Relevant bibliographies by topics / Alternate bar

Academic literature on the topic 'Alternate bar'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Alternate bar"

1

Venditti, J. G., P. A. Nelson, J. T. Minear, J. Wooster, and W. E. Dietrich. "Alternate bar response to sediment supply termination." Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 117, F2 (June 2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011jf002254.

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2

Cheng, Yunshuo, and Ana Maria Ferreira da Silva. "Empirical Equation for Determination of Alternate Bar Height." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 145, no. 11 (November 2019): 04019037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001633.

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3

Calvani, Giulio, Simona Francalanci, and Luca Solari. "Flume experiments on vegetated alternate bars." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 02034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184002034.

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The planform morphology of a river reach is the result of the combined actions of sediment motion (erosion, transport and deposition), hydrological regime, development and growth of vegetation. However, the interactions among these processes are still poorly understood and rarely investigated in laboratory flume experiments. In these experiments and also in numerical modelling, vegetation is usually represented by rigid cylinders, although it is widely recognized that this schematization cannot reproduce the effects of root stabilization and binding on riverbed sediment. In this work, we focus on the effects of added vegetation on morphological dynamics of alternate bars in a straight channel by means of flume experiments. We performed laboratory experiments reproducing hydraulic conditions that are typical of gravel bed rivers, in terms of water depth, bed slope and bed load; these conditions led to the formation of freely migrating alternate bars. We then employed rigid vegetation that was deployed on the reproduced alternate bars according to field observations. Various vegetation scenarios, in terms of density and spatial arrangement, were deployed in the flume experiments such to mimic different maintenance strategies. Results show the effects of rigid vegetation on the alternate bar configuration on the overall topographic pattern, the main alternate bar characteristics (such as amplitude and wavelength) and migration rate.
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4

Dai, Huang, Toshiki Iwasaki, and Yasuyuki Shimizu. "Effect of Sediment Supply on Morphodynamics of Free Alternate Bars: Insights from Hydrograph Boundary Layer." Water 13, no. 23 (December 4, 2021): 3437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13233437.

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Sediment supply plays an essential role in river morphology. However, the specific impact of sediment supply on river morphology is not apparent. According to the hydrograph boundary layer (HBL) concept, upstream riverbed changes caused by the imbalance between sediment supply and the capacity can propagate only a limited length and have a negligible effect on the riverbed beyond such a short length. We performed a two-dimensional morphodynamic calculation to test the concept of HBL, which was proposed under a one-dimensional simulation, meaning that the concept of HBL is still valid for plane changes in river morphology. We employed an unsteady flow with equilibrium or constant sediment supply in a straight, modeled gravel-bedded channel with an unerodible bank to simulate alternate bar morphodynamics. The results show that regardless of the sediment supply condition, the alternate bar features formed downstream of the HBL are considerably similar. This suggests that sediment disturbance at the upstream end has a negligible effect on the mobile-bed dynamic processes, including alternate bar formation and development downstream of the HBL.
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5

Jourdain, Camille, Nicolas Claude, Germain Antoine, Pablo Tassi, and Florian Cordier. "Influence of flood regime on riparian vegetation dynamics in rivers with alternate bars." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 02025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184002025.

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Throughout the 20th century, many rivers worldwide have undergone important riparian vegetation encroachment, which can be problematic in terms of flood risks and biodiversity. Nowadays, controlled floods is often considered as a management option in anthropized rivers, with the aim of limiting vegetation encroachment within river channels, as well as maintaining a diverse habitat by reactivating natural channel dynamics. In this context, this study aims at investigating the influence of different flood regimes on river bar vegetation development and dynamics, focussing on alternate bar systems which are typically found in embanked streams. This question has been addressed through two-dimensional bio-morphodynamic modeling of a simplified gravel bed river reach. Four hydrological scenarios with different flood peak discharges have been run for 50 years. For all scenarios, a steady increase in vegetation cover strongly impacts the evolution of bar morphology, until a relatively stable equilibrium is reached after one to three decades. Numerical results suggest that vegetation development on bars is associated to an increase in bar wavelength and a decrease in bar width. Higher peak flood discharges lead to narrower and longer bars, and a longer adjustment duration. When vegetation cover is fully developed, interannual flood variability seems crucial to maintain bedform and vegetation turnover.
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6

WATANABE, Yasuharu, and Marco TUBINO. "Influence of Bed Load and Suspended Load on Alternate Bar." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 36 (1992): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.36.7.

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7

Jaballah, Mohamed, Benoît Camenen, Lionel Pénard, and André Paquier. "Alternate bar development in an alpine river following engineering works." Advances in Water Resources 81 (July 2015): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.03.003.

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8

Redolfi, Marco, Matilde Welber, Mattia Carlin, Marco Tubino, and Walter Bertoldi. "Morphometric properties of alternate bars and water discharge: a laboratory investigation." Earth Surface Dynamics 8, no. 3 (September 23, 2020): 789–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-789-2020.

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Abstract. The formation of alternate bars in straightened river reaches represents a fundamental process of river morphodynamics that has received great attention in the last decades. It is well-established that migrating alternate bars arise from an autogenic instability mechanism occurring when the channel width-to-depth ratio is sufficiently large. While several empirical and theoretical relations are available for predicting how bar height and length depend on the key dimensionless parameters, there is a lack of direct, quantitative information about the dependence of bar properties on flow discharge. We performed a series of experiments in a long, mobile-bed flume with fixed and straight banks at different discharges. The self-formed bed topography was surveyed, different metrics were analyzed to obtain quantitative information about bar height and shape, and results were interpreted in the light of existing theoretical models. The analysis reveals that the shape of alternate bars highly depends on their formative discharge, with remarkable variations in the harmonic composition and a strong decreasing trend of the skewness of the bed elevation. Similarly, the height of alternate bars clearly decreases with the water discharge, in quantitative agreement with theoretical predictions. However, the disappearance of bars when discharge exceeds a critical threshold is not as sharp as expected due to the formation of so-called “diagonal bars”. This work provides basic information for modeling and interpreting short-term morphological variations during individual flood events and long-term trajectories due to alterations of the hydrological regime.
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9

Welford, Mark R. "A field test of tubino's (1991) model of alternate bar formation." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 19, no. 4 (June 1994): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290190402.

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10

LANZONI, STEFANO, and MARCO TUBINO. "Grain sorting and bar instability." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 393 (August 25, 1999): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112099005583.

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A two-dimensional model of flow and bed topography is proposed to investigate the effect of sediment heterogeneity on the development of alternate bars. Within the context of a linear stability theory the flow field, the bed topography and the grain size distribution function are perturbed leading to an integro-differential linear eigenvalue problem. It is shown that the selective transport of different grain size fractions and the resulting spatial pattern of sorting may appreciably affect the balance between stabilizing and destabilizing actions which govern bar instability. Theoretical results suggest that sediment heterogeneity leads to a damping of both growth rate and migration speed of bars, while bar wavelength is shortened with respect to the case of uniform sediment. The above findings conform, at least qualitatively, to the experimentally detected reduction of bar height, length and celerity. The observed tendency of coarser particles to pile up towards bar crests is also reproduced by theoretical results.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Alternate bar"

1

Carlin, Mattia. "The response of river bar topography to the hydrological flow regime." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/312573.

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Alternate bars are large-scale bedforms characterised by an ordered sequence of scour zones and depositional diagonal fronts alternating along channel banks, which are typical of straight channelized rivers. Due to their high relief and migration properties, they represent a problem in river management, because they affect navigation, increase the flooding risk and interact with instream structures. For this reason, in the last decades many studies took the challenge of defining suitable criteria able to describe their morphometric properties. Theoretical, experimental and numerical works have clearly demonstrated that bar occurrence is a threshold process governed by the width-to-depth ratio of the channel, β. If this parameter exceeds a critical threshold, βcr, an instability mechanism amplifies the riverbed perturbations occurring due to the effect of the turbulent flow on the cohesionless riverbed, leading to the spontaneous growth of finite amplitude bars. Under steady flow conditions, alternate bars achieve an equilibrium configuration, whose amplitude value is related to the difference β-βcr. Much less information is available to describe bar characteristics under variable flow conditions, when the width-to-depth ratio changes in time and the amplitude of bars evolves depending on the duration and the shape of the hydrograph. The effect of a single idealized flood on bar amplitude evolution was successfully described by the weakly nonlinear model of Tubino (1991), which was able to capture the trajectory of bar amplitude during different stages of the flood. Supported by experimental results, he found that the response of bars crucially depends on the ratio between the flood duration and the bar-growth timescale. Nevertheless, the effect of a complex flow regime, characterised by a sequence of flow events, is to a large extent unexplored. Specifically, (i) the definition of a criterion to predict the average response of alternate bars in a river reach subject to an hydrological flow regime and (ii) the quantification of bar amplitude evolution due to a complex flow regime are still to a large extent unexplored. The goals of this work are: (i) to investigate the dependence of bar properties to variable discharge conditions; (ii) to analyse the effect of flow unsteadiness in terms of duration and sequencing of flood events and derive the main hydrological characteristics that primarily control the average response of bar amplitude; (iii) to determine the long-term bar geometry and define the "bar-forming'' discharge, which is the theoretical discharge that if maintained indefinitely would produce the same long-term bar response as the natural hydrograph; (iv) to analyse the effect that a sequence of flood events composing a complex flow series has on the evolution of bar amplitude. To pursue these purposes, we adopted a methodology primary based on theoretical models, then supported and validated through the analysis of laboratory experiments and field data. The methodology and the key results for the different parts of this thesis can be summarized as follows: 1. First, the response of bar topography to different flow stages has been investigated both theoretically and through the analysis of experimental data, observing the dependence of alternate bars to peculiar threshold conditions. The validity of weakly nonlinear model of Colombini et al. (1987), originally defined in the neighborhood of the critical condition βcr, has been extended taking into account the emersion of bars for low flows. 2. Subsequently, the average response of bars to idealized flow series has been analysed, exploring their dependence on the duration and sequencing of flood events. The probability density function has been found to be the essential hydrological information of the flow series required to determine the long-term response of bar amplitude, while the integral scale of flow sequence is a suitable metric to quantify the unsteadiness of a flow regime. 3. Then, an innovative approach has been introduced to define an occurrence criterion for alternate bars in straightened river reaches that accounts for the hydrological regime, and to determine the average bar state, with the corresponding "bar-forming'' discharge. The key novelty with respect to the classical methods adopted so far to predict the long-term equilibrium channel geometry is that in this case the morphodynamical work acted on river bars by relatively low-flow stages enhancing their formation can be reversed by high-flow stages that suppress them. Therefore, both the occurrence criterion and the average state are found from a balance between the cumulative effects of bar-forming and bar-suppressing events. 4. Finally, the weakly nonlinear model of Colombini et al. (1987), originally defined to predict the evolution of bars under steady flow conditions, has been extended to reproduce a natural flow series by considering the basic flow varying in time. This approach allows us to (i) statistically investigate the effect of flood magnitude and duration on the variations of bar amplitude and (ii) to simulate the morphological response of a river to alterations of the hydrological regime.The long-term analysis of bar amplitude, as such as its evolution subject to the hydrological flow regime, have been applied to four different study cases, each of them characterised by a distinctive average bar response: two reaches of the Alpine Rhine River, upstream and downstream the confluence of the River Ill (Switzerland), respectively, the Adige River near Trento (Italy) and the Isère River near Montmèlian (France). The theoretical model is able to capture both qualitatively and quantitatively the observed bed response. Specifically, it predicts the occurrence of high-relief bars for the upstream reach of the Alpine Rhine River and for the Isère River, while a plane configuration is predicted for the Adige River. Also the intermediate response of the downstream reach of the Alpine Rhine River is reproduced, showing a predominant flat bed morphology with sporadic low-relief bars.
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2

Carlin, Mattia. "The response of river bar topography to the hydrological flow regime." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/312573.

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Abstract:
Alternate bars are large-scale bedforms characterised by an ordered sequence of scour zones and depositional diagonal fronts alternating along channel banks, which are typical of straight channelized rivers. Due to their high relief and migration properties, they represent a problem in river management, because they affect navigation, increase the flooding risk and interact with instream structures. For this reason, in the last decades many studies took the challenge of defining suitable criteria able to describe their morphometric properties. Theoretical, experimental and numerical works have clearly demonstrated that bar occurrence is a threshold process governed by the width-to-depth ratio of the channel, β. If this parameter exceeds a critical threshold, βcr, an instability mechanism amplifies the riverbed perturbations occurring due to the effect of the turbulent flow on the cohesionless riverbed, leading to the spontaneous growth of finite amplitude bars. Under steady flow conditions, alternate bars achieve an equilibrium configuration, whose amplitude value is related to the difference β-βcr. Much less information is available to describe bar characteristics under variable flow conditions, when the width-to-depth ratio changes in time and the amplitude of bars evolves depending on the duration and the shape of the hydrograph. The effect of a single idealized flood on bar amplitude evolution was successfully described by the weakly nonlinear model of Tubino (1991), which was able to capture the trajectory of bar amplitude during different stages of the flood. Supported by experimental results, he found that the response of bars crucially depends on the ratio between the flood duration and the bar-growth timescale. Nevertheless, the effect of a complex flow regime, characterised by a sequence of flow events, is to a large extent unexplored. Specifically, (i) the definition of a criterion to predict the average response of alternate bars in a river reach subject to an hydrological flow regime and (ii) the quantification of bar amplitude evolution due to a complex flow regime are still to a large extent unexplored. The goals of this work are: (i) to investigate the dependence of bar properties to variable discharge conditions; (ii) to analyse the effect of flow unsteadiness in terms of duration and sequencing of flood events and derive the main hydrological characteristics that primarily control the average response of bar amplitude; (iii) to determine the long-term bar geometry and define the "bar-forming'' discharge, which is the theoretical discharge that if maintained indefinitely would produce the same long-term bar response as the natural hydrograph; (iv) to analyse the effect that a sequence of flood events composing a complex flow series has on the evolution of bar amplitude. To pursue these purposes, we adopted a methodology primary based on theoretical models, then supported and validated through the analysis of laboratory experiments and field data. The methodology and the key results for the different parts of this thesis can be summarized as follows: 1. First, the response of bar topography to different flow stages has been investigated both theoretically and through the analysis of experimental data, observing the dependence of alternate bars to peculiar threshold conditions. The validity of weakly nonlinear model of Colombini et al. (1987), originally defined in the neighborhood of the critical condition βcr, has been extended taking into account the emersion of bars for low flows. 2. Subsequently, the average response of bars to idealized flow series has been analysed, exploring their dependence on the duration and sequencing of flood events. The probability density function has been found to be the essential hydrological information of the flow series required to determine the long-term response of bar amplitude, while the integral scale of flow sequence is a suitable metric to quantify the unsteadiness of a flow regime. 3. Then, an innovative approach has been introduced to define an occurrence criterion for alternate bars in straightened river reaches that accounts for the hydrological regime, and to determine the average bar state, with the corresponding "bar-forming'' discharge. The key novelty with respect to the classical methods adopted so far to predict the long-term equilibrium channel geometry is that in this case the morphodynamical work acted on river bars by relatively low-flow stages enhancing their formation can be reversed by high-flow stages that suppress them. Therefore, both the occurrence criterion and the average state are found from a balance between the cumulative effects of bar-forming and bar-suppressing events. 4. Finally, the weakly nonlinear model of Colombini et al. (1987), originally defined to predict the evolution of bars under steady flow conditions, has been extended to reproduce a natural flow series by considering the basic flow varying in time. This approach allows us to (i) statistically investigate the effect of flood magnitude and duration on the variations of bar amplitude and (ii) to simulate the morphological response of a river to alterations of the hydrological regime. The long-term analysis of bar amplitude, as such as its evolution subject to the hydrological flow regime, have been applied to four different study cases, each of them characterised by a distinctive average bar response: two reaches of the Alpine Rhine River, upstream and downstream the confluence of the River Ill (Switzerland), respectively, the Adige River near Trento (Italy) and the Isère River near Montmèlian (France). The theoretical model is able to capture both qualitatively and quantitatively the observed bed response. Specifically, it predicts the occurrence of high-relief bars for the upstream reach of the Alpine Rhine River and for the Isère River, while a plane configuration is predicted for the Adige River. Also the intermediate response of the downstream reach of the Alpine Rhine River is reproduced, showing a predominant flat bed morphology with sporadic low-relief bars.
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3

MONOFY, AHMED MOSTAFA IBRAHEM MOSTAFA. "Mixing Processes in Hyporheic Sediments." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11583/2973802.

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4

Harrington, John Francis. "Comparison of alternative laboratory dowel bar testing procedures." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2006.

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5

Johansson, Malin, and Majdandzic Johanna Larsson. ""Barn som får vara med är tryggare" : att använda bildstöd vid vård av barn inom ögonsjukvård. En intervjustudie." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för hälsa och välfärd, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-42916.

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Barn är en stor patientgrupp inom ögonsjukvård, vilka har behov av att känna trygghet exempelvis genom att få förberedande information. För att möjliggöra detta krävs att barnet får möjlighet att kommunicera på sin nivå. Alternativ kompletterande kommunikation som till exempel bildstöd kan vara en möjlighet att ge barnet förutsättningar för att få sin röst hörd. Syftet med studien var att undersöka sjuksköterskors uppfattningar om att använda bildstöd i omvårdnaden av barn inom ögonsjukvård. En kvalitativ intervjustudie med induktiv ansats genomfördes där sex ögonsjuksköterskor och två allmänsjuksköterskor intervjuades med hjälp av semistrukturerade frågor. Data analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys, vilket resulterade i tre huvudkategorier: Barnet i centrum, Bildstödets betydelse, och Viljan att använda bildstöd. I resultatet framkom att ögonsjuksköterskan använder bildstöd i låg grad. Det fanns ett intresse för att börja använda sig av och implementera bildstöd. Genom att använda bildstöd kan barnet förberedas inför sitt besök och på så sätt skapas trygghet samt främjas kommunikation. Genom att göra barnets röst hörd skapas möjlighet att arbeta utifrån ett barncentrerat perspektiv. Då tidigare erfarenhet av bildstöd inom ögonsjukvård är bristfällig var det av stor vikt att utforska ämnet vidare.
Children are a large patient group in ophthalmic care. Children have a need to feel secure and have access to introductory information. To enable this, the child must be able to communicate at his or her level. Alternative augmentative communication such as image support may be an opportunity for the child to have their voice heard. The purpose of the study was to investigate nurses' perceptions of using image support in the care of children in ophthalmic care. A qualitative study was conducted with an inductive approach where six ophthalmic nurses and two registered nurses were interviewed with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using content analysis, which resulted in three main categories: The child in focus, The meaning of image support and The willingness to use image support. The result showed that the ophthalmic nurse uses image support to a low degree. They showed an interest in using image support and implementing it in their routines. The use of image support provided security for the child by making them more prepared for the visit as well as promoted communication with the child. The thesis showed that by making the child's voice heard, the opportunity to work from a child-centered perspective was increased. As previous experience of image support in ophthalmic care is inadequate, it is of great importance to explore this subject further.
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Macune, Emily. "Uncovering Alice Bag: An Alternative Punk History." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1242.

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The intention of this thesis is to provide an alternative counter-narrative to the mainstream histories of punk that center white men. By focusing on the contributions of fem queer and POC punks, I aim to legitimize punk music as a form of resistance against systems of oppression that are oppositional to the commodified forms of mainstream punk. Using Alice Bag, as my central case study as a fem queer punk that is often left out of punk historical narratives, I contextualize her work through feminist, queer, and media studies lenses to bridge the gap between academia and forgotten personal experience.
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7

Mattsson, Elenor, and Mia Dahlqvist. "Alternativ kommunikation - för alla barn : en studie om uppfattningar av alternativ kommunikation bland verksamma pedagoger inom tre förskoleverksamheter." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Institutionen för pedagogik, didaktik och psykologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-6087.

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Då vi i vår omgivning uppmärksammat en viss okunskap angående alternativ kommunikation ökade intresset att göra en studie om förskollärares uppfattning om ämnet. Avsikten var även att studien skulle ha en informativ substans och därav bidra med mer kunskap inom detta område. Syftet med studien blev därmed att undersöka hur förskollärare definierar alternativ kommunikation. Ett vidare syfte var även att belysa förskollärarnas relation till ämnet, tillika utröna deras framtidstro. För att kunna synliggöra detta har vi inspirerats av fenomenologin som fokuserar på en persons beskrivning av ett fenomen, vilket i detta fall är alternativ kommunikation. Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär och vi intervjuade sex informanter på tre skilda förskolor vars arbetsätt gällande alternativ kommunikation skiljde sig åt. Resultatet visade att förskollärarna hade en relativt klar bild gällande vad alternativ kommunikation innebär för dem. Deras syften skiljde sig dock åt då barnen hade skilda behov och därav även verksamheternas olika pedagogiska inriktningar. Informanterna uppfattade alternativ kommunikation som en viktig del i framtiden vilket kommer att utvecklas då de menar att det är något som gynnar alla barn.
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Remmo, Ilona. "TAKK - Tecken som Alternativ och Kompletterande Kommunikation : En kvalitativ studie om hur förskolepedagoger arbetar med TAKK med barn med Downs syndrom ur ett språkutvecklingsperspektiv och vad de anser om att använda TAKK med barn utan särskilda behov och med barn med Downs syndrom." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Lärarutbildningen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-19631.

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The purpose of this study is to examine how two educators at a preschool that is located in a neighborhood south of Stockholm works with TAKK with children who has Down syndrome in a language promotion purposes. The aim is also to investigate what teachers think about using TAKK with children without special needs and children with Down syndrome. In this study, I used qualitative research methods. I've used both observations and interviews to get answers to my questions. The theories which I have used in this thesis is, socio-cultural perspective, including integration and segregated integration. In order to find out how the educators work with TAKK I have asked these questions: How do the educators work with TAKK with children with Down syndrome from a language development perspective? What do the educators express about using TAKK with children without special needs and with children who has Down syndrome? My conclusions to these questions are that the literatures I have read in many ways are consistent with how they work. They told me, among other things, that the use of TAKK is good for both the children with and without Down syndrome. Regarding to how they use TAKK in their everyday work I could see that they used TAKK on a daily basis in the routines at the preschool.
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Johansson, Lina. "En alternativ undervisningsform för barn i behov av särskilt stöd." Thesis, Umeå University, Child and Youth Education, Special Education, and Counselling, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-464.

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Det har visat sig att inom specialpedagogiken finns det många motstridigheter. Åsikterna går isär om vilka lösningar som är bäst för elever i behov av särskilt stöd. Mitt syfte med uppsatsen är att genom en kvalitativ fallstudieinspirerad undersökning få insikt i hur man på en skola har valt att ge stöd till elever som är i behov av särskilt stöd. För att få en uppfattning om skolans alternativa undervisningsform har jag intervjuat berörda parter och dessutom gjort en observation. Den alternativa undervisningsformen är en liten undervisningsgrupp som har visat sig vara allt vanligare i grundskolan idag. De barn som blir aktuella har svårt att fungera i stor grupp. Resultatet i min undersökning visar att den alternativa undervisningsformen har stora möjligheter för just de här barnen men det går inte att generalisera och säga att verksamheten är bra för alla elever. Valet av metoder måste väljas utifrån varje elevs behov.

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Alberius, Charlotta, and Birgit Nylander. "Alternativ hylluppställning : En studie på Jönköpings stadsbiblioteks barn- och ungdomsavdelning." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap / Bibliotekshögskolan, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-18396.

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In this Master we have studied classification system and alternative arrangements of books in a public library. The public libraries in Sweden use the SAB classification system. This system was created nearly a hundred years ago in order to suit the librarians and the Swedish society at the time. Today many library users find the system difficult to understand. This and other factors have inspired a number of libraries to arrange books in an alternative and more user-friendly way. We chose Jönköping public library to study their alternative arrangement of fiction books for children and youth. The purpose was to find out why and how the new alternative arrangement of books was done and where the inspiration behind the changes came from. We also wanted to know how the new shelf system had been perceived by the children and the personal staff. We made interviews with three librarians in the library and a questionnaire to the children who visited the library. In order to get a theoretical background we studied classification and alternative shelf systems in literature and in a few Masters. It seems that the main purpose behind the alternative arrangements in Jönköping public library was to make the library more user-friendly and self-instructive. In both interviews and questionnaire the respondents gave a positive picture of the new shelf-system.
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Books on the topic "Alternate bar"

1

Fu ke bing ju jia tiao yang bao jian bai ke. Shijiazhuang Shi: Hebei chu ban chuan mei ji tuan, Hebei ke xue ji shu chu ban she, 2013.

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translator, Shi Shuoyi, ed. Qi dong zi yu li, he yao suan bei tong shuo bai bai: Deguo ren shou yi ben de bei bu bao jian sheng jing. Taibei Shi: Shang zhou chu ban, 2016.

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Larson, Roger M. Evaluation of alternative dowel bar materials and coatings: Final report. Columbus: Ohio Dept. of Transportation, [Office of] Research & Development, 2011.

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Daitai iryō kakumei: Iryō biggu ban no makuake. Tōkyō: Kōsaidō Shuppan, 1999.

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Gan bing bao jian. Xianggang: Ming chuang chu ban she you xian gong si, 2003.

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Association, Multnomah Bar, ed. Ethical conflicts & alternative dispute resolution: Multnomah Bar Association, Thursday, May 23, 2002. [Portland, Or: Multnomah Bar Association, 2002.

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Yang gan jiu shi yang jian kang: Gan hao shen ti hao, bai bing bu lai zhao, bao gan bao jian kang, guan jian kao zi shen. Nanjing shi: Feng huang chu ban chuan mei gu fen you xian gong si, 2015.

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The burglar's dog: Alternative guide to drinking in Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle upon Tyne: Tonto Press, 2007.

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Fujimoto, Yasushi. He ji rou suan tong shuo bai bai! man hua tu jie jian, jing, yao, bei man xing teng tong quan xiao chu. Xinbei Shi Xindian Qu: Ren lei zhi ku shu wei ke ji wen hua you xian gong si, 2016.

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Bai tan Zhong yi kang ai. Mountain View, Calif: Shi jie ke xue chu ban she, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Alternate bar"

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Salleh, Mohd Zulkhairi Mat, Zulkiflee Ibrahim, Mazlin Jumain, Radzuan Saari, Muhammad Farid Muhammad Fathullah, Zulhilmi Ismail, and Muhammad Hidayat Jamal. "Simulation of Flow Profile Response to Alternate Bar Formation in Rivers." In Proceedings of AICCE'19, 1209–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32816-0_92.

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Salleh, M. Z. M., Z. Ibrahim, R. Saari, M. E. Mohd Shariff, and M. Jumain. "The Influence of Vegetated Alternate Bar on Flow Resistance in an Alluvial Straight Channel." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 167–76. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5947-9_14.

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Minarovits, Janos, and Hans Helmut Niller. "Current Trends and Alternative Scenarios in EBV Research." In Epstein Barr Virus, 1–32. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6655-4_1.

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van Oorschot, Paul C. "An Alternate Explanation of two BAN-logic “failures”." In Advances in Cryptology — EUROCRYPT ’93, 443–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48285-7_39.

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Jahn, K., M. Ohlmeier, T. Gödecke-Koch, J. Hoffmann, C. Wilhelm-Gössling, H. M. Emrich, and U. Schneider. "Olanzapin — therapeutische Alternative zur Kombination klassischer Neuroleptika." In 6. Bad Homburger ZNS-Gespräche, 34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05556-4_20.

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Rudolf, Markus. "Alternative Konzepte zur Rettung angeschlagener Banken." In Modell „Bad Bank“: Hintergrund – Konzept – Erfahrungen, 33–59. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-7165-4_2.

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Fine, Janice, and Jennifer Gordon. "Unpacking the Logics of Labour Standards Enforcement: An Alternative Approach." In Are Bad Jobs Inevitable?, 193–207. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-37023-4_12.

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Ramaswamy, Megha, and Nicholas Freudenberg. "Health Promotion in Jails and Prisons: An Alternative Paradigm for Correctional Health Services." In Public Health Behind Bars, 229–48. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71695-4_13.

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Ramaswamy, Megha, and Nicholas Freudenberg. "Health Promotion in Jails and Prisons: An Alternative Paradigm for Correctional Health Services." In Public Health Behind Bars, 219–38. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1807-3_14.

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Acevedo, Mario, Eduardo Haro, and Félix Martínez. "An Alternative Method for the Optimum Dynamic Balancing of the Four-Bar Mechanism." In Multibody Mechatronic Systems, 177–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09858-6_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Alternate bar"

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Lai, Yong G., and Blair P. Greimann. "Numerical Modeling of Alternate Bar Formation Downstream of a Dike." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40927(243)390.

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Lama, Sunil, and Mikio Kuroki. "Effect of alternate bar bed form on sediment division at junction flow." In The International Conference On Fluvial Hydraulics (River Flow 2016). Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315644479-69.

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Johnston, Shelby L., Alexander Torres, Matthew Palmer, and John Holbrook. "ALTERNATE MODELS FOR THE COMMON POINT BAR: ORIGIN AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE FRAGMENTARY AND THE MUDDY-NORMAL POINT BAR." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-282371.

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Krylenko, Marina, Marina Krylenko, Alexandr Aleynikov, Alexandr Aleynikov, Viacheslav Krylenko, and Viacheslav Krylenko. "ANALYSIS OF LONG-TERM DYNAMICS OF THE ANAPA BAY-BAR WATER EDGE." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b94839c0f35.18709780.

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To determine the long-term dynamics of the Anapa bay-bar we analyzed aerial photographs 1941-1944, satellite images of 1960-80s and from 2003 to the present. In the analysis of the long-term variations in the water edge one has to take into account the configuration of the shoreline at the moment of survey and local short-term dynamics. The average value of the water edge displacement over 47 years was 23 m in the direction to the coast. There are areas of severe erosion on the northern and southern parts. The central part of the bay-bar can be called relatively stable. Regions of comparable erosion and accumulation alternate here. The obtained data clarified and gave a more detailed estimate of the evolution of the coastline dynamics of the Anapa bay-bar.
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Krylenko, Marina, Marina Krylenko, Alexandr Aleynikov, Alexandr Aleynikov, Viacheslav Krylenko, and Viacheslav Krylenko. "ANALYSIS OF LONG-TERM DYNAMICS OF THE ANAPA BAY-BAR WATER EDGE." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_589b5c1a6afaa.

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To determine the long-term dynamics of the Anapa bay-bar we analyzed aerial photographs 1941-1944, satellite images of 1960-80s and from 2003 to the present. In the analysis of the long-term variations in the water edge one has to take into account the configuration of the shoreline at the moment of survey and local short-term dynamics. The average value of the water edge displacement over 47 years was 23 m in the direction to the coast. There are areas of severe erosion on the northern and southern parts. The central part of the bay-bar can be called relatively stable. Regions of comparable erosion and accumulation alternate here. The obtained data clarified and gave a more detailed estimate of the evolution of the coastline dynamics of the Anapa bay-bar.
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de, T., S. Dinnissen, B. Vermeulen, P. Hazenberg, and A. Hoitink. "Dune and alternate bar detection in a laboratory flume using a 3D laser scanner." In The International Conference On Fluvial Hydraulics (River Flow 2016). Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315644479-173.

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Somanchi, Naga Sarada, Sri Rama Devi Rangisetty, Sudheer PremKumar Bellam, Ravi Gugulothu, and Samuel Bellam. "Experimental Investigations on Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Horizontal Tube Using Converging and Diverging Conical Strips." In ASME 2014 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2014-8287.

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The present work deals with the results of the experimental investigations carried out on augmentation of turbulent flow heat transfer in a horizontal circular tube by means of tube inserts, with air as working fluid. Experiments were carried out initially for the plain tube (without tube inserts). The Nusselt number and friction factor obtained experimentally were validated against those obtained from theoretical correlations. Secondly experimental investigations using six kinds of tube inserts namely Rectangular bar with diverging conical strips, Rectangular bar with converging conical strips, Rectangular bar with alternate converging diverging conical strips, Rectangular bar with holes and diverging conical strips, Rectangular bar with holes and converging conical strips and Rectangular bar with holes and alternate converging diverging conical strips were carried out to estimate the enhancement of heat transfer rate for air in the presence of inserts. The Reynolds number ranged from 8000 to 19000. In the presence of inserts, Nusselt number and pressure drop increased, overall enhancement ratio is calculated to determine the optimum geometry of the tube insert. Based on experimental investigations, it is observed that, the enhancement of heat transfer using Rectangular bar with diverging conical strips is more effective compared to other inserts.
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Jackson, John E., James S. Foresi, and Gordon H. Burkhardt. "Laser diode bar collimation using binary optics." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.tuff1.

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Design, fabrication, and testing results are given for a laser diode collimator which uses a binary optics corrector (BOC). Previous collimator designs used an acylindrical lens which was difficult and expensive to fabricate. The BOC was designed for use on a flat fused silica substrate which was cemented to a biconvex cylindrical F/1 microlens to form a single-axis collimator for a linear array of laser diode outputs at 860 nm. Test results show that the microcollimator system is diffraction-limited (100% localized Strehl ratio). The tolerance analysis indicates a highly producible lens with high yield. The capital equipment requirements to process and fabricate the BOC are modest and very cost-effective when compared to alternate approaches. Both a two-level and an eight-level BOC were produced as part of the development process, with both performing as predicted by the design analysis. Standard antireflection coatings were applied to achieve high transmission. Assembly of the lens and corrector required only that the pieces be placed on a suitably flat surface and bonded together.
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Yano, M., S. Yamaguchi, Y. Hirai, and Y. Watanabe. "Flume experiments and linear stability analyses on the alternate bar formation and profile under non-uniform sediment condition." In The International Conference On Fluvial Hydraulics (River Flow 2016). Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315644479-177.

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Dix, Joseph, Amir Jokar, and Robert Martinsen. "A Microchannel Heat Exchanger for Electronics Cooling Applications." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2008-62351.

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The power consumption of electronic devices, such as semiconductor diode laser bars, has continually increased in recent years while the heat transfer area for rejecting the associated thermal energy has decreased. As a result, the generated heat fluxes have become more intense making the thermal management of thes systems more complicated. Air cooling methods are not adequate for many applications, while liquid cooled heat rejection methods can be sufficient. Significantly higher convection heat transfer coefficients and heat capacities associated with liquids, compared to gases, are largely accountable for higher heat rejection capabilities through the micro-scale systems. Forced convection in micro-scale systems, where heat transfer surface area to fluid volume ratio is much higher than similar macro-scale systems, is also a major contributor to the enhanced cooling capabilities of microchannels. There is a balance, however, in that more power is required by microchannels due to the large amount of pressure drop that are developed through such small channels. The objective of this study is to improve and enhance heat transfer through a microchannel heat exchanger using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. A commercial software package was used to simulate fluid flow and heat transfer through the existing microchannels, as well as to improve its designs. Three alternate microchannel designs were explored, all with hydraulic diameters on the order of 300 microns. The resulting temperature profiles were analyzed for the three designs, and both the heat transfer and pressure drop performances were compared. The optimal microchannel cooler was found to have a thermal resistance of about 0.07 °C-cm2/W and a pressure drop of less than half of a bar.
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Reports on the topic "Alternate bar"

1

Dumont, Joseph Henry, Shaylynn LaSonja Amechie Crum, Charles Zhao, Eamonn Conor Murphy, Sean Duncan Reardon, So Young Lee, Kwan Soo Lee, Andrea Labouriau, Tristan M. Karns, and Paul Herrick Smith. Functional Testing of Alternative Bag-Out Bag for PF-4 Implementation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1458917.

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Küçükbay, Esma. Türki̇ye’de Arabuluculuk, Uzlaştirma ve Tahki̇m’i̇n Güncel Durumu. İLKE İlim Kültür Eğitim Vakfı, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26414/pn027.

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Geleneksel yargı usullerinde iş yükünün fazlalığı ile uzun ve pahalı yargı süreçleri, tarafları yıpratmakta ve tarafların adalete geç ulaş-malarına sebep olmaktadır. Yargılama sürelerinin uzunluğu ve bu süreçte tarafların katlanmakla yükümlü oldukları sorumluluklar bir problem haline gelmektedir. Bu sebeple dünyada ve ülkemizde özellikle yerel mahkemelerde tarafların barışçıl yöntemlerle çözüme kavuşturulması ve tarafları, tatmin eden sonuçlara hızlı ve ucuz yollarla ulaşması amacıyla çeşitli alternatif uyuşmazlık çö-züm yöntemleri geliştirilmektedir. Bu usuller, bir uyuşmazlık yaşanması halinde hakem sözleşmesinde olduğu gibi önceden; ara-buluculuk veya uzlaştırma sistemlerinde olduğu gibi sonradan tarafların bir araya getirilerek konuşmalarını ve müzakere etmelerini amaçlar. Alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemleri, bağımsız ve tarafsız üçüncü kişilerin yönetimiyle tarafların kendi sorunlarına kendi çözümlerini üretmelerini hedefler. Bu politika notunda, arabuluculuk ve uzlaşma yöntemlerinin mevcut durumu değerlendirilecek ve ulaşılan veriler ışığında somut çözüm önerileri paylaşılacaktır
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Yıldız, Furkan. Türkiye ve Yeşil Ekonomi: Mevcut Durum ve Öneriler. İLKE İlim Kültür Eğitim Vakfı, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26414/pn023.

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Sanayi Devrimi ile birlikte hız kazanan kitlesel üretim “her şeye rağmen üretim” anlayışının hâkim olduğu bir ekonomik yarışı beraberinde getirmiştir. Böylelikle ülkeler bu yarışta geri kalmamak adına üretimlerini en üst seviyeye çıkarmışlardır. Ancak bu durum beraberinde savaş, küresel ısınma, iklim değişikliği gibi birçok toplumsal ya da çevresel problemleri beraberinde getirmiştir. Yaşanan bu gelişmeler günün sonunda neoliberal politikaların ciddi bir biçimde sorgulanmasına ve bu hâkim paradigmaya alternatif bakış açıları geliştirilmesine neden olmuştur. Mevcut iktisadi sisteme alternatif olarak öne sürülen yaklaşımlardan biri de yeşil ekonomidir. Özünde ekonomi, çevre ve toplumun sürdürülebilirliği ilkesini taşıyan yeşil ekonomi özellikle 1980’ler itibariyle çevresel kirliliğin artması ile giderek önem kazanan bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu cihette ülkeler hem kendi inisiyatifleriyle politikalarına yeşil ekonomik anlayışı adapte etmeye hem de uluslararası toplumca atılan adımlara taraf olmaya başlamışlardır. Bu politika notunda Türkiye’nin yeşil ekonomi bağlamında mevcut durumu incelenmiş ve birtakım politika önerilerinde bulunulmuştur. Türkiye’nin mevcut performansı değerlendirildiğinde elde ettiği bazı kazanımlar olmasına rağmen yeşil ekonomik sistemi toplumsal ya da kamusal alanda zihinlere henüz yeterince yerleştiremediği anlaşılmaktadır
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Gombeda, Matthew, Estevan Rivera, and Zoe Lallas. Optimal Approach for Addressing Reinforcement Corrosion for Concrete Bridge Decks in Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-005.

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This report presents the results of a comprehensive literature review focusing on corrosion performance of reinforced concrete bridge decks, with a particular emphasis on the relative performance of alternative corrosion-resistant reinforcement types. Examples of alternative corrosion-protection options examined herein include epoxy-coated, galvanized, stainless-steel, and A1035 bars, considering conventional black reinforcing bars as the standard. Based upon the results of the literature review, a framework for determining the optimal reinforcement option for a bridge deck is presented as a function of the properties of each reinforcement type and other factors, such as design service life, location of the bridge, estimated maintenance/repair cycles, and relative costs. Several examples are also provided to demonstrate the procedure for using the framework and its applicability for different bridge types with varying design considerations, such as a congested urban artery and a rural interstate. The literature review findings and the optimal approach framework were crafted for use by bridge design engineers as preliminary guidance when determining the type of reinforcement for a given bridge deck and its corresponding conditions. Furthermore, the approach can also be used by Illinois Department of Transportation officials when deciding whether to invest in higher performing corrosion-protection systems for a given application or for updating current bridge design policies to reflect the latest developments in alternative corrosion-resistant reinforcement options.
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Gann, Richard G., and Richard G. Gann. Fire suppression system performance of alternative agents in aircraft engine and dry bay laboratory simulations. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.890v1.

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Gann, Richard G., and Richard G. Gann. Fire suppression system performance of alternative agents in aircraft engine and dry bay laboratory simulations. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.890v2.

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Thegeya, Aaron, Thomas Mitterling, Arturo Martinez Jr, Joseph Albert Niño Bulan, Ron Lester Durante, and Jayzon Mag-atas. Application of Machine Learning Algorithms on Satellite Imagery for Road Quality Monitoring: An Alternative Approach to Road Quality Surveys. Asian Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220587-2.

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This paper examines the feasibility of using satellite imagery and artificial intelligence to develop an efficient and cost-effective way to determine and predict the condition of roads in the Asia and Pacific region. The paper notes that collecting information on road quality is difficult, particularly in harder to reach middle- and low-income areas, and explains why this method offers an alternative. It shows how the study’s preliminary algorithm was created using satellite imagery and existing road roughness data from the Philippines. It assesses the accuracy rate and finds it sufficient for the preliminary identification of poor to bad roads. It notes that additional enhancements are needed to increase its prediction accuracy and make it more robust.
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Fluhr, Robert, and Volker Brendel. Harnessing the genetic diversity engendered by alternative gene splicing. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696517.bard.

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Our original objectives were to assess the unexplored dimension of alternative splicing as a source of genetic variation. In particular, we sought to initially establish an alternative splicing database for Arabidopsis, the only plant for which a near-complete genome has been assembled. Our goal was to then use the database, in part, to advance plant gene prediction programs that are currently a limiting factor in annotating genomic sequence data and thus will facilitate the exploitation of the ever increasing quantity of raw genomic data accumulating for plants. Additionally, the database was to be used to generate probes for establishing high-throughput alternative transcriptome analysis in the form of a splicing-specific oligonucleotide microarray. We achieved the first goal and established a database and web site termed Alternative Splicing In Plants (ASIP, http://www.plantgdb.org/ASIP/). We also thoroughly reviewed the extent of alternative splicing in plants (Arabidopsis and rice) and proposed mechanisms for transcript processing. We noted that the repertoire of plant alternative splicing differs from that encountered in animals. For example, intron retention turned out to be the major type. This surprising development was proven by direct RNA isolation techniques. We further analyzed EST databases available from many plants and developed a process to assess their alternative splicing rate. Our results show that the lager genome-sized plant species have enhanced rates of alternative splicing. We did advance gene prediction accuracy in plants by incorporating scoring for non-canonical introns. Our data and programs are now being used in the continuing annotation of plant genomes of agronomic importance, including corn, soybean, and tomato. Based on the gene annotation data developed in the early part of the project, it turned out that specific probes for different exons could not be scaled up to a large array because no uniform hybridization conditions could be found. Therefore, we modified our original objective to design and produce an oligonucleotide microarray for probing alternative splicing and realized that it may be reasonable to investigate the extent of alternative splicing using novel commercial whole genome arrays. This possibility was directly examined by establishing algorithms for the analysis of such arrays. The predictive value of the algorithms was then shown by isolation and verification of alternative splicing predictions from the published whole genome array databases. The BARD-funded work provides a significant advance in understanding the extent and possible roles of alternative splicing in plants as well as a foundation for advances in computational gene prediction.
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Ceylan, Mustafa. Toplumun Faizli Krediye Dair Değişen Algısı Hakkında Bir Mülakat Çalışması. İLKE İlim Kültür Eğitim Vakfı, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26414/ikm004.

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Faiz, en bilinen tabiri ile kiralanan paranın kira bedeli anlamındadır. İslam iktisadı, Bakara Suresi’nin 275 ayeti kerimesinde de bildirildiği üzere ticaretin helal, faizin (ribâ) haram kılınması düsturu ile hareket etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yukarıda bahsedilen faizin haramlığı düsturu da temel alınarak, günümüz kapitalist sisteminde kilit rol oynayan faizin, bireylerin bakış açılarında nasıl bir yer edindiğini araştırmak için yapılmıştır. İslam iktisadının ilkelerini yerine getirmeye çalışılarak oluşturulan kurumların, toplum tarafından nasıl değerlendirildiği de öğrenilmiş olunacaktır. Çalışma boyunca nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Nitel araştırmada veri toplamak için mülakat yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Mülakata katılan kişi sayısı 23 kişi olarak belirlenmiştir. Temel bulgulara göre, mülakatlara katılan bireylerin çoğu çevreden borç istemeden bankalara gitmektedir. Toplumsal ilişkilerin, maddi konularda yeterince kapsayıcı olmadığı göze çarpmaktadır. Bununla birlikte bireyler kendi yuvalarını kurmak için yuvadan ayrıldıkları zaman kendi ailelerine karşı “el(yabancı)” statüsüne geçmektedirler. Araştırmamız için görüştüğümüz bireylerden, ihtiyacı olan maddi miktarı bulmanın yollarından biri olan alternatif kurumları bilen birey sayısının az olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Tekrar faizli kredi çekmeyi düşünen bireylerin bu kararlarındaki en önemli etken “hayallerini ertelememek üzerine kurulu bir dünya görüşüne” sahip olmalarıdır.
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Tanny, Josef, Gabriel Katul, Shabtai Cohen, and Meir Teitel. Micrometeorological methods for inferring whole canopy evapotranspiration in large agricultural structures: measurements and modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594402.bard.

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Original objectives and revisions The original objectives as stated in the approved proposal were: (1) To establish guidelines for the use of micrometeorological techniques as accurate, reliable and low-cost tools for continuous monitoring of whole canopy ET of common crops grown in large agricultural structures. (2) To adapt existing methods for protected cultivation environments. (3) To combine previously derived theoretical models of air flow and scalar fluxes in large agricultural structures (an outcome of our previous BARD project) with ET data derived from application of turbulent transport techniques for different crops and structure types. All the objectives have been successfully addressed. The study was focused on both screenhouses and naturally ventilated greenhouses, and all proposed methods were examined. Background to the topic Our previous BARD project established that the eddy covariance (EC) technique is suitable for whole canopy evapotranspiration measurements in large agricultural screenhouses. Nevertheless, the eddy covariance technique remains difficult to apply in the farm due to costs, operational complexity, and post-processing of data – thereby inviting alternative techniques to be developed. The subject of this project was: 1) the evaluation of four turbulent transport (TT) techniques, namely, Surface Renewal (SR), Flux-Variance (FV), Half-order Time Derivative (HTD) and Bowen Ratio (BR), whose instrumentation needs and operational demands are not as elaborate as the EC, to estimate evapotranspiration within large agricultural structures; and 2) the development of mathematical models able to predict water savings and account for the external environmental conditions, physiological properties of the plant, and structure properties as well as to evaluate the necessary micrometeorological conditions for utilizing the above turbulent transfer methods in such protected environments. Major conclusions and achievements The major conclusions are: (i) the SR and FV techniques were suitable for reliable estimates of ET in shading and insect-proof screenhouses; (ii) The BR technique was reliable in shading screenhouses; (iii) HTD provided reasonable results in the shading and insect proof screenhouses; (iv) Quality control analysis of the EC method showed that conditions in the shading and insect proof screenhouses were reasonable for flux measurements. However, in the plastic covered greenhouse energy balance closure was poor. Therefore, the alternative methods could not be analyzed in the greenhouse; (v) A multi-layered flux footprint model was developed for a ‘generic’ crop canopy situated within a protected environment such as a large screenhouse. The new model accounts for the vertically distributed sources and sinks within the canopy volume as well as for modifications introduced by the screen on the flow field and microenvironment. The effect of the screen on fetch as a function of its relative height above the canopy is then studied for the first time and compared to the case where the screen is absent. The model calculations agreed with field experiments based on EC measurements from two screenhouse experiments. Implications, both scientific and agricultural The study established for the first time, both experimentally and theoretically, the use of four simple TT techniques for ET estimates within large agricultural screenhouses. Such measurements, along with reliable theoretical models, will enable the future development of lowcost ET monitoring system which will be attainable for day-to-day use by growers in improving irrigation management.
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