Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Altérations mitochondriales'
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Larosche, Isabelle. "Altérations du génome mitochondrial et des fonctions mitochondriales induites par l'alcool et le tamoxifène." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05P604.
Full textMitochondrial impairment and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lesions contribute to xenobiotic-induced liver lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of tamoxifen and alcohol on hepatic mitochondria and to assess the modulating role of manganese superoxide dismutase overexpression (MnSOD) on ethanol-induced mitochondrial damage. We showed that tamoxifen accumulates inside mitochondria, inhibits topoisomérases and alters mtDNA replication leading to a progressive depletion of mtDNA. This decrease in mtDNA levels was associated with the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and β-oxidation of fatty acids and the development of hepatic steatosis. In the second part, we showed that transgenic mice overexpressing MnSOD are more prone to alcohol-induced mitochondrial damage than wild type mice, probably because of enhanced formation of H202, hydroxyl radical and lipid peroxidation products. Our results show the implications of mitochondrial lesions in tamoxifen-induced steatosis as well as the negative effect of MnSOD overexpression on mitochondrial functions during chronic alcohol consumption
Chiappini, Franck. "Etude des altérations mitochondriales dans la stéatose et la cancérogenèse hépatique." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA11T088.
Full textHassoun, Sidi Mohamed. "Dysfonction myocardique septique : conséquences des altérations de l'homéostasie calcique et mitochondriales." Lille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL2S030.
Full textKane, Mariame Selma. "Etude des altérations mitochondriales dans les neuropathies optiques associées aux mutations du gêne OPA1." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0075.
Full textAutosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) is a rare mitochondrial disease. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and axons that form the optic nerve degenerate, resulting in progressive visual loss. This hereditary neuropathy is linked to mutations of the OPA1 gene. Various alterations of the central nervous system, peripheral and autonomous have been reported in syndromic ADOA patients with variation in age of onset and severity. The mitochondrial protein OPA1 is involved in mitochondrial fusion, cristae constriction and mitochondrial genome maintenance. The conjunction of disturbed mitochondrial dynamics, mtDNA instability and impaired mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation precipitate RGCs and other neuronal cells death. The use of ADOA patients’ fibroblasts allows the pathophysiology study of different OPA1 mutations. Biochemical characterization and fluorescent microscopy allowed the isolation of syndromic ADOA patients with mitochondrial network defects and mitochondrial uncoupling. We showed an alteration of mtDNA compaction and nucleoids’ distribution. A study of the autophagic pathways in OPA1-mutated cells showed a correlation between partial uncoupling and an increased mitophagy response. These pathophysiological mechanisms are consistent with the progressive aspect of ADOA. The search for therapeutic approaches highlighted the beneficial effect of tubacine, a specific histone deacetylase’s inhibitor, on OPA1-mutated-cells’ phenotype. Microtubules hyper-acetylation led to a reversal of mitochondrial network phenotype, an increased mitochondrial biogenesis and a tighter mitochondrial coupling
Fayet, Guillemette. "Vieillissement du tissu musculaire squelettique : données morphométriques nouvelles et analyse des altérations mitochondriales." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066138.
Full textEl, Hajj Hammam. "Altérations mitochondriales et processus inflammatoire dans la déficience en acyl- Coenzyme A oxydase 1 peroxysomale." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00995795.
Full textOvide-Bordeaux, Stephanie. "Prévention par modulation de l'homéostasie membranaire des altérations mitochondriales cardiaques induites par l'insulino-dépendance et l'hyperinsulinémie." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077133.
Full textBaati, Narjes. "Le métabolisme lipidique dans les altérations mitochondriales induites par l’absence de myostatine : impact de l’entrainement en endurance." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONT4002/document.
Full textMyostatin (mstn) inactivation or inhibition is considered as a promising treatment for various muscle-wasting disorders because it promotes muscle growth. However, mstn-deficient hypertrophic muscles show strong fatigability associated with abnormal mitochondria and lipid metabolism. Muscle membrane maintains the structure and the metabolic function of the fibre, and mitochondrial membrane including respiratory chain complexes, are composed mainly of lipids and phospholipids playing functional role in mitochondrial bioenergetics. In our study, we hypothesized first that changes in the muscle and mitochondrial lipid composition could exist in the KO mstn muscle, in relation with the metabolic and functional alterations, secondly that endurance training can normalize these phenotypic muscle alterations. We reported in KO mstn muscles a decrease of fat membrane transporter levels (FAT/CD36, FABP3, FATP1 and FATP4) associated with decreased lipid oxidative pathway (citrate synthase and βHAD activities) and decreased lipogenesis (decreased triglyceride and free fatty acids content). Interestingly, we demonstrated a decrease in mitochondrial cardiolipin content, in relation with a decrease in PGPS and CRLS1 gene expressions. Then, we showed in KO mstn mice that 4 weeks of daily running exercise session (65-70% of the maximal aerobic speed for 1 hour) improved significantly aerobic performance, particularly the endurance to levels comparable to those of trained wild type littermates.The expression of oxidative and lipid metabolism markers also was increased, as indicated by the upregulation of the Cpt1, Ppar, Fas genes, and increased citrate synthase level and mitochondrial protein content in KO mstn muscle. Interestingly, mitochondrial enzyme activity and the cardiolipin fraction in the mitochondrial membrane are increased by training only in KO mstn mice. In conclusion, these results suggest that the combination of mstn inhibition and endurance training could increase the muscle mass while preserving the physical performance. In addition, cardiolipin and lipid-related pathways could represent new targets to improve mstn-deficient muscle metabolism and restore mitochondrial function
Servais, Stéphane. "Altérations mitochondriales et stress oxydant pulmonaire en réponse à l'ozone : Effets de l'âge et d'une supplémentation en oméga-3." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012031.
Full textTarhuni, Arige. "Rôles respectifs des polymorphismes génétiques des cytokines proinflammatoires et des altérations mitochondriales dans les complications de la cirrhose : carcinome hépatocellulaire et sepsis." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077235.
Full textThe goals of my thesis are to study the roles of genetic polymorphisms (SNPs) in the proinflarnmatory cytokines genes and the mitochondrial alterations in two complications of cirrhosis: HCC and sepsis, respectively. We have investigated the influence of TNFa (G -238A, C-863A, G-308A), IL6 (C -174G), and IL1f3 (C-31T, C-511T) SNPs on the development of HCC in 485 patients with cirrhosis prospectively. Thanks to Kaplan-Meier method the allele A of TNFa-308 SNP is the only independent genetic trait associated with the risk of CHC in these patients, as well as advanced age, male sex, the body mass index and blood platelets. These variables have enabled us to establish a predictive score for classifying patients with viral hepatitis C in 3 sub-groups with a progressive increase of the cumulative impacts to 5 years survivals. When These genetic data are incorporated into clinical scores,they are able to refine selection of risk classes of HCC. Energy deficit was described in sepsis, but the mechanism is unknown. We thus treated normal mice (WT) and transgenic mice overexpressing the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD+++) by LPS. In WT mice, LPS induces mitochondrial oxidative stress and inducible NO synthase (iNOS), increases plasma TNF D and IL1D. The activity of complex I, mtDNA and liver ATP rates decline strongly by LPS. The depletion of mtDNA and ATP, inactivation of the complex I and increasing of ALT by LPS were prevented in MnSOD+++ or WT mice pretreated by 1400W (iNOS inhibitor), Mito-TEMPO (anion superoxide scavengers) or uric acid (respectively (peroxynitrite scavengers). Peroxynitrite is thus the culprit involved in LPS-induced mitochondrial alterations
Knockaert, Laetitia. "Le CYP2E1 : impact de sa localisation mitochondriale et rôle dans les altérations précoces de l'ADN mitochondrial." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1B080.
Full textCytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 is implicated in the metabolism of many exogenous compounds such as ethanol, acetaminophen or CCl4. CYP2E1 is one of the CYP able to produce reactive oxygen species during its catalytic cycle. Furthermore, in some cases, CYP2E1 produces reactive metabolites, which could have deleterious cellular and mitochondrial effects. The main localization of this enzyme is the endoplasmic reticulum but it has also been purified from hepatic liver mitochondria. The presence of CYP2E1 in these organelles raises questions regarding its physiological role, its metabolic capacities but also its possible deleterious effects. In the first part of my thesis, we studied in vitro the role of mitochondrial CYP2E1 localization in the toxicity of ethanol or acetaminophen. Our results indicated that the exclusive localization of CYP2E1 within mitochondria was sufficient to induce cytotoxicity and oxidative stress after ethanol or acetaminophen exposure. The second part of my work was devoted to the in vivo study of the implication of CCl4-dependent lipid peroxidation on early mitochondrial DNA alterations. Utilization of a CYP2E1 inhibitor and antioxydants demonstrated the major role of the protein and lipid peroxidation in the qualitative and quantitative alterations of mitochondrial DNA. Next, it would be interesting to determinate the role of mitochondrial CYP2E1 in these DNA lesions using the cellular model developed in our first work. If further studies confirm the implication of mitochondrial CYP2E1 in the development of hepatic injury, it would be interesting to specifically address antioxidants or inhibitors to mitochondria
Julienne, Cloé Mimsy. "Altérations du métabolisme énergétique mitochondrial lors de la cachexie cancéreuse." Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR3318/document.
Full textCancer cachexia is a composite syndrome, characterized by a negative energetic balance. The role played by mitochondrial energetic metabolism in this syndrome is poor known. Our past work showed a decrease of ATP synthesis efficiency in hepatic mitochondria in severe state of cancer cachexia. In this work, we demonstrate, in vitro, that increase of reactive oxygen species and cardiolipine content, in healthy mitochondria, can partly mimic the mechanisms observed in severe state of cancer cachexia. We observe that alteration of hepatic mitochondrial metabolism appear last during the development of cancer cachexia. In sever state of cancer cachexia, skeletal muscle mitochondria don’t develop this alteration but demonstrated a decrease of oxidative capacities
Chabi, Béatrice. "Altérations génétiques et métaboliques de la mitochondrie : pathologies et vieillissement." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF1MM23.
Full textLe, Guillou Dounia. "Altérations de l'homéostasie de l'ADN mitochondrial par les médicaments et modulation par la stéatose hépatique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B039/document.
Full textIt is currently estimated that more than 350 drugs can induce liver injury with different clinical presentations such as hepatic cytolysis, steatosis, even cirrhosis. Many hepatotoxic drugs can induce mitochondrial damage and dysfunction. However, not all mechanisms that lead to such deleterious effects are clarified, especially those concerning mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and its homeostasis, which are not often investigated. Moreover, there is little information regarding the impact of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on drug-induced liver injury. Thus, the aim of this work was, first of all, to develop a model of NAFLD in the hepatic cell line HepaRG in order to study further effects of nine hepatotoxic and presumably mitochondriotoxic drugs – amiodarone, atorvastatin, carbamazepine, imipramine, lovastatin, perhexiline, ritonavir, terbinafine and troglitazone –, on mtDNA homeostasis in the context of NAFLD or not. By using drug concentrations that did not induce major cytotoxicity, we found that, among the nine drugs, studied, ritonavir and imipramine induced mitochondrial effects suggesting alteration of mtDNA translation. Notably, ritonavir toxicity was stronger in non-steatotic cells. Furthermore, none of the nine drugs decreased mtDNA levels. However, increased mtDNA was observed with six drugs, especially in non-steatotic cells. This result was also accompanied by a modulation of the expression of various factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (e.g. PGC-1α, PGC-1β, AMPK).Therefore, this data suggests that drug-induced impairment of mtDNA translation may not be a rare event and increased mtDNA levels and modulation of mitochondrial biogenesis could be a frequent adaptive response to mitochondrial impairments, which could be dampened by steatosis
Fernet, Caroline. "Altérations de l'ADN mitochondrial chez la levure "petite négative" Debaryomyces (Schwanniomyces) occidentalis : implications fondamentales et appliquées." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066117.
Full textKim, Min Ji. "Altérations des adipokines et de la fonction mitochondriale du tissu adipeux des patients VIH+ lipodystrophiques sous antirétroviraux et des patients obèses." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066034.
Full textBarbier, Emeline. "Étude des mécanismes physiopathologiques impliqués dans la toxicité des particules ultrafines chez un modèle murin : une approche multi-organes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILS063.
Full textAlthough there has been a significant reduction in air pollution since the 1990s, it remains a major public health problem, responsible for over 4.2 million premature deaths worldwide every year. At present, experts' attention is focused on ultrafine particles (PM0.1 or UFP) because of their ability to translocate into the systemic circulation and reach peripheral organs, where they are likely to have a harmful impact. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the toxicity of these particles is still very patchy, and most often remains focused on their main target, the lung. Thus, the main objectives of this thesis project were to provide innovative insights into the toxicokinetics (i.e., distribution/persistence) and toxicodynamics (i.e., pathophysiological mechanisms, associated cell signaling pathways) of UFP collected in urban environments, on the one hand, and the organospecific effects of UFP and the use of circulating miRNA as indicators of chronic and/or cumulative exposure to UFP in a mouse model, on the other hand. To answer these questions, Balb/cJRj mice were exposed for 3 months to various doses of UFP collected in the urban area of Lille, then analyzed in various target organs richly vascularized, and therefore directly exposed to UFP during their translocation and systemic distribution phase. The results showed that, in all target organs, the intrinsic oxidative potential of UFP undeniably induced the production of oxidative oxygen species and the activation of antioxidant defenses in sufficient quantities to restore a state of redox homeostasis, but were unable to prevent the onset of an inflammatory response in the lungs, heart and brain. Transcriptomic approaches carried out in the lungs, the target organ with the most marked deleterious effects, have suggested the deregulation of numerous signaling pathways in relation to oxidative and inflammatory responses, which constitute the central mechanisms of UFP toxicity, but also with more original toxicity mechanisms such as mitochondrial dysfunction, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tissue remodeling, whose modulation has also been validated from a functional point of view. These promising data could ultimately contribute to better decision-making on the reduction of UFP emissions, as well as to the updating of current regulatory standards
Sharaf, El Dein Ossama. "Rôle du pore de transition de perméabilité mitochondrial dans la communication apoptotique inter-organelles." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009VERS0022.
Full textA defect of cell death by apoptosis is often involved in carcinogenesis and resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy. During the apoptotic process, mitochondria were shown to play a central executive role. Activation of the mitochondrial pathway is associated with mitochonrial membranes permeabilization (MMP) in response to opening of the permeability transition pore complex (PTPC). The aim of my PhD was to investigate the role of this PTPC in the molecular and cellular mechanisms induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress or genotoxic stress. We demonstrate in various human cancer cell lines, that these two types of cellular stress trigger a PTPC-dependant apoptosos characterized by MMP, release of apoptotic factors, caspases activation and DNA fragmentation. Opening the PTPC abd subsequent apoptotic events are favored by the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, while they are inhibited by the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. In response to ER stress, we identified the calcium ion, the IP3 receptor (IP3R), the porcin VDAC and PTPC as key factors of the apoptotic cross-talk between ER and mitochondria. Furthermore, we show that overexpression of PTPC pro-apoptotic members sensitize cancer cells to genotoxic stress and overcome the projective effects of elevated Bcl-2 levels. Altogether, these results suggest that PTPC could be an interesting candidate to sensitize tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs targeting the ER or the nucleus
Igoudjil, Anissa. "Effets métaboliques de la stavudine chez la souris : mise en évidence de mécanismes indépendants d'une altération de la chaîne respiratoire mitochondriale." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077226.
Full textNucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) such as stavudine (d4T) and zidovudine (AZT) are antiretroviral drugs frequently used in HIV-infected patients. In some patients these drugs can unfortunately induce different side effects as hepatic steatosis, myopathy and lipodystrophy. Although it is widely acknowledged that NRTI are toxic for the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the respiratory chain, other mechanisms seem to be involved. Recently, we reported that 100 mg/kg/d of d4T and AZT (two thymidine analogs) stimulated fatty acid oxidation (PAO) in mouse liver. The aim of the investigations was to complete the study on AZT and d4T, in order to study the consequences of this PAO stimulation. In a first study, hepatic PAO stimulation was associated with fat wasting in mice treated with d4T and AZT 100mg/kg/j. In a second study, higher d4T doses (500 mg/kg/j) reduced further adiposity, while hepatic PAO was inhibited. Our results indicate that metabolic effects of thymidine analogues are difficult to understand and can be independent of mtDNA depletion. Moreover, d4T effects are dependent of the dose, and fat wasting could have indirect liver toxic effects. We hope that our results will help to prevent some NRTI-induced side effects and will prove useful to gain an insight into the physiopathology of these drug-induced mitochondrial diseases
Lahmy, Valentine. "Validation préclinique de l'efficacité de l'ANAVEX2-73 dans des modèles transgénique et non transgénique de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20084.
Full textAlzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. There is however no efficient treatment to stop the disease progression. Tetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenyl-3-furanmetanamine (ANAVEX2-73) is a mixed compound with moderate affinity for muscarinic and sigma-1 receptors. Preliminary data showed ANAVEX2-73 had anti-amnesic and neuroprotective poperties, in a non-transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this thesis is to improve knowledge about preclinical data of this molecule. We first showed that, in the non-transgenic AB(25-35) mouse model, ANAVEX2-73 prevented Tau protein hyperphosphorylation and AB(1-42) peptide seeding, two key parameters involved in Alzheimer's disease physiopathology. We also used this model tho show that ANAVEX2-73 prevented mitochondrial dysfunction, consistently reported as an early event of the disease in patients. The last part of this thesis showed that a two-month chronic treatment with ANAVEX2-73 in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease reversed cognitive dysfunction and prevented loss of synaptic markers and increased of oxidative stress. However, we could not show a decrease of amyloid load in mouse brain after chronic treatment. Altogether, these results suggest that ANAVEX2-73 treatment could be effective to treat Alzheimer's disease. In addition to its neuroprotective and anti-amnesic property, it also prevents key hallmarks involved in the physiopathology of Alzheimer's disease
Choumar, Amal. "Déplétion de l'ADN mitochondrial hépatique après alcoolisation prolongée ou exposition aiguë au lipopolysaccharide chez la souris : rôles du stress oxydant, de la MnSOD et du fer hépatique." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077012.
Full textThe role of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in the depletion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) induced by alcohol or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration is unknown. In a first study, I compared the hepatic mitochondrial effects of prolonged alcohol administration in wild type (WT) and transgenic mice overexpressing MnSOD (TgMnSOD). In TgMnSOD but not WT mice, alcohol increased liver iron, lipid peroxidation and the carbonylation of complex I proteins. In TgMnSOD but not WT mice, alcohol caused mtDNA depletion, mtDNA lesions blocking the progress of polymerases and considerable decreases in complex I, IV and V activities. In alcohol-treated TgMnSOD mice, the administration of an iron chelator prevented hepatic iron accumulation, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl formation and mtDNA depletion. This study shows that MnSOD, albeit generally considered as an anti-oxidant enzyme, can paradoxically increase hepatic iron content and mitochondrial toxicity after prolonged alcohol administration, In a second work, I studied the mitochondrial effects of a single dose of LPS in TgMnSOD mice and WT mice. In WT mice, LPS did not modify hepatic iron content, but increased the formation of reactive nitrogen/oxygen species, and decreased both the activity of complex I and hepatic ATP content Both mtDNA depletion and complex I inactivation were prevented in TgMnSOD mice. Both were also prevented in WT mice treated with tempol (a superoxide scavenger), uric acid (a peroxynitrite scavenger) or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (decreasing NO and peroxynitrite formation). These observations suggest that LPS-induced mtDNA depletion and complex I inactivation were due to the reaction of mitochondrial superoxide with NO to form DNA- and protein-damaging peroxynitrite
Hammoud, Wafa. "Mitochondries et drogues : altération des fonctions mitochondriales par le chloramphénicol et son analogue le nitroso-chloramphénicol, les composés d'or et leurs molécules porteuses, la ticlopidine et ses analogues, et la rhodamine 123." Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO10031.
Full textBallot, Caroline. "Arguments en faveur de l'existence d'une activité pro-apoptotique des lamellarines vis-à-vis des cellules tumorales par ciblage mitochondrial." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440821.
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