Journal articles: 'Alternaria'

1

Huerva, Valentín, and Jordi Soldevila. "Alternaria alternata keratitis." Medicina Clínica (English Edition) 149, no. 10 (November 2017): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medcle.2017.10.013.

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AlMatar, Manaf, Isıl Var, and Fatih Koksal. "How Does Alternaria alternata-Derived Alternariol Affect Our Health?" Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 13, no. 6 (January 11, 2017): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570193x13666161027125015.

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Haggblom, P. "De novo Synthesis of Alternariol in Conidia of Alternaria alternata." Microbiology 133, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 3527–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-133-12-3527.

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Nira, Sayma T., Md Farhad Hossain, Nur Uddin Mahmud, Oliul Hassan, Md Tofazzal Islam, and Abdul M. Akanda. "Alternaria leaf spot of broccoli caused by Alternaria alternata in Bangladesh." Plant Protection Science 58, No. 1 (December 17, 2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/44/2020-pps.

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This study aimed to isolate and characterise the pathogen associated with Alternaria leaf spot on broccoli and to evaluate the inhibitory effects of fungicides against it. We isolated and identified the fungal pathogen as Alternaria sp. using morphological and cultural methods. Based on the aligned sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and molecular phylogenetic analysis by the neighbour-joining method, the isolates (Ab1 and Ab2) were confirmed as Alternaria alternata. The conidia of the isolates were dark brown, cylindrical, obclavate to muriform. The conidiophores were olivaceous brown, septate, and branched. The conidial morphology of the isolates ranged from 52.4–92.4 × 10–20 μm with 2–6 transverse and 0–3 longitudinal septa. Both isolates yielded positive results in the pathogenicity test on broccoli leaves by developing brown and circular spots with concentric rings on the leaves surrounded by yellow halos. The culture studies revealed that the maximum growth of the pathogen was obtained at 30 °C and pH 6.0. Tilt 250 WC showed the highest potential in suppressing the mycelial growth of the A. alternata in vitro at a concentration as low as 50 µg/mL. The results from this study contributed to the positive identification of the pathogen and characterised A. alternata as a destructive pathogen of broccoli which may be successfully controlled by the fungicide Tilt.

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Huerva, Valentín, and Jordi Soldevila. "Queratitis por Alternaria alternata." Medicina Clínica 149, no. 10 (November 2017): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2017.05.017.

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Ostry, V. "Alternaria mycotoxins: an overview of chemical characterization, producers, toxicity, analysis and occurrence in foodstuffs." World Mycotoxin Journal 1, no. 2 (May 1, 2008): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2008.x013.

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Microfungi of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous pathogens and saprophytes. Many species of the genus Alternaria commonly cause spoilage of various food crops in the field or post-harvest decay. Due to their growth even at low temperatures, they are also responsible for spoilage of these commodities during refrigerated transport and storage. Several Alternaria species are known producers of toxic secondary metabolites - Alternaria mycotoxins. A. alternata produces a number of mycotoxins, including alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, altertoxins I, II, III, tenuazonic acid and other less toxic metabolites. Tenuazonic acid is toxic to several animal species, e.g. mice, chicken, dogs. Alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene and altertoxin I are not very acutely toxic. There are several reports on the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of alternariol, and alternariol monomethyl ether. Alternariol has been identified as a topoisomerase I and II poison which might contribute to the impairment of DNA integrity in human colon carcinoma cells. Analytical methods to determine Alternaria toxins are largely based on procedures, involving cleanup by solvent partitioning or solid phase extraction, followed by chromatographic separation techniques, in combination with ultraviolet, fluorescence, electrochemical and mass spectroscopic detection. A large number of Alternaria metabolites has been reported to occur naturally in food commodities (e.g. fruit, vegetables, cereals and oil plants). Alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether and tenuazonic acid were frequently detected in apples, apple products, mandarins, olives, pepper, red pepper, tomatoes, tomato products, oilseed rape meal, sunflower seeds, sorghum, wheat and edible oils. Alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether were detected in citrus fruit, Japanese pears, prune nectar, raspberries, red currant, carrots, barley and oats. Alternariol monomethyl ether and tenuazonic acid were detected in melon. Natural occurrence of alternariol has been reported in apple juice, cranberry juice, grape juice, prune nectar, raspberry juice, red wine and lentils.

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DURSUN, Özer, Mustafa VATANSEVER, Erdem DİNÇ, F. Merve BOZKURT, Ayşe Ayça SARI, and Ufuk ADIGÜZEL. "A Case of Alternaria Alternata Keratitis." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Ophthalmology 26, no. 3 (2017): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/ophthal.2015-48470.

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Andersen, Birgitte, and Ulf Thrane. "Differentiation of Altemaria infectoria and Alternaria alternata based on morphology, metabolite profiles, and cultural characteristics." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 42, no. 7 (July 1, 1996): 685–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m96-093.

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Some small-spored species belonging to the genus Alternaria Nees have been studied according to their chemical, morphological, and cultural characteristics. A data matrix was constructed based on a combination of characters. Cluster analysis of the combined data set showed good resolution of two groups of small-spored Alternaria: the Alternaria infectoria group and the Alternaria alternata group. Isolates in the A. infectoria group produced only unique metabolites of unknown identity, whereas all isolates in the A. alternata group produced alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether. Furthermore, the analysis showed that the A. alternata group and A. infectoria group each could be subdivided into three groups. The colour of fungal colonies on dichloran rose bengal yeast extract sucrose agar was another useful character to differentiate between the A. infectoria and A. alternata groups.Key words: Alternaria infectoria, Alternaria alternata, secondary metabolites, cluster analysis.

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AZCARATE, M. P., A. PATRIARCA, L. TERMINIELLO, and V. FERNÁNDEZ PINTO. "Alternaria Toxins in Wheat during the 2004 to 2005 Argentinean Harvest." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 1262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.6.1262.

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The natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in Argentinean wheat from the zone 5 South during the 2004 to 2005 harvest was investigated in 64 wheat samples. All samples were highly contaminated with a wide range of fungal species. Alternaria was found as the main component of the mycota, with an infection percentage of 100%. Three mycotoxins produced by species of Alternaria were determined in wheat: alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tenuazonic acid. Alternariol was detected in 4 (6%) of 64 samples, with a range of 645 to 1,388 μg/kg (mean of 1,054 μg/kg); alternariol monomethyl ether, with a range of 566 to 7,451 μg/kg (mean of 2,118 μg/kg) in 15 (23%) of 64 samples; and tenuazonic acid in 12 (19%) of 64 samples, with a range of 1,001 to 8,814 μg/kg (mean, 2,313 μg/kg). Alternariol monomethyl ether was the predominant toxin, but tenuazonic acid was detected in higher concentrations. Alternariol was present in fewer samples and in lower levels than were the other toxins. Tenuazonic acid and alternariol monomethyl ether occurred together in four samples, while tenuazonic acid and alternariol co-occurred in one sample. This the first report of the natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in Argentinean wheat. Toxin levels were high, probably due to the heavy infection with Alternaria species found in the samples.

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Abdou, Randa, Gouda H. Attia, Mariam Mojally, Mohamed Dawoud, and Mostafa E. Rateb. "Bioguided Isolation of Alternariol Derivatives from Ficus-derived Endophyte Alternaria alternata." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research 56, no. 2 (March 16, 2022): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/ijper.56.2.71.

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MASIELLO, Mario, Romy EL GHORAYEB, Stefania SOMMA, Carine SAAB, Giuseppe MECA, Antonio F. LOGRIECO, Wassim HABIB, and Antonio MORETTI. "Alternaria species and related mycotoxin detection in Lebanese durum wheat grain." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 16, no. 2 (September 15, 2022): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-13396.

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Alternaria is a ubiquitous genus that may infect wheat in many countries, causing the disease black point. The present study aimed to assess contamination by fungi, of durum wheat kernels from Lebanon, and identify the main Alternaria species contaminants. Alternaria was detected in the majority (97%) of the inspected fields. Contamination by Alternaria differed among the samples according to their geographical origins. The greatest contamination was detected in the West Bekaa area (average 59%), followed by Akkar (55%), and lowest was observed in Baalbeck (2%). HPLC-DAD analyses performed on grain samples showed that altenuene, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tenuazonic acid were not detected in any sample. Phylogenetic analyses, based on DNA sequences of β-tubulin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and calmodulin gene fragments, showed that Alternaria field strains belonged to two major sections: Alternaria (51%) and Infectoriae (40%). The remaining strains were in separate clades in sections Ulocladioides (3%), Chalastospora (3%) and Pseudoalternaria (3%). Although this study revealed no contamination of wheat kernels by Alternaria mycotoxins, the potential risk of mycotoxin accumulation remains high due to the widespread occurrence of toxigenic Alternaria species on kernels.

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Janić Hajnal, Elizabet, Jasna Mastilović, Ferenc Bagi, Dejan Orčić, Dragana Budakov, Jovana Kos, and Zagorka Savić. "Effect of Wheat Milling Process on the Distribution of Alternaria Toxins." Toxins 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030139.

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Alternaria toxins are mycotoxins produced by various Alternaria species which, besides the Fusarium species, represent the principal contaminants of wheat worldwide. As currently, only limited information on the behaviour of Alternaria toxins during processing of cereals is available, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the dry milling process of wheat on Alternaria toxins distribution. Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) content were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in all milling fractions of untreated (control), fungicide-treated, Alternaria tenuissima inoculated and commercial wheat sample. After dry milling process, in last break and milling flows and by-products, increased concentration of examined Alternaria toxins was detected. TeA was quantified in almost all milling fractions in all tested wheat samples, while AOH and AME were detectable mostly in last break and milling flows and by-products. In respect to the contamination with Alternaria toxins, white flour can be considered as relatively safe product. Since Alternaria toxins are concentrated mainly in the peripheral parts of the kernel, a special attention should be given to their content in low-grade flours and milling by-products.

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TOURNAS, V. H., and MICHAEL E. STACK. "Production of Alternariol and Alternariol Methyl Ether by Alternaria alternata Grown on Fruits at Various Temperatures." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 528–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.4.528.

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Two toxigenic strains of the fungus Alternaria alternata (ATCC 56836 and ATCC 66868) were grown on surface-disinfected, fresh, ripe fruits and tested for the production of alternariol (AOH) and alternariol methyl ether (AME). Examined fruits included strawberries; red and green seedless grapes; concord grapes; red delicious, golden delicious, and gala apples; and blueberries. After inoculation, fruits were incubated at 4, 10°C, or room temperature (approximately 21°C) for up to 3 weeks. At weekly intervals, duplicate samples were analyzed for AOH and AME by using liquid chromatography. Results indicated that A. alternata and its metabolites were not a major problem in strawberries due to the presence of fast-growing molds like Rhizopus and Botrytis that outgrew and possibly inhibited Alternaria. Both Alternaria strains showed limited growth on apples, although fast-growing molds were not present after surface disinfection; AOH and AME were produced only by the ATCC 56836 strain on the golden delicious and gala varieties, (ranging from <0.1 to 5 μg/g and <0.1 to 14 μg/g for AOH and AME, respectively). Restricted growth of both strains without toxin production occurred in blueberries, whereas moderate growth and AOH (<0.1 to 3,336 μg/g) and AME (<0.1 to 1,716 μg/g) production took place in grapes.

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Masiello, Mario, Stefania Somma, Antonia Susca, Veronica Ghionna, Antonio Francesco Logrieco, Matteo Franzoni, Stefano Ravaglia, Giuseppe Meca, and Antonio Moretti. "Molecular Identification and Mycotoxin Production by Alternaria Species Occurring on Durum Wheat, Showing Black Point Symptoms." Toxins 12, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040275.

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Black point is a fungal disease of wheat, mainly associated with mycotoxigenic Alternaria species. Affected wheat kernels are characterized by dark brown discolouration of the embryo region and reduction of grain quality. Potential risk is the possible accumulation of Alternaria mycotoxins, alternariol (AOH), alternariol-monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TA), and altenuene (ALT), provided by haemato-toxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic activities. One hundred and twenty durum wheat samples belonging to 30 different genotypes grown in Bologna and Modena areas, in Italy, showing black point symptoms, were analyzed for Alternaria species and their mycotoxin contamination. Alternariol was selected as an indicator of the capability of the Alternaria species to produce mycotoxin in vivo in field conditions. The data showed that Alternaria species occurred in 118 out of 120 wheat kernels samples, with the incidence of infected kernels ranging between 1% and 26%. Moreover, AOH was detected by using a HPLC with a diode array detector (LC-DAD) in 98 out of 120 samples with values ranging between 24 and 262 µg Kg−1. Ninety-two Alternaria representative strains, previously identified morphologically, were identified at species/section level using gene sequencing, and therefore were analyzed for their mycotoxin profiles. Eighty-four strains, phylogenetically grouped in the Alternaria section, produced AOH, AME, and TA with values up to 8064, 14,341, and 3683 µg g−1, respectively, analyzed by using a LC-DAD. On the other hand, eight Alternaria strains, included in Infectoriae Section, showed a very low or no capability to produce mycotoxins.

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ZUR, GIDEON, EYAL SHIMONI, ERIC HALLERMAN, and YECHEZKEL KASHI. "Detection of Alternaria Fungal Contamination in Cereal Grains by a Polymerase Chain Reaction–Based Assay." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 1433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.9.1433.

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Alternaria sp. are important fungal contaminants of grain products; they secrete four structural classes of compounds that are toxic or carcinogenic to plants and animals and cause considerable economic losses to growers and the food-processing industry. Alternaria toxins have been detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and other techniques. Here, we report the development of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based method for the detection of Alternaria DNA. PCR primers were designed to anneal to the ITS1 and ITS2 regions of the 5.8S rDNA gene of Alternaria alternata or Alternaria solani but not to other microbial or plant DNA. We compared the sensitivity of PCR in detecting Alternaria DNA, that of the HPLC method in detecting Alternaria alternariol and alternariol methyl ether toxins, and that of the morphological examination of mycelia and conidia in experimentally infested corn samples. The sensitivity of toxin detection for HPLC was above the level of contamination in a set of commercially obtained grain samples, resulting in negative scores for all samples, while the PCR-based method and mold growth plating followed by morphological identification of Alternaria gave parallel, positive results for 8 of 10 samples. The PCR assay required just 8 h, enabling the rapid and simultaneous testing of many samples at a low cost. PCR-based evidence for the presence of Alternaria DNA followed by positive assay results for Alternaria toxins would support the rejection of a shipment of grain.

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Leite, João, João Romano, Virginia Lopes, Miguel Mesquita Neves, Miguel Gomes, and Luis Oliveira. "Case Report: Alternaria alternata keratitis." International Medical Case Reports Journal Volume 16 (January 2023): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/imcrj.s392781.

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Orina*, Alexandra Stanislavovna, Olga Pavlovna Gavrilova, Tatyana Yuryevna Gagkaeva, and Nadezhda Nikolayevna Gogina. "Contamination of grain in West Siberia by Alternaria fungi and their mycotoxins." PLANT PROTECTION NEWS 104, no. 3 (October 14, 2021): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31993/2308-6459-2021-104-3-15019.

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The ubiquitous occurrence of Alternaria fungi belonging to sections Alternaria and Infectoriae was confirmed using real-time PCR in wheat, barley and oat grain grown in West Siberia in 2018‒2019. The DNA amount of Alternaria section Alternaria fungi varied from 53×10-4 to 21731×10-4 pg/ng and on average exceeded the DNA amount of Alternaria section Infectoriae fungi by 4.5‒14.6 times, depending on the crop and harvest year.The average DNA amount of Alternaria fungi belonging to both sections in the oat grain was lower than in wheat and barley grain. The grain samples from Altay region were the most infected with Alternaria fungi. The alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) mycotoxins produced by Alternaria fungi were detected by HPLC-MS/MS in 23 %, 6 %, 85 %, and 83 % of analyzed grain samples, respectively. The majority (61 %) of the samples contained two Alternaria mycotoxins in the grain (mainly TEN and TeA), 19 % of the samples three mycotoxins, and only one sample all four together. In the most of samples the content of Alternaria mycotoxins did not exceed 100 μg/kg, and only TeA content was higher (from 113 to 14963 μg/kg) than others. The significant differences in grain crops by the Alternaria mycotoxins content were revealed: more amounts of AOH, AME, and less amount of TEN were found in oat grain then in barley grain. A high positive significant correlation between the DNA amount of Alternaria section Alternaria fungi and TeA was established that indicates the role of these fungi as the main producers of TeA in the grain.

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SANCHIS, V., A. SANCLEMENTE, J. USALL, and I. VIÑAS. "Incidence of Mycotoxigenic Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus flavus in Barley." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.3.246.

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The predominant fungal species present in 60 samples of barley collected in Spain were Alternaria alternata, Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus flavus. Of the 176 Alternaria isolates examined, 88.6% produced tenuazonic acid, 15.3% produced alternariol, and 9% produced alternariol monomethyl ether. Only 6% of the 190 isolates of A. flavus produced aflatoxin.

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Meena, Suresh, RP Ghasolia, and Jitendra Sharma. "Efficacy of fungicides against Alternaria alternata causing alternaria blight of fennel." International Journal of Chemical Studies 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 723–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i2k.8854.

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Taba, Satoshi, Ayano Takara, Kanami Nasu, Nao Miyahira, Tetsuya Takushi, and Zen-ichi Moromizato. "Alternaria leaf spot of basil caused by Alternaria alternata in Japan." Journal of General Plant Pathology 75, no. 2 (February 19, 2009): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10327-009-0148-2.

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Dasharathbhai Ajayabhai, Chaudhary, Kedar Nath, Tabis Bekriwala, and Mabhu Bala. "Management of Alternaria leaf blight of groundnut caused by Alternaria alternata." Indian Phytopathology 71, no. 4 (December 2018): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42360-018-0083-2.

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Logrieco, A., A. Moretti, and M. Solfrizzo. "Alternaria toxins and plant diseases: an overview of origin, occurrence and risks." World Mycotoxin Journal 2, no. 2 (May 1, 2009): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2009.1145.

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The genus Alternaria includes both plant-pathogenic and saprophytic species, which may affect crops in the field or cause harvest and postharvest decay of plant products. The taxonomy of the genus Alternaria is not well-defined yet. A polyphasic approach based on morphological features, phylogeny and toxin profiles could be the key to a correct identification at species level and the evaluation of mycotoxin risks associated with fungal contamination. Species of Alternaria are known to produce many metabolites, mostly phytotoxins, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of plants. However, certain species, in particular the most common one A. alternata, are capable of producing several mycotoxins in infected plants and/or in agricultural commodities. The major Alternaria mycotoxins belong to three structural classes: the tetramic acid derivative, tenuazonic acid; the dibenzopyrone derivatives, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether and altenuene; and the perylene derivatives, the altertoxins. The toxic effects of the Alternaria toxins have not yet received the same attention as the biological activities of other mycotoxins. However, the Alternaria mycotoxins should not be underestimated since they are produced by several Alternaria species frequently associated with a wide range of diseases in many plants of a high agrifood value. The major problems associated with Alternaria mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products are illustrated by focusing on various crops and their relevant diseases, e.g. black rot of tomato, olive, and carrots; black and grey rot of citrus fruits; black point of small-grain cereals; and Alternaria diseases of apples.

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Ramires, Francesca, Mario Masiello, Stefania Somma, Alessandra Villani, Antonia Susca, Antonio Logrieco, Carlos Luz, Giuseppe Meca, and Antonio Moretti. "Phylogeny and Mycotoxin Characterization of Alternaria Species Isolated from Wheat Grown in Tuscany, Italy." Toxins 10, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110472.

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Wheat, the main source of carbohydrates worldwide, can be attacked by a wide number of phytopathogenic fungi, included Alternaria species. Alternaria species commonly occur on wheat worldwide and produce several mycotoxins such as tenuazonic acid (TA), alternariol (AOH), alternariol-monomethyl ether (AME), and altenuene (ALT), provided of haemato-toxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic activities. The contamination by Alternaria species of wheat kernels, collected in Tuscany, Italy, from 2013 to 2016, was evaluated. Alternaria contamination was detected in 93 out of 100 field samples, with values ranging between 1 and 73% (mean of 18%). Selected strains were genetically characterized by multi-locus gene sequencing approach through combined sequences of allergen alt1a, glyceraldeyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and translation elongation factor 1α genes. Two well defined groups were generated; namely sections Alternaria and Infectoriae. Representative strains were analyzed for mycotoxin production. A different mycotoxin profile between the sections was shown. Of the 54 strains analyzed for mycotoxins, all strains included in Section Alternaria produced AOH and AME, 40 strains (99%) produced TA, and 26 strains (63%) produced ALT. On the other hand, only a very low capability to produce both AOH and AME was recorded among the Section Infectoriae strains. These data show that a potential mycotoxin risk related to the consumption of Alternaria contaminated wheat is high.

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Wenderoth, Maximilian, Francesca Garganese, Markus Schmidt‐Heydt, Sebastian Tobias Soukup, Antonio Ippolito, Simona Marianna Sanzani, and Reinhard Fischer. "Alternariol as virulence and colonization factor of Alternaria alternata during plant infection." Molecular Microbiology 112, no. 1 (April 23, 2019): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mmi.14258.

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CHALBI, Arbia, Besma SGHAIER-HAMMAMI, Giuseppe MECA, Juan Manuel QUILES, Chedly ABDELLY, Carmela MARANGI, Antonio F. LOGRIECO, Antonio MORETTI, and Mario MASIELLO. "Characterization of mycotoxigenic Alternaria species isolated from the Tunisian halophyte Cakile maritima." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 59, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-10720.

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Cakile maritima is a typical halophyte of the Mediterranean coasts. In addition to its ecological and industrial properties, C. maritima has antiscorbutic, diuretic and purgative roles in folk remedies. This plant is infected by different fungal species, mainly belonging to Alternaria genus. Two-hundred Alternaria strains were collected from four different pedo-climatic areas in Tunisia, from C. maritima fresh plant tissues showing symptoms of Alternaria infection. Phylogenetic analyses of 79 representative Alternaria strains, were carried out using multi-locus gene sequencing. All the strains clustered in the Alternaria Section: 47 strains had high homology with A. alternata reference strain, 13 grouped with A. arborescens reference strain, 12 grouped with A. mali reference strain, and seven strains were not well defined with A. mali as their closest species. In vitro production of tenuazonic acid (TA), alternariol (AOH), alternariol-monomethyl ether (AME), and altenuene (ALT) was evaluated. Approx. 68% of strains simultaneously produced AOH, AME and TA. Only two A. alternata and one A. mali strains were ALT producing. Pathogenicity tests on leaves of C. maritima were carried out with 41 representative strains. Alternaria arborescens showed the greatest pathogenicity compared to A. alternata and A. mali, although no statistically significant differences in pathogenicity were observed. This is the first study on Tunisian populations of Alternaria species isolated from the extremophile C. maritima.

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Nichea, María J., Eugenia Cendoya, Cindy J. Romero, Juan F. Humaran, Vanessa G. L. Zachetti, Sofía A. Palacios, and María L. Ramirez. "Phylogenetic Analysis and Toxigenic Profile of Alternaria Species Isolated from Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) in Argentina." Diversity 14, no. 11 (October 29, 2022): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14110924.

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Chickpeas are a very important legume due to their nutritional richness and high protein content and they are used as food for humans and as fodder for livestock. However, they are susceptible to fungal infections and mycotoxin contamination. The Alternaria genus was among the main fungi isolated from chickpea samples in Argentina. The species within this genus are able to produce several mycotoxins such as alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tenuazonic acid (TA). So, the objectives of this study were to identify the Alternaria spp. found in the chickpea samples and to determine their toxigenic potential in vitro. A phylogenetic analysis of 32 Alternaria strains was carried out based on the combined sequences of the tef1, gpd, and Alt a1 genes. All Alternaria strains clustered into the section Alternaria and were identified as A. alternata and A. arborescens. Further, the toxigenic profile of each strain was determined in a ground rice–corn steep liquor medium and analysed by HPLC. Most strains were able to co-produce AOH, AME, and TA. These results indicate a potential risk for human health when consuming chickpeas since this legume could be contaminated with Alternaria and its mycotoxins, which are not yet regulated in food.

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Qin, Qiaomei, Yingying Fan, Qinlan Jia, Shuaishuai Duan, Fengjuan Liu, Binxin Jia, Guangquan Wang, Wanhui Guo, and Cheng Wang. "The Potential of Alternaria Toxins Production by A. alternata in Processing Tomatoes." Toxins 14, no. 12 (November 24, 2022): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14120827.

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As a filamentous and spoilage fungus, Alternaria spp. can not only infect processing tomatoes, but also produce a variety of mycotoxins which harm the health of human beings. To explore the production of Alternaria toxins in processing tomatoes during growth and storage, four main Alternaria toxins and four conjugated toxins were detected by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-IMS QToF MS) in processing tomatoes on different days after being inoculated with A. alternata. The results show that the content of Alternaria toxins in an in vivo assay is higher than that under field conditions. Tenuazonic acid (TeA) is the predominant toxin detected in the field (205.86~41,389.19 μg/kg) and in vivo (7.64~526,986.37 μg/kg) experiments, and the second-most abundant toxin is alternariol (AOH). In addition, a small quantity of conjugated toxins, AOH-9-glucoside (AOH-9-Glc) and alternariol monomethyl ether-3-glucoside (AME-3-Glc), were screened in the in vivo experiment. This is the first time the potential of Alternaria toxins produced in tomatoes during the harvest period has been studied in order to provide data for the prevention and control of Alternaria toxins.

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LI, FENG-QIN, NORITSUNA TOYAZAKI, and TAKUMI YOSHIZAWA. "Production of Alternaria Mycotoxins by Alternaria alternata Isolated from Weather-Damaged Wheat." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 567–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.4.567.

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The production of Alternaria mycotoxins by Alternaria alternata isolated from Chinese weathered wheat kernels were first investigated on polished rice and durum wheat grains. These mycotoxins included alternariol (AOH) and its monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), altertoxin I (ATX-I), and tenuazonic acid (TA). Of 25 isolates tested, all were AOH and AME producers, 21 (84%) coproduced ALT and ATX-I, and 8 (32%) produced TA in rice culture. TA was the most abundant toxin produced at a level ranging from 1,369 to 3,563 mg/kg. Much smaller amounts of AOH, AME, ALT, and ATX-I were present with average concentrations of 54, 40, 44, and 8 mg/kg, respectively. There were linear correlations between the level of AOH and AME (r = 0.846), alternariols (AOH plus AME) and ALT (r = 0.785), and ATX-I and TA (r = 0.553). Polished rice medium seems to support a bit more production of Alternaria metabolites than wheat but with an insignificant difference in concentrations (P > 0.05). A study of the time-course of toxin production by A. alternata isolates indicated that AOH production began faster than any other toxins monitored, and ALT production exhibited a progressive increase throughout the experiment. TA producers might reveal their considerably higher ability to produce toxin in the field despite their low frequency.

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Habib, Wassim, Mario Masiello, Romy El Ghorayeb, Elvis Gerges, Antonia Susca, Giuseppe Meca, Juan M. Quiles, Antonio F. Logrieco, and Antonio Moretti. "Mycotoxin Profile and Phylogeny of Pathogenic Alternaria Species Isolated from Symptomatic Tomato Plants in Lebanon." Toxins 13, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080513.

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The tomato is one of the most consumed agri-food products in Lebanon. Several fungal pathogens, including Alternaria species, can infect tomato plants during the whole growing cycle. Alternaria infections cause severe production and economic losses in field and during storage. In addition, Alternaria species represent a serious toxicological risk since they are able to produce a wide range of mycotoxins, associated with different toxic activities on human and animal health. Several Alternaria species were detected on tomatoes, among which the most important are A. solani, A. alternata, and A. arborescens. A set of 49 Alternaria strains isolated from leaves and stems of diseased tomato plants were characterised by using a polyphasic approach. All strains were included in the recently defined phylogenetic Alternaria section and grouped in three well-separated sub-clades, namely A. alternata (24 out of 49), A. arborescens (12 out of 49), and A. mali morpho-species (12 out of 49). One strain showed high genetic similarity with an A.limoniasperae reference strain. Chemical analyses showed that most of the Alternaria strains, cultured on rice, were able to produce alternariol (AOH), alternariol methyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT) and tenuazonic acid (TA), with values up to 5634, 16,006, 5156, and 4507 mg kg−1, respectively. In addition, 66% of the strains were able to co-produce simultaneously the four mycotoxins investigated. The pathogenicity test carried out on 10 Alternaria strains, representative of phylogenetic sub-clades, revealed that they were all pathogenic on tomato fruits. No significant difference among strains was observed, although A. alternata and A. arborescens strains were slightly more aggressive than A. mali morpho-species strains. This paper reports new insights on mycotoxin profiles, genetic variability, and pathogenicity of Alternaria species on tomatoes.

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Mujahid, Claudia, Marie-Claude Savoy, Quentin Baslé, Pei Mun Woo, Edith Chin Yean Ee, Pascal Mottier, and Thomas Bessaire. "Levels of Alternaria Toxins in Selected Food Commodities Including Green Coffee." Toxins 12, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12090595.

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Alternaria toxins are emerging mycotoxins, candidates for regulation by European Authorities. Therefore, highly sensitive, confirmatory, and reliable analytical methodologies are required for their monitoring in food. In that context, an isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method was developed for the analysis of five Alternaria toxins (Altenuene, Alternariol, Alternariol monomethylether, Tentoxin, and Tenuazonic Acid) in a broad range of commodities including cereals and cereal-based products, tomato-based products, tree nuts, vegetable oils, dried fruits, cocoa, green coffee, spices, herbs, and tea. Validation data collected in two different laboratories demonstrated the robustness of the method. Underestimation of Tenuazonic Acid level in dry samples such as cereals was reported when inappropriate extraction solvent mixtures were used as currently done in several published methodologies. An investigation survey performed on 216 food items evidenced large variations of Alternaria toxins levels, in line with data reported in the last EFSA safety assessment. The analysis of 78 green coffee samples collected from 21 producing countries demonstrated that coffee is a negligible source of exposure to Alternaria toxins. Its wide scope of application, adequate sample throughput, and high sensitivity make this method fit for purpose for the regular monitoring of Alternaria toxins in foods.

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31

Lagopodi, Anastasia L., and Costas C. Thanassoulopoulos. "Development of Chlamydospores in Alternaria alternata." Mycologia 87, no. 5 (September 1995): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3760802.

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32

Thompson-Eagle, E. T., W. T. Frankenberger, and U. Karlson. "Volatilization of Selenium by Alternaria alternata." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55, no. 6 (1989): 1406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.55.6.1406-1413.1989.

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33

Ogawa, H., M. Fujimura, S. Amaike, Y. Matsumoto, M. Kitagawa, and T. Matsuda. "Eosinophilic pneumonia caused by Alternaria alternata." Allergy 52, no. 10 (October 1997): 1005–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb02421.x.

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34

Lagopodi, Anastasia L., and Costas C. Thanassoulopoulos. "Development of chlamydospores in Alternaria alternata." Mycologia 87, no. 5 (September 1995): 588–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1995.12026574.

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35

Wang, Ruyi, Peng Zhao, Xizhen Ge, and Pingfang Tian. "Overview of Alternaria alternata Membrane Proteins." Indian Journal of Microbiology 60, no. 3 (April 22, 2020): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12088-020-00873-8.

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36

Klimek, L., C. Bardenhewer, M. Spielhaupter, C. Harai, K. Becker, and O. Pfaar. "Lokale allergische Rhinitis auf Alternaria alternata." HNO 63, no. 5 (May 2015): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00106-015-0005-x.

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37

Zagrodzka, Anna. "Mikrobiologiczne peregrynacje. Szkic projektu Alternaria alternata." Przegląd Kulturoznawczy, no. 2 (52) (2022): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843860pk.22.020.16317.

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Salo, Päivi M., Samuel J. Arbes, Richard D. Cohn, Harriet A. Burge, Stephanie J. London, and Darryl C. Zeldin. "Alternaria alternata antigens in US homes." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 117, no. 2 (February 2006): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.10.034.

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39

Soltani, Jalal, and Adib Sheikh Ahmadi. "Endophyte-pathogen continuum in Alternaria alternata." Journal of Mycopathological research 61, no. 2 (June 26, 2023): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.57023/jmycr.61.2.2023.171.

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40

STINSON, E. E. "Mycotoxins - Their Biosynthesis in Alternaria." Journal of Food Protection 48, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-48.1.80.

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Alternaria produce a wide assortment of toxic and nontoxic secondary metabolites. A brief summary of the numerous secondary metabolites of Alternaria and their toxicity is followed by a presentation of the current view of the polyketide biosynthetic mechanism and its application to the biosynthesis of these compounds. Possible mechanisms for the biosynthesis of alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, and other dibenzo-α-pyrones are presented, as well as mechanisms for the biosynthesis of tenuazonic acid and altertoxin I. Bioregulation of the production of these materials by light, heat, nutrients and NADPH production, and the role of mannitol in NADPH formation are also discussed.

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41

CHULZE, SOFÍA N., ADRIANA M. TORRES, ANA M. DALCERO, MIRIAM G. ETCHEVERRY, MARÍA L. RAMÍREZ, and MARÍA C. FARNOCHI. "Alternaria Mycotoxins in Sunflower Seeds: Incidence and Distribution of the Toxins in Oil and Meal." Journal of Food Protection 58, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 1133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-58.10.1133.

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A survey of 150 sunflower-seed samples was carried out to evaluate the contamination from infection with Alternaria alternata with alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TA). A high percentage of the samples was contaminated with AOH (85%), AME, (47%), and TA (65%). The average levels detected were 187 μg/kg for AOH, 194 μg/kg for AME, and 6,692, μg/kg for TA. When sunflower seeds fermented by Alternaria alternata were processed under laboratory conditions to obtain the oil and meal, different distributions of Alternaria toxins between the oil and the meal were observed: whereas AOH, AME, and TA were detected in the meal, only AME and TA were detected in the oil, and the latter in a low percentage.

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42

Jakkan, Mithun Shriniwas, Vikas Madhav Agashe, and Alan Almeda. "Subcutaneous Foot Phaeohyphomycosis due to Alternaria alternata." Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery (Asia Pacific) 2, no. 1 (2015): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10040-1028.

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ABSTRACT Alternaria alternata, a saprophytic pigmented fungus, usually manifests in immunocompromised hosts. A case of 53-year-old male who underwent renal transplant 4 years back with recurrent foot swelling and previously misdiagnosed and treated for actinomycosis is presented. The swelling was completely excised, staining and culture diagnosed it to be Alternaria alternata infection which responded very well to oral voriconazole. How to cite this article Jakkan MS, Agashe VM, Soman R, Almeda A. Subcutaneous Foot Phaeohyphomycosis due to Alternaria alternata. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2015;2(1):44-46.

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43

Bashan, Yoav, Hanna Levanony, and Reuven Or. "Association between Alternaria macrospora and Alternaria alternata, causal agents of cotton leaf blight." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2603–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-324.

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The association between Alternaria macrospora and Alternaria alternata, responsible for the development of alternaria blight disease in cotton, was evaluated in artificially inoculated greenhouse plants and in naturally infested field plants. When greenhouse plants were inoculated with suboptimal doses of both pathogens (< 1.2 × 104 spores/mL) infection was greater than when separately inoculated by each pathogen at optimal dosage. In field-grown, naturally infected plants (Gossypium barbadense), both pathogens were found together in more than 40% of the plants. A second field-grown cotton species (Gossypium hirsutum) exhibited infection mainly by either A. alternata or both pathogens together. When both cotton species were naturally infected by both pathogens together, the number of A. alternata spores (either airborne or on the leaf surface) was greater than that of A. macrospora. We propose that A. macrospora together with A. alternata create a disease composite responsible for alternaria blight symptoms in cotton. Key words: Alternaria, cotton diseases, Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium hirsutum.

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44

Abata, L. K., I. A. Paz, W. Viera, and F. J. Flores. "First Report of Alternaria Rot Caused by Alternaria alternata on Peach in Ecuador." Plant Disease 100, no. 11 (November 2016): 2323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-16-0318-pdn.

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45

Ni, H. F., C. W. Huang, and H. R. Yang. "First Report of Citrus Alternaria Brown Spot Caused by Alternaria alternata in Taiwan." Plant Disease 99, no. 12 (December 2015): 1864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-14-1341-pdn.

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46

Mao, Xin, Wanzhao Chen, Huimin Wu, Ying Shao, Ya’ning Zhu, Qingyong Guo, Yanshen Li, and Lining Xia. "Alternaria Mycotoxins Analysis and Exposure Investigation in Ruminant Feeds." Toxins 15, no. 8 (August 4, 2023): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15080495.

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Alternaria mycotoxins are a class of important, agriculture-related hazardous materials, and their contamination in ruminant feeds and products might bring severe toxic effects to animals and even human beings. To control these hazardous compounds, a reliable and sensitive LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry) method was established for simultaneous determination of six target Alternaria mycotoxins in ruminant feeds, including ALT (Altenuene), AME (Alternariol Monomethyl Ether), AOH (Alternariol), ATX-Ι (Altertoxins I), TeA (Tenuazonic Acid), and TEN (Tentoxin). This developed analytical method was used for the determination of the presence of these substances in cattle and sheep feeds in Xinjiang Province, China. The results revealed that Alternaria mycotoxins are ubiquitously detected in feed samples. Especially, AME, AOH, TeA, and TEN are the most frequently found mycotoxins with a positive rate over 40% and a concentration range of 4~551 µg/kg. The proposed method could be applied for exposure investigation of Alternaria mycotoxins in ruminant feeds and for the reduction in the health risk to animals and even consumers.

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Bagi, Ferenc, Renata Ilicic, Radivoje Jevtic, Branka Orbovic, Zagorka Savic, Michele Suman, Beáta Tóth, Attila Berėnyi, and Tatjana Popovic. "Toxigenic potential of Alternaria species from cereals." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 142 (2022): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn2242039b.

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Toxigenic potential of four and one isolate of A. alternata and A. tenuissima, respectively, on durum wheat cultivar Dusan (Triticum durum L.) and common wheat cultivar Barbee (T. vulgare L.) were tested. Three different wheat / isolate genotype combinations were used for artificial inoculation of grains under laboratory conditions and toxins production. Alternaria toxins alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), tenuazonic acid (TeA) and altenuen (ALT) concentrations were determined by LC-MS/MS. Cultivar Barbee proved to be a more suitable substrate for toxin production, whereby AOH, AME and TeA were present in highest concentrations. These results underline the possibility of fungal infection and mycotoxin production by Alternaria species in field and under storage conditions. Further research is needed for official regulation of ac?ceptable levels of Alternaria mycotoxins in food and feed.

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Hadi, Hani, Jay M. Portnoy, Charles S. Barnes, and Vincent Staggs. "Is There a Temporal Relationship Between Outdoor Alternaria alternata Spore Counts and Specific IgE Alternaria alternata Levels?" Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 137, no. 2 (February 2016): AB30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.099.

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49

Topi, D., G. Tavčar-Kalcher, K. Pavšič-Vrtač, J. Babič, and B. Jakovac-Strajn. "Alternaria mycotoxins in grains from Albania: alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, tenuazonic acid and tentoxin." World Mycotoxin Journal 12, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2018.2342.

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The presence of four Alternaria toxins in maize and wheat harvested in 2014 and 2015 in Albania was investigated. In total, 45 samples of maize and 71 samples of wheat were collected from the country’s main producing regions. The presence of alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA) and tentoxin (TTX) was studied by an LC-MS/MS method. The incidence of Alternaria toxins in maize was 45.2% in the year 2014 and 7.1% in 2015, and the contamination rate in wheat was 82.9% in 2014 and 86.1% in 2015. Considering maize and wheat samples together, 65.2 and 64.0% of samples were contaminated by Alternaria toxins in the harvesting years 2014 and 2015, respectively. The occurrence rate was much higher in wheat than in maize, but the concentrations were higher in maize. The highest concentration of total Alternaria toxins in maize was 1,283 μg/kg (mean 243.0 μg/kg, median 110.2 μg/kg), while the maximum concentration in wheat was 175.7 μg/kg (mean 29.9 μg/kg, median 16.5 μg/kg). TeA was the major Alternaria mycotoxin detected. It was found in 70 out of 116 samples (60.3%). Chronic exposure of the adult population in Albania to Alternaria toxins through cereal consumption was assessed by the estimated daily intake (EDI) taking into account daily consumption of wheat and maize of 380 and 4.9 g, respectively. The main contribution to chronic dietary exposure was by TeA originating from wheat, with EDIs of 88.6-94.1 ng/kg body weight (bw) per day in 2014 and 152.7-155.5 ng/kg bw per day in 2015. TTX EDIs were 7.8- 34.0 and 10.6-38.7 ng/kg bw per day in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The contribution of AOH and AME originating from wheat was 0-31.7 ng/kg bw per day. The contribution of Alternaria toxins through maize consumption was significantly lower.

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Aloi, Francesco, Mario Riolo, Simona Marianna Sanzani, Annamaria Mincuzzi, Antonio Ippolito, Ilenia Siciliano, Antonella Pane, Maria Lodovica Gullino, and Santa Olga Cacciola. "Characterization of Alternaria Species Associated with Heart Rot of Pomegranate Fruit." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7030172.

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This study was aimed at identifying Alternaria species associated with heart rot disease of pomegranate fruit in southern Italy and characterizing their mycotoxigenic profile. A total of 42 Alternaria isolates were characterized. They were obtained from pomegranate fruits with symptoms of heart rot sampled in Apulia and Sicily and grouped into six distinct morphotypes based on macro- and microscopic features. According to multigene phylogenetic analysis, including internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (EF-1α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and a SCAR marker (OPA10-2), 38 isolates of morphotypes 1 to 5 were identified as Alternaria alternata, while isolates of morphotype 6, all from Sicily, clustered within the Alternaria arborescens species complex. In particular, isolates of morphotype 1, the most numerous, clustered with the ex-type isolate of A. alternata, proving to belong to A. alternata. No difference in pathogenicity on pomegranate fruits was found between isolates of A. alternata and A. arborescens and among A. alternata isolates of different morphotypes. The toxigenic profile of isolates varied greatly: in vitro, all 42 isolates produced tenuazonic acid and most of them other mycotoxins, including alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene and tentoxin.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Alternaria'

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