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1
Friele, Pierre A., and John J. Clague. "Large Holocene landslides from Pylon Peak, southwestern British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-089.
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Mount Meager massif, the northernmost volcano of the Cascade volcanic belt, has been the site of very large (>107 m3) landslides in the Holocene Epoch. We document two complex landslides at Pylon Peak, one of the peaks of the Mount Meager massif, about 7900 14C and 3900 14C years ago (about 8700 and 4400 calendar years ago). Together, the two landslides displaced ~ 6 × 108 m3 of volcanic rock from the south flank of Pylon Peak into nearby Meager Creek valley. Each landslide consisted of at least two phases, an early debris flow resulting from failure of hydrothermally altered pyroclastic rock at mid levels on the mountain and a later rock avalanche from a higher source. Both debris flows likely traveled down Meager Creek, and preliminary evidence from drilling indicates the 4400-year-old event traveled down Lillooet River into areas that are now settled and where population density is increasing rapidly. The mobility of the debris flows was due to the high content of fine, weathered volcanic sediment and the availability of sufficient water. The causes of the landslides are a wet climate and the presence of weak, hydrothermally altered volcanic rock containing abundant phreatic water on glacially oversteepened slopes. The landslides may have been triggered by earthquakes or by upwelling of magma to shallow depths within the volcano. However, they may also have occurred without specific triggers following extended periods of progressive weakening of the volcanic rocks.
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REYES, AGNES G., WILLIAM J. TROMPETTER, and IAN J. GRAHAM. "PROPENSITY FOR MINERALIZATION IN VOLCANOES — EVIDENCE FROM MELT INCLUSIONS." International Journal of PIXE 22, no. 01n02 (January 2012): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083512400074.
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Rocks and melt inclusions (MI) from 11 volcanic centers of the Kermadec-Tofua arc, in the South West Pacific, were petrographically studied prior to chemical analysis under the ion beam. The abundance of MI with daughter minerals are volcano-specific with the most abundant found in "U", Putoto, and Hinepuia volcanoes where >50% of MI contain daughter minerals. The B , Li , Cl and S contents in MI generally increase with the silica content of the rock. Fe , Ni , Mn , Cu and Zn are common in MI of all rock types but Mo , Hg and Cu have the highest concentrations in dacite-rhyodacites. The highest concentrations of B , Ti , V , Fe , Co and Mo occur in plagioclase MI; S , Ni , Ge and Hg in pyroxene MI; Cl and Li in quartz MI; and Cu , Zn and M in hornblende MI. Different ore-forming components in volcanic rocks can be correlated with rock composition, Cl/S and B/S of the melts, the presence and abundance of mineral sinks for various elements and the occurrence of hydrothermally altered rock at depth and on the seafloor.
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Pe-Piper, Georgia, and David J. W. Piper. "Volcanic ash in the Lower Cretaceous Chaswood Formation of Nova Scotia: source and implicationsGeological Survey of Canada Contribution 20100082." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 47, no. 11 (November 2010): 1427–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e10-078.
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Lignites and coals, because of their low sedimentation rates of terrigenous detritus, may preserve a record of volcanic ash fall. Lignite from the Lower Cretaceous Chaswood Formation in central Nova Scotia was studied to identify whether any volcanic ash is present and can be correlated to known Early Cretaceous volcanism in southeastern Canada and adjacent New England. The bulk mineralogy and geochemistry of lignite and lignitic mudstones was determined by X-ray diffraction and whole-rock geochemical analysis of ashed samples; selected samples were examined by electron microprobe and scanning electron microscope. Much of the terrigenous component of some lignites consists of detrital sediments. In some lignites, distinctive rare earth element patterns are due to leaching from monazite and concentration in organic matter. Some lignites, however, lack illite and (or) quartz indicative of detrital sources, but show unusual abundance of stable high-field-strength elements such as Nb, Ta, and Hf, suggesting a volcanic source. Wood or charcoal fragments appear mineralized and diagenetic talc is present. Most of any ash component has been altered to kaolinite. Bulk composition of original ash ranges from basaltic to rhyolitic and matches chemically with subalkaline volcanic rocks on the SW Grand Banks and Orpheus graben. Coeval volcanic rocks on the U.S. continental margin and the New England–Quebec igneous province are more alkaline. Altered ash in lignite in the lower member of the Chaswood Formation correlates with Neocomian volcanism on the SW Grand Banks; and in the middle and upper members with Aptian–Albian volcanism in Orpheus graben.
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Carrillo-Rosúa, Javier, Iñaki Esteban-Arispe, and Salvador Morales-Ruano. "Anion Composition of Apatite in the Au-Cu Epithermal Deposit of Palai-Islica (Almería, SE Spain) as an Indicator of Hydrothermal Alteration." Minerals 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11121358.
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The Palai-Islica deposit (Almería, SE Spain) is an Au-Cu epithermal deposit hosted in Neogene calc-alkaline andesites and dacites from the Cabo de Gata-Cartagena volcanic belt in the Betic Cordillera. Major element compositions of apatite from Palai-Islica orebody and related hydrothermally altered and unaltered volcanic rock from the region hosting the deposit were obtained to clarify the processes involved in their formation. Apatite in the host volcanic rocks is rich in chlorapatite and hydroxylapatite components (50–57% and 24–36%) and poor in fluorapatite components (12–21%), indicating assimilation processes of cortical Cl-rich material in the magmatic evolution. Apatite in the orebody sometimes has corrosion textures and is mostly fluorapatite (94–100%). Apatite from the hydrothermally altered host rock of the orebody systematically bears signs of corrosion and has variable and intermediate fluorapatite (19–100%), chlorapatite (1–50%), and hydroxylapatite (0–47%) components. The style of zonation and the composition are related to the proximity to the orebody. These features can be interpreted as the result of hydrothermal modification of high Cl, OH-rich volcanic apatites into F-rich apatites. The enrichment of F is related to the intensity of hydrothermal alteration and could therefore constitute a geochemical index of alteration and of mineralization processes.
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Whalen, Joseph B., Neil Rogers, Cees R. van Staal, Frederick J. Longstaffe, George A. Jenner, and John A. Winchester. "Geochemical and isotopic (Nd, O) data from Ordovician felsic plutonic and volcanic rocks of the Miramichi Highlands: petrogenetic and metallogenic implications for the Bathurst Mining Camp." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 237–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e97-102.
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Middle Ordovician felsic magmatism contemporaneous with Bathurst Camp Pb-Zn volcanogenic massive sulphide(VMS) deposits consists of strongly altered volcanic to subvolcanic rocks, belonging to the Tetagouche Group, and relativelyunaltered granitoid plutons, which are divided into northern, central, and southern groups within the Miramichi Highlands.Calc-alkalic felsic volcanic rocks and northern plus central plutons have EpsilonNd(T) values ranging from -8.2 to -1.9 and -4.0 to +0.3, respectively. They exhibit within-plate-type volcanic and transitional I- to A-type granite geochemical characteristics.Granitoid rock Delta18O values range from +8.0 to +10.1. Published granitoid rock Pb isotopic compositions overlapunpublished galena data from Bathurst VMS deposits. Field, geochemical, and isotopic evidence indicate that these volcanicand granitoids rocks are consanguineous and mainly derived from Proterozoic orolder infracrustal sources. Alkalic felsic volcanic rocks, and associated alkaline basaltic rocks, are more juvenile (EpsilonNd(T) = +3.2 to +4.2) and were possibly derivedfrom slightly enriched mantle sources. Southern plutons exhibit continental arc-type features. The felsic magmatism and VMS deposits likely formed in an Okinawa-type back-arc basin developed from rifting the Early Ordovician Popelogan continentalarc, of which the southern plutons are remnants. Correlations between pluton groups and volcanic formations indicate that felsic magmatism was erupted through and onto the Miramichi Group. As most felsic volcanic formations lack plutonicequivalents, the Tetagouche Group probably does not represent disrupted slices of an originally conformable stratigraphic section. This supports a model in which thrust slices juxtapose remnants of volcanic centres erupted at different locationswithin a back-arc basin.
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Marantos, I., Th Markopoulos, G. E. Christidis, and V. Perdikatsis. "Geochemical characteristics of the alteration of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks in the Feres Basin, Thrace, NE Greece." Clay Minerals 43, no. 4 (December 2008): 575–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2008.043.4.05.
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AbstractThe Tertiary basin of Feres consists of sedimentary rocks, andesitic-rhyolitic volcanic rocks of K-rich calc-alkaline affinities, rocks with calc-alkaline and shoshonitic affinities and volcaniclastic fall and flow deposits. Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks have variable concentrations of LIL elements (Ba, Sr, Rb, Th) and HFS elements (Zr, V) due to their mode of origin. The pyroclastic flows frequently show more or less intense devitrification, vapour-phase crystallization and, in some cases, evidence of fumarolic activity, as is indicated by the presence of scapolite. The volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks display various types of alteration including formation of zeolites (clinoptilolite, heulandite, mordenite, and laumontite) and smectite, as well as hydrothermal alteration (development of silicic, argillic, sericitic and propylitic zones) associated with polymetallic mineralization. The behaviour of chemical elements during alteration varies. Some are immobile and their distribution is controlled by the conditions prevailing during parent-rock formation and emplacement, but others, such as Ba and Sr, are mobile and selectively fractionate in zeolite extra-framework sites. The formation of zeolite from alteration of volcanic glass is accompanied by an increase in Mg and Al content, and a decrease in Si and Na content, whereas Ca is not affected by alteration. In certain pyroclastic flows, there is a significant difference in K-content between incipient glass and altered rock, due to K-feldspar formation during devitrification and vapour-phase crystallization.
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Chaves, Alexandre, and Luiz Knauer. "Vulcânicas potássicas intemperizadas como protólitos dos filitos hematíticos da Serra do Espinhaço Meridional (Minas Gerais)." Geochimica Brasiliensis 34, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21715/gb2358-2812.2020342183.
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The hematitic phyllite is a rock that occurs in the São João da Chapada and Sopa-Brumadinho formations of the southern Espinhaço range. Its origin is widely discussed in papers on Espinhaço, but there is no consensus on its protolith due to certain characteristics of the lithotype, such as its chemical composition and textural features. The pattern of rare earth elements strongly enriched [(La/Yb)N 6.80-17.68], with light rare earth elements [(La/Sm)N 2.54-4.83] richer than heavy ones [(Gd/Yb)N 1.28-3,32], suggests that the protolith was an alkaline volcanic rock formed during the rift that generated the Espinhaço basin. The major elements indicate that the alkaline rock met weathering processes, becoming a regolith. During the Brasiliano metamorphism, it finally became hematitic phyllite. Other characteristics of the lithotype, such as the presence of sericite-bearing rounded parts (possibly formed by alteration and deformation of leucite crystals) and the preservation of igneous layering, suggest a potassic volcanic origin for hematitic phyllite. In diagram that allows identifying altered and metamorphic volcanic rocks, the investigated samples have composition similar to a feldspathoid-rich alkali-basalt, probably a leucite tephrite, a leucitite or even a lamproite, rocks from mantle source.
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Papoulis, D., and P. Tsolis-Katagas. "Formation of alteration zones and kaolin genesis, Limnos Island, northeast Aegean Sea, Greece." Clay Minerals 43, no. 4 (December 2008): 631–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2008.043.4.08.
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AbstractKaolin deposits extending over an area of ~10 km2in the western and southern parts of Limnos Island, northeast Aegean Sea, Greece, were studied. The kaolin deposits are alteration products of volcanic rocks, mainly trachytes, trachyandesites, andesites and dacites. Study of the collected samples was carried out using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques and inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) bulk rock chemical analyses for major, trace and rare earth elements. The extensive alteration of the parent rocks resulted from the circulation of hydrothermal fluids through faults and fractures. The development of the various assemblages depends not only on the temperature and composition of the hydrothermal fluids but also on the distance of the rock from the fault or the channel of the ascending hydrothermal fluids.Kaolinite, dickite, halloysite, illite, smectite and mixed-layer illite-smectite and jarosite were detected in the altered volcanic rocks forming locally various alteration zones. Smectite-rich zones and illite-rich zones are relatively infrequent. In the halloysite-rich zones, the kaolinization of feldspars is accomplished in four stages. The kaolinizaton of feldspars in the kaolinite-dickite-rich zones follows five discrete stages. In the less altered rocks, thin layers of kaolinite are formed on the surface of feldspars. With increasing kaolinization, kaolinite is developed on the surface of feldspars forming extended parallel booklets of newly formed kaolinite. In the third stage, feldspar crystals are partially altered to kaolinite booklets. As kaolinization advances, kaolinite becomes well formed and, in the most altered rocks, feldspars are partially or completely altered to dickite books, depending on the temperature of the hydrothermal fluids.
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PETCH, C. A. "The Geology and Mineralization of the High Lake Volcanic-hosted Massive Sulfide Deposit, Nunavut." Exploration and Mining Geology 13, no. 1-4 (January 1, 2004): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsemg.13.1-4.37.
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Abstract The High Lake polymetallic deposit is located in the northern Slave province, 40 km south of Coronation Gulf, Nunavut. The main zone, the AB zone, hosts an estimated resource of 3.56 Mt grading 5.0% copper, 1.1% zinc, 0.06% lead, 1.7 g/t gold, and 18.2 g/t silver. Archean felsic metavolcanic and metavolcaniclastic rocks are the dominant rock type and are associated with lesser mafic metavolcanic and carbonate-rich metasedimentary rocks. The sequence strikes north-northeast, dips steeply to the west, and is truncated to the west by a large granodioritic intrusion. The mineralization at the AB zone is comprised of massive and stringer chalcopyrite-sphalerite-pyrrhotite-pyrite±galena. At the core of the mineralized zone, intensely chlorite-altered rocks are locally metamorphosed to form distinctive zones of anthophyllite-magnetite-cordierite-altered rock. Peripheral to the mineralized core, alteration consists of sericitization, silicification, and weaker chloritization. Primary morphology and facing direction of the zone are difficult to interpret in part due to poor primary metal zonation of the deposit. However, the irregular shape of the mineralized zone and the erratic zones of zinc enrichment at the fringes are consistent with the interpretation that the zone was formed by the replacement of a porous volcaniclastic pile.
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Sell, Bryan Keith, and Scott Douglas Samson. "A tephrochronologic method based on apatite trace-element chemistry." Quaternary Research 76, no. 1 (July 2011): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2011.03.007.
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AbstractGeochemical correlation of ash-fall beds with conventional tephrochronologic methods is not feasible when original glass composition is altered. Thus, alternative correlation methods may be required. Initial studies of heavily altered Paleozoic tephra (K-bentonites) have suggested the potential for employing trace-element concentrations in apatite as ash-fall bed discriminators. To further test the utility of apatite trace-element tephrochronology, we analyzed apatite phenocrysts from unaltered volcanic rocks with an electron microprobe: nine samples from rocks erupted during the Quaternary and one sample from a rock erupted during the Paleogene. The resulting apatite trace-element data provide unique bed discriminators despite within-crystal variability. Each of the volcanic rocks studied possesses unique trends in Mg, Cl, Mn, Fe, Ce and Y concentrations in apatite. The results from this study establish an important tephrochronologic method that can be applied to nearly all portions of the Phanerozoic stratigraphic record and greatly assist development of an advanced timescale. In addition to establishing a fingerprint for a particular eruption, apatite chemistry provides useful information about the source magma.
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McNulty, Brian A., Nathan Fox, and J. Bruce Gemmell. "ASSESSING HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION INTENSITY IN VOLCANIC-HOSTED MASSIVE SULFIDE SYSTEMS USING PORTABLE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF DRILL CORE: AN EXAMPLE FROM MYRA FALLS, CANADA." Economic Geology 115, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4714.
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Abstract Current portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) technology can rapidly and inexpensively yield concentrations of geologically significant elements, typically with instrument detection limits below several tens of parts per million. Based on conventional XRF whole-rock geochemical data, both the Ishikawa alteration index and the chlorite-carbonate-pyrite index increase with proximity to sulfide mineralization at Myra Falls. However, available pXRF technology is typically unable to detect all the elements required to calculate these alteration indices. As a result, there is a need to utilize the elements that are readily detectable using pXRF and apply these to hydrothermal alteration assessment. We propose that Rb/Sr ratios provide a robust proxy for the Ishikawa alteration index and demonstrate that conventional whole-rock XRF analytical results for Rb and Sr can be reproduced using pXRF analysis from drill core surfaces. At Myra Falls, the Rb/Sr ratios vary from <0.1 for least altered rocks, 0.1 to 0.5 for weakly altered rocks, 0.5 to 1.0 for moderately altered rocks, 1.0 to 2.0 for strongly altered rocks, and >2.0 for intensely altered rocks. Downhole profiles of alteration intensity generated from systematic pXRF analysis of drill core surfaces can be used to inform drilling and targeting decisions. The application of the Rb/Sr ratio as a proxy for alteration intensity extends beyond this case study and can be applied to other hydrothermal systems that produce phyllosilicate minerals as alteration products of feldspar.
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Sun, Jinheng, Ni Li, Cheng Dong, and Yanhong Ren. "Geochemical Features of Volcanic Rocks from the Shaerbuti Mountain Complex, West Junggar, Xinjiang, China: Implications for Recycling of Materials." Minerals 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13010075.
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In this paper, we focus on the geological features of volcanic edifices and the geochemistry of intermediate–basic volcanic rocks of Shaerbuti Mountain, which offer a new perspective on recycled materials in the study area. The Shaerbuti volcanic rocks consist of calc-alkali basalt and andesite formed in an arc setting. The porphyroclastic texture of basalt, explosive breccia rock, and the distribution of both breccia and agglomerate provide robust evidence that a volcanic edifice exists in Shaerbuti Mountain. Based on geochemical features, the Shaerbuti volcanic rocks have been identified as being of two types. Type I volcanic rocks have light rare earth element (LREE)-enriched patterns, with La/Sm ratios of 2.27–4.03, Th/Yb ratios of 0.50–1.46, and Nb/Yb ratios of 1.11–2.28. Type II volcanic rocks display a flat rare earth element (REE) pattern, with La/Sm ratios ranging from 1.83 to 2.43, Th/Yb ratios ranging from 0.24 to 0.45, and Nb/Yb ratios ranging from 0.87 to 0.93. In the studied rocks, MgO-Cr, MgO-Ni and MgO-CaO present a positive relationship, which indicates clinopyroxenes crystallized. The Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of these basalts present values of 0.7045 to 0.7063 ((87Sr/86Sr)i), 6.4 to 6.6 (εNd(t)), and 17.1300 to 18.3477 ((206Pb/204Pb)i), respectively. According to Sr-Nd-Pb isotope features, we argue that melts of altered oceanic crust and sediments were incorporated into the source. We also evaluate the water content (0.55%–6.72%) of the studied volcanic rocks.
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Goga Beqiraj, E., F. Muller, and A. Beqiraj. "MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ZEOLITES IN ALBANIAN OPHIOLITIC PLAGIOGRANITES." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 50, no. 4 (July 28, 2017): 1781. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.14105.
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The plagiogranites, that represent the uppermost part of the plutonic complex of the Albanian ophiolites, are intensively altered. They crop out in the north - easternsectors of the Albanian ophiolitic complex presenting intrusive contacts with volcanic and gabbroic rocks. The zeolite, that is a typically secondary mineral, has filled thin veins and/or small vesicles of the rock. From the XRD, EMPA and microscopic analyses it is concluded that this zeolite belongs to the laumontite - leonhardite (LAU) series.
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Pointon, Michael A., Michael J. Flowerdew, Peter Hülse, Simon Schneider, and Martin J. Whitehouse. "Mixed local and ultra-distal volcanic ash deposition within the Upper Cretaceous Kanguk Formation, Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic Islands." Geological Magazine 156, no. 12 (June 18, 2019): 2067–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756819000414.
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AbstractThe Upper Cretaceous Kanguk Formation of the Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic Islands, contains numerous diagenetically altered volcanic ash layers (bentonites). Eleven bentonites were sampled from an outcrop section on Ellesmere Island for U–Pb zircon secondary ion mass spectrometry dating and whole-rock geochemical analysis. Two distinct types of bentonite are identified from the geochemical data. Relatively thick (0.1 to 5 m) peralkaline rhyolitic to trachytic bentonites erupted in an intraplate tectonic setting. These occur throughout the upper Turonian to lower Campanian (c. 92–83 Ma) outcrop section and are likely associated with the alkaline phase of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province. Two thinner (<5 cm) subalkaline dacitic to rhyolitic bentonites of late Turonian to early Coniacian age (c. 90–88 Ma) are also identified. The geochemistry of these bentonites is consistent with derivation from volcanoes within an active continental margin tectonic setting. The lack of nearby potential sources of subalkaline magmatism, together with the thinner bed thickness of the subalkaline bentonites and the small size of zircon phenocrysts therein (typically 50–80 μm in length) are consistent with a more distal source area. The zircon U–Pb age and whole-rock geochemistry of these two subalkaline bentonites correlate with an interval of intense volcanism in the Okhotsk–Chukotka Volcanic Belt, Russia. It is proposed that during late Turonian to early Coniacian times intense volcanism within the Okhotsk–Chukotka Volcanic Belt resulted in widespread volcanic ash dispersal across Arctic Alaska and Canada, reaching as far east as the Sverdrup Basin, more than 3000 km away.
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Anderson, L. D., G. E. Bebout, M. R. M. Izawa, N. J. Bridge, and N. R. Banerjee. "Chemical alteration and preservation of sedimentary/organic nitrogen isotope signatures in a 2.7 Ga seafloor volcanic sequence." International Journal of Astrobiology 18, no. 3 (November 20, 2017): 235–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550417000441.
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AbstractMassive to lobate volcanic flows and brecciated hyaloclastite units in the Abitibi greenstone belt allow investigation of Late Archæan seafloor alteration and associated incorporation into these rocks of nitrogen (N) biogeochemical signatures. In this suite (the Blake River Group), hyaloclastite units containing putative microbial ichnofossils are particularly enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (K, Rb, Ba, Cs), B, and Li, consistent with their having experienced the greatest fluid–rock interaction during subseafloor hydrothermal alteration. Similarly, silicate-δ18O and δ15N values for samples from the hyaloclastites show the greatest shifts from plausible magmatic values. The chemical and isotopic patterns in these tholeiitic igneous rocks greatly resemble those in modern altered seafloor basalts, consistent with the preservation of an Archæan seafloor alteration signature. The N enrichments and shifts in δ15N appear to reflect stabilization of illite and interaction with fluids carrying sedimentary/organic signatures. Enrichments of N (and the δ15N of this N) in altered glass volcanic rocks on Earth's modern and ancient seafloor point to the potential utility of N for tracing past and present biogeochemical processes in similar rocks at/near the Mars surface.
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Tangari, Anna Chiara, Lucia Marinangeli, Fabio Scarciglia, Loredana Pompilio, and Eugenio Piluso. "Volcanic Holocrystalline Bedrock and Hydrothermal Alteration: A Terrestrial Analogue for Mars." Minerals 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10121082.
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Clay minerals have been detected on Mars to outcrop mainly as alteration of ancient bedrock, and secondarily, as deposition from aqueous environments or interlayered with evaporitic deposits on Mars. In order to better constrain the alteration environments, we focused on the process to form clays from volcanic rocks and experimentally reproduced it at different temperature and pH. A fresh, holocrystalline alkali-basalt sample collected in the Mount Etna volcanic sequence has been used as analogue of the Martian unaltered bedrock. Previous works considered only volcanic glass or single mineral, but this may not reflect the full environmental conditions. Instead, we altered the bulk rock and analyzed the changes of primary minerals to constrain the minimum environmental parameters to form clays. We observed that under acidic aqueous solution (pH ~ 3.5–5.0) and moderate temperature (~150–175 °C), clinopyroxene and plagioclase are altered in smectite in just a few days, while higher temperature appear to favor oxides formation regardless of pH. Plagioclases can also be transformed in zeolite, commonly found in association with clays on Mars. This transformation may occur even at very shallow depth if a magmatic source is close or hydrothermalism is triggered by meteoritic impact.
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Nicolas, A., L. Lévy, O. Sissmann, Z. Li, J. Fortin, B. Gibert, and F. Sigmundsson. "Influence of hydrothermal alteration on the elastic behaviour and failure of heat-treated andesite from Guadeloupe." Geophysical Journal International 223, no. 3 (September 23, 2020): 2038–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa437.
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SUMMARY Studies on the mechanical behaviour of rocks, including volcanic rocks, usually seek for unaltered and simple material: rocks without macroscopic defects. However, volcanic rocks are often naturally altered due to the circulation of hydrothermal fluids. This alteration may influence mechanical and physical properties. Here, we study the effect of hydrothermal alteration on the elasticity and failure properties of andesite. A homogeneous block of natural andesite was retrieved from a quarry. Three samples were first heat-treated and then artificially altered at different temperatures by soaking them in a brine for one month at a pressure of 20 MPa and temperatures of 80, 180 and 280 °C. Heat-treated unaltered and altered samples were hydrostatically loaded up to 50 MPa and unloaded, while strains and elastic wave velocities were recorded. Samples were also triaxially deformed to failure at a constant strain rate and a confining pressure of 15 MPa. At ambient pressure, increased alteration temperature resulted in increased wave propagation velocity, thus increased dynamic elastic moduli. During hydrostatic loading, volumetric deformation at a given effective pressure decreased with alteration temperature denoting increased static elastic moduli. During triaxial loading, the degree of alteration decreased elastic compaction and peak stress at failure. These observations are interpreted as the result of microcracks in-filling by alteration minerals, and in particular smectite, a swelling-clay mineral with a low friction coefficient. The mechanical behaviour of a volcanic rock subjected to triaxial loading was modelled with a damage model based on crack propagation from pre-existing flaws. A decreasing friction coefficient within the flanks of the cracks leads to a decrease of the peak stress and explains the experimental observations.
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Kautzmann, Rubens, Diego Medeiros, Adilson Dalmora, Marcondes Costa, José Cortina, and Carlos Sampaio. "CARACTERIZAÇÃO GEOQUÍMICA DE BASALTO AMIGDALÓIDE ALTERADO PARA USO AGRONÔMICO." BOLETIM DO MUSEU DE GEOCIÊNCIAS DA AMAZÔNIA 7 (2020), no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31419/issn.2594-942x.v72020i2a5rmk.
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Silicate rocks, especially those of volcanic origin, have been studied and applied for rock stonemeal in agricultural soils. Recently, in 2013, the use of rock materials was approved by the Brazil’s fertilizer legislation, receiving the name of remineralizers. Due to the complex nature and mineral variability of the rocks, and the lack of consistent scientific studies, the regulations for this new mineral fertilizer product require that it has characteristics of geochemical composition that provide little information about its fertilizing properties. The present work studies the geochemical characteristics of an altered amygdaloid basalt mined, observing the release of mineral nutrients through leaching tests aiming to evaluated its use with as remineralized. The studied sample comes from mine in Santo Antônio da Patrulha, RS, from an altered basalt amygdaloid horizon, containing adsorbent minerals. Aliquots of mined material and zeolite’s amygdala selected were analyzed to assess their mineralogical, chemical and base composition. Mined material aliquots in two granulometries liable for agronomic application, were subjected to leaching in a solution of citric acid (1.6%) and deionized water, for two solid / liquid ratios (1:1 and 1:4). The results indicated the presence of zeolites and smectites in the mineral matrix, the sum of bases and levels of toxic elements that fit the sample in the category of remineralizers, and the release of mineral nutrients: Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Si and Zn, with the highest concentration of Si and Ca in solution. The release of a significant amount of nitrogen in the form of nitrate was also observed, with makes this altered rock very interesting to agriculture. Key words: silicate rock, altered amygdaloid basalt, remineralizer, geochemical characterization.
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van Ruitenbeek, Frank J. A., Jasper Goseling, Wim H. Bakker, and Kim A. A. Hein. "Shannon Entropy as an Indicator for Sorting Processes in Hydrothermal Systems." Entropy 22, no. 6 (June 13, 2020): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22060656.
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Hydrothermal processes modify the chemical and mineralogical composition of rock. We studied and quantified the effects of hydrothermal processes on the composition of volcanic rocks by a novel application of the Shannon entropy, which is a measure of uncertainty and commonly applied in information theory. We show here that the Shannon entropies calculated on major elemental chemical composition data and short-wave infrared (SWIR) reflectance spectra of hydrothermally altered rocks are lower than unaltered rocks with a comparable primary composition. The lowering of the Shannon entropy indicates chemical and spectral sorting during hydrothermal alteration of rocks. The hydrothermal processes described in this study present a natural mechanism for transforming energy from heat to increased order in rock. The increased order is manifest as the increased sorting of chemical elements and SWIR absorption features of the rock, and can be measured and quantified by the Shannon entropy. The results are useful for the study of hydrothermal mineral deposits, early life environments and the effects of hydrothermal processes on rocks.
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Hartono, Hill Gendoet, Adjat Sudradjat, and Okki Verdiansyah. "Caldera of Godean, Sleman, Yogyakarta: A Volcanic Geomorphology Review." Forum Geografi 31, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v31i1.2821.
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Godean hills is located approximately 10 km westward from the Yogyakarta City. The landscape of Godean hills and plains is affected by various factors, such as lithology, geological structure, and sub-aerial process. The purpose of this study was to reveal the landscape of Godean. The method consisted of field study, morphological variables assessment, rock sampling, and laboratory analysis. The results of field mapping indicated that the landscape of Godean is an isolated hill with a steep slope of >40° and an elevation of +231 m a.s.l, passed by the rivers flows from northeast to southwest that disembogue into the west part of Kulon Progo. The morphologhy of Godean hills varies including G. (Gunung/Mountain) So (+173 m amsl), G. Gede (+218 m a.s.l), G. Wungkal (+187 m a.s.l), G. Butak (+154 m a.s.l), and G. Berjo ( + 175 m a.s.l), dominated by the lithology of igneous rock, which is composed of porphyry andesite-microdiorite, pumice lapilli, and quartz rich lapilli-tuff. In addition, most of the igneous rocks have weathered and have been altered to clays, while the deposition from Merapi volcano formed a landscape with an altitude between +100–+150 m a.s.l surrounding Godean hills. Sentolo Formation was found in Kembang, Bantul, which is located approximately ±5km in the south of the study area N93ºE/12º, while the distribution in the southwest and northeast relatively covers the Godean hills in curve shape. The results of the analysis provide information related with Godean landscape that it is the remains of the volcanic caldera, with various igneous rock types and volcaniclastics deposits, as well as endured the occurrences of hydrothermal alteration and mineralization. Further geophysical research is required to determine the configuration of igneous rocks under the earth's surface.
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Ece, O. I., and Z. E. Nakagawa. "Alteration of volcanic rocks and genesis of kaolin deposits in the Şile Region, northern İstanbul, Turkey. Part II: differential mobility of elements." Clay Minerals 38, no. 4 (December 2003): 529–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0009855033840113.
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AbstractIn the area of S° ile, NW Turkey, Upper Cretaceous calc-alkaline volcanic rocks with compositions ranging from andesite to rhyolite have been recognized. The most widespread rocks of the suite are andesites, which can be grouped into altered and fresh. The oldest altered andesites are the parent rocks for the kaolin deposits of the study area. The Upper Cretaceous volcanic suite consists of spilite, basalt, andesite, trachyandesite, trachyandesitic and hyaloandesitic dacite, rhyolite lavas, tuffs and agglomerates. The highly altered andesites are composed of plagioclase, pyroxene, hornblende, biotite, augite and very fine opaque minerals. During the Turonian, an E –W trending extensional magmatic arc was developed in the Istanbul Tectonic Zone of the oceanic Western Black Sea basin and intermediate volcanic rocks were emplaced, mostly calc-alkaline andesites, suggesting multi-stage magmatism. The significant features of the andesites are: (1) enrichment of LILE (Rb, Ba, K) over HFSE (Zr, Nb, Hf, Ti, Th, U, Y) and LREE (La –Sm), resulting in high Ba/Nb, Th/Nb, Ba/La, K/Ti and Th/La ratios; (2) depletion of LREE over HFSE, MREE and HREE, generating high La/Nb, Ce/Ti, La/Sm and La/Y values; and (3) depletion of Nb, Sr and Ti; all of which are typical of island arc magmatism, with possible back arc signature. The Th-Hf-Ta diagram for tectonomagmatic classification shows that the S° ile calc-alkaline rocks are similar to volcanic rocks from the Mariana Arc, the Aeolian Arc of Salina, Italy, the Skaros island in the Aegean Sea and Sardinia's ignimbrites. Moreover, relatively low La/Th and Ce/Pb ratios suggest that the source region of volcanism was enriched in LILE with respect to REE, indicating crustal contamination during melting.Highly weathered andesitic rocks, rich in smectite, were transported gradually and deposited in a lacustrine basin, a coal-forming dysaerobic environment, in which they were subject to post-depositional alteration, or in situkaolinization, to form a kaolin deposit in the presence of humic and fulvic acids. The mobility of major and trace elements and REEs during the progressive kaolinization of andesitic materials has been investigated to reveal the geochemical characteristics of Upper Cretaceous volcanic parent rocks and to explain mineralogical processes in a kaolin deposit as a daughter rock ‘end-product’ . Alteration is characterized by the loss of Si, Fe, Ca, Na and K, and by the gain of Al, Ti, Zr and LOI. Moreover, Ho, Er and Yb are immobile, and Hf, Zr and Nb are mobile. Th and U are slightly enriched in clay horizons with respect to the andesitic rocks. In addition, Cr, Ga, Nb and Ta enrichments indicate variable sources of terrigenous sediments and differential mobilities of elements in lake waters rich in organic acids. The anatase concentration increases in the <2 mm size fractions as subspherical particles and these precipitate at acidic conditions (pH ≈ 5) during early diagenesis.
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Durant, Graham P. "Volcanogenic sediments of the East Kirkton Limestone (Viséan) of West Lothian, Scotland." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 84, no. 3-4 (1993): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300006015.
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ABSTRACTVolcanogenic sediments form a significant part of the East Kirkton Limestone, with thin tuff units occurring at several levels and pyroclastic fragments being an important constituent of the coarser clastic limestone units.The tuffs have been extensively altered during diagenesis but recognisable pseudomorphs after olivine and plagioclase phenocrysts confirm the basaltic nature of the volcanism. The considerable lateral variations in thickness of the tuff horizons in conjunction with the poorly sorted and lithologically heterogeneous nature of the tuffs indicate an epiclastic origin for the volcanogenic sediments. Well-rounded volcanic rock fragments—products of erosion—occur with angular fragments within the tuffs. Blocky tuffs in the lower part of the formation contain charred wood fragments, rip-up clasts of limestone and disarticulated amphibian bones. Graded bedding at several horizons and the presence of ostracods within some tuffs confirms subaqueous deposition.The findings are consistent with the usual, dominantly epiclastic products of basaltic volcanism, in an equatorial, continental, humid environment, with assorted debris being washed from the flanks of a volcano into a shallow lake.
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Greenough, John D., S. R. McCutcheon, and V. S. Papezik. "Petrology and geochemistry of Cambrian volcanic rocks from the Avalon Zone in New Brunswick." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): 881–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e85-092.
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Lower to Middle Cambrian volcanic rocks occur within the Avalon Zone of southern New Brunswick at Beaver Harbour and in the Long Reach area. The Beaver Harbour rocks are intensely altered, but the major- and trace-element geochemistry indicates that they could be highly evolved (basaltic andesites) within-plate basalts. The mafic flows from the Long Reach area form two chemically and petrologically distinct groups: (1) basalts with feldspar phenocrysts that represent evolved continental tholeiites with some oceanic characteristics; and (2) a group of aphyric basalts showing extremely primitive continental tholeiite compositions, also with oceanic affinities and resembling some rift-related Jurassic basalts on the eastern seaboard. Felsic pyroclastic rocks in the Long Reach area make the suite bimodal. This distribution of rock types supports conclusions from the mafic rocks that the area experienced tension throughout the Early to Middle Cambrian.
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Guilbaud, Marie-Noëlle, Claus Siebe, Christine Rasoazanamparany, Elisabeth Widom, Sergio Salinas, and Renato Castro Govea. "Petrographic, Geochemical and Isotopic (Sr–Nd–Pb–Os) Study of Plio-Quaternary Volcanics and the Tertiary Basement in the Jorullo-Tacámbaro Area, Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field, Mexico." Journal of Petrology 60, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 2317–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egaa006.
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Abstract The origin of the large diversity of rock types erupted along the subduction-related Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) remains highly debated. In particular, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the contemporary eruption of calc-alkaline and alkaline magmas along the belt. The Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field (MGVF) is an atypical, vast region of monogenetic activity located in the western-central part of the TMVB. Here we present new petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic (Sr–Nd–Pb–Os) data on recent volcanics in the Jorullo-Tacámbaro area that is the closest to the oceanic trench. TMVB-related volcanics in this area are Plio-Quaternary (<5 Ma) and mainly form a calc-alkaline series from basalts to dacites, with rare (<5 vol. %) alkaline rocks that range from trachybasalts to trachydacites, and transitional samples. Crystal textures are consistent with rapid crystallization at shallow depth and processes of mixing of similar magma batches (magma recharge). All of the samples exhibit an arc-type trace element pattern. Alkaline and transitional magmas have higher Na2O and K2O, lower Al2O3, and higher concentrations in incompatible elements (e.g. Sr, K, Ba, Th, Ce, P) compared to calc-alkaline rocks. Calc-alkaline rocks are similar isotopically to transitional and alkaline samples, except for a few low 87Sr/86Sr samples. Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes do not correlate with MgO or 187Os/188Os, indicating that they were not significantly influenced by crustal contamination. Isotopic and trace-element systematics suggest that the Tacámbaro magmas are produced by melting of a mantle wedge fluxed by fluids derived from a mixture of subducted sediments and altered oceanic crust. Alkaline and transitional magmas can be derived from a lower degree of partial melting of a similar source to that of the calc-alkaline rocks, whereas the few low 87Sr/86Sr calc-alkaline rocks require a lower proportion of fluid derived from oceanic sediments and crust. Volcanism at the trenchward edge of the MGVF was thus driven purely by subduction during the last 5 Ma, hence discarding slab rollback in this sector of the TMVB.
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Pardiarto, Bambang. "EVALUATION OF COPPER DEPOSITS PROSPECT IN WAI WAJO AREA OF SIKKA REGENCY, EAST NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCE." Buletin Sumber Daya Geologi 9, no. 2 (August 8, 2014): 46–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47599/bsdg.v9i2.127.
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Lowo Deba prospect in Sikka Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province shows significant evidences for copper deposit. The prospect is discovered by joint cooperation activity between Directorate of Mineral Resources Inventory (DMRI) and Korea Resources Corporation (KORES) in the systematic exploration program. The evaluation based on the quantitative analysis of rock and mineral characteristics as well as geologic mapping, petrography, mineragraphy, fluid inclusion, spectra analysis (PIMA), geochemical and geophysical data. The geology of the prospect area consists of Miocene volcanics of Kiro Formation and Tanahau Formation, intrusion of granodiorite and Quaternary volcanics. The volcanic rock shows the characteristic of tholeiitic magma. The predominant system of lineaments in the prospect area tends to be NE-SW trend. This fault structure appears to have closely relationship with the mineralization in Lowo Deba prospect. The mineralization and alteration outcrops appear to be structural controlled to form epithermal deposit type. Most of the mineralizations are hosted by phyllic – argillic altered andesitic to dacitic tuff which is intruded by granodiorite. Rock samples indicate the mineralization type is quartz vein containing chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, covellite and pyrite. The best grade revealed from these altered rocks of 6,980 ppm Cu and 50 ppb Au, and from quartz vein of 4,868 ppm Cu and 57 ppb Au. Mineralization stages evolved from initial higher temperatures (> 320° C) to later lower temperatures (near 170° C). Soil geochemical analysis identify two zones of combined anomaly i.e. Au-Cu-Mo and AgPb-Zn. Those anomalies are concentrated in the phyllic and argillic altered andesitic tuff. These soil anomaly coincide with IP anomalies which are found in electrode separation index of n=5 and n=7 in line WA7 with chargeability value up to 405.7 Msec and resistivity value of 37.7 Ohm-m. In general high chargeability and low resistivity anomalies are developed in the direction of southwest to northeast and still open to the northeast. The high chargeability value allows to predict the occurrence of copper deposits potential. Some bore holes are proposed for the next survey to confirm the presence of new copper deposits in the prospect area.
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Schetselaar, Bellefleur, and Hunt. "Elucidating the Effects of Hydrothermal Alteration on Seismic Reflectivity in the Footwall of the Lalor Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit, Snow Lake, Manitoba, Canada." Minerals 9, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9060384.
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The integrated analysis of seismic rock properties, lithogeochemical data, and mineral compositional data, estimated via scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), provides insight into the effects of hydrothermal alteration on seismic reflectivity in the footwall of the Lalor volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit, Manitoba, Canada. The effects of hydrothermal alteration on variations in acoustic impedance are secondary in magnitude and superimposed on the dominant acoustic impedance contrast between felsic and mafic volcanic protoliths. This secondary effect is due to an increase in P-wave velocity with increasing intensity of hydrothermal alteration, as measured by the Ishikawa and Carbonate-Chlorite-Pyrite alteration indices. Mixture modeling of the seismic rock properties and mineral percentages suggests that the increase in seismic velocity is due to an increase in abundance of cordierite, which is one of the diagnostic aluminum silicates for hydrothermally-altered volcanic rocks metamorphosed in the upper almandine amphibolite facies. The synthetic seismic data of a simple VMS model consisting of mafic-felsic host rock contacts, a sulfide ore lens, and a discordant hydrothermal conduit, consisting of the amphibolite-facies mineral assemblage (600 °C, 6 kbar) encountered at Lalor, show enhanced seismic reflections at conduit-host rock contacts, in comparison to its greenschist facies equivalent (350 °C, 2.5 Kbar). This zone of enhanced seismic reflectivity in the footwall of the massive sulfide ore zone is also recognized on the Lalor seismic data suggesting that high-grade terrains hosting VMS deposits possess enhanced potential for the seismic detection of their footwall hydrothermal alteration zones.
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Sánchez-Núñez, Juan Manuel, Antonio Pola, Guillermo Cisneros, Hugo Iván Sereno, María Elena Serrano-Flores, Luis Ángel Jiménez, and Perla Rodríguez. "Physical-mechanical behavior of fresh and completely altered rocks as an important factor of slope instability in the El Rosario Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary, Michoacán, Mexico." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 38, no. 3 (November 29, 2021): 272–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2021.3.1674.
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Slope instability in the Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (RBMM) Michoacán, Mexico, is a widespread phenomenon that results from the complex interaction among different factors such as climate, slope, and the spatial distribution of different rock units. The climate is temperate subhumid, with rains in summer and an annual average rainfall of 700 to 1250 mm. The main physiographic units of the area are volcanic mountains, with slopes greater than 30 degrees. The main scope of this study is to characterize the physical-mechanical properties of fresh and completely altered lower Miocene andesitic lavas of the Sierra de Angangueo (Cerro El Campanario, province of El Rosario, Michoacán) by implementing laboratory tests (bulk density, permeability, porosity, uniaxial compressive strength). The fresh rock sample presents total porosity, permeability, and UCS values of 0.262 mD, 17.1 %, and 63.5 MPa, respectively. Instead, the altered rock display values of 393.71 mD, 60.9 %, and 0.26 MPa. Our results suggest that the slope and the degradation of the rock properties induced by alteration are the conditioning factors of instability in the region. Atypical rainfalls may act as triggering mechanism for slope failure.
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Górniak, Katarzyna, Tadeusz Szydłak, Piotr Wyszomirski, Adam Gaweł, and Małgorzata Niemiec. "Recently Discovered Thick Bentonite Bed Hosted by the Lithothamnium Limestones (Badenian) in the Polish Part of the Carpathian Foredeep: The Evidence for Volcanic Origin." Minerals 11, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11121417.
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In this paper, we discuss the hypothesis on the volcanic origin of the precursor sediments for a thick (0.6 m) clay bed, hosted by the sequence of lithothamnium limestones of the Pińczów Formation. Combined X-ray powder diffraction, imaging methods (optical and electron microscopy), and chemical analysis were used to document the volcanic markers, which were preserved in the rock studied. The results obtained show that the clay bed discussed is bentonite in origin. This bentonite, which can be called Drugnia Rządowa bentonite, is composed almost entirely of montmorillonite with little admixtures of quartz and biotite. A small amount of calcite is present, but only in the top of the bed. Despite that, the bentonite contains nothing but clay material—it is a model example of entirely altered pyroclastic rock, which retains texture originally developed in volcanic glass fragments and reveals the preserved original features of the precursor fallout pyroclastic deposits (rhyolitic in character). The thick bentonite beds, discovered for the first time within the Badenian lithothamnium limestones of the Pińczów Formation, can be considered as a record of a violent, explosive volcanic event related to the closure of the Outer Carpathian basin and the development of the Carpathian Foredeep.
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Henneberger, Ruth M., Malcolm R. Walter, and Roberto P. Anitori. "Extraction of DNA from Acidic, Hydrothermally Modified Volcanic Soils." Environmental Chemistry 3, no. 2 (2006): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en06013.
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Environmental Context.Microorganisms are intimately involved in geochemical processes. For example, they are major players in the environmental cycling of important elements (e.g. carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, iron), rock weathering, and the formation of ores and petroleum. Identification of the environmental microbiota, commonly achieved via DNA techniques, is essential for an understanding of these processes. The main focus of this Rapid Communication is to demonstrate that endogenous DNA can be extracted from acidic, volcanic soil samples. Abstract.Acidic soils for microbial diversity studies were collected from Devil’s Kitchen, a fumarolic field on Mt Hood, USA. The very dense soils, which contain clay and other minerals, are derived from andesitic and dacitic rocks altered by volcanic heat and acidic, sulfur-rich hydrothermal steam. An initial attempt to extract biomass DNA using a mechanical-based cell lysis protocol was ineffective. However, by using various other protocols, DNA was successfully extracted, leading to the identification of several acidophilic Mt Hood extremophiles. The results emphasise the importance of testing different extraction procedures when dealing with apparently intractable samples.
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Hindemith, Marisa, Aphrodite Indares, and Stephen Piercey. "Hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks metamorphosed at granulite-facies conditions: an example from the Grenville Province." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 54, no. 6 (June 2017): 622–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2016-0146.
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A 1.2 Ga association of aluminous gneisses, garnetites, and white felsic gneisses of andesitic composition in the southern Manicouagan area (central Grenville Province) provides evidence consistent with protolith formation and hydrothermal alteration in a submarine volcanic environment. In addition to field relations, potential relics of quartz phenocrysts in the aluminous gneisses, revealed by SEM–MLA (scanning electron microscope with a mineral liberation analysis software) imaging, are consistent with a volcanic precursor. Moreover, in these rocks, aluminous nodules and seams of sillimanite are considered to represent metamorphosed hydrothermal mineral assemblages and to reflect former pathways of hydrothermal fluid. These features are preserved despite the Grenvillian granulite-facies metamorphic overprint and evidence of partial melting. In addition, the garnetites are inferred to represent hydrothermally altered products of the white gneisses, based on the gradational contacts between the two rock types. The compositional ranges of minerals are generally similar to those of granulite-facies metapelites, but moderately elevated contents of Mn in garnet from the garnetites, and Zn in spinel from the aluminous gneisses, are consistent with hydrothermal addition of these elements to the protolith. The most prominent alteration trends are an increase in Fe–Mg–Mn from the white gneisses to the aluminous gneisses and the garnetites, and a trend of increasing alumina index in some white gneisses, suggesting mild argillic alteration. The new findings highlight the preservation of early hydrothermal alteration in high-grade metamorphic belts in the Grenville Province, and these altered rocks are potential targets for exploration.
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Nouri, Tohid, Parvin Najafzadeh Tehrani, Rahim Masoumi, and George E. Christidis. "Rare earth element geochemistry of altered pyroclastic rocks in the Hashtjin area of north-west Iran." Clay Minerals 55, no. 2 (June 2020): 150–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/clm.2020.21.
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AbstractThis study evaluates the rare earth element (REE) geochemistry in altered trachyandesitic ignimbrites, tuff and lava flows in the Hashtjin area by assessing chondrite-normalized REE patterns and Y/Ho geochemical ratios. Modifications in the REE patterns took place along altered fault zones that were affected by hypogene and supergene alterations. The precursor volcanic and pyroclastic rocks contain phenocrysts of plagioclase accompanied by augite, zircon, apatite and pyrite. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, the main mineral assemblages of the altered units consist of kaolinite as the main clay mineral, SiO2 polymorphs (quartz and cristobalite) and anatase as a minor constituent. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of argillic samples reveal fractionation of light REEs (LREEs) compared to heavy REEs (HREEs), together with a marked Eu anomaly and a weak W-type tetrad effect related to the weak non-charge radius control (CHARAC) behaviour of REEs and slightly higher Y/Ho and Zr/Hf ratios. The relationship between the Y/Ho and Zr/Hf ratios and recognizable T3 and T4 effects (tetrad effect) suggests that an increasing degree of water–rock interaction occurred during hypogene alteration processes by acidic hydrothermal fluids that were overprinted by supergene alteration. Water–rock interaction and adsorption by Mn-oxides and clay minerals are considered to have played important roles in determining the close to non-CHARAC behaviour of REEs during the argillic alteration of the pyroclastic rocks in the Hashtjin area.
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Bloise, Andrea, Chiara Benedetta Cannata, and Rosanna De Rosa. "Hydrothermal Alteration of Etna Ash and Implications for Mars." Minerals 10, no. 5 (May 17, 2020): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10050450.
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Volcanic activity represents one of the main factors controlling the geological evolution of Mars, whose morphology has remarkable counterparts on Earth. Studies on the Martian surface revealed the widespread occurrences of newly formed minerals originated by the hydrothermal alteration of volcanic rocks. In this work, we carried out a series of experiments to test the reactions occurring during the hydrothermal alteration of basaltic ash from Etna (Italy) as a possible similar reaction fully grown on the Martian rock. The volcanic ash used for the hydrothermal alteration experiments was collected during the eruption of Etna in 2001, and its composition shares similarities with Martian bedrocks. Ash was altered under hydrothermal conditions at initial pH 5 at two temperatures (150 and 200 °C) and reaction times of 5, 10, and 31 days. After a number of runs, we attained analcime NaAlSi2O6·H2O. Our findings are in line with the hypothesis that zeolite on Mars probably originated from a low-temperature hydrothermal environment. The conclusions accord with the assumption that the analcime crystals recognized on Mars formed under the same conditions as those of our experimental setups.
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Haselwimmer, C. E., T. R. Riley, and J. G. Liu. "Assessing the potential of multispectral remote sensing for lithological mapping on the Antarctic Peninsula: case study from eastern Adelaide Island, Graham Land." Antarctic Science 22, no. 3 (February 3, 2010): 299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102010000015.
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AbstractThe results of lithological mapping using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data for the Wright Peninsula region of Adelaide Island, Antarctic Peninsula are compared with existing geological maps and recent field observations to assess the potential of multispectral remote sensing to undertake lithological mapping on the Antarctic Peninsula. The Wright Peninsula comprises calc-alkaline intrusive rocks ranging from granite to gabbro, volcanic rocks of acidic to intermediate composition, and arc-related sediments. The reflective and thermal bands of a single ASTER image were analysed with reference to reflectance spectra of rock samples from the study area. Assessment of the ASTER mapping outcomes was undertaken with a newly compiled geological map of Adelaide Island and observations made during recent fieldwork. The results demonstrate that ASTER can uniquely discriminate granitoid intrusive rocks and altered rhyolitic volcanic rocks that display distinctive spectral properties. The results are more ambiguous at discriminating more intermediate/mafic rocks such as diorite/gabbro, andesite/basalt and chlorite-bearing sediments due to the similarity in spectral properties. These results demonstrate that although ASTER data are limited in their ability to uniquely discriminate lithologies they can provide important lithological information in support of geological mapping on the Antarctic Peninsula.
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Schetselaar, Ernst, and Pejman Shamsipour. "Interpretation of borehole gravity data of the Lalor volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, Snow Lake, Manitoba, Canada." Interpretation 3, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): T145—T154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0188.1.
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We have acquired borehole gravity data along five drillholes intersecting the Lalor volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit hosted in the eastern Flin Flon greenstone belt at Snow Lake, Manitoba, Canada. Inverted apparent interval density (IAID) logs were calculated from the borehole gravity data and compared with lithofacies and [Formula: see text] logs; the latter of which is a geochemical proxy for differentiating volcanic rocks of felsic to mafic composition. The IAID anomalies predominantly reflect alternating mafic and felsic volcanic rock units in the footwall and hanging wall of the massive sulfide deposit. IAID lows are associated with [Formula: see text] highs that correspond to rhyolite and rhyodacite intervals in the hanging wall. IAID lows with associated [Formula: see text] peaks in the footwall occur within intervals of gneiss and schist formed by metamorphism of hydrothermally altered rocks, suggesting that these IAID lows still reflect the felsic composition of their volcanic protoliths. A significant peak-to-peak Bouguer anomaly of 0.66 mGal caused by an estimated excess mass of 0.7 mT can be correlated with gamma-gamma density signature of the main sulfide ore zone in three boreholes. This anomaly is aligned with the ore zone after restoring the displacement along a northeast-dipping structure. When integrated with drillhole lithology and lithogeochemistry logs, gravity borehole data can, in addition to the direct detection of mineralization, be used as a subsurface geological mapping tool.
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Piroshco, Darwin W., and C. Jay Hodgson. "Relationship of hydrothermal alteration to structure and stratigraphy at the Coniaurum gold mine, northern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 2028–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e88-189.
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The gold mineralized zones of the Coniaurum mine, Porcupine camp, northeastern Ontario, are on the eastern end of the northeast-trending Hollinger–Mclntyre ore system. The ore zones are quartz–ankerite (plus accessories) veins and vein systems and associated pyritic wall rock, hosted by a sequence of mafic volcanic rocks and discordant quartz–feldspar porphyry stocks of Archean age.A least altered facies and three alteration facies can be distinguished within the mafic volcanic rocks: a chlorite facies, an ankerite facies, and a vein envelope facies. The chlorite facies is widespread, overprints the least altered facies (i.e., chlorite replaces actinolite), and hosts barren and locally mineralized quartz veins bordered by vein envelope facies alteration. The ankerite facies is coextensive with subparallel shear zones, which crosscut me axial trace of the Coniaurum anticline, and hosts most of the mineralized vein systems. Addition mineralization occurs within graphitic sediments in the crest area of the Coniaurum anticline.On the basis of the above relationships, the shear zones, hydrothermal alteration, and mineralization are interpreted to be late (i.e., syn- to post-development of the Coniaurum anticline).The mineral assemblages of the chlorite and ankerite alteration facies are interpreted as resulting from lateral gradients in [Formula: see text]. Replacement textures between minerals at the alteration facies boundaries indicate the hydrothermal system first grew outwards but later collapsed inwards and the vein envelope facies is superimposed on the more widespread ankerite and chlorite facies.
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Kadir, S., and A. Akbulut. "Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the Taşoluk kaolinite deposits in pre-Early Cambrian metamorphites and Neogene volcanites of Afyonkarahisar, Turkey." Clay Minerals 44, no. 1 (March 2009): 89–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2009.044.1.89.
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AbstractThe Taşoluk kaolinite deposits of Afyonkarahisar (western Anatolia) are hosted by both pre-Early Cambrian sericitic mica-chlorite schists and Neogene volcanites, the latter comprising tuffs and agglomerates. These units have been affected by hydrothermal alteration controlled by faults resulting in complex, irregular, lateral mineralogical zonation. The occurrence of a siliceous cap on altered schists and in claystone, of quartz veins in schists and tuffs, and the development of explosion cones and pit fillings indicate that alteration in both the schists and the volcanites is due to hydrothermal processes. Altered schists have generally large (locally small) Fe contents, and claystones are generally silicified and have small Fe contents. Kaolinite predominates south and west of Taşoluk, whereas high (Fe+Ti)-bearing illite + kaolinite predominate in other altered sections. The kaolinite exhibits a stacked micromorphology within altered schists, and the altered volcanites record in situ precipitation, derived from a mechanism of paired dissolution and precipitation. Illite fibres coexist with kaolinite, smectite, chlorite, mica and sericitized feldspar in markedly altered schists, revealing that the illite formed either authigenically or by conversion of smectite to illite. A relative increase in Cr+Ni and decrease in Sr+Ba in the kaolinite deposits and their schistose host rock relative to the upper level of the kaolinite deposits and their volcanic parent rocks came about by the alteration of chlorite, mica and feldspar in the sericitic mica-chlorite schists, and feldspar, glass shards and schist fragments in the volcanites as a result of extensive faulting, fracturing and hydrothermal activity during Late Miocene-Pliocene volcanism, which contributed to the development of kaolinite deposits under acidic environmental conditions. With regard to industrial applications, the low-Fe kaolinized schists are suitable for use in refractories and paper coatings, while the claystone is suitable for use in ceramics and in the white-cement industry.
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Wilson, Ian, and John Keeling. "Global occurrence, geology and characteristics of tubular halloysite deposits." Clay Minerals 51, no. 3 (June 2016): 309–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2016.051.3.12.
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AbstractHalloysite with tubular morphology is formed in a wide range of geological environments from the alteration of various rock types. Intrusive acidic coarse-grained rocks, such as granites, pegmatites and anorthosite, with large potash and sodic feldspars contents, are subsequently altered to kaolinite, halloysite and other clay minerals by weathering or shallow hydrothermal fluid activity. Processing to separate the halloysite-kaolinite fraction from the altered host rock provides a product which can be used as a paper filler and in ceramics and fibreglass, among other uses, with various deposits in Brazil, China, Thailand and elsewhere. In the Kerikeri-Matauri Bay district of Northland, North Island, New Zealand, volcanic alkali rhyolite was extruded as domes and cooled rapidly with fine-grained feldspar subsequently altered to halloysite. The IMERYS plant in Matauri Bay separates the clay from the quartz-cristobalite matrix with an ∼20% yield of halloysite. The principal market is for high-quality porcelain and bone china that require low levels of Fe2O3 and TiO2. Deposits with high levels of halloysite occur in China, Turkey and the USA. The Dragon mine in Utah, USAwas recently reopened by Applied Minerals Inc. and now produces halloysite from zones of up to 100% white halloysite. Smaller occurrences of tubular halloysite are mined in China, Turkey and elsewhere from masses of comparatively pure clay that appear to have crystallized directly from solutions in which Al and Si were soluble.
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Barrett, T. J., W. H. MacLean, S. Cattalani, L. Hoy, and G. Riverin. "Massive sulfide deposits of the Noranda area, Quebec. III. The Ansil mine." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 28, no. 11 (November 1, 1991): 1699–730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e91-154.
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The Ansil massive sulfide deposit occurs at the contact of the underlying Northwest Rhyolite and the overlying Rusty Ridge Andesite, in the lower part of the Central Mine sequence of the Blake River Group. The orebody, which is roughly ellipsoidal in outline and up to 200 m × 150 m across, contained reserves of 1.58 Mt of massive sulfide grading 7.2% Cu, 0.9% Zn, 1.6 g/t Au, and 26.5 g/t Ag. Production began in 1989. Least-altered host rocks are low-K basaltic andesites and low-K rhyolites. These rocks have Zr/Y ratios of ~5 and LaN/YbN ratios of ~2.3, typical of tholeiitic volcanic rocks, although their major-element chemistry is transitional between tholeiitic and calc-alkaline volcanic rocks.The Ansil deposit, which dips ~50° east, is a single orebody comprising two main massive sulfide lenses (up to ~35 m thick) connected laterally via a thinner blanket of massive sulfides, with thin discontinuous but conformable massive magnetite units at the base and top of the orebody. Sulfide ore consists of massive to banded pyrrhotite–chalcopyrite. In the downplunge lens, up to 10 m of massive magnetite are capped by up to 10 m of massive sulfide. Finely banded cherty tuff, with sphalerite–pyrite–chalcopyrite, forms a discontinuous fringe to the deposit.The two main lenses of massive sulfide have the highest contents of Cu, Ag, and Au and are thought to have formed in areas of major hydrothermal input. Altered feeder zones contain either chlorite + chalcopyrite + pyrrhotite ± magnetite, or chlorite + magnetite ± sulfides. Footwall mineralization forms semiconformable zones ~5–10 m thick that directly underlie the orebody and high-angle pipelike zones that extend at least 50 m into the footwall. Ti–Zr–Al plots indicate that almost all altered footwall rocks were derived from a homogeneous rhyolite precursor. Hanging-wall andesites were also altered. Despite some severe alteration, all initial volcanic rock compositions can be readily identified, and thus mass changes can be calculated. Silica has been both significantly added or removed from the footwall, whereas K has been added except in feeder pipes. Oxygen-isotope compositions up to at least 50 m into the hanging wall and footwall are typically depleted in δ18O by 2–6‰. These rocks have gained Fe + Mg and lost Si. Altered samples in general range from light-rare-earth-element (REE) depleted to light-REE enriched, although some samples exhibit little REE modification despite strong alkali depletion. Mineralized volcanic rocks immediately below the orebody are enriched in Eu (as are some Cu-rich sulfides in the orebody).Contact and petrographic relations generally suggest that the main zone of massive magnetite formed by replacement of cp–po-rich sulfides, although local relations are ambiguous. Magnetite formation may reflect waning hydrothermal activity, during which fluids mixed with seawater and became cooler and more oxidized. Cu-rich feeder pipes that cut magnetite-rich footwall indicate a renewal of Cu-sulfide mineralization after magnetite deposition. Chloritic zones with disseminated sulfides occur up to a few hundred metres above the orebody, attesting to continuing hydrothermal activity.
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Caputo, Teresa, Angela Mormone, Ermanno Marino, Giuseppina Balassone, and Monica Piochi. "Remote Sensing and Mineralogical Analyses: A First Application to the Highly Active Hydrothermal Discharge Area of Pisciarelli in the Campi Flegrei Volcanic Field (Italy)." Remote Sensing 14, no. 15 (July 22, 2022): 3526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14153526.
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This paper explored the relationship between acidic sulfate alteration, geostructural frameworks, and geomorphological changes that can be observed in active volcanic hydrothermal systems. The target area was Pisciarelli in the Campi Flegrei volcano, where diffuse acidic sulfate alteration and hydrothermal dynamics have been growing since 2012, causing a progressive deterioration of landscapes. Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS), photogrammetry of proximity survey, geological field work, mineralogical and geochemical analysis with Optical Microscopy (OM), electron microscopy, and energy dispersive micro-analysis (BSEM-EDS) and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) to characterize (and monitor) altered rock outcrops were repeatedly carried out in the area. We present the multi-temporal acquisition and analysis referring to Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) datasets (2014 survey) with 3D-point clouds obtained from the Structure for Motion (SfM) photogrammetry (2021 survey) with a high-resolution digital camera aimed at evaluating volumetric changes on the mostly damaged and altered fault scarp. For each survey, we obtained a vertical Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and a true color RGB orthomosaic that provided the setting of the area at the different times and its evolution through their comparison. Changing sites were examined in the field and characterized for mineralogical and geochemical purposes. The investigated slope lost up to about 4 m3 of deposits between 2014 and 2021, mostly related to hydrothermal alteration induced by gas emissions and meteoric infiltration. Our methodological approach appears promising to evaluate evolution and rock-fall susceptibility of solfataric terrains subjected to hydrothermal dynamics.
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Wang, Xue, Zhan Xing Yang, and Jing Lin Jiang. "Geological Features of Fuxin Gold Deposit." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.130.
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Fuxin city is a part of low mountains and hills in Liaoning western, the plain and the hill occupy respectively 1/2. Metallogenic geological conditions of gold in Fuxin regions is superior, the types of mineral deposits is diverse, and it is dominated by Antique eon tough shear zone greenstone(mylonite) and altered rock type, volcanic type take second place, potential resource is larger, is an important production base of Liaoning province even the country. Therefore researching the geological characteristics of gold deposits in Fuxin region is of great significance.
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Yang, Fan, Wei Chen, Jindrich Kynicky, Yuancan Ying, and Tian Bai. "Combined In Situ Chemical and Sr Isotopic Compositions and U–Pb Ages of the Mushgai Khudag Alkaline Complex: Implications of Immiscibility, Fractionation, and Alteration." Minerals 11, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11050450.
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The Mushgai Khudag complex consists of numerous silicate volcanic-plutonic rocks including melanephelinites, theralites, trachytes, shonkinites, and syenites and also hosts numerous dykes and stocks of magnetite-apatite-enriched rocks and carbonatites. It hosts the second largest REE–Fe–P–F–Sr–Ba deposit in Mongolia, with REE mineralization associated with magnetite-apatite-enriched rocks and carbonatites. The bulk rock REE content of these two rock types varies from 21,929 to 70,852 ppm, which is much higher than that of syenites (716 ± 241 ppm). Among these, the altered magnetite-apatite-enriched rocks are characterized by the greatest level of REE enrichment (58,036 ± 13,313 ppm). Magmatic apatite from magnetite-apatite-enriched rocks is commonly euhedral with purple luminescence, and altered apatite displays variable purple to blue luminescence and shows fissures and hollows with deposition of fine-grained monazite aggregates. Most magmatic apatite within syenite is prismatic and displays oscillatory zoning with variable purple to yellow luminescence. Both magmatic and altered apatite from magnetite-apatite-enriched rocks were dated using in situ U–Pb dating and found to have ages of 139.7 ± 2.6 and 138.0 ± 1.3 Ma, respectively, which supports the presence of late Mesozoic alkaline magmatism. In situ 87Sr/86Sr ratios obtained for all types of apatite and calcite within carbonatite show limited variation (0.70572–0.70648), which indicates derivation from a common mantle source. All apatite displays steeply fractionated chondrite-normalized REE trends with significant LREE enrichment (46,066 ± 71,391 ppm) and high (La/Yb)N ratios ranging from 72.7 to 256. REE contents and (La/Yb)N values are highly variable among different apatite groups, even within the same apatite grains. The variable REE contents and patterns recorded by magmatic apatite from the core to the rim can be explained by the occurrence of melt differentiation and accompanying fractional crystallization. The Y/Ho ratios of altered apatite deviate from the chondritic values, which reflects alteration by hydrothermal fluids. Altered apatite contains a high level of REE (63,912 ± 31,785 ppm), which are coupled with increased sulfur and/or silica contents, suggesting that sulfate contributes to the mobility and incorporation of REEs into apatite during alteration. Moreover, altered apatite is characterized by higher Zr/Hf, Nb/Ta, and (La/Yb)N ratios (179 ± 48, 19.4 ± 10.3, 241 ± 40, respectively) and a lack of negative Eu anomalies compared with magmatic apatite. The distinct chemical features combined with consistent Sr isotopes and ages for magmatic and altered apatite suggest that pervasive hydrothermal alterations at Mushgai Khudag are most probably being induced by carbonatite-evolved fluids almost simultaneously after the alkaline magmatism.
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Spreafico, Ricardo Ramos, Johildo Salomão Figueiredo Barbosa, Moacir José Buenano Macambira, and Marco Antônio Galarza. "TIMS Pb-Pb geochronology of sulfides in the Fazenda Coqueiro VHMS deposit, São Francisco Craton, NE Brazil: timing and genesis constraints on the Zn-Pb mineralization." Geologia USP. Série Científica 20, no. 3 (October 27, 2020): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9095.v20-160348.
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TIMS Pb-Pb geochronological data allow determination of the timing and genesis of the Fazenda Coqueiro volcanic‑hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) Zn-Pb deposit hosted in the Neoarchean Mundo Novo greenstone belt (MNGB), NE São Francisco Craton. The deposit is inserted in the Rhyacian-Orosirian Contendas-Jacobina lineament between Archean cratonic blocks. The basement of the deposit is composed of Paleoarchean metagranite and metarhyolite nuclei tectonically emplaced within the supracrustal rocks. The volcanic-sedimentary rocks comprise the ocean floor western metabasalt, calcsilicate rock, aluminous schist, metachert, banded iron formation, and tremolitite of the middle sequence and metasedimentary siliciclastic rocks of the uppermost sequence of the MNGB. The western metabasalt is hydrothermally altered, which resulted in the formation of two alteration zones. They consist of carbonate zone, proximal, hosting massive sulfides composed mainly of sphalerite and galena with minor chalcopyrite; and sericite-chlorite zone, distal, hosting mainly disseminated chalcopyrite. Pb-Pb galena, chalcopyrite and sphalerite data from the massive and disseminated zones in the Fazenda Coqueiro deposit yielded model ages of 2,804 ± 11.15, 2,794 ± 11.2, and 2,767 ± 11.1 Ma, respectively, with the Pb sourced from the upper crust, based on the uranogenic and thorogenic diagrams. The Pb-Pb isochron mineralization age of 2,747 ± 16 Ma obtained from chalcopyrite and sphalerite samples from the massive and disseminated zones suggests that the sulfides were coeval and do not record later metamorphic-hydrothermal events. Therefore, the Fazenda Coqueiro deposit would have formed from Neoarchean ocean floor volcanic-exhalative processes. The Rhyacian-Orosirian tectonic event compressed the deposit between Archean blocks along the Contendas-Jacobina lineament, preserving the sulfides from remobilization processes.
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Hakim, F. R., and A. Idrus. "Preliminary Study of Geology, Alteration and Ore Mineralisation at East Motoling Area, South Minahasa District, North Sulawesi, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 921, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/921/1/012034.
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Abstract The East Motoling area is one of the prospect areas in the Minahasa region of North Sulawesi, which has indications of low sulfidation epithermal-type mineralization. The research was conducted as a preliminary study to determine the characteristics of geological conditions, alteration, and ore mineralization in the epithermal system. The research method is divided into two main parts, such as fieldwork including surface geological mapping (lithology, stratigraphy, geomorphology, structural geology, alteration and mineralization) and laboratory analysis methods including petrographic analysis. The stratigraphy of the study area consists of altered volcaniclastic breccia, altered lapilli tuff, altered tuff, limestone, welded lapilli tuff, and andesitic breccia. Volcaniclastic breccia, altered lapilli tuff, and altered tuff, member of the Volcanic Rock Formation which is Late – Middle Miocene age, are the host rock for ore mineralization and hydrotermal alteration process. There are 3 types of alterations that have developed, namely argillic (illite + quartz ± kaolinite), sericitic (sericite + illite ± chlorite), and propylitic (chlorite + epidote ± illite). The dextral slip fault with NW – SE trend present as a main control structure to formation of extention fracture/vein. The epithermal veins are relatively north-northeast – south-southwest, north-northwest – south-southeast, and northwest – southeast. The textures of the veins divided into 7 main groups, namely that is bladed-quartz, breccia, calcedony, colloform, comb, mold, and massive quartz. Ore mineralization is forms in the veins as pyrite and banded sulfide. Apart from that, the disseminated pyrite also limitedly found around the veins.
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Waythomas, Christopher F., and Kristi L. Wallace. "Flank collapse at Mount Wrangell, Alaska, recorded by volcanic mass-flow deposits in the Copper River lowland." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 1257–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e02-032.
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An areally extensive volcanic mass-flow deposit of Pleistocene age, known as the Chetaslina volcanic mass-flow deposit, is a prominent and visually striking deposit in the southeastern Copper River lowland of south-central Alaska. The mass-flow deposit consists of a diverse mixture of colorful, variably altered volcanic rocks, lahar deposits, glaciolacustrine diamicton, and till that record a major flank collapse on the southwest flank of Mount Wrangell. The deposit is well exposed near its presumed source, and thick, continuous, stratigraphic exposures have permitted us to study its sedimentary characteristics as a means of better understanding the origin, significance, and evolution of the deposit. Deposits of the Chetaslina volcanic mass flow in the Chetaslina River drainage are primary debris-avalanche deposits and consist of two principal facies types, a near-source block facies and a distal mixed facies. The block facies is composed entirely of block-supported, shattered and fractured blocks with individual blocks up to 40 m in diameter. The mixed facies consists of block-sized particles in a matrix of poorly sorted rock rubble, sand, and silt generated by the comminution of larger blocks. Deposits of the Chetaslina volcanic mass flow exposed along the Copper, Tonsina, and Chitina rivers are debris-flow deposits that evolved from the debris-avalanche component of the flow and from erosion and entrainment of local glacial and glaciolacustrine diamicton in the Copper River lowland. The debris-flow deposits were probably generated through mixing of the distal debris avalanche with the ancestral Copper River, or through breaching of a debris-avalanche dam across the ancestral river. The distribution of facies types and major-element chemistry of clasts in the deposit indicate that its source was an ancestral volcanic edifice, informally known as the Chetaslina vent, on the southwest side of Mount Wrangell. A major sector collapse of the Chetaslina vent initiated the Chetaslina volcanic mass flow forming a debris avalanche of about 4 km3 that subsequently transformed to a debris flow of unknown volume.
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Nurzhanov, Galym Zh, Vladimir V. Kuznetsov, Pavel A. Nicenko, Nelly G. Kudryavtseva, Tatiana P. Kuznetsova, and Mergen M. Murzagulov. "Geological features and genesis of the Dyusembay Central (Sayakhat) ore deposit." Ores and metals, no. 4 (January 11, 2023): 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.47765/0869-5997-2022-10023.
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The article considers the geological features and ore composition of the Dyusembay Central (Sayakhat) leadzinc deposit in the Karsakpai metallogenic complex in the Central Kazakhstan. Historically, the complex was considered industrially significant in terms of iron ores, rather than of lead, zinc, and copper. It is shown that the ore deposit is composed of tuffaceous, silty-sandstone, carbonaceous-terrigenous (ore-hosting), terrigenous, and volcanogenic rocks assigned to the lower subformation of the Zhilandysai Formation of the Upper Proterozoic. The subvolcanic rocks identified and outlined in the area of the ore deposit belong to vent volcanic facies and are represented by felsic automagmatic breccias. All the rock complexes developed within the deposit have undergone multiple alterations: the regional, postvolcanic, contact, and hydrothermal (near-ore) ones. Commercial ores are represented by veinlet-disseminated sulfide mineralization in carbonaceous mudstones and silty sandstones, regionally and metasomatically altered to varying degrees. The ore bodies are composed of heterogeneous mineral assemblages corresponding to various stages and phases of the ore formation. The composition and structural and textural features of the ores reflect the long and complicated history of their formation. It is concluded that this ore deposit belongs to a new formational type of veinlet-disseminated stratified lead-zinc deposits localized in black shale sequences, with a significant role of volcanic activity and regional metamorphism, and is a remobilized SEDEX-type ore deposit.
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Kadel-Harder, Irene M., Paul G. Spry, Audrey L. McCombs, and Haozhe Zhang. "Identifying pathfinder elements for gold in bulk-rock geochemical data from the Cripple Creek Au–Te deposit: a statistical approach." Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 21, no. 1 (October 26, 2020): geochem2020–048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/geochem2020-048.
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The Cripple Creek alkaline igneous rock-related, low-sulfidation epithermal gold telluride deposit, Colorado, is hosted in the 10 km wide Oligocene alkaline volcanic Cripple Creek diatreme in Proterozoic rocks. Gold occurs as native gold, Au-tellurides, and in the structure of arsenian pyrite, in potassically altered high-grade veins, and as disseminations in the host rocks.Correlation coefficients, principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis and random forests were used to analyse major and trace element compositions of 995 rock samples primarily from low-grade gold mineralization in drill core from three currently operating pits (Wild Horse Extension, Globe Hill and Schist Island) in the northwestern part of the Cripple Creek diatreme. These methods suggest that Ag, As, Bi, Te and W are the best pathfinders to gold mineralization in low-grade disseminated ore. Although Mo correlates with gold in other studies and is spatially related to gold veins, molybdenite post-dated the formation of gold and is likely related to a late-stage porphyry overprint. These elements, in conjunction with mineralogical studies, indicate that tellurides, fluorite, quartz, carbonates, roscoelite, tennantite-tetrahedrite, pyrite, sphalerite, muscovite, monazite, bastnäsite and hübnerite serve as exploration guides to ore.
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Adatte, Thierry, Gerta Keller, Doris Stüben, Markus Harting, Utz Kramar, Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, Sigal Abramovich, and Chaim Benjamini. "Late Maastrichtian and K/T paleoenvironment of the eastern Tethys (Israel): mineralogy, trace and platinum group elements, biostratigraphy and faunal turnovers." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 176, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/176.1.37.
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Abstract The late Maastrichtian to early Danian at Mishor Rotem, Israel, was examined based on geochemistry, bulk rock and clay mineralogies, biostratigraphy and lithology. This section contains four red clay layers of suspect impact or volcanic origin interbedded in chalk and marly chalks. PGE anomalies indicate that only the K/T boundary red layer has an Ir dominated PGE anomaly indicative of an impact source. The late Maastrichtian red clays have Pd dominated PGE anomalies which coincide with increased trace elements of terrigenous and volcanogenic origins. Deccan or Syrian-Turkey arc volcanism is the likely source of volcanism in these clay layers. Glauconite, goethite and translucent amber spherules are present in the clay layers, but the Si-rich spherules reported by Rosenfeld et al. [l989] could not be confirmed. The absence of Cheto smectite indicates that no altered impact glass has been present. The red layers represent condensed sedimentation on topographic highs during sea level highstands. In the Negev area, during the late Maastrichtian, the climate ranged from seasonally wet to more arid conditions during zones CF3 and CF2, with more humid wet conditions in the latest Maastrichtian zone CF1 and in the early Danian, probably linked to greenhouse conditions. Planktic foraminifera experienced relatively high stress conditions during this time as indicated by the low species richness and low abundance of globotruncanids. Times of intensified stress are indicated by the disaster opportunist Guembelitria blooms, which can be correlated to central Egypt and also to Indian Ocean localities associated with mantle plume volcanism. Marine plankton thus support the mineralogical and geochemical observations of volcanic influx and reveal the detrimental biotic effects of intense volcanism.
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Waight, Tod E., Simon H. Serre, Sebastian H. Næsby, and Tonny B. Thomsen. "The ongoing search for the oldest rock on the Danish island of Bornholm: new U-Pb zircon ages for a quartzrich xenolith and country rock from the Svaneke Granite." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 65 (August 31, 2017): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2017-65-06.
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Previous geochronological studies on the Danish island of Bornholm have not identified any rocks older than c. 1.46 Ga. New LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon ages are presented for a xenolith within, and the country rock gneiss adjacent to, the Svaneke Granite on Bornholm. The xenolith is fine-grained and quartz-rich and was likely derived from either a quartz-rich sedimentary protolith or a hydrothermally altered felsic volcanic rock. The relatively fine-grained felsic nature of the country rock gneiss and the presence of large zoned feldspars that may represent phenocrysts suggest its protolith may have been a felsic volcanic or shallow intrusive rock. A skarn-like inclusion from a nearby locality likely represents an originally carbonate sediment and is consistent with supracrustal rocks being present at least locally. Zircon data from the xenolith define an upper intercept age of 1483 ± 12 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 2.5) with a poorly defined lower intercept age of 474 ± 250 Ma, and a weighted average 207Pb/206Pb age of 1477.9 ± 4.6 Ma; both these ages are older than the host Svaneke Granite (weighted average 207Pb/206Pb age of 1465.0 ± 4.8 Ma). Zircons from the gneiss define an upper intercept age of 1477.7 ± 6.8 Ma when anchored at 0 Ma, and a weighted average 207Pb/206Pb age of 1475.4 ± 6.6 Ma which overlaps statistically with the Svaneke Granite age. These ages are currently the oldest ages determined for in situ rocks on Bornholm. Evidence for substantially older basement lithologies (e.g. 1.8 Ga as observed in southern Sweden) remains absent. The zircons display clear oscillatory zoning, have Th/U typical of magmatic zircons and in some cases preserve inherited cores, all of which suggest that the ages are robust and do not represent resetting due to incorporation within or intrusion by the Svaneke Granite. Inherited zircons are not common; they have ages (c. 1.6–1.8 Ga) that are similar to those observed in other felsic basement lithologies on Bornholm. These new results suggest that prior to intrusion of the Svaneke Granite, the upper crust on Bornholm was dominated, at least locally, by lithologies similar in composition to the currently exposed felsic basement. The protoliths to the two samples investigated here must have been buried to mid-crustal depths over a relatively short time period (c. 10 Ma) prior to intrusion of the Svaneke Granite. This suggests a dynamic tectonic environment and is consistent with evidence for broadly simultaneous magmatism and deformation in basement rocks at 1.46 Ga in southern Scandinavia and burial and metamorphism of sediments in southern Skåne.
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Guarnieri, Pierpaolo, Michael Storey, Tonny B. Thomsen, Benjamin Dominguez Heredia, and Sebastian Næsby Malkki. "First evidence for Neoproterozoic rocks offshore South-East Greenland." Geological Magazine 159, no. 5 (January 27, 2022): 782–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756821001400.
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AbstractMeta-sedimentary rocks recovered beneath Palaeogene basalts near the base of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 152-917A offshore South-East Greenland were thought to be of Late Cretaceous age. This interpretation, however, has several inconsistencies as it requires a tectono-metamorphic event during the Cretaceous not recognized in the North Atlantic region, and the presence of a wide Mesozoic sedimentary basin that extended from SE-Greenland to the Rockall Plateau, for which there is currently no evidence. Here, we report a Neoproterozoic U/Pb apatite age of 905 ± 21 Ma and a younger 40Ar/39Ar isochron whole-rock age of 820 ± 40 Ma for an altered tuff layer that occurs in the upper part of the meta-volcaniclastic sequence recovered from hole 917A. The 40Ar/39Ar step-heating ages on biotite and whole-rock mini-cores from deeper in hole 917A yielded Palaeoproterozic dates that cluster around 1950 to 1850 Ma, pointing toward a Palaeoproterozoic source. The U/Pb apatite date is interpreted as the eruption age of the tuff layer, whereas the younger whole-rock 40Ar/39Ar age is consistent with low-temperature greenschist alteration of volcanic glass and secondary mineral growth during sedimentary burial in an extensional regime. The c. 905 Ma age for the tuff provides the first evidence for Neoproterozoic rocks offshore South-East Greenland and suggests a correlation between this sequence and the Torridon Group in the Hebridean Foreland of the Scottish Caledonides. The calc-alkaline nature of the volcaniclastic rocks and the age of the tuff layer point toward a source area with arc-magmatism related to the Renlandian event of the Valhalla Orogeny.
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Mezougane, Hafid, Mohamed Aissa, Mourad Essalhi, Azizi Moussaid, Muhammad Souiri, Ahmed Touil, Essaid Bilal, and Mohamed Souiah. "New Petro-Geochemical Data on Carboniferous Mafic Rocks in the Achemmach Area (NW, Fourhal Basin-Moroccan Central Massif)." Minerals 12, no. 5 (May 13, 2022): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12050622.
Full textAbstract:
The Achemmach region is located 40 km to the SW from Meknes city and 6 km to the NE frm the Hammam mine. It is part of the Paleozoic massif of Central Morocco. The studied area is formed by two Paleozoic rock-types: (i) a meta-sedimentary sequence composed of Middle Visean limestone and shale-sandstone withflyschoid of Upper Visean-Namurian age, and (ii) a magmatic rock series represented by volcanic rocks (pillow-lavas), hypovolcanic rocks (dolerites) and olivine-bearing gabbros.Based on the emplacement model, structural framework, relative chronology and petrogeochemistry of the magmatic rocks, for the first time in this area we distinguish: (i) dm to m-sized greenish pillow-lavas, with sharp borders and radius fractures underlined by fine greenish pelitic sedimentary intercalations, indicating recurrent volcanic activity in short episodes. Plagioclases and pyroxenes (augite) microlites, and more rarely phenocrystals, are recognizable in a glassy matrix devoid of recognizable olivine. (ii) Deformed, metamorphosed and altered dolerites dikes intrude the Middle to Upper Visean shale-sandstone formations. They have an overall NE-SW direction with a NW dip. They are composed of sericitized plagioclases, associated with partially to totally amphibolitized pyroxenes, tourmaline with differentdegrees of chlorite substitution, rutile and opaque minerals, in a microliticmesostasis and (iii) olivine-bearing gabbros, outcropping in variable dimensions (a few meters to 20 m). The olivine-bearing gabbros have a granular texture and are mainly made of plagioclases, pyroxenes, olivine, titanite, rutile, apatite and opaque minerals. All igneous minerals have undergone different degrees of replacement by secondary minerals; plagioclases are sericitized and albitized, pyroxenes are amphibolitized and epidotized and olivine is serpentinized and chloritized. Thepetro-geochemical study of these magmatic bodies demonstrates that pillow-lavas basalts and olivine-bearing gabbros have an alkaline affinity, while dolerites are thought to have a transitional alkaline affinity (alkaline-tholeiitic). Therefore, these formations would have been set up in anorogenic intra-continental geodynamic context, corresponding to a basin magmatism in the little evolved opening.