included are hydrogen (H2), ammonia (NH3), methanol (MeOH1 ), biodiesel (FAME) and liquefied natural gas (LNG). LNG offers a good compromise between energy consumption for its production and reduction of emissions but will not be able to meet carbon coals in the long term. Bio-MeOH from woody biomass finds large applicability in Singapore given the abundance of feedstock in the South East Asian region and can deliver relevant CO2 emissions reduction. However, as for biodiesel, sustainability and availability concerns might rise questions on its impact as viable long-term solution. E-fuels, under renewable resources production, can deliver significant environmental benefits but at the moment seem to be inaccessible to Singapore considering the amount of clean electricity needed for their production. Results show that the main challenge for Singapore towards the decarbonization of shipping is the procurement of primary resources. Ensuring energy security in a sustainable way in a postpandemic context like South East Asia, where the priority for the coming 30 years will be an unprecedented economic boom, will first and foremost see Singapore engaged in international policies and collaboration in support of emerging economies.
Detta avhandlingsarbete utfördes som ett samarbete mellan University of Cambridge och Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan och var ursprungligen avsett att utföras som en 5-månaders praktik vid CREATE Center i Singapore. Tyvärr, på grund av COVID-19-pandemin, kunde det bara göras på distans. Syftet med forskningen är att undersöka användningen av alternativa bränslen för sjöfart i Singapore som maritim kraft i en global process för avkarbonisering av denna sektor. Ett antal alternativa bränslen och tekniker med olika koldioxidreduktionspotentialer, beroende på den primära energikällan, har föreslagits för fartyg för att minska utsläppen. Projektets övergripande ambition har varit att genomföra en omfattande studie, baserad på befintlig akademisk och industriell litteratur, med den tekniska tillgängligheten av alternativa marina bränslen anpassade till Singapore. Studiens tillvägagångssätt har varit att bedöma hur ett urval av alternativa bränslen presterar på en uppsättning av parametrar. De alternativa bränslena som ingår är väte (H2), ammoniak (NH3), metanol (MeOH), biodiesel (FAME) och flytande naturgas (LNG). LNG erbjuder en bra kompromiss mellan energiförbrukning för sin produktion och minskning av utsläpp men kommer inte att kunna möta fossilt kol på lång sikt. Bio-MeOH från ved-biomassa finner stor tillämpbarhet i Singapore med tanke på överflödet av råmaterial i Sydostasien och kan ge relevant CO2-utsläppsminskning. Vad gäller biodiesel kan emellertid problem med hållbarhet och tillgänglighet väcka frågor om dess inverkan som en långsiktig lösning. E-bränslen, under produktion av förnybara resurser, kan ge betydande miljöfördelar men verkar för tillfället vara otillgängliga för Singapore med tanke på hur mycket ren el som behövs för deras produktion. Resultaten visar att den största utmaningen för Singapore mot avkarbonisering av sjöfarten är upphandling av primära resurser. Att säkerställa energisäkerhet på ett hållbart sätt i ett postpandemiskt sammanhang som Sydostasien, där prioriteringen under de kommande 30 åren kommer att vara en oöverträffad ekonomisk boom, kommer först och främst se Singapore engagerade i internationell politik och samarbete till stöd för tillväxtekonomier.
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37

Liu, Yue. "Investigation on elastomer compatibility with alternative aviation fuels." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4829/.

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The introduction of synthetic fuels produced from various alternative approaches has led to the concern over their compatibility with elastomeric seals used in current aircraft engines. The aim of this research is to investigate into this compatibility issue of alternative aviation fuels with typical elastomeric sealing materials. Experimental methodologies employed were the stress relaxation test (under both isothermal and temperature cycling conditions) and the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A wide range of valuable data was collected and detailed analysis was carried out using statistical method and the Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSPs). The outcome of this research establishes the fundamental stress relaxation characteristics of typical sealing materials in jet fuels produced via various sources. It demonstrates different impacts that individual fuel species may have on seals. A correlation has been found between the stress relaxation and the molecular structure changes of the O-rings. The HSP analysis suggests a good non-linear correlation between the equilibrium compression force and the RED number generated from the ‘triangle’ test data. It is proved that temperature is an influential factor in terms of the sealing performance of an O-ring. Generally, the stress relaxation process slows down (accelerates) as the temperature decreases (increases). At extremely low temperatures, seals become very inert and the relaxation process would stop. Temperature cycling tests show the relationship between seals’ ability to recovery from thermal contraction and the aromatic content in the fuel. Based on the knowledge gained here, recommendations have been given on the potential future work related to this topic.
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38

Parker, Grant Houston. "Pyrolytic Decomposition of Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene Fuel Compared to JP-7 and JP-8 Aviation Fuels." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1375319641.

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39

Khachatryan, Hayk. "Investigation of alternative fuel markets." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2010/h_khachatryan_050310.pdf.

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40

Akkapeddi, Srikanth Schindler Anton K. "Alternative solid fuels for the production of Portland cement." Auburn, Ala., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1432.

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41

Altaher, Mohamed Alalim. "Combustion and emissions of alternative fuels in gas turbines." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4954/.

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Renewable biomass derived fuels are of increasing interest for many applications including industrial and aero gas turbines due to the reduction in fossil fuel CO2 and the improvement in energy supply security. The first part of this work investigated the performance of biodiesel as a fuel in low NOx combustors of the type used in industrial gas turbines. This work included comparison with kerosene and co-firing with natural gas and blends of kerosene/biodiesel. In the second phase of this work an aircraft gas turbine APU with diffusion combustion. This investigated the gaseous and particulate emissions using kerosene as a base fuel for comparison with several second generation biofuels, which covered a range of H/C and showed that emissions were correlated with the H/C. The third phase of the work was concerned with renewable or clean coal derived hydrogen combustion using a low NOx flame stabilizer for industrial power generation applications. For the industrial low NOx combustor work a radial swirler flame stabiliser was used. However, the high boiling point of B100 made operation in a premixed vane passage fuel injection mode impossible as ignition could not be achieved. The pilot fuel injector in the centre was the only fuel injection location that B100 would stabilise a flame, due to the central recirculation of burnt gases. A central 8 hole radially outward fuel injector was used as WME (B100) would not operate with radial vane passage fuel injection that is conventionally used for low NOx radial swirlers with natural gas. In the aero engine phase of the research, nine alternative fuels were tested and compared to conventional JetA1 fuel at idle and full power. The results showed that all fuels produced similar level of NOx compared to JetA1 and a slight reduction in CO. A remarkable reduction in UHC was observed at all conditions for higher H/C fuels. The results also show that there was a good correlation between fuels H/C ratio and particle concentrations, particle size and distributions characteristics. The hot idle produced ~20% less particles compare to the cold idle. The alternative fuel blends produced fewer particles than JetA1 fuel. The alternative source of renewable fuels for industrial power generation gas turbines is that of hydrogen derived from renewable or nuclear electricity or from coal or biomass gasification using the water gas shift reaction and CO2 solvent extraction to leave a pure hydrogen fuel. The key problem are in burning hydrogen in gas turbines is that of the increased NOx formation and the increased risk of flashback into the conventional premixing passages used in natural gas low NOx combustors. This work investigated a novel impinging jet configuration that had previously been used successfully with propane and kerosene fuels. It had no premixing so that there could be no flashback. However, the high reactivity of hydrogen did cause a problem with flame stabilization too close to the jet outlets. This was controlled by reducing the proportion of air added to the initial hydrogen jets. NOx emissions lower than alternative designs were demonstrated at simulated high power conditions. This was a practical combustion technique for high hydrogen content fuels with low NOx emissions and no flashback problems.
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42

Flora, Giacomo. "Fuel Structure Effects on Surrogate Alternative Jet Fuel Emission." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1450286398.

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43

McHenry, John Carl Izaak. "The Challenges of Biofuels in Ohio: From the Perspective of Small-Scale Producers." Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1197926303.

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44

Fan, Qin. "Hedonic Price Model for Light-Duty Vehicles: Consumers' Valuations of Automotive Fuel Economy." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/FanQ2009.pdf.

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45

Zehentbauer, Florian. "Spectroscopic investigation of intermolecular interactions defining the non-ideal solution behaviour of potential alternative fuels for low temperature direct-liquid fuel cells." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=225964.

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Direct liquid fuel cells represent an interesting alternative to conventional hydrogen fuel cell technology. A novel analytical method for the monitoring of direct liquid fuel cells is presented. Employing a combination of chronoamperometric, gravimetric and Raman spectroscopic measurements this method allows a straightforward determination of the Faradaic efficiency of a fuel cell. This method was applied in a proof of concept study analysing the operational behaviour of a direct methanol fuel cell. A very low Faradaic efficiency was found for the fuel cell under study. This was attributed to loss of methanol from the fuel mixture due to methanol crossover, stripping of methanol by carbon dioxide as well as evaporation. It is known from the literature that a fuel change from methanol towards higher alcohols and other hydrocarbons can help to mitigate the effects of these loss processes. However, the behaviour of such alternative fuels and their mixtures in an operating fuel cell and hence the performance of the fuel cell depends at least in part on the intermolecular interactions present in those fuel mixtures. Therefore, the intermolecular interactions in binary and ternary mixtures of potential candidates for alternative fuels were investigated in the main part of this thesis. Studies on the intermolecular interactions in binary mixtures of acetone with ethanol and 1-butanol showed a tendency for self association of both compounds albeit in different concentration ranges. It was further found that the alkyl chain length of the alcohols did not have a significant effect on the intermolecular interactions in the binary and ternary mixtures. Further, the behaviour of the ternary mixture was found to closely resemble the effects found in the individual binary mixtures. Finally, binary mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and different alcohols did not show self association. It was rather found that alcohol molecules inserted into chains of DMSO molecules eventually leading to the formation of alcohol-DMSO dimers.
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46

Tapasvi, Dhruv 1981. "Evaluating the Economic Feasibility of Canola Biodiesel Production in North Dakota." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2006. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29903.

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Numerous factors have pushed energy from biomass to the forefront of policy and industry discussions. Large harvests of traditional crops, low farm prices, dependence on foreign energy sources, and environmental problems have increased interest in renewable energy sources. Tools are needed to evaluate and compare different available feedstocks and to identify parameters and modifications for the production of renewable fuels such as biodiesel. The first paper examines the development of a biodiesel process model using commonly available spreadsheet software and process-engineering principles. The basis of the model is a continuous process with two stirred-tank reactors and sodium methoxide catalysis. The process is modeled as 27 units with 51 flows and 18 components. Mass flow rates and compositions of the process input and output streams are quantified using mass and component balances, energy balances, stoichiometric relations, and established process parameters. Oil composition and rate, methanol:triglyceride ratio, and expected transesterification of triglyceride are the user-specified inputs in the model. Based on commonly reported parameters (6: 1 methanol:triglyceride ratio and 98% transesterification) and a basis of 100 kg/h crude soybean oil, the model computes inputs of 13.8, 10.8, and 34.7 (in kg/h) for methanol, 10% sodium methoxide in methanol, and process water, respectively; and outputs of 93.5, 10.3, and 55.6 for soy biodiesel, glycerol, and waste stream, respectively. In the second paper, the mass flow rate data from the developed biodiesel process model are linked to cost data for evaluating the economic feasibility of biodiesel production in North Dakota with canola oil as the feedstock. Estimations of capital investment cost and total annual biodiesel product cost are conducted for two canola biodiesel production plants with 5 and 30 million gallons per year (MGY) capacities. These capacities were selected based on North Dakota and neighboring states' biodiesel demands, respectively. Capital investment cost analysis shows the presence of considerable economies of scale for the biodiesel production process for the two capacities. These cost calculations are based on the purchased equipment cost calculated from the equipment specifications. Total annual biodiesel product cost analysis shows that the major portion (>80%) of the total product cost is the raw material cost, similar to the analysis of previous economic feasibility studies. Cost benefits from the economies of scale are still present for the fixed charges, general expenses, and the manufacturing costs (other than the raw material costs) in the annual product cost calculations for the two production plant capacities. Finally, based on the gross profit evaluation for both plants, this study concludes that it is more worthwhile to invest in the 30 MGY production plant because of the greater cost returns from the economies of scale benefits. The results are more encouraging after the incorporation of the federal biodiesel tax incentive and favor the investment for biodiesel production in North Dakota.
North Dakota. Agricultural Experiment Station
USDA-CSREES (under Agreement No. 2003-34471-13523)
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47

Gül, Timur. "An energy-economic scenario analysis of alternative fuels for transport /." Zürich : ETH, 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17888.

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48

Harrison, William E. (William Elton). "Alternative fuels : how can aviation cross the "Valley of Death"." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44433.

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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2008.
Leaf 260 blank.
Includes bibliographical references.
Aviation has used petroleum-derived fuels for over 100 years. With the rapidly rising price of oil and concerns about supply, the military and the commercial airlines are fostering the development of an alternative aviation fuel industry. In the U.S., coal, oil shale and biomass offer great promise as alternatives to petroleum for the production of aviation fuels. For the alternative fuel to be viable, the fuel must be price competitive, offer environmental benefits compared to petroleum, and must be qualified and certified for use in aviation. This thesis explores the barriers and risks associated with the technology adoption life cycle for alternative aviation fuels as viewed through the lenses of the technology developer, the early adopter, the early majority user, and the financial community. The challenges related to crossing the "Valley of Death" between technology development and deployment, and bridging the "Chasm" between the early adopters and the early majority of users are explored and a series of evaluation frameworks, tools, models, and recommendations are presented. The suggestions and recommendations provide potential actions that the military and the civil aviation sector could implement to reduce the risks and barriers for an alternative aviation fuel industry to commence and be sustainable both financially and environmentally.
by William E. Harrison, III.
M.B.A.
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49

Hui, Lai-yee. "Alternative fuels and reduction of air pollution in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23424916.

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50

Nasir, Naveed, Shoaib Arshad, and Sun Xiaorui. "Factors affecting alternative automotive fuel industry." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-5469.

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Environmental protection, shrinking of fossil fuels and problems like energy security has

resulted in emergence of a rapid growing alternate automotive fuel industry. This research is

pursued to identify and describe factors that affect sustainable growth of alternative

automotive fuel industry and advice firms in their strategy development for sustainable

growth.

The theoretical framework includes theories including different internal and external possible

factors that may affect an emerging industry.

The research methodology of this study constitutes of qualitative research approach,

comprising of both primary and secondary data. Primary data for this study is collected by

conducting a total of 9 interviews with officials from three Swedish alternate diesel engine oil

manufacturing companies. An overall industry analysis is conducted through PEST analysis,

data for this PEST analysis is gathered through official government websites, press releases,

newspapers, educational and environmental institute websites and scientific journals.

Interviews conducted with company officials also served the purpose.

The analysis of this study shows that government policies and subsidies have played an

important part to make these companies enter this market. Two of the companies included in

the case study were already active in closely related fields for a number of years and only

entered this market when favorable government regulations were available. The future of

these companies is very much associated with government regulations and companies those

fall beyond these regulations face difficulties to get subsidies and therefore in their growth.

Awareness of people about cleaner fuels is brought through media, education and government

policies that include taxes and tax rebates on different kind of fuels.

The companies bet on new technologies to resolve concerns generated by their fuels i.e. food

versus fuel debate. The authors analyzed technology to be an important factor if companies

want to remain in alternate fuel business for a long period of time.

The authors suggest companies to build their tangible and intangible resources i.e. raw

material, technologies, human resource flexibly to adopt diversified businesses in case if some

radical changes in fuel industry seizes their growth. It has also been seen that standardization

of products can prove helpful for companies to produce a working market.

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