To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Alpine Fault.
Journal articles on the topic 'Alpine Fault'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Alpine Fault.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Shipilin, Vladimir, David C. Tanner, Hartwig von Hartmann, and Inga Moeck. "Multiphase, decoupled faulting in the southern German Molasse Basin – evidence from 3-D seismic data." Solid Earth 11, no. 6 (November 16, 2020): 2097–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2097-2020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. We use three-dimensional seismic reflection data from the southern German Molasse Basin to investigate the structural style and evolution of a geometrically decoupled fault network in close proximity to the Alpine deformation front. We recognise two fault arrays that are vertically separated by a clay-rich layer – lower normal faults and upper normal and reverse faults. A frontal thrust fault partially overprints the upper fault array. Analysis of seismic stratigraphy, syn-kinematic strata, throw distribution, and spatial relationships between faults suggest a multiphase fault evolution: (1) initiation of the lower normal faults in the Upper Jurassic carbonate platform during the early Oligocene, (2) development of the upper normal faults in the Cenozoic sediments during the late Oligocene, and (3) reverse reactivation of the upper normal faults and thrusting during the mid-Miocene. These distinct phases document the evolution of the stress field as the Alpine orogen propagated across the foreland. We postulate that interplay between the horizontal compression and vertical stresses due to the syn-sedimentary loading resulted in the intermittent normal faulting. The vertical stress gradients within the flexed foredeep defined the independent development of the upper faults above the lower faults, whereas mechanical behaviour of the clay-rich layer precluded the subsequent linkage of the fault arrays. The thrust fault must have been facilitated by the reverse reactivation of the upper normal faults, as its maximum displacement and extent correlate with the occurrence of these faults. We conclude that the evolving tectonic stresses were the primary mechanism of fault activation, whereas the mechanical stratigraphy and pre-existing structures locally governed the structural style.
2
Schuck, Bernhard, Anja M. Schleicher, Christoph Janssen, Virginia G. Toy, and Georg Dresen. "Fault zone architecture of a large plate-bounding strike-slip fault: a case study from the Alpine Fault, New Zealand." Solid Earth 11, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-95-2020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. New Zealand's Alpine Fault is a large, plate-bounding strike-slip fault, which ruptures in large (Mw>8) earthquakes. We conducted field and laboratory analyses of fault rocks to assess its fault zone architecture. Results reveal that the Alpine Fault Zone has a complex geometry, comprising an anastomosing network of multiple slip planes that have accommodated different amounts of displacement. This contrasts with the previous perception of the Alpine Fault Zone, which assumes a single principal slip zone accommodated all displacement. This interpretation is supported by results of drilling projects and geophysical investigations. Furthermore, observations presented here show that the young, largely unconsolidated sediments that constitute the footwall at shallow depths have a significant influence on fault gouge rheological properties and structure.
3
Zwingmann, Horst, and Neil Mancktelow. "Timing of Alpine fault gouges." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 223, no. 3-4 (July 2004): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04.041.
Full text
4
Williams, Jack N., Virginia G. Toy, Cécile Massiot, David D. McNamara, Steven A. F. Smith, and Steven Mills. "Controls on fault zone structure and brittle fracturing in the foliated hanging wall of the Alpine Fault." Solid Earth 9, no. 2 (April 23, 2018): 469–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-9-469-2018.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Three datasets are used to quantify fracture density, orientation, and fill in the foliated hanging wall of the Alpine Fault: (1) X-ray computed tomography (CT) images of drill core collected within 25 m of its principal slip zones (PSZs) during the first phase of the Deep Fault Drilling Project that were reoriented with respect to borehole televiewer images, (2) field measurements from creek sections up to 500 m from the PSZs, and (3) CT images of oriented drill core collected during the Amethyst Hydro Project at distances of ∼ 0.7–2 km from the PSZs. Results show that within 160 m of the PSZs in foliated cataclasites and ultramylonites, gouge-filled fractures exhibit a wide range of orientations. At these distances, fractures are interpreted to have formed at relatively high confining pressures and/or in rocks that had a weak mechanical anisotropy. Conversely, at distances greater than 160 m from the PSZs, fractures are typically open and subparallel to the mylonitic or schistose foliation, implying that fracturing occurred at low confining pressures and/or in rocks that were mechanically anisotropic. Fracture density is similar across the ∼ 500 m width of the field transects. By combining our datasets with measurements of permeability and seismic velocity around the Alpine Fault, we further develop the hierarchical model for hanging-wall damage structure that was proposed by Townend et al. (2017). The wider zone of foliation-parallel fractures represents an outer damage zone that forms at shallow depths. The distinct < 160 m wide interval of widely oriented gouge-filled fractures constitutes an inner damage zone. This zone is interpreted to extend towards the base of the seismogenic crust given that its width is comparable to (1) the Alpine Fault low-velocity zone detected by fault zone guided waves and (2) damage zones reported from other exhumed large-displacement faults. In summary, a narrow zone of fracturing at the base of the Alpine Fault's hanging-wall seismogenic crust is anticipated to widen at shallow depths, which is consistent with fault zone flower structure models.
5
Townend, j., R. Sutherland, and V. Toy. "Deep Fault Drilling Project – Alpine Fault, New Zealand." Scientific Drilling 8 (September 1, 2009): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-8-75-2009.
Full text
6
Ring, Uwe. "Late Alpine kinematics of the Aosta fault (northwestern Italian Alps)." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 1994, no. 7 (July 13, 1994): 434–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1994/1994/434.
Full text
7
Berryman, Kelvin R., Ursula A. Cochran, Kate J. Clark, Glenn P. Biasi, Robert M. Langridge, and Pilar Villamor. "Major Earthquakes Occur Regularly on an Isolated Plate Boundary Fault." Science 336, no. 6089 (June 28, 2012): 1690–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1218959.
Full textAbstract:
The scarcity of long geological records of major earthquakes, on different types of faults, makes testing hypotheses of regular versus random or clustered earthquake recurrence behavior difficult. We provide a fault-proximal major earthquake record spanning 8000 years on the strike-slip Alpine Fault in New Zealand. Cyclic stratigraphy at Hokuri Creek suggests that the fault ruptured to the surface 24 times, and event ages yield a 0.33 coefficient of variation in recurrence interval. We associate this near-regular earthquake recurrence with a geometrically simple strike-slip fault, with high slip rate, accommodating a high proportion of plate boundary motion that works in isolation from other faults. We propose that it is valid to apply time-dependent earthquake recurrence models for seismic hazard estimation to similar faults worldwide.
8
Galadini, Fabrizio, Carlo Meletti, and Eutizio Vittori. "Major active faults in Italy: available surficial data." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 80, no. 3-4 (December 2001): 273–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001677460002388x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAn inventory of the available surficial data on active faults in Italy has been compiled by gathering all the available information on peninsular Italy (project by CNR, National Group for the Defense against Earthquakes), the central-eastern Alps and the Po Plain (EC ‘PALEOSIS’ project). Such information has been summarised in maps (reporting surficial expressions of faults with length L≥11 km) and in a table where fault parameters relevant for seismic hazard assessment (e.g. slip rates, recurrence intervals for surface faulting events, etc..) have been reported. Based on the geological characteristics of the Italian territory, a fault has been considered as active if it shows evidence of Late Pleistocene-Holocene displacements. Active faults in Italy are distributed throughout the entire Apennine chain, in the Sicilian and Calabrian regions and in some Alpine sectors, but knowledge is not homogeneously distributed through the territory. The largest amount of data is related to the central Apennines. In contrast, fault geometries and parameters are less well defined in the southern Apennines, Sicily and Calabria, where investigations have started more recently. Knowledge is sparse in the northern Apeninnes, where data necessary to define fault parameters are lacking and also the chronology of the activity has to be considered cautiously. Abundant blind faulting in the Po Plain hinders the detection of active faults by means of the classical surficial investigations and therefore the present knowledge is limited to the Mantova fault. Blind faults and the peculiar recent geological history of the Alpine areas, which is strongly conditioned by the erosional and depositional activity during and after the last glacial maximum, also hinder the identification of active faults in the central-eastern Alps. Some faults in this Alpine sector are believed to be active, but data on their segmentation are still missing. Available information indicates that Italian active faults are usually characterised by slip rates lower than 1 mm/yr. Recurrence intervals for surface faulting events are longer than 1,000 years in the central and southern Apennines. This review on the Italian active faults represents the first step to produce a map of the major seismic sources in Italy, which in turn will result from the merge of surficial data with seismological and geological subsurficial data. The available knowledge gathered in this paper indicates those areas where data are presently sparse. It should be, therefore, possible to better plan future geomorphological and paleoseismological investigations.
9
Heads, Michael, and Robin Craw. "The Alpine Fault biogeographic hypothesis revisited." Cladistics 20, no. 2 (April 2004): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00009.x.
Full text
10
Osmundsen, P. T., T. F. Redfield, B. H. W. Hendriks, S. Bergh, J. a. Hansen, I. H. C. Henderson, J. Dehls, et al. "Fault-controlled alpine topography in Norway." Journal of the Geological Society 167, no. 1 (January 2010): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492009-019.
Full text
11
Sboras, Sotiris, Spyros Pavlides, Adamantios Kilias, Dimitris Galanakis, Athanasios Chatziioannou, and Alexandros Chatzipetros. "The Geological Structure and Tectonic Complexity of Northern Thessaly That Hosted the March 2021 Seismic Crisis." Geotechnics 2, no. 4 (November 4, 2022): 935–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics2040044.
Full textAbstract:
Knowing the rich presence of active faults in northern Thessaly and the lack of any significant seismic activity since at least the mid-1940s, the 2021 seismic sequence did not surprise us. What did surprise us was the fact that (i) despite the great knowledge of the neotectonic faults in the area, the causative faults were unknown, or almost unknown; (ii) the direction of the 2021 faulting was different than the expected, and given that the focal mechanisms showed almost pure normal dip-slip motion, the extensional main axis was also different than the one we thought we knew for this area; and (iii) besides the co-seismic ruptures that occurred within the Domeniko-Amouri basin and along the Titarissios River valley, there is evidence of rupturing in the alpine basement of Zarkos mountains. After thoroughly reviewing both the alpine and neotectonic structural setting and all the available literature concerning the seismotectonic data and interpretations of the 2021 sequence, including investigations of our own, we end up in a complex tectonic setting with older alpine structures now operating as inherited faults, and we also suggest the possible occurrence of a roughly N-dipping, low-angle, detachment-type fault. This fault runs below Mt Zarkos, reaching at least the Elassona Basin, with splay faults bifurcating upwards from the main fault zone. Following this complexity, rupture of the first mainshock must have chosen a split route reaching the surface through the gneiss rocks of Zarkos and almost (?) reaching the basinal sediments of the local tectonic depressions. This seismic sequence is a perfect case study to shed some light on the tectonic and rupture processes in the context of both geodynamics and seismic hazard assessment.
12
Verwater, Vincent F., Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Vincenzo Picotti, Azam Jozi Najafabadi, and Christian Haberland. "Neogene kinematics of the Giudicarie Belt and eastern Southern Alpine orogenic front (northern Italy)." Solid Earth 12, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 1309–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Neogene indentation of the Adriatic plate into Europe led to major modifications of the Alpine orogenic structures and style of deformation in the Eastern and Southern Alps. The Giudicarie Belt is a prime example of this, as it offsets the entire Alpine orogenic edifice; its activity has been kinematically linked to strike-slip faulting and lateral extrusion of the Eastern Alps. Remaining questions on the exact role of this fold-and-thrust belt in the structure of the Alpine orogen at depth necessitate a quantitative analysis of the shortening, kinematics, and depth of decoupling beneath the Giudicarie Belt and adjacent parts of the Southern Alps. Tectonic balancing of a network of seven cross sections through the Giudicarie Belt parallel to the local NNW–SSE shortening direction reveals that this belt comprises two kinematic domains that accommodated different amounts of shortening during overlapping times. These two domains are separated by the NW–SE-oriented strike-slip Trento-Cles–Schio-Vicenza fault system, which offsets the Southern Alpine orogenic front in the south and merges with the Northern Giudicarie Fault in the north. The SW kinematic domain (Val Trompia sector) accommodated at least ∼ 18 km of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene shortening. Since the Middle Miocene, this domain experienced at least ∼ 12–22 km shortening, whereas the NE kinematic domain accommodated at least ∼ 25–35 km shortening. Together, these domains contributed an estimated minimum of ∼ 40–47 km of sinistral strike-slip motion along the Northern Giudicarie Fault, implying that most offset of the Periadriatic Fault is due to Late Oligocene to Neogene indentation of the Adriatic plate into the Eastern Alps. Moreover, the faults linking the Giudicarie Belt with the Northern Giudicarie Fault reach ∼ 15–20 km depth, indicating a thick-skinned tectonic style of deformation. These fault detachments may also connect at depth with a lower crustal Adriatic wedge that protruded north of the Periadriatic Fault and are responsible for N–S shortening and eastward, orogen-parallel escape of deeply exhumed units in the Tauern Window. Finally, the E–W lateral variation of shortening across the Giudicarie Belt indicates internal deformation and lateral variation in strength of the Adriatic indenter related to Permian–Mesozoic tectonic structures and paleogeographic zones.
13
Galadini, Fabrizio, Paolo Galli, Augusto Cittadini, and Biagio Giaccio. "Late Quaternary fault movements in the Mt. Baldo-Lessini Mts sector of the Southalpine area (northern Italy)." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 80, no. 3-4 (December 2001): 187–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600023830.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPaleoseismological investigations have been performed at Mt. Baldo and in the Lessini Mts. in order to collect quantitative data on the activity of minor faults showing geomorphic evidence of recent activation. The 4.5-km-long, NNE-SSW trending Naole fault was responsible for the formation of a narrow depression at the top of Mt. Baldo, bordered by a continuous bedrock (carbonate) fault scarp to the west. The extensional activity along this minor fault is probably due to gravitational deformations (lateral spreading) in response to the warping of the Mt. Baldo anticline. A 1.5-km-long graben is instead related to the 2.5-km-long, NNW-SSE trending Orsara fault (Lessini Mts.) which was responsible for the formation of bedrock (carbonate) fault scarps. This minor fault is part of a complex structural framework made of few-km-long faults which show evidence of Quaternary activity. Two trenches have been excavated across the Naole fault which showed the occurrence of displacement events subsequent to 17435-16385 BP (cal. age) and probably prior to 5455-5385/5330-5295 BP (cal. age). Two other trenches have been excavated across the Orsara fault whose analysis indicated that the most recent displacement event occurred between 20630-19795 BP and 765-675 BP (cal. age). The upper chronological limits of the displacements give some indications about the minimum elapsed time since the last fault activation (about 5,300 years for the Naole fault and 5-8 centuries for the Orsara fault). Both 1) the maximum expected magnitude of the earthquakes which may originate along the Mt. Baldo thrust and 2) the identification of a main fault responsible for the displacements along the complex net of minor faults affecting the Lessini Mts. are still open questions. As for point 1 although historical earthquakes with magnitude 4.5-5 may be associated with the Mt. Baldo thrust, the investigations carried out in this area did not clarify whether larger magnitude earthquakes may be expected. As for point 2, the cause of the displacements along the Orsara (Lessini Mts.) fault may be related to the activity of a major blind fault (which, however, has never been identified), responsible for the uplift of the Lessini Mts. More generally, the obtained results demonstrate the limits of traditional paleoseismological analyses in Alpine areas whose erosional/depositional activity has been strongly conditioned by the Late Pleistocene glacial history. The lack of units younger than loess and colluvial sediments related to the Last Glacial Maximum makes it impossible to define narrower chronological constraints for the displacements and to estimate the number and size of the displacement events. Moreover, the rebound following the retreat of the thick glacial cover affecting the Alpine area may have induced stresses responsible for higher deformation rates after the Last Glacial Maximum. Higher surficial deformation rates could imply shorter recurrence intervals for faulting episodes and/or larger magnitude earthquakes. Therefore, paleoseismologically inferred data in Alpine areas may not correctly define the fault behaviour related to the present tectonic regime.
14
Alonso, J. L., E. Barrón, B. González Fernández, E. Menéndez Casares, and J. C. García-Ramos. "Extensión e inversión tectónica alpinas en el área de Sariego. Control ejercido por la estructura varisca subyacente (Asturias, norte de España) Alpine extension and inversion tectonics in the Sariego area. Control exerted by the underlying Variscan structure (Asturias, northern Spain)." Trabajos de Geología 36, no. 36 (September 12, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/tdg.36.2016.45-60.
Full textAbstract:
Resumen: Dos de las fallas mayores de rumbo E-O, que afectan a la cuenca pérmico-mesozoica asturiana (Fallas de Llanera y Careses), pasan por el área de Sariego. Un afloramiento de gran interés pedagógico situado en el talud de la autovía del Cantábrico, cerca de la localidad de Lamasanti, ilustra muy bien el significado de la Falla de Llanera. Dicha falla jugó como falla normal durante el Jurásico Superior y parte más baja del Cretácico Inferior y como falla inversa durante la orogenia Alpina. Su desplazamiento normal fue mayor que el inverso, observándose el punto nulo en el afloramiento mencionado. En ese mismo afloramiento se ha datado con polen la base de la secuencia post-rift del bloque inferior de la falla, obteniéndose una edad Barremiense, siendo la primera vez que se registra este piso en la cuenca mesozoica asturiana. Respecto a la Falla de Careses, se muestra en su sector oriental como una falla normal invertida. Sin embargo, en su sector occidental es una falla inversa que puede interpretarse como una falla de atajo de la falla normal mencionada; el juego inverso de esta falla se refleja en el relieve actual dando lugar a un escarpe mucho más notable que el de la Falla de Llanera. Las dos fallas mayores mencionadas se encuentran cortadas por otras de rumbo SO-NE que representan la reactivación de las estructuras variscas subyacentes durante la orogenia alpina, jugando probablemente en transpresión, como fallas de desgarre con ligero movimiento inverso, generando pliegues subparalelos a las mismas. No obstante, existen evidencias de que estas estructuras variscas se reactivaron previamente como fallas normales, controlando los espesores de la sucesión pérmica. La edad relativa de los diferentes sistemas de fallas durante el acortamiento alpino es la siguiente: primero actuaron las fallas de Llanera y Careses, despúes las de rumbo NE-SO y por último actuó la Falla de Ventaniella, que trunca a todas ellas.Palabras clave: inversión tectónica, punto nulo, estructuras de basamento reactivadas, Barremiense, palinomorfos, Cuenca Asturiana.Abstract: Two major structures involving the Permian-Mesozoic Asturian Basin (Llanera and Careses faults) are analysed in the Sariego area. The Llanera Fault played as a syn-sedimentary normal fault during the Upper Jurassic-lowermost Cretaceous and was inverted in Cenozoic times. Its reverse displacement was lower than the previous normal displacement and the null point is exposed in an illustrative outcrop located near the Lamasanti village, in the lateral talus of the Cantabrian motorway (A64-E70). In this outcrop, sampling was carried out at the base of postrift succession, in order to obtain palynomorphs, which have provided a Barremian age. This stage has not been recorded in the Asturian Basin so far. The Careses Fault is mainly a reverse fault and is responsible for the major relief of the study area; however, the eastern part of this fault can be recognized as an inverted normal fault, whereas its western part can be interpreted as a short cut thrust of that normal fault. Both, the Llanera and Careses faults are truncated by several SWNE trending faults, which mean the reactivation of buried variscan structures during the Alpine deformation. The map pattern of these SW-NE trending faults implies an oblique displacement, composed of strike and vertical slip; however, these faults played previously as syn-rift extensional faults in Permian times, as recorded by thickness changes in the Permian succession.Keywords: tectonic inversion, null point, inherited basement structures, Barremian, palynomorphs, Asturian Basin.
15
Langridge, R. M., R. Basili, L. Basher, and A. P. Wells. "Late Holocene landscape change history related to the Alpine Fault determined from drowned forests in Lake Poerua, Westland, New Zealand." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 6 (June 26, 2012): 2051–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2051-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Lake Poerua is a small, shallow lake that abuts the scarp of the Alpine Fault on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island. Radiocarbon dates from drowned podocarp trees on the lake floor, a sediment core from a rangefront alluvial fan, and living tree ring ages have been used to deduce the late Holocene history of the lake. Remnant drowned stumps of kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) at 1.7–1.9 m water depth yield a preferred time-of-death age at 1766–1807 AD, while a dryland podocarp and kahikatea stumps at 2.4–2.6 m yield preferred time-of-death ages of ca. 1459–1626 AD. These age ranges are matched to, but offset from, the timings of Alpine Fault rupture events at ca. 1717 AD, and either ca. 1615 or 1430 AD. Alluvial fan detritus dated from a core into the toe of a rangefront alluvial fan, at an equivalent depth to the maximum depth of the modern lake (6.7 m), yields a calibrated age of AD 1223–1413. This age is similar to the timing of an earlier Alpine Fault rupture event at ca. 1230 AD ± 50 yr. Kahikatea trees growing on rangefront fans give ages of up to 270 yr, which is consistent with alluvial fan aggradation following the 1717 AD earthquake. The elevation levels of the lake and fan imply a causal and chronological link between lake-level rise and Alpine Fault rupture. The results of this study suggest that the growth of large, coalescing alluvial fans (Dry and Evans Creek fans) originating from landslides within the rangefront of the Alpine Fault and the rise in the level of Lake Poerua may occur within a decade or so of large Alpine Fault earthquakes that rupture adjacent to this area. These rises have in turn drowned lowland forests that fringed the lake. Radiocarbon chronologies built using OxCal show that a series of massive landscape changes beginning with fault rupture, followed by landsliding, fan sedimentation and lake expansion. However, drowned Kahikatea trees may be poor candidates for intimately dating these events, as they may be able to tolerate water for several decades after metre-scale lake level rises have occurred.
16
Zouhri, Lahcen, Christian Lamouroux, Daniel Vachard, and Alain Pique. "Evidence of flexural extension of the Rif foreland: The Rharb-Mamora basin (northern Morocco)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 173, no. 6 (November 1, 2002): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/173.6.509.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Rharb-Mamora basin is the foreland of the Rif Cordillera (orogenic belt). The Mamora area (northern Morocco) is located at the southern border of the Rharb basin and intercalated between the Alpine Rif Mountains to the north and the Hercynian Moroccan Meseta domain to the south. Analysis and interpretation of seismic lines, hydrogeological and oil wells, have allowed to precise the major structural elements of the Mamora area, which is covered by late Neogene sediments. The structure of the area is controlled by faults that also affect the Paleozoic basement. The NE-SW and NW-SE trending faults induce the palaeogeographical evolution and control, the facies distribution and the thickness variations. The most important or relevant structural feature of the Mamora area is the Kenitra-Sidi-Slimane fault (K2SF) [Zouhri et al., 2001]. This fault N110oE trending is south of the Rif Alpine thrust front and is marked by a progressive deepening of its northern compartment, at least since Cretaceous time. Thus the Mamora appears as a hinge between the Rharb Basin and the Moroccan Meseta from Cretaceous to Neogene time.
17
Kirilova, Martina, Virginia Toy, Katrina Sauer, François Renard, Klaus Gessner, Richard Wirth, Xianghui Xiao, and Risa Matsumura. "Micro- and nano-porosity of the active Alpine Fault zone, New Zealand." Solid Earth 11, no. 6 (December 11, 2020): 2425–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2425-2020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Porosity reduction in rocks from a fault core can cause elevated pore fluid pressures and consequently influence the recurrence time of earthquakes. We investigated the porosity distribution in the New Zealand's Alpine Fault core in samples recovered during the first phase of the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP-1B) by using two-dimensional nanoscale and three-dimensional microscale imaging. Synchrotron X-ray microtomography-derived analyses of open pore spaces show total microscale porosities in the range of 0.1 %–0.24 %. These pores have mainly non-spherical, elongated, flat shapes and show subtle bipolar orientation. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy reveal the samples' microstructural organization, where nanoscale pores ornament grain boundaries of the gouge material, especially clay minerals. Our data imply that (i) the porosity of the fault core is very small and not connected; (ii) the distribution of clay minerals controls the shape and orientation of the associated pores; (iii) porosity was reduced due to pressure solution processes; and (iv) mineral precipitation in fluid-filled pores can affect the mechanical behavior of the Alpine Fault by decreasing the already critically low total porosity of the fault core, causing elevated pore fluid pressures and/or introducing weak mineral phases, and thus lowering the overall fault frictional strength. We conclude that the current state of very low porosity in the Alpine Fault core is likely to play a key role in the initiation of the next fault rupture.
18
Smeraglia, Luca, Nathan Looser, Olivier Fabbri, Flavien Choulet, Marcel Guillong, and Stefano M. Bernasconi. "U–Pb dating of middle Eocene–Pliocene multiple tectonic pulses in the Alpine foreland." Solid Earth 12, no. 11 (November 9, 2021): 2539–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2539-2021.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Foreland fold-and-thrust belts (FTBs) record long-lived tectono-sedimentary activity, from passive margin sedimentation, flexuring, and further evolution into wedge accretion ahead of an advancing orogen. Therefore, dating fault activity is fundamental for plate movement reconstruction, resource exploration, and earthquake hazard assessment. Here, we report U–Pb ages of syn-tectonic calcite mineralizations from four thrusts and three tear faults sampled at the regional scale across the Jura fold-and-thrust belt in the northwestern Alpine foreland (eastern France). Three regional tectonic phases are recognized in the middle Eocene–Pliocene interval: (1) pre-orogenic faulting at 48.4±1.5 and 44.7±2.6 Ma associated with the far-field effect of the Alpine or Pyrenean compression, (2) syn-orogenic thrusting at 11.4±1.1, 10.6±0.5, 9.7±1.4, 9.6±0.3, and 7.5±1.1 Ma associated with the formation of the Jura fold-and-thrust belt with possible in-sequence thrust propagation, and (3) syn-orogenic tear faulting at 10.5±0.4, 9.1±6.5, 5.7±4.7, and at 4.8±1.7 Ma including the reactivation of a pre-orogenic fault at 3.9±2.9 Ma. Previously unknown faulting events at 48.4±1.5 and 44.7±2.6 Ma predate the reported late Eocene age for tectonic activity onset in the Alpine foreland by ∼10 Myr. In addition, we date the previously inferred reactivation of pre-orogenic strike-slip faults as tear faults during Jura imbrication. The U–Pb ages document a minimal time frame for the evolution of the Jura FTB wedge by possible in-sequence thrust imbrication above the low-friction basal decollement consisting of evaporites.
19
Townend, John. "Drilling, Sampling, and Monitoring the Alpine Fault: Deep Fault Drilling Project-Alpine Fault, New Zealand; Franz Josef, New Zealand, 22-28 March 2009." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 90, no. 36 (September 8, 2009): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009eo360004.
Full text
20
Boulton, C., B. M. Carpenter, V. Toy, and C. Marone. "Physical properties of surface outcrop cataclastic fault rocks, Alpine Fault, New Zealand." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 13, no. 1 (January 2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011gc003872.
Full text
21
Heads, Michael. "Biogeographic disjunction along the Alpine fault, New Zealand." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 63, no. 2 (February 1998): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1998.tb01512.x.
Full text
22
Norris, Richard J., and Virginia G. Toy. "Continental transforms: A view from the Alpine Fault." Journal of Structural Geology 64 (July 2014): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2014.03.003.
Full text
23
Bull, William B. "Prehistorical earthquakes on the Alpine fault, New Zealand." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 101, B3 (March 10, 1996): 6037–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95jb03062.
Full text
24
El-Hussaini, A., M. Youssef, and H. Ibrahim. "An application of the second derivative as a tool in tectonic analysis in the Qattara Depression area, Egypt." Geological Magazine 123, no. 3 (May 1986): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800034786.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe second derivative of gravity anomalies of the Qattara area was analysed and statistically studied for determining the tectonic elements. Zones of zero second derivative were considered as the locations of possible faults. The analysis of a constructed tectonic map portrays the predominance of N45°W, N85°E and N45°E fault trends in addition to less pronounced N15°E and N–S faults. The NW–SE faults are very old and inherited from the basement structures. They acted as first order right-lateral wrench faults during the Alpine tectonism. Second and higher orders of faults, developed as a consequence of these movements, are represented by the N85°E and other less abundant trends. Vertical movements along the existing fault system, in addition to the horizontal displacement, is supported by the analysis of the pronounced anomalies of the second derivative map. The subsurface structural picture of the area is composed of uplifted and downfaulted adjoining blocks.
25
Dowrick, David J., and David A. Rhoades. "Spatial distribution of ground shaking in characteristic earthquakes on the Wellington and Alpine faults, New Zealand, estimated from a distributed-source model." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 44, no. 1 (March 31, 2011): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.1.1-18.
Full textAbstract:
A distributed-source model, recently developed by the authors, was used to study the spatial distribution of Modified Mercalli (MM) intensities and peak ground accelerations (PGA) in characteristic earthquakes, of Mw7.5 and 8.1 respectively, on the 75 km long Wellington fault and the 413 km long Alpine fault. In each event the predicted intensities reach MM10 and the PGAs reach 0.8g near the fault trace over much of its length, varying along it depending on the location of asperities. PGAs are related to MM intensity using a quadratic expression derived using New Zealand data. Comparisons are made between the PGA patterns estimated indirectly from the distributed-source MM intensity model and those estimated directly from a PGA model, which defines site-source distance as the shortest distance from the site to the fault. There are many similarities and some differences, the latter being attributable largely to the different methods of measuring site-to-source distances. Finally selected seismic risk issues for people and the built environment, including lifelines, are considered for Alpine fault earthquakes.
26
Warr, Laurence N., and Ben A. van der Pluijm. "Crystal fractionation in the friction melts of seismic faults (Alpine Fault, New Zealand)." Tectonophysics 402, no. 1-4 (June 2005): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.12.034.
Full text
27
Sobczyk, Artur, and Jacek Szczygieł. "Paleostress reconstruction of faults recorded in the Niedźwiedzia Cave (Sudetes): insights into Alpine intraplate tectonic of NE Bohemian Massif." International Journal of Earth Sciences 110, no. 3 (February 18, 2021): 833–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-021-01994-1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBrittle structures identified within the largest karstic cave of the Sudetes (the Niedźwiedzia Cave) were studied to reconstruct the paleostress driving post-Variscan tectonic activity in the NE Bohemian Massif. Individual fault population datasets, including local strike and dip of fault planes, striations, and Riedel shear, enabled us to discuss the orientation of the principal stresses tensor. The (meso) fault-slip data analysis performed both with Dihedra and an inverse method revealed two possible main opposing compressional regimes: (1) NE–SW compression with the formation of strike-slip (transpressional) faults and (2) WNW–ESE horizontal compression related to fault-block tectonics. The (older) NE-SW compression was most probably associated with the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene pan-regional basin inversion throughout Central Europe, as a reaction to ongoing African-Iberian-European convergence. Second WNW–ESE compression was active as of the Middle Miocene, at the latest, and might represent the Neogene–Quaternary tectonic regime of the NE Bohemian Massif. Exposed fault plane surfaces in a dissolution-collapse marble cave system provided insights into the Meso-Cenozoic tectonic history of the Earth’s uppermost crust in Central Europe, and were also identified as important guiding structures controlling the origin of the Niedźwiedzia Cave and the evolution of subsequent karstic conduits during the Late Cenozoic.
28
Pettinga, Jarg R., Mark D. Yetton, Russ J. Van Dissen, and Gaye Downes. "Earthquake source identification and characterisation for the Canterbury region, South Island, New Zealand." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 34, no. 4 (December 31, 2001): 282–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.34.4.282-317.
Full textAbstract:
The Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand straddles a wide zone of active earth deformation associated with the oblique continent-continent collision between the Australian and Pacific tectonic plates east of the Alpine fault. The associated ongoing crustal strain is documented by the shallow earthquake activity (at depths of <40 km) and surface deformation expressed by active faulting, folding and ongoing geodetic strain. The level of earth deformation activity (and consequent earthquake hazard) decreases from the northwest to the southeast across the region. Deeper-level subduction related earthquake events are confined to the northernmost parts of the region, beneath Marlborough.
To describe the geological setting and seismological activity in the region we have sub-divided the Canterbury region into eight domains that are defined on the basis of structural styles of deformation. These eight domains provide an appropriate geological and seismological context on which seismic hazard assessment can be based. A further, ninth source domain is defined to include the Alpine fault, but lies outside the region.
About 90 major active earthquake source faults within and surrounding the Canterbury region are characterised in terms of their type (sense of slip), geometry (fault dimensions and attitude) and activity (slip rates, single event displacements, recurrence intervals, and timing of last rupture). In the more active, northern part of the region strike-slip and oblique strike-slip faults predominate, and recurrence intervals range from 81 to >5,000 years. In the central and southern parts of the region oblique-reverse and reverse/thrust faults predominate, and recurrence intervals typically range from -2,500 to >20,000 years.
In this study we also review information on significant historical earthquakes that have impacted on the region (e,g. Christchurch earthquakes 1869 and 1870; North Canterbury 1888; Cheviot 1902; Motunau 1922; Buller 1929; Arthurs Pass 1929 and 1994; and others), and the record of instrumental seismicity. In addition, data from available paleoseismic studies within the region are included; and we also evaluate large potential earthquake sources outside the Canterbury region that are likely to produce significant shaking within the region. The most important of these is the Alpine fault, which we include as a separate source domain in this study.
The integrated geological and seismological data base presented in this paper provide the foundation for the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for the Canterbury region, and this is presented in a following companion paper in this Bulletin (Stirling et al. this volume).
29
IZQUIERDO-LLAVALL, ESTHER, ANTONIO CASAS-SAINZ, BELÉN OLIVA-URCIA, and ROBERT SCHOLGER. "Palaeomagnetism and magnetic fabrics of the Late Palaeozoic volcanism in the Castejón-Laspaúles basin (Central Pyrenees). Implications for palaeoflow directions and basin configuration." Geological Magazine 151, no. 5 (November 7, 2013): 777–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756813000769.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe Castejón-Laspaúles basin is one of the South Pyrenean basins of Late Variscan age that were strongly inverted during the Alpine compression (Late Cretaceous–Tertiary). It is mainly composed by Stephanian pyroclastic and volcanic deposits that reach a maximum thickness of ~ 500 m, and are overlain by Permian and Triassic sedimentary units. A palaeomagnetic and magnetic fabrics (AMS) study was carried out in the Stephanian units, where the general absence of flow markers at the outcrop scale and the Alpine inversional structure prevent the straightforward reconstruction of the original volcanic and basinal configuration. Magnetic fabric data are not overprinted by Alpine internal deformation and can be interpreted in terms of primary volcanic and pyroclastic fabrics. The obtained directions coincide in the different sampled units, suggesting a constant source area during the development of the basin, and show the dominance of N–S-trending K1 axes that are interpreted to be parallel to flow directions. Palaeomagnetic data indicate the presence of a pre-folding palaeomagnetic component that is rotated clockwise by an average of +37° (±32°) with regards to the Stephanian reference. This rotation probably took place during Alpine thrusting since it is also registered by the overlying Triassic deposits. The whole dataset is interpreted in terms of basin development under sinistral transtension with two main fault sets: deep-rooted E–W-striking faults, probably responsible for magmatic emissions, and shallow-rooted, listric faults of N–S orientation.
30
Kidder, Steven B., Virginia G. Toy, David J. Prior, Timothy A. Little, Ashfaq Khan, and Colin MacRae. "Constraints on Alpine Fault (New Zealand) mylonitization temperatures and the geothermal gradient from Ti-in-quartz thermobarometry." Solid Earth 9, no. 5 (September 25, 2018): 1123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1123-2018.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. We constrain the thermal state of the central Alpine Fault using approximately 750 Ti-in-quartz secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) analyses from a suite of variably deformed mylonites. Ti-in-quartz concentrations span more than 1 order of magnitude from 0.24 to ∼ 5 ppm, suggesting recrystallization of quartz over a 300 °C range in temperature. Most Ti-in-quartz concentrations in mylonites, protomylonites, and the Alpine Schist protolith are between 2 and 4 ppm and do not vary as a function of grain size or bulk rock composition. Analyses of 30 large, inferred-remnant quartz grains ( > 250 µm) as well as late, crosscutting, chlorite-bearing quartz veins also reveal restricted Ti concentrations of 2–4 ppm. These results indicate that the vast majority of Alpine Fault mylonitization occurred within a restricted zone of pressure–temperature conditions where 2–4 ppm Ti-in-quartz concentrations are stable. This constrains the deep geothermal gradient from the Moho to about 8 km to a slope of 5 °C km−1. In contrast, the small grains (10–40 µm) in ultramylonites have lower Ti concentrations of 1–2 ppm, indicating a deviation from the deeper pressure–temperature trajectory during the latest phase of ductile deformation. These constraints suggest an abrupt, order of magnitude change in the geothermal gradient to an average of about 60 °C km−1 at depths shallower than about 8 km, i.e., within the seismogenic zone. Anomalously, the lowest-Ti quartz (0.24–0.7 ppm) occurs away from the fault in protomylonites, suggesting that the outer fault zone experienced minor plastic deformation late in the exhumation history when more fault-proximal parts of the fault were deforming exclusively by brittle processes.
31
Boyanov, Ivan, and Aleksander Goranov. "Late Alpine (Palaeogene) superimposed depressions in parts of Southeast Bulgaria." Geologica Balcanica 31, no. 3-4 (December 30, 2001): 3–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.31.3-4.3.
Full textAbstract:
The Late Alpine superimposed depressions in thе south-eastern part of the Balkan peninsula are structures of collisional-collapse type. They play a role of neoautochton which overlays a highly disintegrated Middle and Late Alpine orogen of collage-accretional character. It is represented by the Sredna Gora and Rhodope superunits. The superimposed depressions are of Palaeogene-Neogene age and are elements of a separate tectonic entity (Maritsa superimposed graben system) within the boundaries of the Balkanides-Anatolian segment of the Alpine mobile belt. The following three wide depressions on South Bulgarian territory are characterized in this paper: Upper Thrace Depression (UTD), East Rhodope Depression (ERD) and the East Thrace Depression (ETD). The Tertiary evolution of each depression is characterised by three up to five destructive stages. The Late Eocene and Oligocene stages are accompanied by an active polycyclic or monophase magmatism mostly represented by intermediate to acid volcanics. Ca-alkaline, subalkaline and alkaline magmas are distinguished. Basic volcanics of toleiitic, subalkaline to alkaline composition are rare. During the stages outlined, phenomena of compression or extension with exhumation are recorded. A number of important faults and fault zones formed during those stages, some of them being now represented by dike bundles. Essential overthrustings took place only along some faults of late Laramian and Savian age.
32
Fountoulis, I., S. Mavroulis, and D. Theocharis. "THE MORPHONEOTECTONIC STRUCTURE OF THE TRANSITIONAL ZONE BETWEEN THE GORTYNIA MT. HORST AND THE PYRGOS-OLYMPIA BASIN (CENTRAL -WESTERN PELOPONNESE, GREECE)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, no. 1 (June 8, 2018): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16552.
Full textAbstract:
The present paper aims to the understanding of the neotectonic deformation in areas where no post-alpine sediment occurs. The study area is located at the transitional zone between the horst ofGortynia Mt. (Arcadia) and the Pyrgos-Olympia basin in the central-western Péloponnèse and is tectonically and seismically active. The studied neotectonic faults can be distinguished in low to mid angle faults and high angle faults. The majority of them present striation sets with significant horizontal component that causes the change in the direction and plunge of the fold axes of Pindos unit. The younger and with more active characteristics fault zones are the Lefkohori and Ohthia ones
33
ΛΕΚΚΑΣ, Ε. Λ., Σ. Γ. ΛΟΖΙΟΣ, and Γ. Δ. ΔΑΝΑΜΟΣ. "Geological and tectonic structure of the area between Aigaleo and Parnitha Mt. (Attica, Greece) and their importance to antiseismic planning." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16939.
Full textAbstract:
The September 7,1999 earthquake sequence hit the northwestern part of the basin of Athens (area between Aigaleo and Parnis Mt.), causing a large number of deaths and injuries, as well as extensive damage to structures. The major area represents a small basin which is covered by thick post-alpine formations, which are extended talus cones and, to a lesser extent, neogene lacustrine and fluvial deposits. The latter have been blanketed by the talus and the alluvial deposits at the north of the area. The basin is flanked by a hill range, where the non-metamorphic alpine carbonates of the "Sub-Pelagonian" Unit and an allocthonous tectonic melange that belongs to the "Athenian nappe" outcrop. The talus cones, with a thickness that ranges from a few m. to 100 m., contain frequent lateral transitions alternations of cohesive or semi-cohesive scree and loose deposits -sand, pebbles, gravel, clay, etc. The alluvial deposits consist of clay, red soils and conglomerates is clay matrix and have a thickness between a few m. and 20-30 m. The rieogene deposits comprise relatively compacted phacies of marls, marly limestones, clays and conglomerates. The alpine formations of both the autochton and the allocthon consist largely of carbonate rocks (limestones and marbles) and, to a lesser extend, of clastic deposits (sandstones, shales, schists, and graywackes). The main tectonic feature in the area is the contact between the two alpine units, located at the eastern margin. Besides this tectonic discontinuity, numerous other faults were located, either at the basin flanks, or within the postalpine formations. All these faults determined by a large number of boreholes. They are neotectonic structures that belong to two sets, one with NNW-SSE strike and 60°-80° WSWward or ESE-ward dips, and a second one with ESE-WNW strike and 60°-80° northerly or southerly dips. In fact, these faults are directly related to the creation and evolution of the small neogene basin, which is now buried under the talus scree and the alluvial deposits. It is a complex structure, since it incorporates smaller-scale horsts and grabens. The whole picture is in good accordance with the one we get from the greater area. The damage is located within a broad, NNE-SSW trending zone that covers the central and eastern parts of the area. The correlation of this picture with the geological and structural data from the studied area showed that the most serious damage took place on loose foundation formations, which were either the unconsolidated members of the talus cones, or the alluvial deposits. However, this was not the only factor that affected the damage distribution, since the heaviest damage was located (i) along the trace of the tectonic contact between the two alpine units, (ii) at the areas with higher fault density, usually close to the basin margins, but also locally within the basin. These faults were not reactivated in the September earthquake, but "channeled" the seismic energy into specific zones, which also holds, at a larger scale, for the greater meizoseismal area. Hanging wall effects, effects of sedimentary basins, basin edge effects and focusing effects are also probably to have played a significant part, at the locations where the fault geometry and the basin structure performed as reflectors, magnifying the effects of shaking and thus maximizing the strong ground motion values. Besides, the fact that the heaviest damage is located at the central and eastern part of the basin, where the fault fabric is denser and the faults better expressed, is not accidental.
34
Ingham, Malcolm, and Colin Brown. "A magnetotelluric study of the Alpine Fault, New Zealand." Geophysical Journal International 135, no. 2 (November 1998): 542–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.1998.00659.x.
Full text
35
Nathan, Simon. "Harold Wellman and the Alpine Fault of New Zealand." Episodes 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2011/v34i1/008.
Full text
36
BULL, W. B., and A. F. COOPER. "Uplifted Marine Terraces Along the Alpine Fault, New Zealand." Science 234, no. 4781 (December 5, 1986): 1225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.234.4781.1225.
Full text
37
Barth, N. C., C. Boulton, B. M. Carpenter, G. E. Batt, and V. G. Toy. "Slip localization on the southern Alpine Fault, New Zealand." Tectonics 32, no. 3 (June 2013): 620–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tect.20041.
Full text
38
Sroga, Cezary, Wojciech Bobiński, and Wiesław Kozdrój. "Geological setting of the barite-fluorite deposit at Jeżów Sudecki (Kaczawa Mts.)." Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego 472, no. 472 (November 20, 2018): 231–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7120.
Full textAbstract:
From 1969 to 1993, investigation for the Ba-F mineralization was executed within the metamorphic Kaczawa complex, north of the Intra-Sudetic Fault in the Jeżów Sudecki-Dziwiszów area (Kaczawa Mts., Western Sudetes). The article presents unpublished results of those prospecting works. A small deposit of Ba-F with Zn, Pb, Cu-sulphides, on the SE slope of the Szybowisko hill near Jelenia Góra, was documented in 1994. The economic mineralization is developed in the Jeżów Sudecki fault, steep fracture zone running parallel to the Intra-Sudetic Fault, and was identified at a distance of 600 m along the strike of the fault (in the W–E direction) and up to a depth of 500 m along the dip (towards the south). Two (locally three) bifurcating veins were found. The average content of the main components is: BaSO4 – 63.18%, CaF2 – 8.60%. The Ba-F mineralization is associated with the Jeżów Sudecki fault, synchronous with the formation of the Intra-Sudetic Fault zone. Both of these faults are Variscan and fall steeply southward. Younger, alpine (?) inverse and transverse normal faults were formed after the intrusion of a rhyolite dyke into the Kaczawa complex rocks and after the formation of the barite deposit. The Ba-F mineralization developed in a multi-stage process and shows a pulsatory nature. Five mineral parageneses were distinguished in the deposit. The age of the Ba-F mineralization has not been definitively established.
39
Page, Chris J., Paul H. Denys, and Chris F. Pearson. "A geodetic study of the Alpine Fault through South Westland: using campaign GPS data to model slip rates on the Alpine Fault." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 61, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2018.1494006.
Full text
40
Kranis, H. "NEOTECTONIC BASIN EVOLUTION IN CENTRAL-EASTERN MAINLAND GREECE: AN OVERVIEW." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, no. 1 (June 8, 2018): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16621.
Full textAbstract:
The neotectonic evolution of central-eastern mainland Greece (Sterea Hellas) is documented in the result of local extensional tectonics within a regional transtensional field, which is related to the westward propagation of the North Anatolian Fault. The observed tectonic structures within the neotectonic basins and their margins (range-bounding faults and fault zones, rotation of tectonic blocL·) suggest a close relation to the Parnassos Detachment Fault (PDF), which is a reused alpine thrust surface. Lokris basin (LB) occupied a central position in this neotectonic configuration, having received its first sediments in the Uppermost Miocene and subsequently been greatly affected by tectonic episodes, which continue until nowadays. LB is considered to have been separated from the present-day North Gulf of Evia not earlier than the Lower Pleistocene. Voiotihos Kifissos Basin, on the other hand, is tightly related to the activation of PDF, occupying the position of a frontal basin and having developed along the main detachment front.
41
Mposkos, E., A. Krohe, A. Diamantopoulos, and I. Baziotis. "LATE-AND POST-MIOCENE GEODYNAMIC EVOLUTION OF THE MESOGEA BASIN (EAST ATTICA, GREECE): CONSTRAINTS FROM SEDIMENT PETROGRAPHY AND STRUCTURES." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, no. 1 (June 8, 2018): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16627.
Full textAbstract:
In Attica, from the Miocene through the Quaternary, successive generations of detachment faults caused exhumation and denudation of Alpine HP rocks and – later on -formation of sedimentary basins. The Mesogea low angle detachment fault separates the HP rocks exposed at the southern flank of the Penteli Mtfrom the Late - post-Late Miocene Mesogea basin. Combined sedimentary-petrologic and structural analyses reveal the following: (i) Late Miocene sediments include material from unmetamorphosed source areas suggesting that, until then, parts of the HP rocks were buried under the (largely unmetamorphosed) Pelagonian nappe unit, (ii) Post-Late Miocene sediments exclusively contain clasts from high-P source areas and show downward bending of the layering that accommodates slip along a lis trie fault surface. Close to the Penteli Mt, within the post-Late-Miocene sediments gravity sliding-blocL· of metamorphic rocks occur. All this indicates post-Late Miocene activity along this detachment fault controlled rapid surface uplift/relief formation, denudation and fast erosion of HP rocks in the Penteli Mt.
42
Krsnik, Emilija, Katharina Methner, Marion Campani, Svetlana Botsyun, Sebastian G. Mutz, Todd A. Ehlers, Oliver Kempf, Jens Fiebig, Fritz Schlunegger, and Andreas Mulch. "Miocene high elevation in the Central Alps." Solid Earth 12, no. 11 (November 23, 2021): 2615–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2615-2021.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Reconstructing Oligocene–Miocene paleoelevation contributes to our understanding of the evolutionary history of the European Alps and sheds light on geodynamic and Earth surface processes involved in the development of Alpine topography. Despite being one of the most intensively explored mountain ranges worldwide, constraints on the elevation history of the European Alps remain scarce. Here we present stable and clumped isotope measurements to provide a new paleoelevation estimate for the mid-Miocene (∼14.5 Ma) European Central Alps. We apply stable isotope δ–δ paleoaltimetry to near-sea-level pedogenic carbonate oxygen isotope (δ18O) records from the Northern Alpine Foreland Basin (Swiss Molasse Basin) and high-Alpine phyllosilicate hydrogen isotope (δD) records from the Simplon Fault Zone (Swiss Alps). We further explore Miocene paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental conditions in the Swiss Molasse Basin through carbonate stable (δ18O, δ13C) and clumped (Δ47) isotope data from three foreland basin sections in different alluvial megafan settings (proximal, mid-fan, and distal). Combined pedogenic carbonate δ18O values and Δ47 temperatures (30±5 ∘C) yield a near-sea-level precipitation δ18Ow value of -5.8±1.2 ‰ and, in conjunction with the high-Alpine phyllosilicate δD value of -14.6±0.3 ‰, suggest that the region surrounding the Simplon Fault Zone attained surface elevations of >4000 m no later than the mid-Miocene. Our near-sea-level δ18Ow estimate is supported by paleoclimate (iGCM ECHAM5-wiso) modeled δ18O values, which vary between −4.2 ‰ and −7.6 ‰ for the Northern Alpine Foreland Basin.
43
Jo, Yeonguk. "Introduction of the International Scientific Deep Fault Drilling Project: DFDP–Alpine Fault, New Zealand." Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers 58, no. 5 (October 1, 2021): 491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.32390/ksmer.2021.58.5.491.
Full text
44
Boulton, Carolyn, Diane E. Moore, David A. Lockner, Virginia G. Toy, John Townend, and Rupert Sutherland. "Frictional properties of exhumed fault gouges in DFDP-1 cores, Alpine Fault, New Zealand." Geophysical Research Letters 41, no. 2 (January 27, 2014): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058236.
Full text
45
Eccles, J. D., A. K. Gulley, P. E. Malin, C. M. Boese, J. Townend, and R. Sutherland. "Fault Zone Guided Wave generation on the locked, late interseismic Alpine Fault, New Zealand." Geophysical Research Letters 42, no. 14 (July 16, 2015): 5736–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl064208.
Full text
46
KRANIS, H. D., and D. I. PAPANIKOLAOU. "Evidence for detachment faulting on the NE Parnassos mountain front (Central Greece)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17024.
Full textAbstract:
The Mt Parnassos NE front (central-eastern mainland Greece) may owe its existence to the occurrence of a detachment fault, which is a re-used alpine overthrust surface. Neotectonic graben formation and segmented fault systems can be linked to this detachment fault, the reactivation of which could be attributed to the propagation of the dynamics of the Anatolian Block into the Aegean territory. The detachment kinematics is also confirmed through the use of a new kinematic indicator, formerly used only in metamorphic rocks
47
Zagorčev, I. S. "Neotectonic development of the Struma (Kraištid) Lineament, southwest Bulgaria and northern Greece." Geological Magazine 129, no. 2 (March 1992): 197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800008281.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe Struma (Kraištid) Lineament is a part of a fault belt of regional importance. It strikes NNW-SSE and cuts through different Alpine tectonic zones along the whole Balkan Peninsula. Normal and strike-slip faults occurred in environments of extension and graben formation during collapse after or between collision epochs in the Palaeogene and Early Neogene, and in a back-arc extensional environment during the neotectonic (end of Middle Miocene-Quaternary) stage. The last Alpine compression phase occurred in the beginning of the Miocene, and Early-Middle Miocene planation formed the initial peneplain. New intense faulting marked the beginning of the neotectonic stage (Late Badenian), and the neotectonic development, including sedimentation, proceeded in four regional macrocycles: Badenian-Sarmatian; Maeotian; Pontian-Dacian; and Eopleistocene-Pleistocene. The neotectonic development was marked by formation of the Serbo-Macedonian Swell as well as by rifting (the Vardar and Struma rifts).
48
Wyss, Max. "Return Times of Large Earthquakes Cannot Be Estimated Correctly from Seismicity Rates: 1906 San Francisco and 1717 Alpine Fault Ruptures." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 4 (May 13, 2020): 2163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200008.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The unproven assumption that the Gutenberg–Richter (GR) relationship can be extrapolated to estimate the return time, Tr (1/probability of occurrence), of major and large earthquakes has been shown to be incorrect along 196 faults, so far. Here, two more examples of great, well-known faults that do not produce enough earthquakes to fulfill the hypothesis are analyzed. The 300 km section of the San Andreas fault, California, United States, that ruptured in 1906 in the M 8 San Francisco earthquake, produced 200 earthquakes with M≥2 in the last 52 yr, when about 250,000 such events are expected according to the hypothesis. Along a 250 km section that broke in an M 7.9 earthquake in 1717 along the Alpine fault, New Zealand, the number of reported M≥3.6 earthquakes during the last 34 yr was 100, when about 6000 would be expected, based on the hypothesis. Extrapolating the GR relationships for these two fault segments, one estimates Tr of mainshocks of M 8 to be about 10,000 and 100,000 for the 1717 and 1906 ruptures, respectively. Regardless of choice of analysis parameters, this is by factors of 10–400 larger than estimates based on paleogeology, tectonics, and geodesy. In addition, second catalogs for each case yield estimates of probabilities for M 8 earthquakes along the 1717 and 1906 rupture segments that differ by factors of about 2 and 80 (between 5000 and 98,000 yr) from the first respective catalogs. It follows that the probability of large earthquakes cannot be estimated correctly based on local seismicity rates along major faults.
49
von Gosen, W. "Fabric developments and the evolution of the Periadriatic Lineament in southeast Austria." Geological Magazine 126, no. 1 (January 1989): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800006142.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe Periadriatic Lineament Zone which forms the boundary between the Eastern and Southern Alps in the Karawanken region of Austria has a complex history spanning the Variscan and Alpine orogenies. Variscan regional metamorphism and polyphase deformation followed by Late to Post Variscan intrusive activity with accompanying contact metamorphism affects a belt of structurally complex rocks referred to as the Eisenkappel Zone to the north of the lineament. Weak Early Alpine deformation in the Southern Alpine rocks can also be recognized in the Eisenkappel Zone. The Young Alpine intrusion of the Karawanken Tonalite was followed by lateral fault displacements associated with the formation of the Periadriatic Lineament. Late Tertiary sediments, caught up in the northward directed thrusting responsible for the uplift of the Karawanken chain, record the youngest deformation in the area.
50
El Ghali, Abdessalem, Claude Bobier, and Noureddine Ben Ayed. "Significance of the E-W fault system in the geodynamic evolution of the Tunisian Alpine Chain foreland. Example of the Sbiba-Cherichira fault system in Central Tunisia." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 174, no. 4 (July 1, 2003): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/174.4.373.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The recent sedimentary basins in Central Tunisia correspond to a set of depocenters with complex geometry which are bounded by E-W, N070 and N-S brittle structures. These bordering faults, active during Eocene and Cretaceous times, have been rejuvenated at the end of the Neogene and during Quaternary in a relay pattern system associated with compressive and extensive deformations according to the alternance of extension and compression phases (Tortonian Atlasic Phase of compression, post tectonic top Miocene-early Pleistocene extension associated to the rifting of the Tyrrhenian Basin, and Pleistocene Phase of compression). These tectonic regime changes involve subsidence inversions. Moreover, the neotectonic study carried out along the strike-slip faults corridories and their associated structures enable us : – to precise the timing of the tectonic deformations ; – to establish tectono-sedimentary relationships of Mio-Plio-Quaternary age. Introduction : geodynamical context and objectives of the study. – In Central Tunisia as in the whole Maghreb [Piqué et al., 1998 ; Piqué et al., 2002], the Mesozoic and Cenozoic evolution of sedimentary basins is largely controlled by tectonic heredity due to rejuvenation of basement discontinuities. In fact, previous studies have shown that the normal kinematics activity of The Sbiba-Cherichira fault has governed the opening and the distribution of the Cretaceous and the Eocene basins evolving in a globally extensive tectonic regime [Boltenhagen, 1981 ; El Ghali, 1993]. These old tectonics is proven, also, by the interpretation of NNE-SSW seismic profiles through this collapsed zone [Ben Ayed, 1986, fig. 3] and who reveal that subsidence had been active during the Lower Cretaceous and continued up to the Albian. In the late Miocene and early Quaternary, following the Langhian collision of Sardinia against the Northern Platform of Tunisia [Cohen et al., 1980], the Atlasic and Villafranchian Phases of compression are the most important. They were responsible for the formation of important N040° to N070°E Atlasic folds , N040° to N090°E thrusts , the opening of N120° to N150° E basins parallel to the shortening axis and E-W strike slip fault [Burollet, 1956 ; Ben Ayed, 1986]. In this paper, we present and discuss results of research carried out in the Sbiba-Cherichira area. This research combines interpretation of sedimentological observations and microtectonic or structural field studies [El Ghali et Batik, 1992] carried out along and near the Sbiba-Cherichira faults system, which corresponds to two separated master faults (fig. 2): – the « Southern Sbiba Fault » developed to the west with a direction N090°E which acted as is the southern boundary of the “Sbiba Trough” subsident area as early as the Albian (fig. 3) ; – the “Cherichira Fault” developed to the north-east with a direction N070°E. These faults are connected by the N040°E Labaied-Trozza Fault. Tortonian tectonic activity. – During Tortonian compression (orientation of the shortening axis N120°to N140°E) [Burollet, 1956 ; Ben Ayed, 1986 ; Philip et al., 1986 ; Martinez et al., 1990], many transformations were induced in the studied area (fig. 4a). In fact, the E-W faults of Sbiba and the N070 to N90°E faults of Cherichira, disposed in left relay, were reactivated as dextral strike-slip faults inducing simultaneous distensive deformations (normal faults, grabens, half-grabens…) and compressive ones (folds, reverse faults, overlappings….) localised at fracturing extremity [El Ghali, 1993]. Compressive structures. – The brittle structures are associated with ductile deformations of two types : *The first one corresponds to en echelon folds including : – to the south of the E-W Sbiba Fault, in J. Tiouacha and J. Labaied, Eocene and Neogene strata which are involved in hectometric folds with a N040° to N060°E axial direction (fig. 4a) and an axial westward dip changing from 05° to 60°E ; – to the west of the J. Rebeiba fault, Lutetian and Oligocene to Lower Miocene Strata which are affected by hectometric folds with a N070° to N090°E direction (fig. 4a) and an axial westward dip, changing from 05°to 20°E [El Ghali, 1993]. All these folds are abruptly cut up by the master faults and they can be interpreted as en echelon fault propagation folds. * The second includes plurikilometric folds parallel to the strike slip faults : – the E-W anticline of J. Labaied due to the transpression responsible for reactivation of the southern Sbiba Fault with a dextral strike slip component (fig. 4a); – the N040°E anticline of J. Trozza and the N070°E anticline of J. Cherichira respectively associated with the Trozza-Labaied fault and the Cherichira fault. Because of their orientation approximatively normal to the shortening axis, these faults are reactivated reversed faults giving fault-bend folds [Suppe, 1983] thrusted to the SE with a decollement level in Triassic evaporites extruded along the fault between J. M’Rhila and J. Cherichira (fig. 4a). Distensive structures : syntectonic depocenters associated to dextral strike-slip faults. – The dextral strike-slip faults extremities develop as normal faults N140 to N160°E in the dampening zone (fig. 4a). The east and west endings of Sbiba strike slip fault are two distensive extremities the opening mecanism of which is compatible with that of a megasplit basin at a strike-slip extremity [Harding, 1973 ; Odonne, 1981 ; Granier, 1985 ; Faugère et al., 1986…]. Top Miocene to early Pleistocene tectonic activity. – During upper top Miocene and early Pleistocene times, the Sbiba Trough was characterized by a subsidence more important than in any other place in Tunisia and was filled by continental deposits of the Segui Formation (conglomerates, sands, black clays and lacustrine limestones, fig. 5). Subsidence (500m near Haffouz, 3000m in Sbiba Trough, fig. 4b) was controlled by the activity of synsedimentary normal and strike-slip faults, forming small grabens, monoclinal grabens N090° to N130°E trending often cut by the Sbiba Fault (figs. 4b and 7). This extension can be considered as a post-tectonic extension relative to the Atlasic phase of compression, the orientation of the tensile axis being the same. Pleistocene tectonic activity. – In Central Tunisia, a NNW-SSE compressive phase, intervening in early Quaternary, has been demonstrated out [Burollet, 1956 ; Ben Ayed, 1986 ; Philip et al., 1986]. This “Villafranchian phase” follows distensive strike-slip tectonics of top Miocene Lowermost Pleistocene [El Ghali, 1993] and involves subsidence inversion. This phase is manifested by reverse dextral strike-slip faults on E-W segments (Sbiba and Ain Grab faults, fig. 4c) and by SE vergence overlappings on the NE-SW segments of J. Trozza (fig. 6) and N070°E ones of Cherichira (fig. 8). In other places the top Miocene-early Pleistocene deposits of the Segui Formation are folded, producing in the Sbiba basin N070° to N090°E en echelon folds (fig. 4c) with westward or eastward axial dipping between 05° and 15°. In Jebel Ain Grab area, the folds are overturned and locally thrusted northwards producing a morphostructural dam. This latter limits to the south a sag filled with fluviatile and lacustrine deposits (fig. 9). Comparison with neighbouring regions and conclusions. – The Sbiba-Cherichira faults system correspond to an en-echelon strike slip fault inherited from a basement discontinuity. It recorded most of the main tectonic processes which affected the southern margin of the Tethys. In Central Tunisia, this faults system constitutes an evolution model of one of the major scars which affects the sedimentary cover and controls basins distribution and evolution since the Cretaceous to the Quaternary. * The Tortonian compressional episode corresponding to the Compression Atlasic Phase described from the Rif in Morocco to northern Tunisia [Viguier et al., 1980 ; Philip, 1983 ; Ben Ayed, 1986 ; Morel, 1989 ; Aite, 1995 ; Piqué et al., 2002]. The N120° to N130°E orientation of the shortening axis induced the most important transpression which has triggered the rejuvenation of the Sbiba-Cherichira system as a very active fault driving halokinesis of Triassic evaporites and large development of brittle and folded structures associated to wrench faulting activity as in the eastern platform of Tunisia (fig. 10) [Ellouz, 1984]. * During the top Miocene-early Pleistocene postectonic extension, the rejuvenation of older faults generated a multidirectional extension near the Sbiba-Cherichira faults system as in northern Tunisian platform [Tricart et al., 1994] or in the north-eastern platform and in the strait of Sicily [Bobier et Martin, 1976 ; Ellouz, 1984]. In the Sbiba and Haffouz basins, the multidirectional extension is responsible for the development, along the N070°E dextral strike slip faults and N120°E left lateral strike slip faults, of depocenters for the Segui Formation which is superimposed to Middle Cretaceous subident areas [El Ghali, 1993]. * The Upper-Pleistocene episode which corresponds to the Villafranchian Phase with a N170° to N180°E shortening axis in agreement with the convergence of the European and African Plate and very well documented from the southern margin of Grande Kabilie [Aite, 1995] to northern Tunisia [Ben Ayed, 1986]. Near Sbiba it induced formation of folds, thrusts or reversed faults forming morphostructural dams in which fluvio-lacustrine deposits are accumulated.