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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Alpine orogenic belts

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Academic literature on the topic 'Alpine orogenic belts'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Alpine orogenic belts"

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ΜΟΥΝΤΡΑΚΗΣ, Δ. "Tectonic evolution of the Hellenic Orogen. Geometry and kinematics of deformations." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 6 (January 1, 2002): 2113. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16853.

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The Hellenic orogen consists of three orogenic belts: 1) the Cimmerian orogenic belt, including Rhodopian, Serbomacedonian, Circum Rhodope, Axios and Pelagonian zones, is the internal belt which has been created in pre-Late Jurassic times as a result of the northward drift of Cimmerian contrinental fragments from Gondwana towards Eurasia. Ophiolites from small ocean basins were mainly emplaced onto the Cimmerian continental margins in Middle Jurassic. 2) the Alpine orogenic belt, including External Hellenides and Pindos-Subpelagonian ophiolites and oceanic sediments (Neo-Tethyan), which has been created in Cretaceous-Paleogene times after the subduction of the Neotethyan oceanic crust beneath the Cimmerian-Eurasian plate and the collision of the Apulian microplate to the later, 3) the Mesogean orogenic belt along the External Hellenic orogenic arc as a result of the Mesogean-African underplate beneath the unique Alpine-Cimmerian-Eurasian plate in Miocen- Pliocene times and the exhumation of the Cretan-Southern Peloponesus tectonic windows. Structural analysis and detailed studies of the geometry and kinematics suggest that during Alpine-Mesogean orogenic process a SW-ward migration of successive complessional and extensional tectonic events took place resulted of successive subductions. Thus, crustal thickening produced by compressional tectonics in each area was followed by an extensional exhumation of underplate rocks as tectonic windows.

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Polat, Ali. "Ali Mehmet Celâl Şengör: A geologist who unravels the histories of continents and oceans." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 11 (November 2019): v—viii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2019-0175.

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This special issue is dedicated to Ali Mehmet Celâl Şengör for his outstanding contributions to plate tectonics and history of geology. His studies have unraveled several mysteries on the origin and deformation of continents and formation of orogenic belts in many parts of the world. We received 22 articles for the special issue, 11 of which are published in this issue. The rest of the articles will be published in the next issue. The articles in this issue mainly focus on geological processes in the Alpine–Himalayan orogenic belt and on the history of the theory of plate tectonics.

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Erdős, Zoltán, Ritske S. Huismans, and Peter van der Beek. "Control of increased sedimentation on orogenic fold-and-thrust belt structure – insights into the evolution of the Western Alps." Solid Earth 10, no. 2 (March 13, 2019): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-391-2019.

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Abstract. We use two-dimensional thermomechanical models to investigate the potential role of rapid filling of foreland basins in the development of orogenic foreland fold-and-thrust belts. We focus on the extensively studied example of the Western European Alps, where a sudden increase in foreland sedimentation rate during the mid-Oligocene is well documented. Our model results indicate that such an increase in sedimentation rate will temporarily disrupt the formation of an otherwise regular, outward-propagating basement thrust-sheet sequence. The frontal basement thrust active at the time of a sudden increase in sedimentation rate remains active for a longer time and accommodates more shortening than the previous thrusts. As the propagation of deformation into the foreland fold-and-thrust belt is strongly connected to basement deformation, this transient phase appears as a period of slow migration of the distal edge of foreland deformation. The predicted pattern of foreland-basin and basement thrust-front propagation is strikingly similar to that observed in the North Alpine Foreland Basin and provides an explanation for the coeval mid-Oligocene filling of the Swiss Molasse Basin, due to increased sediment input from the Alpine orogen, and a marked decrease in thrust-front propagation rate. We also compare our results to predictions from critical-taper theory, and we conclude that they are broadly consistent even though critical-taper theory cannot be used to predict the timing and location of the formation of new basement thrusts when sedimentation is included. The evolution scenario explored here is common in orogenic foreland basins; hence, our results have broad implications for orogenic belts other than the Western Alps.

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Lardeaux, Jean-Marc. "Deciphering orogeny: a metamorphic perspective Examples from European Alpine and Variscan belts." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 185, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 281–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.185.5.281.

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AbstractIn this paper we review and discuss, in a synthetic historical way, the main results obtained on Variscan metamorphism in the French Massif Central. First, we describe the pre-orogenic architecture of the French Massif Central on the base of available lithostratigraphic and geochemical constraints. Second, we portray the progressive metamorphic evolution through time and space with the presentation of 6 metamorphic maps corresponding to critical orogenic periods, namely 430–400 Ma, 400–370 Ma, 370–360 Ma, 360–345 Ma, 340–325 Ma and 320–290 Ma. We discuss the role of multiple subductions in orogeny, the metamorphic effects of continental collision (i.e. regional development of intermediate-pressure metamorphic series) as well as the links between post-thickening tectonics and the regional development of low-pressure metamorphic series coeval with crustal partial melting. As it was the case for the western Alps, we emphasize the lack of temporal data on high-pressure/low-temperature metamorphic rocks as well as the uncertainties on the sizes of rock units that have recorded the same metamorphic history (i.e. coherent P-T-t/deformation trajectories). Finally, we underline the main differences and similarities between the metamorphic evolutions of the western Alps and the French Massif Central.

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Scisciani, Vittorio, Stefano Patruno, Enrico Tavarnelli, Fernando Calamita, Paolo Pace, and David Iacopini. "Multi-phase reactivations and inversions of Paleozoic–Mesozoic extensional basins during the Wilson cycle: case studies from the North Sea (UK) and the Northern Apennines (Italy)." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 470, no. 1 (2019): 205–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp470-2017-232.

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AbstractThe Caledonian and Variscan orogens in northern Europe and the Alpine-age Apennine range in Italy are classic examples of thrust belts that were developed at the expense of formerly rifted, passive continental margins that subsequently experienced various degrees of post-orogenic collapse and extension. The outer zones of orogenic belts, and their adjoining foreland domains and regions, where the effects of superposed deformations are mild to very mild make it possible to recognize and separate structures produced at different times and to correctly establish their chronology and relationships. In this paper we integrate subsurface data (2D and 3D seismic reflection and well logs), mainly from the North Sea, and structural field evidence, mainly from the Apennines, with the aim of reconstructing and refining the structural evolution of these two provinces which, in spite of their different ages and present-day structural framework, share repeated pulses of alternating extension and compression. The main outcome of this investigation is that in both scenarios, during repeated episodes of inversion that are a characteristic feature of the Wilson cycle, inherited basement structures were effective in controlling stress localization along faults affecting younger sedimentary cover rocks.

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Bonnet, Cécile, Jacques Malavieille, and Jon Mosar. "Surface processes versus kinematics of thrust belts: impact on rates of erosion, sedimentation, and exhumation – Insights from analogue models." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 179, no. 3 (May 1, 2008): 297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.179.3.297.

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Abstract The mechanical equilibrium of an orogenic wedge is maintained thanks to interactions between tectonic processes and surface processes. To better constrain the influence of erosion and sedimentation on the evolution of orogens, we performed a series of analogue models based on the tapered wedge principle, varying the amounts of erosion and sedimentation. The models develop by frontal accretion in the foreland basin and by simple underthrusting and subsequent underplating in the hinterland. The variations in rates of erosion and sedimentation strongly modify the extent, the morphology, the structures, the timing of development and the material paths in the different models. Under certain conditions, entire structural units can be formed and subsequently eroded out of the geological record, leading to important underestimations when restoring sections. Particles located in the converging lower-plate or in the upper-plate show complex uplift paths related to tectonic stages. The correlation between models and three Alpine tectonic cross-sections emphasizes the role of erosion and sedimentation on the dynamics and development of the orogen and adjacent Molasse basin. Along strike changes in the present structure of the orogen could be explained in part by differences in surface processes.

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GRANADO, P., W. THÖNY, N. CARRERA, O. GRATZER, P. STRAUSS, and J. A. MUÑOZ. "Basement-involved reactivation in foreland fold-and-thrust belts: the Alpine–Carpathian Junction (Austria)." Geological Magazine 153, no. 5-6 (February 23, 2016): 1110–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756816000066.

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AbstractThe late Eocene – early Miocene Alpine–Carpathian fold-and-thrust belt (FTB) lies in the transition between the Eastern Alps and the Western Carpathians, SE of the Bohemian crystalline massif. Our study shows the involvement of crystalline basement from the former European Jurassic continental margin in two distinct events. A first extensional event coeval with Eggerian–Karpatian (c. 28–16 Ma) thin-skinned thrusting reactivated the rift basement fault array and resulted from the large degree of lower plate bending promoted by high lateral gradients of lithospheric strength and slab pull forces. Slab break-off during the final stages of collision around Karpatian times (c. 17–16 Ma) promoted large-wavelength uplift and an excessive topographic load. This load was reduced by broadening the orogenic wedge through the reactivation of the lower-plate deep detachment beneath and ahead of the thin-skinned thrust front (with the accompanying positive inversion of the basement fault array) and ultimately, by the collapse of the hinterland summits, enhanced by transtensional faulting. Although this work specifically deals with the involvement of the basement in the Alpine–Carpathian Junction, the main conclusions are of general interest to the understanding of orogenic systems.

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Lardeaux, Jean-Marc. "Deciphering orogeny: a metamorphic perspective. Examples from European Alpine and Variscan belts." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 185, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.185.2.93.

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AbstractIn this paper we review and discuss, in a synthetic historical way, the main results obtained on Alpine metamorphism in the western Alps. First, we describe the finite metamorphic architecture of the western Alps and discuss its relationships with subduction and collision processes. Second, we portray the progressive metamorphic evolution through time and space with the presentation of 5 metamorphic maps corresponding to critical orogenic periods, namely 85-65 Ma, 60-50 Ma, 48-40 Ma, 38-33 Ma and 30-20 Ma. We underline the lack of temporal data on high-pressure/low-temperature metamorphic rocks as well as the severe uncertainties on the sizes of rock units that have recorded the same metamorphic history (i.e. coherent P-T-t/deformation trajectories). We discuss the role of subduction-driven metamorphism in ocean-derived protoliths and the conflicting models that account for the diachrony of continental subductions in the western Alps.

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Butler, Robert W. H., Henry W. Lickorish, Jamie Vinnels, and William D. McCaffrey. "Untangling the Annot sand fairway: structure and stratigraphy of the Eastern Champsaur Basin (Eocene–Oligocene), French Alps." Journal of the Geological Society 177, no. 6 (July 7, 2020): 1197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-015.

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Early foredeep successions can yield insight into tectonic processes operating adjacent to and ahead of fledgling orogenic belts but are commonly deformed by the same orogens. We develop a workflow towards stratigraphic understanding of these deformed basins, applied to the Eastern Champsaur Basin of the French Alps. This contains a down-system correlative of the southern-sourced (Eocene–Oligocene) Annot turbidites. These strata are deformed by arrays of west-facing folds that developed beneath the Embrunais–Ubaye tectonic allochthon. The folds vary in geometry through the stratigraphic multilayer. Total shortening in the basin is around 4 km and the restored (un-decompacted) stratal thickness exceeds 980 m. The turbidites are generally sand-rich and bed-sets can be correlated through the entire fold train. The succession shows onlap and differential thickening indicating deposition across palaeobathymetry that evolved during active basement deformation, before being overridden by the allochthon. The sand system originally continued over what is now the Ecrins basement massif that, although contributing to basin floor structure, served only to confine and potentially focus further sediment transport to the north. Deformation ahead of the main Alpine orogen appears to have continued progressively, and the past definition of distinct ‘phases’ (‘pre-’ and ‘post-Nummulitic’) is an artefact of the stratigraphic record.

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Beltrando, Marco, Gianreto Manatschal, Geoffroy Mohn, Giorgio Vittorio Dal Piaz, Alberto Vitale Brovarone, and Emmanuel Masini. "Recognizing remnants of magma-poor rifted margins in high-pressure orogenic belts: The Alpine case study." Earth-Science Reviews 131 (April 2014): 88–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.01.001.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Alpine orogenic belts"

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Argles, Tom. "Tectonometamorphic studies in the crustal envelope of mantle peridotites in the western Betic Cordillera, southern Spain." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318812.

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Seillé, Hoël. "Geoelectrical characterisation of Alpine orogenic belts in the Iberian Peninsula using the magnetotelluric method." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400759.

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The Iberian Peninsula is considered as a “micro-continent”, located between the Eurasian and the African plates. Several ranges formed during the Alpine orogeny, in the borders of the plate or intraplate. As part of this thesis the first magnetotelluric (MT) data was collected across the intraplate Iberian fold and thrust belt and the first long-period magnetotelluric was collected across the Cantabrian Mountains, located in the northern boundary of the Iberian plate. This MT data was used to image the electrical conductivity distribution of the crust beneath these two orogens. The analysis of the MT data revealed the presence of three-dimensional structures in both studied areas and therefore 3-D inversion algorithms were used to obtain the final resistivity models. In the Cantabrian Mountains the correlation between the geoelectric image, the existing geophysical models and the surface geology provided a deeper understanding of the lithospherical processes. The final model shows excellent correlation with the superficial geology, depicting the main faults and lithologies at depth. The Duero Basin sediments are well delineated. A thickness of 2.5 to 3.5 km was deduced, and is in agreement with the seismic studies and well log data. Conductive zones in the Palaeozoic basement are related to enhanced permeability along the main Alpine faults. These conductive zones detected in the model do not reach more than 10 km in the southern part of the Cantabrian Mountains and 15 km in the northern part, and are therefore concentrated in the upper crust. The hydration/serpentinization of the upper mantle within the mantle wedge and beneath the Moho of the Cantabrian Margin is imaged as a zone of low resistivities. In the Iberian Chain the 3-D inversion model indicates that several Alpine thrusts are imaged as dipping conductors, which are limited to the upper crust. Two of them are the North Iberian Thrust and the Serranía de Cuenca Thrust, which bound to the north and to the south respectively the basement involved areas of the Iberian Chain. Both faults do not reach more than 15 km depth, suggesting that they are linked to the thrust system detachment at 10–15 km depth. This indicates that the Cenozoic thrust system causing the crustal thickening of the Iberian Chain is concentrated in the upper crust, which confirms the previous geological hypothesis proposed by Guimerà and Alvaro (1990). The 3-D inversion model is consistent with the collocated seismic image. A statistical analysis of the correlation between seismic velocity and electrical resistivity along a NE-SW profile is carried out for the upper crust and shows a clear correlation between both parameters. An increase in both seismic velocity and electrical resistivity is observed and is related to the depth at which the geological formations are located.
La Península Ibérica es un micro continente situado entre las Placas Euroasiática y Africana. Existen varios orógenos alpinos situados en el borde de placa y en su interior. En esta tesis se han realizado perfiles de magnetotelúrica a través de dos de estos orógenos: la Cordillera Cantábrica y la Cadena Ibérica. A partir de los datos de magnetotelúrica se han obtenido las imágenes de resistividad eléctrica a escala litosférica en la Cordillera Cantábrica y a escala cortical en la Cadena Ibérica. En ambos casos el análisis de la dimensionalidad de la estructura geoléctrica ha puesto de relieve un comportamiento 3-D. Por tanto se han realizado en cada caso inversiones 3-D conjuntas de las cuatro componentes del tensor de impedancias y de la función de transferencia geomagnética. En la Cordillera Cantábrica, la correlación de la distribución de resistividad eléctrica con otros modelos geofísicos y la geología de superficie ha conducido a una mejor comprensión de los procesos litosféricos de formación de la cordillera. El modelo de resistividades obtenido da una imagen de las principales fallas y estructuras en profundidad. La Cuenca del Duero está formada por sedimentos con un espesor variable, entre 2.5 a 3.5 km. El basamento paleozoico resistivo presenta zonas de conductividad elevada relacionadas con las fallas alpinas que no superan los 10 km de profundidad en la parte más meridional de la Cordillera y los 15 km en la parte septentrional de la misma, lo que indica que se sitúan en la corteza superior. La hidratación /serpentinización en la cuña del manto del margen cantábrico aparece reflejada por una zona de elevada conductividad eléctrica. En la Cadena Ibérica el modelo de inversión 3D obtenido revela la geometría de los cabalgamientos alpinos mediante zonas de elevada conductividad. Los dos principales son el Cabalgamiento Frontal Noribérico y el de la Serranía de Cuenca que limitan, al Norte y al Sur respectivamente, el basamento de la Cadena Ibérica. Ambas fallas no superan los 15 km de profundidad, indicando que el sistema de cabalgamientos cenozoico causante del engrosamiento de la cadena se concentra en la corteza superior. Se ha realizado un análisis estadístico de la correlación entre el modelo de resistividades obtenido y un modelo de velocidades sísmicas existente. El resultado indica una coincidencia entre un aumento de velocidades sísmicas y un aumento de resistividad eléctrica relacionado con la localización de las formaciones geológicas a distintas profundidades.

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Rosenbaum, Gideon. "Tectonic reconstruction of the Alpine orogen in the western Mediterranean region." Monash University, School of Geosciences, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9481.

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Books on the topic "Alpine orogenic belts"

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Geological Society of London (Corporate Author), Integrated Basin Studies Project (Corporate Author), Bernard Durand (Editor), Laurent Jolivet (Editor), Frank Horvath (Editor), and Michel Seranne (Editor), eds. The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension Within the Alpine Orogen (Geological Society Special Publication). Geological Society of London, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Alpine orogenic belts"

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Pirajno, Franco. "Tianshan, Junggar and Altay Orogens (NW China), the Alpine-Himalayan Fold Belts (Tethyan Orogens), Kunlun and Songpan-Ganzi Terranes." In The Geology and Tectonic Settings of China's Mineral Deposits, 381–545. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4444-8_6.

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Demoulin, Alain. "Tectonic Evolution, Geology, and Geomorphology." In The Physical Geography of Western Europe. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199277759.003.0010.

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The present-day major relief features of western Europe are to a great extent determined by the underlying geological structures, either passively or actively. To get a comprehensive picture of their morphological evolution and interrelations, this chapter provides an overview of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the larg-escale tectonic framework of the continent. After having described the west European landscape at the end of the Palaeozoic, to which time the oldest preserved landforms date back, an outline of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic history of the major tectonic domains follows. Finally, some denudation estimates highlighting the relationship between tectonics, erosion, and the resulting relief, will be discussed. The three main influences on the present-day topographic patterns are those of the Alpine orogeny, the Cenozoic West European rifting, and the imprint of Variscan structures. They combine within a regional stress field determined by the Africa–Eurasia collision and the Alpine push as well as the mid-Atlantic ridge push. Since the end of the Miocene, this stress field is characterized by a fan-shaped distribution of SHmax along the northern border of the Alpine arc. This gives way to a more consistent NW–SE to NNW–SSE direction of compression further from the chain (Bergerat 1987; Müller et al. 1992). Topographically, western Europe may be roughly divided into a series of belts parallel to the Alpine chain. The Alpine chain culminates in a number of peaks exceeding 4,000 m in elevation (4,810 m at Mont Blanc) but the average altitude is in the order of 2,000 m. To the north, the mountainous Alps are bordered by the Molasse foredeep basin whose surface makes an inclined plane descending northwards from c.1,000 m to c.300 m near the Donau River in the Regensburg-Passau area. To the north-west, the Molasse basin narrows between the Alps and the Jura Mountains and is occupied by several extended lakes inherited from Quaternary glacial activity. Next to the Molasse basin in the north and west is a wide belt of recently more or less uplifted areas between 200 and 1,000 m in elevation (and locally in excess of 1,000 m in the French Massif Central and the Bohemian massif).

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"From the Tethys to the Alpine Fold Belt." In The Western Alps, from Rift to Passive Margin to Orogenic Belt, 267–68. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-2025(11)14028-6.

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Graciansky, Pierre-Charles De, David G. Roberts, and Pierre Tricart. "Hercynian Inheritance, Tethyan Rifting and Alpine Nappes." In The Western Alps, from Rift to Passive Margin to Orogenic Belt, 77–95. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-2025(11)14004-3.

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Graciansky, Pierre-Charles De, David G. Roberts, and Pierre Tricart. "Liguro-piemontais Ophiolites and the Alpine Palaeo-Ocean." In The Western Alps, from Rift to Passive Margin to Orogenic Belt, 205–42. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-2025(11)14011-0.

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Graciansky, Pierre-Charles De, David G. Roberts, and Pierre Tricart. "The Late Cretaceous Phase and the Onset of the Alpine Shortening." In The Western Alps, from Rift to Passive Margin to Orogenic Belt, 169–82. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-2025(11)14008-0.

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Mather, Anne. "Tectonic Setting and Landscape Development." In The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199268030.003.0011.

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The Mediterranean is the westernmost part of the global-scale Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt which stretches from Spain to New Zealand. The landscapes of the region have a long and complex history that includes both horizontal and vertical crustal movements and the creation and destruction of oceans. This began with the break up of the super-continent Pangea around 250 Ma, which generated the Tethys Ocean—the forerunner to the present-day Mediterranean Sea. Collision of the African and European tectonic plates over the last 30 Ma led to the destruction of the Tethys Ocean, although a few remnants of its geology are preserved within the eastern Mediterranean. It is the collision of Africa and Eurasia, and the associated tectonics that have been largely responsible for generating the Mediterranean Sea, its subsequent history, and the landscapes that surround it. This collisional history progressively reduced the connectivity of the Mediterranean Sea with surrounding marine bodies by closing and restricting marine gateways. During the Miocene, for example, the Mediterranean basin became completely isolated from surrounding marine bodies in what is known as the ‘Messinian Salinity Crisis’. This period saw major changes to the regional water balance leading to evaporation and draw-down of the Mediterranean Sea. This had profound impacts on all aspects of the physical geography of the region including the climatology, biogeography, and geomorphology and its legacy can be seen across the region today. The more recent Quaternary geodynamics of the Mediterranean have generated an area which includes a complex mixture of zones of plate subduction of various ages and stages (Figure 1.1b). The modern Mediterranean includes zones of active subduction associated with volcanic activity—such as the Calabrian arc—and older zones of now quiescent subduction such as the Betic-Rif arc. There is a wide range of seismic activity associated with these regions from deep (600 km) to shallow (<50 km) and ranging in magnitude up to 8.0Mw (earthquake moment magnitude; a quantitative and physically based scale for measuring earthquakes).

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Carrapa, B., J. Wijbrans, and G. Bertotti. "Detecting provenance variations and cooling patterns within the western Alpine orogen through ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology on detrital sediments: The Tertiary Piedmont Basin, northwest Italy." In Detrital thermochronology - Provenance analysis, exhumation, and landscape evolution of mountain belts. Geological Society of America, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2378-7.67.

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Conference papers on the topic "Alpine orogenic belts"

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Sperner, B., H. -G. Linzer, and L. Ratichbacher. "Tectonics of some oil/gas prospective prvinces in the Alpine - Carpathian Orogenic Belt." In 56th EAEG Meeting. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201410181.

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