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1
Council, Canada Legislature Legislative. Bill: An act to enable municipal corporation[s in] Upper Canada to invest their surp[lus] Clergy Reserve money for educatio[nal] purposes in certain securities, and to [le]galize such investments already made, a[nd] for other purposes. Quebec: Hunter, Rose & Lemieux, 2003.
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2
Youre Already Amazing & Youre Made for a God-Sized Dream 2in1. Revell, 2015.
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Shaping a World Already Made: Landscape and Poetry of the Canadian Prairies. University of Regina, 2016.
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Willis, Simon, and Lesley Harle. Painting Ceramics: How to Paint and Stencil Already Made Ceramics Pieces-12 Projects. Owl Books, 1993.
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5
Presbyterian Church of Canada in Connection with the Church of Scotland. Temporalities' Board., ed. [Letter]: In accordance with the intimation already made to you, the Board at its last meeting unanimously resolved to pay the "non-privileged" beneficiaries, and their representatives, the arrears that have become due to them .. [Montreal?: s.n., 1987.
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Plastics in Automotive Engineering 2017. VDI Verlag, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783182443483.
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Foreword Engineering plastics, fiber-reinforced composites and multifunctional plastic composites provide ongoing support to the modern automotive industry today. In many cases multi-functional tools and automated processes make particularly economic system solutions possible. Additive manufacturing in combination with plastics already has a great potential today for producing individual, tailor-made component concepts, above all for small production runs. Lightweight construction, an attractive look and feel for the interior, and active and passive safety stand right at the forefront of new automotive developments today. Innovations in plastics technology have a direct influence on tomorrow’s vehicle concepts. Mixed construction with plastic composites, natural fiber applications, overmolded and inmold film laminated parts, LED- and OLED-based lighting technologies, and also optically and haptically optimized display and operating concepts make tailored system solutions possible...
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The Man You Always Wanted Is the One You Already Have. Multnomah, 2007.
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8
Whitehead, Anna Martine. Expressing Life Through Loss. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199377329.003.0018.
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This chapter examines the relationship between blackness, queer vulnerability, and the mechanics of movement and dance. It uses anecdotes to make an argument for downward movement and concaveness as movement techniques, responses to the physical threats intrinsic to black ontology. It examines the relationship between those movements and shapes in the black body to an emergent style of performance called “queer dance.” This relationship might be identified as a type of “freak technique”—and always already othered practice. The chapter also considers a more familiar relationship to gravity in terms of making interventions into dominant narrative arcs in dance as well as capitalist America. It argues that these interventions are made complete by their pairing with recovery—it is not only the get-down that steals movement away into blackness and potential queerness, but its coupling with the get-back-up.
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Boltz, Dirk-Mario, Manfred Bruhn, Andrea Gröppel-Klein, and Kai-Uwe Hellmann, eds. Marke, Nachhaltigkeit und Verbraucherpolitik. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748912712.
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The certification mark, which was introduced in response to an EU initiative in 2017, has been available in Germany since 2019. Its main features are neutrality, monitoring/control and transparency for certain material or service promises for which the legal protection of a certification mark is claimed. This anthology explores the questions of how exactly the effect of this instrument is to be assessed, what experiences have already been made with it, and how warranty marks are to be evaluated in terms of brand technology, customer orientation, and consumer policy.
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Wada-Marciano, Mitsuyo. A Dialogue with “Memory” in Hou Hsiao-hsien’s Café Lumière(2003). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190254971.003.0005.
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The chapter analyzes the sense of “Japanese” in the film Café Lumière, in other words, the fact that many of the Japanese audience felt that it was a “Japanese film.” The “Japaneseness” of course did not simply occur at the site of reception but was also embedded as a strategic commodity, produced by multiple Japanese companies: Shôchiku, Asahi Newspaper, Sumitomo Corp., Satellite Theater, and IMAGICA. Hou states in an interview, “The theme of the film had already been decided from the beginning, and I was requested to make a Japanese film.” The chapter views the film as a success in creating a “common sense [kyôtsû-kankaku],” and its oxymoronic aspect—a Taiwan filmmaker’s Japanese film—is one of the film’s attractions. By adapting philosopher Ôhashi Ryôsuke’s concept of “systemic sense,” originated from Aristotle’s “common sense,” the chapter analyzes how the filmmaker made the oxymoron possible.
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Mody, Ashoka. Delays and Half-Measures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199351381.003.0007.
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This chapter studies the cases of Greece and Ireland in 2010. Amidst the raging global financial crisis, the Greek economy appeared to have held up well. However, every informed observer knew that Greece's statistical data was appalling—and too often deliberately misleading. It was later revealed that Greek debt was above 110 percent of GDP, and, with large deficits, debt was piling up rapidly. The chapter then looks at the Irish crisis, which had been building since late-September 2008. To persuade creditors to continue to fund Irish banks, the government had guaranteed that it would repay their debts if the banks themselves were unable do so. Irish banks had made bad lending decisions and had made huge losses. If not already bankrupt, they were heading to bankruptcy as property prices had continued to fall.
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Teachworth, Anne. Why We Pick the Mates We Do: A Step-By-Step Program to Select a Better Partner or Improve the Relationship You're Already in. Xlibris Corporation, 2003.
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Why We Pick the Mates We Do: A Step-By-Step Program to Select a Better Partner or Improve the Relationship You're Already in. Xlibris Corporation, 2006.
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Kim, Johnny S., Michael S. Kelly, and Cynthia Franklin. SFBT Techniques and Solution Building. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190607258.003.0002.
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This chapter provides an overview of the SFBT model and highlight the contributions made by SFBT pioneers Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer as well as other school-based SFBT practitioners and scholars. It contrasts the techniques of SFBT with typical approaches used in schools, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, to show how SFBT differs from other approaches that school social workers are already using. It also discusses the 2nd edition of the Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Association Treatment Manual which provides more details about the specific SFBT techniques and ways to use solution-building questions in this therapy model approach. Lastly, it discusses the theory of change in SFBT and how it helps create behavioral change in students.
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Doyle, William. Slavery and Serfdom. Edited by William Doyle. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199291205.013.0016.
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Slavery and serfdom, together underpinning so much of the economic Ancien Régime, survived the challenges of revolution. Only serfdom in France (already a dwindling relic) and slavery in Haiti disappeared for good. Elsewhere, both systems of servitude reached their zenith. And although both had begun by then to come under attack, the initial impact of the French Revolution was to arrest or retard chances of emancipation as terrified governments and propertied elites witnessed what mayhem freedom could unleash. But for all the comparisons often made, then and since, between the two systems of subjection, they cannot be pressed too far. Despite the spectacular prosperity built on the backs of colonial slaves, revolts among them were relatively rare and did not threaten social structures in Europe.
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Underwood, Grant. The Dictation, Compilation, and Canonization of Joseph Smith’s Revelations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190274375.003.0005.
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Those who joined the church begun by Joseph Smith looked to the revelations Smith dictated as God’s divine will and word. With the printing of the Book of Commandments and later publication of the Doctrine and Covenants, these revelations gained wider prominence and circulation. The elevation of this new Mormon scripture resulted in Smith’s role as “prophet, seer, revelator, and translator” being increasingly associated with the texts he had already made available. But as those texts were published, the changes they underwent complicated the text. In “The Dictation, Compilation, and Canonization of Joseph Smith’s Revelation,” Grant Underwood clearly lays out the role of Smith and the dictation, production, and publication of those revelations, providing an overview of this complicated process.
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Ott, Walter. Early Malebranche. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791713.003.0008.
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Malebranche’s early view is hidden under the massive revisions he made to his Search After Truth. This chapter peels away those revisions and examines his original, 1674 view on its own merits. The early Malebranche thinks that the mind achieves pairing, positioning, and localization by means of judgments. The mind must judge that, for example, the color yellow really is in the fire. Such judgments are useful but always false. The problem, as Malebranche himself might well have seen, is that this view is circular. If, as Malebranche insists, the only way to individuate an object from its surroundings is by perceiving its color, I cannot project color on to the object. For that presupposes that I have already individuated it in thought.
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Zebregs, Bas, and Victor de Serière. Efforts to Strengthen the Clearing and Settlement Framework of the Capital Markets Union. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813392.003.0024.
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This chapter discusses the EU's efforts to strengthen the European clearing and settlement framework for securities and derivatives transactions. That exercise is pa should promote access and therefore competitrt of the EU's plans to establish an integrated European Capital Markets Union. Important steps have already been undertaken, and more legislation is now under construction, designed to lead to a comprehensive robust market infrastructure in the EU. These include the EU Commission's proposals to update the segregation provisions in the European Market Infrastructure Regulation and the proposed regulation dealing with the recovery and resolution of central counterparties. The chapter shows that although the advances made are significant, there is quite a long way to go before a fully integrated and risk-averse environment for clearing and settlement is achieved.
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White, Paul Whitfield. Major English Acting Troupes to 1583. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935338.013.69.
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This study argues that English acting troupes enjoyed liveried status in royal or noble households from about the mid-fifteenth century, their early development inhibited by the continuing power of court minstrels. Challenging the persisting view that patronized troupes evolved from minstrelsy or absorbed much of its fare, the study concludes that players rivaled minstrels in popularity as touring entertainers until the 1530s, when acting companies became dominant. On the one hand, early Tudor players remained dependent on patrons for protection, prestige, and career opportunities; they were intermittently censored and served as propagandists. On the other hand, the high level of professionalization that Queen Elizabeth’s Men and similar troupes would later enjoy already existed in that many made a living from full-time acting, owned their playscripts, and determined their own touring itineraries.
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Bashevkin, Sylvia. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190875374.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 addresses the ways in which women leaders have made a difference in international relations. It considers the main findings from previous chapters in light of themes from feminist diplomatic history, including the changing status of diplomatic as contrasted with military institutions in the United States. The discussion considers what personal traits assisted each leader and compares how Kirkpatrick, Albright, Rice, and Clinton dealt with matters of national security and feminism. It returns to concepts of political representation in order to juxtapose leaders’ track records with the predilections of Americans generally. The chapter speculates as to what can be expected on the terrain of international affairs from an American woman who becomes US president—whether she is already operating in the public limelight or is someone as yet unknown.
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Miano, Daniele. A Godless Goddess. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786566.003.0008.
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This chapter studies the negative meanings attributed to Fortuna, related to instability and bad luck. These meanings have always been attributed to the deity, and are attested already from the earliest pieces of evidence. It is argued that after the connection between Fortuna and the conquest of the Empire was made in the second century BC, there was a strong tendency to minimalize and marginalize these negative associations of the deity. However, this changes with the increasing political instability of late Republican Rome, and with the war between Caesar and Pompey in particular. If Fortuna helped to conquer the Empire, on whose side was she during the civil conflicts? The new sociopolitical circumstances favoured the increasing attribution of negative meanings to Fortuna, with some authors openly questioning her divine status.
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Menezes, Alexandre Junior de Souza, Adelson Dias de Oliveira, Geisa Gabrielle Santos, Adriana Soely André de Souza Melo, Alexsandro Vaz, Andréia da Conceição Dias de Lima, Carla Alexsandra Sena Souza, and Cláudia Nina Ramos. Experiências Narradas: Relatos e Vivências no espaço escolar. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-312-1.
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The book “Experiências Narradas: Relatos e vivências no espaço escolar” is the result of a collective formation process in the perspective of the Narrative Documentation of Pedagogical Experiences with a group of 16 Basic Education teachers, developed by the Research Group in Education, Narratives, and Teaching Experience in Secondary Education – Narratividades, of the Federal University of Vale do São Francisco – Univasf. With the narratives presented, it institutes teaching authorship and the dissemination of the experiential knowledge constituted in the daily life of urban and rural classrooms, of difference, and diversity. Each chapter is motivated by the following key question: How did I get here? Such a provocation seeks to interweave the several journeys made by each of these teachers, their challenges, victories, learnings, and inspirations. Bringing these teachers together in this publication aims to inspire many other professionals through important elements, actions, and life experiences as a permanent challenge in the professional field. Retrieving such elements, which result in several learnings within the formative process proposed, represents resistance and persistence in this union of pedagogical knowledge and teaching practices. The narratives recorded in this book invite and inspire through inexperienced experiences that give birth to the teacher-educator, the passion for teaching, the discovery of the new based on the already lived, but not perceived, the hopes implicit in life and in the classroom, the universe already discovered and yet to discover, the come into being in teaching; the presence of the school ground materialized in words that come together to speak about the knowledge constituted by the pedagogical experience in Basic Education.
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Blum, Lawrence. Race and K-12 Education. Edited by Naomi Zack. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190236953.013.28.
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Different socioeconomic backgrounds and barriers to education have contributed to lower educational achievement among blacks, Latinos, and Native Americans, compared to American whites and Asians. The failure of legal integration to close the racial achievement gap is the result of prejudice on the part of teachers, as well as a scarcity of culturally relevant curricula materials for nonwhite children. As a plausible solution to these problems, recent studies show that poor children do better in classes where middle-class children are also present. Middle-class children already have habits and values that support success in the educational system. Integrated schools are not sufficient, because they are often divided in “tracks” that reproduce racial segregation. Racial diversity in the K-12 classroom is fruitful preparation for civic engagement in a pluralistic society made up of citizens from diverse backgrounds.
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Eikelboom, Lexi. Harmony and Interruption. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828839.003.0006.
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Building on Erich Przywara’s reception of Augustine in the previous chapter, this chapter explicates Przywara’s own use of rhythm in arguing for the doctrine of the analogy of being. Przywara uses rhythm to describe a doctrine of analogy that is not observed at a remove but glimpsed through movements in which the human creature is always already embedded. After parsing out the intersections between these various movements, the chapter argues that Przywara’s use of rhythm includes both synchronic and diachronic perspectives and, therefore, also includes movements of both harmonization and interruption. While both are operative, Przywara methodologically privileges the diachronic, intra-creaturely perspective, thereby proposing a doctrine of analogy that does not succumb to the critiques typically made of other articulations of the doctrine, as well as imagining a new approach to the practice of theology more generally.
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Gugliuzza, Paul R. Patent Trolls and Patent Litigation Reform. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935352.013.15.
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This chapter critically examines recent legislative proposals to reform patent litigation in the United States. It begins by providing background on the dynamics that are driving the calls for reform, including complaints about so-called patent trolls. It then reviews proposed bills that would, among other things, impose heightened pleading standards on plaintiffs, limit discovery, and create a presumption that the loser should pay the winner’s attorneys’ fees. After surveying many recent changes to patent law already made by the courts and by Congress in the America Invents Act, the chapter concludes by arguing that additional legislative reform is largely unnecessary. Rather, Congress should focus on discrete problems in patent litigation that the courts may be unable to solve on their own, such as the unusually heavy concentration of cases in the rural Eastern District of Texas.
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Mody, Ashoka. Schröder Asserts the German National Interest, 1999–2003. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199351381.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses how Gerhard Schröder, leader of Germany's Social Democratic Party, proposed to delay the euro's birth rather than start with members who had not achieved the required fiscal discipline. Campaigning to replace Helmut Kohl as chancellor in March 1998, Schröder observed that some countries would struggle to survive the rigors of the monetary union. However, once Schröder was elected chancellor in October, his hands were tied. In April 1998, the Bundestag had already authorized Germany's shift from the deutsche mark to the euro, Germany had made commitments to its European partners, and preparation for launch of the euro was in full swing. Ultimately, the euro was born uneventfully on January 1, 1999. Schröder continued the narrative of Europe's eventual political awakening; he even called for greater European “political union.” To the contrary, Schröder quickly developed a confrontational relationship with European institutions.
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Reinarz, Jonathan. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252034947.003.0008.
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This concluding chapter looks back to Alain Corbin's seminal work, The Foul and the Fragrant, in discussing the strides made in smell studies since its publication. At the same time it returns to the themes already laid out in the previous chapters. When it first appeared some three decades ago, Corbin's study filled an important gap in our understanding of past senses. Not surprisingly, other studies followed. Most of these similarly employ a binary model when considering smells, particularly when addressing the urban industrial environment. Because of this, much research into the history of smell comprises studies of extremes, documenting primarily pleasant scents and pungent odors. The chapter calls for further scholarship on the sense of smell, noting current gaps in the field, as despite its progress in recent years olfaction still continues to be overshadowed by other senses.
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Pattison, George. The Humbled Self. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813507.003.0008.
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The devout self comes to devotion as one who has already fallen short of the Christian ideal and now wants to do better, but it is made clear that perfection will not be achieved in this life and the soul will fall many times. The devout life is thus from the beginning a life of repentance or, more radically, mortification. The self is pictured as engaged in a holy war with itself in which, in the end, it must accept defeat by God. In this defeat it learns humility, widely acclaimed as the most important Christian virtue. However, humility means something different from the modest self-regard of Aristotelian ethics and, as de Sales makes clear, means welcoming abjection. The great model for humility is Christ himself, both as regards the circumstances of his life and death and in the humility of incarnation itself.
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Ruck, Rob. Baseball’s Global Diffusion. Edited by Robert Edelman and Wayne Wilson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858910.013.7.
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Baseball spread beyond US borders, taking hold in the Caribbean and parts of the Pacific, but never attained the global influence that British sport achieved. A. G. Spalding’s efforts to export the game and, with it, “American” values, via his 1888–1889 circumnavigation of the world met with little success. Baseball could not dislodge British football, rugby, and cricket, which had already gained purchase abroad due to Britain’s larger global presence. In the Caribbean, where baseball became the dominant sport, Cuba, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, and other countries made the game into their own national pastimes. Baseball there, open to players of all races and nations, modeled the democratic version of sport that would not exist in US pro leagues until integration after World War II. Since then, Major League Baseball has attracted ever-greater numbers of players from abroad, first from the Caribbean and more recently from Japan and Asia.
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Maxwell, Catherine. Vernon Lee’s Handling of Words. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737827.003.0018.
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Early schooled in writing by a pedagogy rooted in dialogic exchange, Vernon Lee (1856–1935) made the interactive relationship between writer and reader central to her critical prose. Her early essays showcase her already distinctive prose voice—markedly different from a professional academic masculine voice. Quick to establish a rapport, Lee is a sympathetic guide, skilfully steering her readers through arguments and expositions, but also stimulating and involving them through impressionistic description, association, and intricate dynamic passages full of open-ended verb forms. Published in the 1890s and early 1900s, many of the essays in her innovative book The Handling of Words and Other Studies in Literary Psychology (1923) show her fascination with the idea of style as a form of contact and transaction between writer and reader, with style creating the perceptual patterns that persuade readers to think and imagine in ways not naturally their own.
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Tseng, Hua-an, Richie E. Kohman, and Xue Han. Optogenetics and Electrophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199939800.003.0009.
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Throughout the history of neuroscience, electrophysiological and imaging techniques have been utilized to observe neural signals at various spatial and temporal scales. However, it has been difficult to manipulate the activity of specific cells or neural circuits with the spatial and temporal resolutions relevant to neural coding. A novel technique called optogenetics, has recently been developed to control the activity of specific cells. This technique allows rapid and reversible optical activation or silencing of specific cells, which have been genetically transduced with light-sensitive molecules. The development of microbial opsin-based optogenetic molecular sensors has made optogenetics easily adaptable in various in vivo and in vitro preparations, and the technique has already been applied to understand neural circuit mechanisms of many behaviors and diseases. Here, we provide an introduction to optogenetics, the practical concerns in using the technique in vivo, and examples of applications that combine traditional electrophysiology techniques with optogenetics.
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Eileen, Denza. Commencement of Privileges and Immunities. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703969.003.0044.
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This chapter examines Article 39.1 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations which deals with the commencement of privileges and immunities given to members of the diplomatic mission of the sending State. The Article states that every person entitled to privileges and immunities shall enjoy them from the moment he enters the territory of the receiving State on proceeding to take up his post or, if already in its territory, from the moment when his appointment is notified to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs or such other ministry as may be agreed. This notion was based on the view that privileges and immunities began when the diplomat entered the territory of the receiving State and made his appointment known. The chapter also looks into numerous cases where a person has sought to rely on the apparent protection given by Article 39.1, using it to grant them immunity from jurisdiction.
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Maiden, Martin. Morphomic patterns, suppletion, and the Romance morphological landscape. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199660216.003.0011.
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This chapter uses especially cases of suppletion in the history of Romance languages to illustrate the role of morphomic patterns in diachrony. It also places Romance verb morphology in the wider context of Romance inflexional morphology, including those of the noun and of the adjective. It observes that suppletion practically never assumes anything but a morphomic distribution and is practically limited to the verb. Comparison is made with some Italo-Romance and Daco-Romance varieties where suppletion is indeed (occasionally) found in the noun and adjective (and is usually not morphomic). The evidence suggests that speakers, faced with different ways of expressing identical lexical meaning, exploit whatever patterns of root allomorphy happen to be already available in the language. In the Romance verb these are only morphomic; in the noun and adjective such patterns are scarcely found at all, but where they are they tend to be aligned with number.
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Smith, Leonard V. The “Unmixing” of Peoples. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199677177.003.0005.
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The Paris Peace turned to population policies when and where it could not draw boundaries to suit peoples. Plebiscites, ostensibly the most democratic of population policies, took place in the context of choices already having been made as to the territories in which plebiscites would be held, and who could vote in them. Treaties for minority protection sought to guarantee ethnic or religious difference within the ethno-national state. Successor states bitterly contested them as an infringement of state sovereignty. The racial categorization of the mandates constituted a territorial policy transformed into a population policy. Peoples were classified according to how avidly the mandatory power sought direct annexation of the territory in question. “Population exchanges” simply carried a certain version of “national self-determination” to one logical conclusion. With the tacit approval of the conference, peoples were categorized and forcibly relocated for reasons of state.
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Garcia, Ernest V. Use of Artificial Intelligence Including Decision Support Systems in Cardiac Imaging. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0030.
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Artificial intelligence methods, including clinical decision support systems will continue to evolve with, and adapt to, nuclear cardiology and the changing needs of physicians in specific, and to nuclear medicine technology and the health care system in general. The high level of automation already achieved in myocardial perfusion imaging is unmatched by any other cardiac imaging modality, and continues to be its major strength. In addition, strong statistical evaluations of the accuracy and validity of the various techniques have been made possible simply because of the large amount of objectivity and standardization in the automated processes. These strengths when applied to decision support systems that are affordable and easily accessible should allow most nuclear cardiology physicians to perform at a high level of expertise when interpreting imaging studies to demonstrate the value of nuclear cardiology in patient management, and most importantly, to maintain the highest quality clinical care.
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Heuer, Jan-Ocko, and Steffen Mau. Stretching the Limits of Solidarity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790266.003.0002.
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Germany had already made major reforms to social policy before the Great Recession. It had moved away from the traditional corporatist breadwinner welfare state model towards greater individual responsibility (private pensions and workfarist reforms, with sharp benefit cuts), and much more extensive support for childcare. Social investment and training measures have been much strengthened. These measures, carried out within a general framework of austerity and retrenchment, had increased employment, although the expansion in work since the early 2000s was mainly in low-skilled precarious jobs. The country weathered the recession successfully. New pressures are from the deepening divisions between those advantaged by the new regime (highly skilled middle-class people in secure jobs) and outsiders in an increasingly dualized labour market. Very high levels of immigration have led to further tensions. Germany has successfully transformed its welfare state, but faces further challenges from the social and political consequences of those reforms.
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Andersen, Torben M., Svend E. Hougaard Jensen, and Jesper Rangvid, eds. The Danish Pension System. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867425.001.0001.
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Abstract The need for pension reform is widely discussed against the backdrop of falling fertility rates and rising longevity. These developments challenge pension systems which in many countries already encounter problems with pension adequacy and financial sustainability. In the debate, reference is often made to Denmark as a model for pension system reform. This book offers the first coherent and in-depth description and analysis of the Danish pension system, its structure and performance. As is well-known to scholars and experts, there is a huge leap from considering general characterizations of pension systems in terms of various performance indicators to understanding the structure of particular pension systems. This book aims at introducing these aspects to an international readership, explaining the structure and design of the pension system, its performance, critical reforms, benefit structure, regulation, and macroeconomic implications, as well as investment policies in pension funds in general.
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Sinai, Nicolai. Processes of Literary Growth and Editorial Expansion in Two Medinan Surahs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748496.003.0002.
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Already pre-modern Islamic scholars assumed that many qur’anic surahs contain secondary additions. However, rather than identifying these by recourse to post-qur’anic traditions, it seems preferable to base judgements about the presence of later insertions in a given unit of qur’anic text on features immanent to the surah or passage in question, such as structural, stylistic, terminological, or doctrinal tensions. While redactional arguments of this kind can persuasively be made for many Meccan surahs, matters are more complicated regarding the Medinan proclamations: especially the long surahs Q 2–5 are plausibly viewed as products of literary growth over time, but secondary portions of text here stand out much less conspicuously than in the Qurʾan’s Meccan stratum. The chapter attempts to pioneer the redactional analysis of the Medinan Qurʾan by examining the opening passages of surahs 5 and 9, both of which are found to have undergone several stages of redactional expansion.
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Davis, Philip. Cashing in on William James. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737827.003.0015.
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William James, philosopher and psychologist, offers a style of thinking in which the forming of an idea is experienced as live event, a hot spot in the brain of writer and reader. It requires what is argued to be a literary language offered within an apparently non-literary medium, involving not a stylish vocabulary so much as a dynamic syntax. The first section describes the new grammar of philosophy central to James’s style: Process Philosophy where reality is best registered through verbs and conjunctions rather than nouns. The second section concerns the psychology of such a style, liberated through the mental pathways made by creative sentence-making. Such sentences reach forward in making an immediate mental future, pursuing ‘the more’ beyond the already known. It is concluded that this model of thinking is intrinsically useful to the mental well-being of humans, as art put to profitable work outside the realm of aesthetics.
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Schrijver, Karel. From One to Astronomical. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799894.003.0001.
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Where centuries ago one could be burned at the stake for speculating about distant worlds, the modern scientific method has made us realize that there are planetary systems around most of the over a hundred billion stars in the Galaxy. Learning that the Earth was not the center of the Solar System represented a true revolution in our thinking, but the recent insight that the Solar System is but one of an immense number of similar systems was smoothly adopted by our culture, which had already been exposed to many fictional worlds over the preceding dedades. This introductory chapter describes these changes, woven into the story of how astrophysics has grown from the work of a few isolated individuals into a globe-spanning, fast-publishing enterprise with state-of-the-art observatories, from master–pupil teaching to university-based education, and from learning from often ancient books to modern observation-based investigations.
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Chia, Robert, and Ajit Nayak. Circumventing the Logic and Limits of Representation: Otherness in East–West Approaches to Paradox. Edited by Wendy K. Smith, Marianne W. Lewis, Paula Jarzabkowski, and Ann Langley. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754428.013.4.
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This chapter argues that paradox arises, not from our phenomenal experience, but from our efforts at conceptualizing it through the logic of comprehension dominating Western thought. It identifies an Aristotelian-inspired “Being” ontology and a corresponding representationalist epistemology as the primary underlying cause of paradox in truth claims made on empirical observations. Drawing on a Heraclitean-inspired tradition in the West, this chapter shows how paradox may be circumnavigated through an alternative logic of Otherness. Underlying this metaphysical outlook is an ontology of Becoming, which takes flux and change as pervasive and inexorable. Language and logic are thus seen as futile attempts to fix the unfixable. Embracing a Becoming world view of reality enables us to recognize the limits of logic and representation and hence develop more nuanced and oblique modes of communication and responses. A Becoming world view sensitizes us to a necessary Otherness always already immanent in representational truth claims.
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Fones-Wolf, Elizabeth, and Ken Fones-Wolf. The Wages of the “Problem South”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039034.003.0002.
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This chapter explores the social and economic conditions that earned the South its label, “the problem South.” By 1938, the administration of Franklin Roosevelt had identified the “colonial economy” of the South as the nation's number one economic problem. In The Report on Economic Conditions of the South, key southern liberals, under the auspices of the administration's National Emergency Council, identified the paradox of the South—a region “blessed by Nature with immense wealth” whose “people as a whole are the poorest in the country.” The report described the poverty of the region and highlighted the need to embark on a program of economic development to bring the South's economy into convergence with the nation's, but changes were already in the works. Between the issuing of the report and the end of World War II, the South made great strides forward, positioning the region for economic growth at a rate that would surpass that of the nation.
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Smith, Christopher J. Recovering the Creole Synthesis. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037764.003.0001.
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This book traces the roots of blackface minstrelsy—and the creole sounds, practices, and procedures that made minstrelsy possible—by analyzing the artworks, letters, sketchbooks, music collection, ephemera, and biography of William Sidney Mount, together with similar materials from some of his predecessors and contemporaries. It argues that nineteenth-century blackface is not a radical new invention, but rather the codification and theatricalization of a cluster of working-class performance idioms that were already familiar from the boundary zones of streets, wharves, decks, and fairgrounds. It also uses ethnography and ethnochoreology to reconstruct the behavioral contexts in which minstrelsy took place, along with its creole synthesis of music-and-movement, sound, and the body across boundaries of race, class, geography, and time. This chapter looks at a few preliminary examples that confirm Mount's relevance as a visual source for minstrelsy's musicological reconstruction, including information that he provides on musical instruments and techniques in the period, as well as attitudes about class, race, and gender.
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Gooley, Dana. PreludeThe Virtue of Improvisation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190633585.003.0001.
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IN RECENT TIMES improvisation has made a significant comeback in classical music concerts, education, and scholarship. Pianist Robert Levin has injected fresh life into Mozart by improvising ornaments, lead-ins, and whole cadenzas to Mozart concertos. More impressively still, he plays free fantasies in Mozart style on themes given by the concert audience. Gabriela Monteiro has built a distinctive reputation among concert pianists by improvising at length on themes solicited from the audience, drawing on an eclectic range of styles from Bach-like baroque to modern jazz. Early music practitioners have long understood the importance of improvisation to historically informed practice, but artists such as violinist Andrew Manze and harpsichordist Richard Egarr have pressed it to new limits. Organist Thierry Escaich has been inventing entire four-movement symphonies on themes suggested by the audience, setting a new standard for a tradition already rich in improvisation. Students and fans of these elite musicians are showing signs that they intend to keep the flame burning by cultivating improvisational practice in various classical idioms....
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Gillespie, Alexander. The Long Road to Sustainability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819516.001.0001.
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This book examines the idea of sustainable development, made up of economic, social, and environmental parts over the period of human history. This work suggests humanity has been unsustainable in all three areas for most of its history, although in the last few hundred years the scale of unsustainability has increased, while, simultaneously, answers have started to emerge. This conclusion can be seen in two parts, namely the economic and social sides of sustainable development and then the environmental ones. This work suggests that, with the correct selection of tools, solid and positive foundations for the economic and social sides of sustainable development is possible as the world globalizes. This is not, however, a foregone conclusion. Despite a number of recent positive indicators in this area, there are still very large unanswered questions with existing mechanisms and other gaps in the international architecture which, if not fixed, could quickly make problems of economic and social sustainability worse, not better. With the third leg of sustainable development, that for the environment, the optimism is not as strong. The good news is that science, laws, and policies have evolved and expanded to the level that, in theory, there is no environmental problem which cannot be solved. In many areas, especially in the developed world, success is already easy to measure. Where it is not easy to measure, and pessimism creeps in, is in the developing world, which is now inheriting a scale and mixture of environmental difficulties which are simply unprecedented.
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Martínez-Pinzón, Felipe, and Javier Uriarte, eds. Intimate Frontiers. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786941831.001.0001.
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The diverse approaches to the Amazon collected in this book focus on stories of intimate, quotidian, interpersonal experiences (as opposed to those that take place between companies and nations) that, in turn, have resisted or else have been ignored by larger historical designs. This is why we propose a literary geography of the Amazon. In this space made out of historias, we will show the always already crafted, and hence political, ways in which this region has been represented in more “scientific”, often nationalizing histories. This includes, of course, understanding the “gigantic” discourses on Amazonia as rooted––if rarely discussed––in different quotidian, everyday experiences of a more intimate nature. The intimate interactions between one human being and another, or between men and animals, plants, or the natural space more generally as we see it, are not, as one might expect, comforting. Instead they are often disquieting, uncanny, or downright violent. This book argues that the Amazon’s “gigantism” lays not in its natural resources or opportunities for economic exploit, but in the richness that inhabits its archive of historias in the form of songs, oral histories, images, material culture, and texts.
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Dowker, Ann. Individual Differences in Arithmetical Abilities. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.034.
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This chapter discusses individual differences in arithmetic. It deals relatively briefly with the findings about the general large extent of such differences in both children and adults. It then discusses findings that indicate that it is inadequate to speak of arithmetical ability as a single characteristic. Rather, it is made up of many components, which may correlate, but also show significant functional independence. Discrepancies between any two such components, in both directions, can be frequently observed. There is evidence for this from many sources, including studies of patients with acquired dyscalculia, brain imaging studies, cross-cultural studies, and studies of both typically developing children and those with mathematical difficulties. The chapter then discusses questions about when such between- and within-individual differences begin, and whether numerical ability is componential from infancy or starts as a single ability and then differentiates. There is certainly evidence that it is already componential in preschoolers. The need for more longitudinal and intervention studies is emphasized, if we are to understand whether differences in specific components are consistent over time, and whether specific components at an early age have specific predictive relationships to specific components found later on.
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Walusinski, Olivier. Georges Gilles de la Tourette. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190636036.001.0001.
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An exhaustive biography of French neuropsychiatrist Georges Gilles de la Tourette (1857–1904) has never been undertaken. Gilles de la Tourette worked closely with the nineteenth-century founder of neurology in Paris, Jean-Martin Charcot. His name is universally known because of the eponymous, disabling syndrome that affects 0.9% of children/adolescents. Unpublished family archives, as well as Gilles de la Tourette’s correspondence with the Parisian journalist Georges Montorgueil, conserved at the national Archives in Paris, were examined together with press and police archives to portray Georges Gilles de la Tourette’s family and professional life in an original light. These archives have never before been studied or made available to the public. How the eponymous syndrome was isolated, the errors initially made in its description, the hidden role of Jean-Martin Charcot, and the disputes with other authors are covered in detail based on multiple sources, original or already published. An in-depth analysis of the genesis of Gilles de la Tourette’s prolific neurological and psychiatric works within their historical context rounds out this biography. Major figures of neurology of the time are also featured—including Freud, Charcot and his son, Brissaud, and Babiński. Interwoven with Gilles de la Tourette’s life and times are discussions of politics, theater, literature, the 1900 Paris World’s Fair, and numerous letters exchanged with Jules Claretie of the Académie Française to highlight his significant involvement in each of these domains. The book concludes with a complete bibliography of all works written by Gilles de la Tourette, compiled for the first time.
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Sharpless, Brian A., ed. Unusual and Rare Psychological Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780190245863.001.0001.
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Many fascinating and important psychological disorders are either omitted from our current diagnostic systems or rarely covered during graduate or medical training. As a result, most mental health students and trainees are never taught to identify, diagnose, or treat them. This lack of attention has real-world consequences not only for patients, but for basic science as well.This volume collects and usefully synthesizes the scientific and clinical literatures of 21 lesser-known, but nonetheless important, psychological disorders. The chapters are broadly grouped into (a) disorders of sleep, (b) variations in psychosis, (c) sexual disorders/disorders of arousal, (d) culture-bound disorders, and (e) miscellaneous syndromes. All chapters follow a uniform structure and begin with a vivid clinical vignette. After discussing the historical context of each disorder, consideration is given to the typical presentation, the current roles in diagnostic systems (if any), and the main etiological theories. Next, clinically relevant information on assessment and differential diagnosis is provided. Finally, specific treatment recommendations are made and future directions for research are discussed. This unique and engaging volume will not only be a useful resource for researchers and clinicians who already possess expertise in the more well-known manifestations of psychopathology, but it will also be of interest to students and trainees in the mental health professions.
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Povitz, Lana Dee. Stirrings. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653013.001.0001.
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In the last three decades of the twentieth century, government cutbacks, stagnating wages, AIDS, and gentrification pushed ever more people into poverty, and hunger reached levels unseen since the Depression. In response, New Yorkers set the stage for a nationwide food justice movement. Whether organizing school lunch campaigns, establishing food co-ops, or lobbying city officials, citizen-activists made food a political issue, uniting communities across lines of difference. The charismatic, usually female leaders of these efforts were often products of earlier movements: American communism, civil rights activism, feminism, even Eastern mysticism. Situating food justice within these rich lineages, Lana Dee Povitz demonstrates how grassroots activism continued to thrive, even as it was transformed by unrelenting erosion of the country's already fragile social safety net. Using dozens of new oral histories and archives, Povitz reveals the colorful characters who worked behind the scenes to build and sustain the movement, and illuminates how people worked together to overturn hierarchies rooted in class and race, reorienting the history of food activism as a community-based response to austerity. The first book-length history of food activism in a major American city, Stirrings highlights the emotional, intimate, and interpersonal aspects of social movement culture.