Academic literature on the topic 'Alpine Fault'

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Journal articles on the topic "Alpine Fault"

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Shipilin, Vladimir, David C. Tanner, Hartwig von Hartmann, and Inga Moeck. "Multiphase, decoupled faulting in the southern German Molasse Basin – evidence from 3-D seismic data." Solid Earth 11, no. 6 (November 16, 2020): 2097–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2097-2020.

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Abstract. We use three-dimensional seismic reflection data from the southern German Molasse Basin to investigate the structural style and evolution of a geometrically decoupled fault network in close proximity to the Alpine deformation front. We recognise two fault arrays that are vertically separated by a clay-rich layer – lower normal faults and upper normal and reverse faults. A frontal thrust fault partially overprints the upper fault array. Analysis of seismic stratigraphy, syn-kinematic strata, throw distribution, and spatial relationships between faults suggest a multiphase fault evolution: (1) initiation of the lower normal faults in the Upper Jurassic carbonate platform during the early Oligocene, (2) development of the upper normal faults in the Cenozoic sediments during the late Oligocene, and (3) reverse reactivation of the upper normal faults and thrusting during the mid-Miocene. These distinct phases document the evolution of the stress field as the Alpine orogen propagated across the foreland. We postulate that interplay between the horizontal compression and vertical stresses due to the syn-sedimentary loading resulted in the intermittent normal faulting. The vertical stress gradients within the flexed foredeep defined the independent development of the upper faults above the lower faults, whereas mechanical behaviour of the clay-rich layer precluded the subsequent linkage of the fault arrays. The thrust fault must have been facilitated by the reverse reactivation of the upper normal faults, as its maximum displacement and extent correlate with the occurrence of these faults. We conclude that the evolving tectonic stresses were the primary mechanism of fault activation, whereas the mechanical stratigraphy and pre-existing structures locally governed the structural style.
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Schuck, Bernhard, Anja M. Schleicher, Christoph Janssen, Virginia G. Toy, and Georg Dresen. "Fault zone architecture of a large plate-bounding strike-slip fault: a case study from the Alpine Fault, New Zealand." Solid Earth 11, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-95-2020.

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Abstract. New Zealand's Alpine Fault is a large, plate-bounding strike-slip fault, which ruptures in large (Mw>8) earthquakes. We conducted field and laboratory analyses of fault rocks to assess its fault zone architecture. Results reveal that the Alpine Fault Zone has a complex geometry, comprising an anastomosing network of multiple slip planes that have accommodated different amounts of displacement. This contrasts with the previous perception of the Alpine Fault Zone, which assumes a single principal slip zone accommodated all displacement. This interpretation is supported by results of drilling projects and geophysical investigations. Furthermore, observations presented here show that the young, largely unconsolidated sediments that constitute the footwall at shallow depths have a significant influence on fault gouge rheological properties and structure.
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Zwingmann, Horst, and Neil Mancktelow. "Timing of Alpine fault gouges." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 223, no. 3-4 (July 2004): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04.041.

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Williams, Jack N., Virginia G. Toy, Cécile Massiot, David D. McNamara, Steven A. F. Smith, and Steven Mills. "Controls on fault zone structure and brittle fracturing in the foliated hanging wall of the Alpine Fault." Solid Earth 9, no. 2 (April 23, 2018): 469–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-9-469-2018.

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Abstract. Three datasets are used to quantify fracture density, orientation, and fill in the foliated hanging wall of the Alpine Fault: (1) X-ray computed tomography (CT) images of drill core collected within 25 m of its principal slip zones (PSZs) during the first phase of the Deep Fault Drilling Project that were reoriented with respect to borehole televiewer images, (2) field measurements from creek sections up to 500 m from the PSZs, and (3) CT images of oriented drill core collected during the Amethyst Hydro Project at distances of ∼ 0.7–2 km from the PSZs. Results show that within 160 m of the PSZs in foliated cataclasites and ultramylonites, gouge-filled fractures exhibit a wide range of orientations. At these distances, fractures are interpreted to have formed at relatively high confining pressures and/or in rocks that had a weak mechanical anisotropy. Conversely, at distances greater than 160 m from the PSZs, fractures are typically open and subparallel to the mylonitic or schistose foliation, implying that fracturing occurred at low confining pressures and/or in rocks that were mechanically anisotropic. Fracture density is similar across the ∼ 500 m width of the field transects. By combining our datasets with measurements of permeability and seismic velocity around the Alpine Fault, we further develop the hierarchical model for hanging-wall damage structure that was proposed by Townend et al. (2017). The wider zone of foliation-parallel fractures represents an outer damage zone that forms at shallow depths. The distinct < 160 m wide interval of widely oriented gouge-filled fractures constitutes an inner damage zone. This zone is interpreted to extend towards the base of the seismogenic crust given that its width is comparable to (1) the Alpine Fault low-velocity zone detected by fault zone guided waves and (2) damage zones reported from other exhumed large-displacement faults. In summary, a narrow zone of fracturing at the base of the Alpine Fault's hanging-wall seismogenic crust is anticipated to widen at shallow depths, which is consistent with fault zone flower structure models.
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Townend, j., R. Sutherland, and V. Toy. "Deep Fault Drilling Project – Alpine Fault, New Zealand." Scientific Drilling 8 (September 1, 2009): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-8-75-2009.

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Ring, Uwe. "Late Alpine kinematics of the Aosta fault (northwestern Italian Alps)." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 1994, no. 7 (July 13, 1994): 434–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1994/1994/434.

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Berryman, Kelvin R., Ursula A. Cochran, Kate J. Clark, Glenn P. Biasi, Robert M. Langridge, and Pilar Villamor. "Major Earthquakes Occur Regularly on an Isolated Plate Boundary Fault." Science 336, no. 6089 (June 28, 2012): 1690–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1218959.

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The scarcity of long geological records of major earthquakes, on different types of faults, makes testing hypotheses of regular versus random or clustered earthquake recurrence behavior difficult. We provide a fault-proximal major earthquake record spanning 8000 years on the strike-slip Alpine Fault in New Zealand. Cyclic stratigraphy at Hokuri Creek suggests that the fault ruptured to the surface 24 times, and event ages yield a 0.33 coefficient of variation in recurrence interval. We associate this near-regular earthquake recurrence with a geometrically simple strike-slip fault, with high slip rate, accommodating a high proportion of plate boundary motion that works in isolation from other faults. We propose that it is valid to apply time-dependent earthquake recurrence models for seismic hazard estimation to similar faults worldwide.
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Galadini, Fabrizio, Carlo Meletti, and Eutizio Vittori. "Major active faults in Italy: available surficial data." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 80, no. 3-4 (December 2001): 273–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001677460002388x.

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AbstractAn inventory of the available surficial data on active faults in Italy has been compiled by gathering all the available information on peninsular Italy (project by CNR, National Group for the Defense against Earthquakes), the central-eastern Alps and the Po Plain (EC ‘PALEOSIS’ project). Such information has been summarised in maps (reporting surficial expressions of faults with length L≥11 km) and in a table where fault parameters relevant for seismic hazard assessment (e.g. slip rates, recurrence intervals for surface faulting events, etc..) have been reported. Based on the geological characteristics of the Italian territory, a fault has been considered as active if it shows evidence of Late Pleistocene-Holocene displacements. Active faults in Italy are distributed throughout the entire Apennine chain, in the Sicilian and Calabrian regions and in some Alpine sectors, but knowledge is not homogeneously distributed through the territory. The largest amount of data is related to the central Apennines. In contrast, fault geometries and parameters are less well defined in the southern Apennines, Sicily and Calabria, where investigations have started more recently. Knowledge is sparse in the northern Apeninnes, where data necessary to define fault parameters are lacking and also the chronology of the activity has to be considered cautiously. Abundant blind faulting in the Po Plain hinders the detection of active faults by means of the classical surficial investigations and therefore the present knowledge is limited to the Mantova fault. Blind faults and the peculiar recent geological history of the Alpine areas, which is strongly conditioned by the erosional and depositional activity during and after the last glacial maximum, also hinder the identification of active faults in the central-eastern Alps. Some faults in this Alpine sector are believed to be active, but data on their segmentation are still missing. Available information indicates that Italian active faults are usually characterised by slip rates lower than 1 mm/yr. Recurrence intervals for surface faulting events are longer than 1,000 years in the central and southern Apennines. This review on the Italian active faults represents the first step to produce a map of the major seismic sources in Italy, which in turn will result from the merge of surficial data with seismological and geological subsurficial data. The available knowledge gathered in this paper indicates those areas where data are presently sparse. It should be, therefore, possible to better plan future geomorphological and paleoseismological investigations.
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Heads, Michael, and Robin Craw. "The Alpine Fault biogeographic hypothesis revisited." Cladistics 20, no. 2 (April 2004): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00009.x.

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Osmundsen, P. T., T. F. Redfield, B. H. W. Hendriks, S. Bergh, J. a. Hansen, I. H. C. Henderson, J. Dehls, et al. "Fault-controlled alpine topography in Norway." Journal of the Geological Society 167, no. 1 (January 2010): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492009-019.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Alpine Fault"

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De, Pascale Gregory Paul. "Neotectonics and Paleoseismology of the Central Alpine Fault, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8908.

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The Alpine Fault is a major plate boundary structure, which accommodates up to 50-80% of the total plate boundary motion across the South Island of New Zealand. The fault has not ruptured historically although limited off-fault shaking records and on-fault dating suggest large to great (~ Mw 8) earthquakes (every ~100-480 years; most recently in 1717), making it potentially one of the largest onshore sources of seismic hazard in New Zealand. The central section of the Alpine Fault, which bounds the highest elevations in the Southern Alps, is one of the most poorly characterised sections along the fault. On-fault earthquake timing in addition to the amount of dextral slip during major earthquakes was unknown along a 200-km-long section of the central Alpine Fault, while the amount of co-seismic hanging wall uplift was poorly known, prior to the present work. In this thesis I address these knowledge gaps through a combination of light detection and ranging (lidar), field, and stratigraphic mapping along with sample dating to constrain earthquake timing, style of faulting, and hanging wall rock uplift rates. Using lidar data coupled with field mapping I delineated the main trace of the Alpine Fault at Gaunt Creek as a north-striking fault scarp that was excavated and logged; this is part of a 2-km-wide restraining bend dominated by low-angle thrust faulting and without the clear strike-slip displacements that are present nearby (<5 km distant along strike in both directions). Where exposed in this scarp, the fault-zone is characterized by a distinct 5-50 cm thick clay fault-gouge layer juxtaposing hanging wall bedrock (mylonites and cataclasites) over unconsolidated late-Holocene footwall colluvium. An unfaulted peat at the base of the scarp is buried by post-most recent event (MRE) alluvium and yields a radiocarbon age of A.D. 1710–1930, consistent with sparse on-fault data, validating earlier off-fault records that suggest a 1717 MRE with a moment magnitude of Mw 8.1 ± 0.1, based on the 380-km-long surface rupture. Lidar and field mapping also enabled the identification and measurement of short (<30 m), previously unrecognized dextral offsets along the central section of the Alpine Fault. Single-event displacements of 7.5 ± 1 m for the 1717 earthquake and cumulative displacements of 12.9 ± 2 m and 22 ± 2.7 m for earlier ruptures can be binned into 7.1 ± 2.1 m increments of repeated dextral (uniform) slip along the central Alpine Fault. A comparison of these offsets with the local paleoseismic record and known plate kinematics suggests that the central Alpine Fault earthquakes in the past 1.1 ka may have: (i) bimodal character, with major surface ruptures (!Mw 7.9) every 270 ± 70 years (e.g. the 1717 event) and with moderate to large earthquakes (!Mw 7) occurring between these ruptures (e.g. the 1600 event); or (ii) that some shaking data may record earthquakes on other faults. If (i) is true, the uniform slip model (USM) perhaps best represents central Alpine Fault earthquake recurrence, and argues against the applicability of the characteristic earthquake model (CEM) there. Alternatively, if (ii) is true, perhaps the fault is “characteristic” and some shaking records proximal to plate boundary faults do not necessarily reflect plate-boundary surface ruptures. Paleoseismic and slip data suggest that (i) is the most plausible interpretation, which has implications for the understanding of major plate-boundary faults worldwide. Field mapping, geological characterisation, geophysical mapping, and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of on-fault hanging wall sediments were used to better constrain the geometry and kinematics of Holocene deformation along the rangefront of the Southern Alps at the Alpine Fault near the Whataroa River. The fault here is dextral-reverse, although primarily strike-slip with clear fault traces cutting across older surfaces of varying elevations. Deformational bulges are observed along these traces that are likely thrust-bounded. A terrace of Whataroa River sediments was found on the hanging wall of the Alpine Fault approximately ~ 55-75 m (when considering uncertainties) above the floodplain of the Whataroa River. OSL ages for a hanging wall sediments of 10.9 ± 1.0 ka for the aforementioned terrace, 2.8 ± 0.3 ka for Whataroa River terrace deposits in a deformational bulge, and 11.1 ± 1.2 ka for a rangefront derived fan indicate Holocene aggradation along the rangefront and hanging wall uplift rates of 6.0 ± 1.1 mm/yr. The sub-horizontal, laterally continuous, and planar-bedded Whataroa-sourced terrace deposits suggest that the adjacent bounding faults are steeply-dipping faults without geometries in the shallow subsurface that would tend to cause sedimentary bed rotation and tilting. Using data from the approximately 100-m deep pilot DFDP boreholes together with lidar and field mapping, I present a review of the Quaternary geology, geomorphology, and structure of the fault at Gaunt Creek, and estimate new minimum Late-Pleistocene hanging wall rock uplift rates of 5.7 ± 1.0 mm/yr to 6.3 ± 1.1 mm/yr (without considering local erosion) that suggest that the Southern Alps are in a dynamic steady state here. GPS-derived “interseismic” vertical uplift rates are < 1 mm/yr at the Alpine Fault, so the majority of rock uplift at the rangefront happens during episodic major earthquakes, confirming with on-fault data that slip occurs coseismically. Notably the uplift rates from both Mint and Gaunt Creek are consistent between the two sites although the primary style of faulting at the surface is different between the two sites, suggesting consistent coseisimc uplift of the Southern Alps rangefront along the Alpine Fault in major earthquakes. This thesis collected new on-fault datasets that confirm earlier inferences of plate-boundary fault behaviour. This study of the high-uplift central section of the Alpine Fault provides the first on-fault evidence for the MRE (i.e. 1717) and repeated of dextral slip during the MRE and previous events as well as new hanging wall uplift data which suggests that the majority of rangefront uplift occurs in earthquakes along the Alpine Fault. Because the fault has not ruptured for ~300 years, it poses a significant seismic hazard to southern New Zealand.
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Boulton, Carolyn Jeanne. "Experimental Investigation of Gouges and Cataclasites, Alpine Fault, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8917.

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The upper 8-12 km of the Alpine Fault, South Island, New Zealand, accommodates relative Australia-Pacific plate boundary motion through coseismic slip accompanying large-magnitude earthquakes. Earthquakes occur due to frictional instabilities on faults, and their nucleation, propagation, and arrest is governed by tectonic forces and fault zone properties. A multi-disciplinary dataset is presented on the lithological, microstructural, mineralogical, geochemical, hydrological, and frictional properties of Alpine Fault rocks collected from natural fault exposures and from Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP-1) drillcore. Results quantify and describe the physical and chemical processes that affect seismicity and slip accommodation. Oblique dextral motion on the central Alpine Fault in the last 5-8 Myr has exhumed garnet-oligoclase facies mylonitic fault rocks from depths of up to 35 km. During the last phase of exhumation, brittle deformation of these mylonites, accompanied by fluid infiltration, has resulted in complex mineralogical and lithological variations in the fault rocks. Petrophysical, geochemical, and lithological data reveal that the fault comprises a central alteration zone of protocataclasites, foliated and nonfoliated cataclasites, and fault gouges bounded by a damage zone containing fractured ultramylonites and mylonites. Mineralogical results suggest that at least two stages of chemical alteration have occurred. At, or near, the brittle-to-ductile transition (c. >320 °C), metasomatic alteration reactions resulted in plagioclase and feldspar replacement by muscovite and sausserite, and biotite (phlogopite), hornblende (actinolite) and/or epidote replacement by chlorite (clinochlore). At lower temperatures (c. >120°C), primary minerals were altered to kaolinite, smectite and pyrite, or kaolinite, smectite, Fe-hydroxide (goethite) and carbonate, depending on redox conditions. Ultramylonites, nonfoliated and foliated cataclasites, and gouges in the hanging wall and footwall contain the high-temperature phyllosilicates chlorite and white mica (muscovite/illite). Brown principal slip zone (PSZ) gouges contain the low-temperature phyllosilicates kaolinite and smecite, and goethite and carbonate cements. The frictional and hydrological properties of saturated intact samples of central Alpine Fault surface-outcrop gouges and cataclasites were investigated in room temperature experiments conducted at 30-33 MPa effective normal stress (σn') using a double-direct shear configuration and controlled pore fluid pressure in a triaxial pressure vessel. Surface-outcrop samples from Gaunt Creek, location of DFDP-1, displayed, with increasing distance (up to 50 cm) from the contact with footwall fluvioglacial gravels: (1) an increase in fault normal permeability (k = 7.45 x 10⁻²⁰ m² to k = 1.15 x 10⁻¹⁶ m²), (2) a transition from frictionally weak (μ=0.44) fault gouge to frictionally strong (μ=0.50’0.55) cataclasite, (3) a change in friction rate dependence (a–b) from solely velocity strengthening to velocity strengthening and weakening, and (4) an increase in the rate of frictional healing. The frictional and hydrological properties of saturated intact samples of southern Alpine Fault surface-outcrop gouges were also investigated in room temperature double-direct shear experiments conducted at σn'= 6-31 MPa. Three complete cross-sections logged from outcrops of the southern Alpine Fault at Martyr River, McKenzie Creek, and Hokuri Creek show that dextral-normal slip is localized to a single 1-12 m-thick fault core comprising impermeable (k=10⁻²⁰ to 10⁻²² m²), frictionally weak (μ=0.12 – 0.37), velocity-strengthening, illite-chlorite and trioctahedral smectite (saponite)-chlorite-lizardite fault gouges. In low velocity room temperature experiments, Alpine Fault gouges tested have behaviours associated with aseismic creep. In a triaxial compression apparatus, the frictional properties of PSZ gouge samples recovered from DFDP-1 drillcore at 90 and 128 m depths were tested at temperatures up to T=350°C and effective normal stresses up to σn'=156 MPa to constrain the fault's strength and stability under conditions representative of the seismogenic crust. The chlorite/white mica-bearing DFDP-1A blue gouge is frictionally strong (μ=0.61–0.76) across a range of experimental conditions (T=70–350°C, σn'=31.2–156 MPa) and undergoes a stability transition from velocity strengthening to velocity weakening as T increases past 210°C, σn'=31.2–156 MPa. The coefficient of friction of smecite-bearing DFDP-1B brown gouge increases from μ=0.49 to μ=0.74 with increasing temperature and pressure (T=70–210°C, σn'=31.2–93.6 MPa) and it undergoes a transition from velocity strengthening to velocity weakening as T increases past 140°C, σn'=62.4 MPa. In low velocity hydrothermal experiments, Alpine Fault gouges have behaviours associated with potentially unstable, seismic slip at temperatures ≥140°C, depending on mineralogy. High-velocity (v=1 m/s), low normal stress (σn=1 MPa) friction experiments conducted on a rotary shear apparatus showed that the peak coefficient of friction (μp) of Alpine Fault cataclasites and fault gouges was consistently high (mean μp=0.69±0.06) in room-dry experiments. Variations in fault rock mineralogy and permeability were more apparent in experiments conducted with pore fluid, wherein the peak coefficient of friction of the cataclasites (mean μp=0.64±0.04) was higher than the fault gouges (mean μp=0.24±0.16). All fault rocks exhibited very low steady state coefficients of friction (μss) (room-dry mean μss=0.18±0.04; saturated mean μss=0.10±0.04). Three high-velocity experiments conducted on saturated smectite-bearing principal slip zone (PSZ) fault gouges had the lowest peak friction coefficients (μp=0.13-0.18), lowest steady state friction coefficients (μss=0.02-0.10), and lowest breakdown work values (WB=0.07-0.11 MJ/m²) of all the experiments performed. Lower strength (μ < c. 0.62) velocity-strengthening fault rocks comprising a realistically heterogeneous fault plane represent barrier(s) to rupture propagation. A wide range of gouges and cataclasites exhibited very low steady state friction coefficients in high-velocity friction experiments. However, earthquake rupture nucleation in frictionally strong (μ ≥ c. 0.62), velocity-weakening material provides the acceleration necessary to overcome the low-velocity rupture propagation barrier(s) posed by velocity-strengthening gouges and cataclasites. Mohr-Coulomb theory stipulates that sufficient shear stress must be resolved on the Alpine Fault, or pore fluid pressure must be sufficiently high, for earthquakes to nucleate in strong, unstable fault materials. A three-dimensional stress analysis was conducted using the average orientation of the central and southern Alpine Fault, the experimentally determined coefficient of friction of velocity-weakening DFDP-1A blue gouge, and the seismologically determined stress tensor and stress shape ratio(s). Results reveal that for a coefficient of friction of μ ≥ c. 0.62, the Alpine Fault is unfavourably oriented to severely misoriented for frictional slip.
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Dempsey, Edward Damien. "The kinematics, rheology, structure and anisotropy of the Alpine schist derived Alpine fault zone mylonites, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539562.

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Allen, M. "Physicochemical evolution of an active plate boundary fault, the Alpine Fault, New Zealand : insight from the Deep Fault Drilling Project." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2017. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3019608/.

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Prior, D. J. "Deformation processes in the Alpine Fault mylonites, South Island, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384072.

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Menzies, Catriona Dorothy. "Fluid flow associated with the Alpine Fault, South Island, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/351800/.

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Robinson, Thomas Russell. "Assessment of coseismic landsliding from an Alpine fault earthquake scenario, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Geological Sciences, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10029.

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Disasters can occur without warning and severely test society’s capacity to cope, significantly altering the relationship between society and the built and natural environments. The scale of a disaster is a direct function of the pre-event actions and decisions taken by society. Poor pre-event planning is a major contributor to disaster, while effective pre-event planning can substantially reduce, and perhaps even avoid, the disaster. Developing and undertaking effective planning is therefore a vital component of disaster risk management in order to achieve meaningful societal resilience. Disaster scenarios present arguably the best and most effective basis to plan an effective emergency response to future disasters. For effective emergency response planning, disaster scenarios must be as realistic as possible. Yet for disasters resulting from natural hazards, intricately linked secondary hazards and effects make development of realistic scenarios difficult. This is specially true for large earthquakes in mountainous terrain. The primary aim of this thesis is therefore to establish a detailed and realistic disaster scenario for a Mw8.0 earthquake on the plate boundary Alpine fault in the South Island of New Zealand with specific emphasis on secondary effects. Geologic evidence of re-historic earthquakes on this fault suggest widespread and large-scale landsliding has resulted throughout the Southern Alps, yet, currently, no attempts to quantitatively model this landsliding have been undertaken. This thesis therefore provides a first attempt at quantitative assessments of the likely scale and impacts of landsliding from a future Mw8.0 Alpine fault earthquake. Modelling coseismic landsliding in regions lacking historic inventories and geotechnical data (e.g. New Zealand) is challenging. The regional factors that control the spatial distribution of landsliding however, are shown herein to be similar across different environments. Observations from the 1994 Northridge, 1999 Chi-Chi, and 2008 Wenchuan earthquakes identified MM intensity, slope angle and position, and distance from active faults and streams as factors controlling the spatial distribution of landsliding. Using fuzzy logic in GIS, these factors are able to successfully model the spatial distribution of coseismic landsliding from both the 2003 and 2009 Fiordland earthquakes in New Zealand. This method can therefore be applied to estimate the scale of landsliding from scenario earthquakes such as an Alpine fault event. Applied to an Mw8.0 Alpine fault earthquake, this suggests that coseismic landsliding could affect an area >50,000 km2 with likely between 40,000 and 110,000 landslides occurring. Between 1,400 and 4,000 of these are expected to present a major hazard. The environmental impacts from this landsliding would be severe, particularly in west-draining river catchments, and sediment supply to rivers in some catchments may exceed 50 years of background rates. Up to 2 km3 of total landslide debris is expected, and this will have serious and long-term consequences. Fluvial remobilisation of this material could result in average aggradation depths on active alluvial fans and floodplains of 1 m, with maximum depths substantially larger. This is of particular concern to the agriculture industry, which relies on the fertile soils on many of the active alluvial fans affected. This thesis also investigated the potential impacts from such landsliding on critical infrastructure. The State Highway and electrical transmission networks are shown to be particularly exposed. Up to 2,000 wooden pole and 30 steel pylon supports for the transmission network are highly exposed, resulting in >23,000 people in the West Coast region being exposed to power loss. At least 240 km of road also has high exposure, primarily on SH6 between Hokitika and Haast, and on Arthur’s and Lewis Passes. More than 2,750 local residents in Westland District are exposed to isolation by road as a result. The Grey River valley region is identified as the most critical section of the State Highway network and pre-event mitigation is strongly recommended to ensure the road and bridges here can withstand strong shaking and liquefaction hazards. If this section of the network can remain functional post-earthquake, the emergency response could be based out of Wellington using Nelson as a forward operating base with direct road access to some of the worst-affected locations. However, loss of functionality of this section of road will result in >24,000 people becoming isolated across almost the entire West Coast region. This thesis demonstrates the importance and potential value of pre-event emergency response planning, both for the South Island community for an Alpine fault earthquake, and globally for all such hazards. The case study presented demonstrates that realistic estimates of potential coseismic landsliding and its impacts are possible, and the methods developed herein can be applied to other large mountainous earthquakes. A model for developing disaster scenarios in collaboration with a wide range of societal groups is presented and shown to be an effective method for emergency response planning, and is applicable to any hazard and location globally. This thesis is therefore a significant contribution towards understanding mountainous earthquake hazards and emergency response planning.
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Yetton, Mark D. "The probability and consequences of the next alpine fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6879.

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Detailed paleoseismic investigation of the Alpine Fault, South Island, New Zealand, has been undertaken at locations which bracket the central and north sections of the fault, between the Hokitika and Ahaura River. A total of seven trenches and pits have been excavated at four localities along approximately 75 kilometres of the fault. From these excavations a total of 16 radiocarbon dates provide age constraints on the timing of the most recent two earthquakes. This trenching demonstrates that the most recent rupture occurred after 1660 AD, and most probably around 1700 - 1750 AD. There is consistent evidence for this event in the trenches in the central section of the fault. The surface rupture has extended into the north section of the fault as far as the Haupiri River area, which is 25 km northeast of the Alpine Fault junction with the Hope Fault. An earlier event at around 1600 AD can be recognised throughout the study area, and this is the most recent event in the trench locations north of the Haupiri River. An updated record of landslide and aggradation terrace ages is consistent with two earthquakes over this period, but this does not significantly refine the estimates of their timing. However, the analysis of indigenous forest age in Westland and Buller reveals two periods of synchronous regional forest damage at 1625 ± 15 AD and 1715 ± 15 AD. I infer that these two episodes of forest damage correspond to the two earthquakes revealed in the trenches for this same time period. Analysis of growth rings in trees which are old enough to have survived these earthquakes indicates that the most recent event occurred in 1717 AD. The growth ring anomalies also indicate a northeast earthquake limit near the Haupiri River. The most recent 1717 AD event appears to have been a synchronous rupture for a distance of over 375 km, from Milford Sound in the south Westland section of the fault, northeast to the Haupiri River. Based on the forest disturbance record, the earlier earthquake at 1625 ± 15 AD had a rupture length of at least 250 km, but further work is required to determine the southwest and northeast limits of this event. A range of methods is used here to estimate the probability of the next earthquake occurring on the central section of the Alpine Fault and all the calculated probabilities are relatively high. The most robust method, that of Nishenko and Buland 1987, suggests a conditional fifty-year probability in the order of 65 ± 15%. A sensitivity analysis indicates that the conditional probabilities of rupture are not significantly affected by assumptions regards the exact timing of the last earthquake, or even the number of most recent earthquakes, and conditional fifty-year probabilities of rupture remain at around 50% or higher. Based on the previous earthquake events, the next Alpine Fault earthquake is likely to have a Moment Magnitude of 8 ± 0.25, and will have a widely felt regional impact. Very strong ground shaking will occur in the epicentral area of the Southern Alps and central Westland. For most of the central South Island the ground shaking is likely to be stronger than that experienced in any other historical earthquake. Landslides and liquefaction will cause the greatest immediate damage to the natural environment, and in the longer-term increased sediment loads will cause aggradation, channel avulsion, and flooding in the numerous rivers which drain the epicentral region. There will also be substantial and widespread damage to the built environment, in some cases at a considerable distance from the epicentre. Because of the rugged nature of the topography of the central South Island, and the expected regional extent of the earthquake shaking, one of the greatest problems during the post earthquake recovery phase will be difficulty in communication and access.
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Sheridan, Mattilda. "The effects of an Alpine Fault earthquake on the Taramakau River, South Island New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10253.

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An Alpine Fault Earthquake has the potential to cause significant disruption across the Southern Alps of the South Island New Zealand. In particular, South Island river systems may be chronically disturbed by the addition of large volumes of sediment sourced from coseismic landsliding. The Taramakau River is no exception to this; located north of Otira, in the South Island of New Zealand, it is exposed to natural hazards resulting from an earthquake on the Alpine Fault, the trace of which crosses the river within the study reach. The effects of an Alpine Fault Earthquake (AFE) have been extensively studied, however, little attention has been paid to the effects of such an event on the Taramakau River as addressed herein. Three research methods were utilised to better understand the implications of an Alpine Fault Earthquake on the Taramakau River: (1) hydraulic and landslide data analyses, (2) aerial photograph interpretation and (3) micro-scale modelling. Data provided by the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research were reworked, establishing relationships between hydraulic parameters for the Taramakau River. Estimates of landslide volume were compared with data from the Poerua landslide dam, a historic New Zealand natural event, to indicate how landslide sediment may be reworked through the Taramakau valley. Aerial photographs were compared with current satellite images of the area, highlighting trends of avulsion and areas at risk of flooding. Micro-scale model experiments indicated how a braided fluvial system may respond to dextral strike-slip and thrust displacement and an increase in sediment load from coseismic landslides. An Alpine Fault Earthquake will generate a maximum credible volume of approximately 3.0 x 108 m3 of landslide material in the Taramakau catchment. Approximately 15% of this volume will be deposited on the Taramakau study area floodplain within nine years of the next Alpine Fault Earthquake. This amounts to 4.4 x 107 m3 of sediment input, causing an average of 0.5 m of aggradation across the river floodplains within the study area. An average aggradation of 0.5 m will likely increase the stream height of a one-in-100 year flood with a flow rate of 3200 m3/s from seven metres to 7.5 m overtopping the road and rail bridges that cross the Taramakau River within the study area – if they have survived the earthquake. Since 1943 the Taramakau River has shifted 500 m away from State Highway 73 near Inchbonnie, moving 430 m closer to the road and rail. Paleo channels recognised across the land surrounding Inchbonnie between the Taramakau River and Lake Brunner may be reoccupied after an earthquake on the Alpine Fault. Micro-scale modelling showed that the dominant response to dextral strike-slip and increased ‘landslide’ sediment addition was up- and downstream aggradation separated by a localised zone of degradation over the fault trace. Following an Alpine Fault Earthquake the Taramakau River will be disturbed by the initial surface rupture along the fault trace, closely followed by coseismic landsliding. Landslide material will migrate down the Taramakau valley and onto the floodplain. Aggradation will raise the elevation of the river bed promoting channel avulsion with consequent flooding and sediment deposition particularly on low lying farmland near Inchbonnie. To manage the damage of these hazards, systematically raising the low lying sections of road and rail may be implemented, strengthening (or pre-planning the replacement of) the bridges is recommended and actively involving the community in critical decision making should minimise the risks of AFE induced fluvial hazards. The response of the Taramakau River relative to an Alpine Fault Earthquake might be worse, or less severe or significantly different in some way, to that assumed herein.
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Toy, Virginia Gail, and n/a. "Rheology of the Alpine Fault Mylonite Zone : deformation processes at and below the base of the seismogenic zone in a major plate boundary structure." University of Otago. Department of Geology, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080305.110949.

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The Alpine Fault is the major structure of the Pacific-Australian plate boundary through New Zealand�s South Island. During dextral reverse fault slip, a <5 million year old, ~1 km thick mylonite zone has been exhumed in the hanging-wall, providing unique exposure of material deformed to very high strains at deep crustal levels under boundary conditions constrained by present-day plate motions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fault zone rheology and mechanisms of strain localisation, to obtain further information about how the structural development of this shear zone relates to the kinematic and thermal boundary constraints, and to investigate the mechanisms by which the viscously deforming mylonite zone is linked to the brittle structure, that fails episodically causing large earthquakes. This study has focussed on the central section of the fault from Harihari to Fox Glacier. In this area, mylonites derived from a quartzofeldspathic Alpine Schist protolith are most common, but slivers of Western Province-derived footwall material, which can be differentiated using mineralogy and bulk rock geochemistry, were also incorporated into the fault zone. These footwall-derived mylonites are increasingly common towards the north. At amphibolite-facies conditions mylonitic deformation was localised to the mylonite and ultramylonite subzones of the schist-derived mylonites. Most deformation was accommodated by dislocation creep of quartz, which developed strong Y-maximum crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) patterns by prism (a) dominant slip. Formation of this highly-oriented fabric would have led to significant geometric softening and enhanced strain localisation. During this high strain deformation, pre-existing Alpine Schist fabrics in polyphase rocks were reconstituted to relatively well-mixed, finer-grained aggregates. As a result of this fabric homogenisation, strong syn-mylonitic object lineations were not formed. Strain models show that weak lineations trending towards ~090� and kinematic directions indicated by asymmetric fabrics and CPO pattern symmetry could have formed during pure shear stretches up-dip of the fault of ~3.5, coupled with simple shear strains [greater than or equal to]30. The preferred estimate of simple:pure shear strain gives a kinematc vorticity number, W[k] [greater than or equal to]̲ 0.9997. Rapid exhumation due to fault slip resulted in advection of crustal isotherms. New thermobarometric and fluid inclusion analyses from fault zone materials allow the thermal gradient along an uplift path in the fault rocks to be more precisely defined than previously. Fluid inclusion data indicate temperatures of 325+̲15�C were experienced at depths of ~45 km, so that a high thermal gradient of ~75�C km⁻� is indicated in the near-surface. This gradient must fall off to [ less than approximately]l0�C km⁻� below the brittle-viscous transition since feldspar thermobarometry, Ti-inbiotite thermometry and the absence of prism(c)-slip quartz CPO fabrics indicate deformation temperatures did not exceed ~ 650�C at [greater than or equal to] 7.0-8.5�1.5 kbar, ie. 26-33 km depth. During exhumation, the strongly oriented quartzite fabrics were not favourably oriented for activation of the lower temperature basal(a) slip system, which should have dominated at depths [less than approximately]20 km. Quartz continued to deform by crystal-plastic mechanisms to shallow levels. However, pure dislocation creep of quartz was replaced by a frictional-viscous deformation mechanism of sliding on weak mica basal planes coupled with dislocation creep of quartz. Such frictional-viscous flow is particularly favoured during high-strain rate events as might be expected during rupture of the overlying brittle fault zone. Maximum flow stresses supported by this mechanism are ~65 Mpa, similar to those indicated by recrystallised grain size paleopiezometry of quartz (D>25[mu]m, indicating [Delta][sigma][max] ~55 MPa for most mylonites). It is likely that the preferentially oriented prism (a) slip system was activated during these events, so the Y-maximum CPO fabrics were preserved. Simple numerical models show that activation of this slip system is favoured over the basal (a) system, which has a lower critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) at low temperatures, for aggregates with strong Y-maximum orientations. Absence of pervasive crystal-plastic deformation of micas and feldspars during activation of this mechanism also resulted in preservation of mineral chemistries from the highest grades of mylonitic deformation (ie. amphibolite-facies). Retrograde, epidote-amphibolite to greenschist-facies mineral assemblages were pervasively developed in ultramylonites and cataclasites immediately adjacent to the fault core and in footwall-derived mylonites, perhaps during episodic transfer of this material into and subsequently out of the cooler footwall block. In the more distal protomylonites, retrograde assemblages were locally developed along shear bands that also accommodated most of the mylonitic deformation in these rocks. Ti-in-biotite thermometry suggests biotite in these shear bands equilibrated down to ~500+̲50�C, suggesting crystal-plastic deformation of this mineral continued to these temperatures. Crossed-girdle quartz CPO fabrics were formed in these protomylonites by basal (a) dominant slip, indicating a strongly oriented fabric had not previously formed at depth due to the relatively small strains, and that dislocation creep of quartz continued at depths [less than or equal to]20 km. Lineation orientations, CPO fabric symmetry and shear-band fabrics in these protomylonites are consistent with a smaller simple:pure shear strain ratio than that observed closer to the fault core (W[k] [greater than approximately] 0.98), but require a similar total pure shear component. Furthermore, they indicate an increase in the simple shear component with time, consistent with incorporation of new hanging-wall material into the fault zone. Pre-existing lineations were only slowly rotated into coincidence with the mylonitic simple shear direction in the shear bands since they lay close to the simple shear plane, and inherited orientations were not destroyed until large finite strains (<100) were achieved. As the fault rocks were exhumed through the brittle-viscous transition, they experienced localised brittle shear failures. These small-scale seismic events formed friction melts (ie. pseudotachylytes). The volume of pseudotachylyte produced is related to host rock mineralogy (more melt in host rocks containing hydrated minerals), and fabric (more melt in isotropic host rocks). Frictional melting also occurred within cataclastic hosts, indicating the cataclasites around the principal slip surface of the Alpine Fault were produced by multiple episodes of discrete shear rather than distributed cataclastic flow. Pseudotachylytes were also formed in the presence of fluids, suggesting relatively high fault gouge permeabilities were transiently attained, probably during large earthquakes. Frictional melting contributed to formation of phyllosilicate-rich fault gouges, weakening the brittle structure and promoting slip localisation. The location of faulting and pseudotachylyte formation, and the strength of the fault in the brittle regime were strongly influenced by cyclic hydrothermal cementation processes. A thermomechanical model of the central Alpine Fault zone has been defined using the results of this study. The mylonites represent a localised zone of high simple shear strain, embedded in a crustal block that underwent bulk pure shear. The boundaries of the simple shear zone moved into the surrounding material with time. This means that the exhumed sequence does not represent a simple 'time slice' illustrating progressive fault rock development during increasing simple shear strains. The deformation history of the mylonites at deep crustal P-T conditions had a profound influence on subsequent deformation mechanisms and fabric development during exhumation.
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Books on the topic "Alpine Fault"

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Bertotti, Giovanni. Early Mesozoic extension and Alpine shortening in the western southern Alps: The geology of the area between Lugano and Menaggio (Lombardy, northern Italy). Padova: Società Cooperativa Tipografica, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Alpine Fault"

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Stern, Tim, David Okaya, Stefan Kleffmann, Martin Scherwath, Stuart Henrys, and Fred Davey. "Geophysical exploration and dynamics of the Alpine Fault Zone." In A Continental Plate Boundary: Tectonics at South Island, New Zealand, 207–33. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/175gm11.

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Norris, Richard J., and Alan F. Cooper. "The Alpine Fault, New Zealand: Surface geology and field relationships." In A Continental Plate Boundary: Tectonics at South Island, New Zealand, 157–75. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/175gm09.

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Tueckmantel, Christian, Silke Schmidt, Markus Neisen, Neven Georgiev, Thorsten J. Nagel, and Nikolaus Froitzheim. "The Rila-Pastra Normal Fault and multi-stage extensional unroofing in the Rila Mountains (SW Bulgaria)." In Orogenic Processes in the Alpine Collision Zone, S295—S310. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-9950-4_17.

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Pischinger, Gerald, Walter Kurz, Martin Übleis, Magdalena Egger, Harald Fritz, Franz Josef Brosch, and Karl Stingl. "Fault slip analysis in the Koralm Massif (Eastern Alps) and consequences for the final uplift of “cold spots” in Miocene times." In Orogenic Processes in the Alpine Collision Zone, S235—S254. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-9950-4_14.

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Savage, M. K., A. Tommasi, S. Ellis, and J. Chery. "Modeling strain and anisotropy along the Alpine Fault, South Island, New Zealand." In A Continental Plate Boundary: Tectonics at South Island, New Zealand, 289–305. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/175gm15.

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Aourari, Sahra, Djamel Machane, Hamid Haddoum, Saber Sedrati, Nadia Sidi Saîd, and Djillali Bouziane. "Neotectonic Analysis of an Alpine Strike Slip Fault Zone, Constantine Region, Eastern Algeria." In The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralisation and Tectonic Modelling, 279–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_61.

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Sutherland, R., D. Eberhart-Phillips, R. A. Harris, T. Stern, J. Beavan, S. Ellis, S. Henrys, et al. "Do great earthquakes occur on the Alpine Fault in central South Island, New Zealand?" In A Continental Plate Boundary: Tectonics at South Island, New Zealand, 235–51. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/175gm12.

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Roure, F., J. P. Brun, B. Colletta, and R. Vially. "Multiphase Extensional Structures, Fault Reactivation, and Petroleum Plays in the Alpine Foreland Basin of Southeastern France." In Hydrocarbon and Petroleum Geology of France, 245–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78849-9_18.

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Chalouan, A., and A. Michard. "The Alpine Rif Belt (Morocco): A Case of Mountain Building in a Subduction-Subduction-Transform Fault Triple Junction." In Geodynamics of Azores-Tunisia, 489–519. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7899-9_3.

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Cox, Simon C., Catriona D. Menzies, Rupert Sutherland, Paul H. Denys, Calum Chamberlain, and Damon A. H. Teagle. "Changes in hot spring temperature and hydrogeology of the Alpine Fault hanging wall, New Zealand, induced by distal South Island earthquakes." In Crustal Permeability, 228–48. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119166573.ch19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Alpine Fault"

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Loveday, James, Shahna Haneef, Neil G. R. Broderick, and Kasper van Wijk. "Distributed fibre optic sensors for the alpine fault of New Zealand." In AOS Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology (ACOFT) and Australian Conference on Optics, Lasers, and Spectroscopy (ACOLS) 2019, edited by Arnan Mitchell and Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2541226.

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Carpentier, S. F. A., A. G. Green, H. Horstmeyer, A. E. Kaiser, F. Hurter, R. M. Langridge, and M. Finnemore. "Reflection Seismic Surveying Across the Alpine Fault Immediately North of the Intersection with the Hope Fault." In Near Surface 2010 - 16th EAGE European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20144825.

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Hinsch, Ralph. "Indications of Deep Marine Fans in the Early Miocene Foredeep of Lower Austria: A Potential New Play." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208133-ms.

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Abstract The petroleum province in Lower Austria resulted from the Alpine collision and the subsequent formation of the Vienna Basin. OMV is active in this area since its foundation in 1956. Several plays have been successfully tested and produced in this complex geological region. The main exploration focus is currently on the deep plays. However, this paper proposes a so far unrecognized and therefore undrilled play in a shallower level to broaden OMV's portfolio in Austria. Seismic re-interpretations of reprocessed 3D seismic data and structural reconstructions were used to review some of the existing plays and get novel ideas from improved understanding of processes. In the frontal accretion zone of the Alpine wedge, the Waschberg-Ždánice zone discoveries are limited to the frontal thrust unit and associated structures. The more internal parts of the thrust belt have only sparsely been drilled and are perceived not to have high-quality reservoir rocks. The detailed structural interpretations indicated that the foredeep axis during the Early Miocene was positioned in the thrust sheet located directly in front of the advancing Alpine wedge (comprising the eroding Rhenodanubian Flysch in its frontal part). Seismic amplitude anomalies can be interpreted to represent Lower Miocene basin floor and slope fans. Nearby wells did not penetrate these fans but drilled instead shale-dominated lithologies. Thus, the presence of potential sand-rich fans in front of the advancing alpine wedge is considered a potential new play in Lower Austria. Analogues are found in Upper Austria some 250 km to the West, where several large gas fields in Lower Miocene deposits located in front of the advancing Alpine wedge have been discovered by another operator. In that area the fans are only partly involved in the fold-thrust belt. In Lower Austria, these fans are located within the rear thrust sheet(s), providing a structural component to a mixed structural-stratigraphic trap. Two potential charge mechanism can be considered: a) biogenic gas charge from the organic matter of surrounding shales (like the Upper Austria analogues) or b) oil charge via the thrust fault planes from the Jurassic Mikulov Formation (the proven main source rock in the broader area). Our results add to the understanding of the Miocene structural-stratigraphic evolution of the Alpine collision zone. The definition of a potential new play may add significant value to OMV's upstream efforts in a very mature hydrocarbon province.
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Walker, Kaitlynn L., Barbara Carrapa, Stuart N. Thomson, and Andrea L. Stevens. "CLIMATIC AND TECTONIC CONTROL ON EROSION ACROSS THE ALPINE FAULT, SOUTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-280410.

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Kaiser, A. E., H. Horstmeyer, A. G. Green, F. Campbell, R. M. Langridge, and A. F. McClymont. "Imaging of the Shallow Alpine Fault Zone (New Zealand) Using 2D and Pseudo 3D Seismic Reflection Data." In Near Surface 2010 - 16th EAGE European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20144824.

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Constantinou, Alexis, Douglas Schmitt, Randolf Kofman, Richard Kellett, Jennifer Eccles, Donald Lawton, Malcolm Bertram, et al. "Comparison of fiber-optic sensor and borehole seismometer VSP surveys in a scientific borehole: DFDP-2b, Alpine Fault, New Zealand." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2016. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2016-13946302.1.

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Mere, Andre, Nicolas Barth, and Andrew R. C. Kylander-Clark. "INSIGHTS INTO THE TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE SOUTHERN ALPINE FAULT FROM MAPPING, PETROGRAPHY, AND ZIRCON U-PB GEOCHRONOLOGY AT KAIPO RIVER, NEW ZEALAND." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-371373.

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Giuffrida, A., F. Agosta, P. Castelluccio, E. Panza, V. La Bruna, A. Rustichelli, E. Tondi, M. Eriksson, S. Torrieri, and M. Giorgioni. "Fracture Stratigraphy and DFN Modelling of Tight Carbonates, the Case Study of Monte Alpi (Southern Italy)." In Fifth International Conference on Fault and Top Seals. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201902348.

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Bruna, V. La, J. Lamarche, F. Agosta, A. Rustichelli, A. Giuffrida, R. Salardon, and L. Marié. "Structural Diagenesis, Early Embrittlement and Fracture Setting in Shallow-Water Platform Carbonates (Monte Alpi Southern Apennines, Italy)." In Fifth International Conference on Fault and Top Seals. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201902327.

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Hong, Seung Ho. "Implementation of Fault Tolerant Mechanism in the BACnet/IP Protocol." In Sixth International Conference on Advanced Language Processing and Web Information Technology (ALPIT 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/alpit.2007.54.

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