Academic literature on the topic 'Alpine chamois'
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Journal articles on the topic "Alpine chamois"
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Luzzago, Camilla, Erika Ebranati, Antonio Lavazza, Martina Besozzi, Gianguglielmo Zehender, Paolo Lanfranchi, and Stefania Lauzi. "Identification and Genetic Characterization of a Novel Respirovirus in Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra)." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040704.
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The Respirovirus genus, family Paramamixoviridae, includes respiratory viral pathogens. Here we report the identification and genetic characterization of a respirovirus in an Alpine chamois showing interstitial pneumonia associated with catarrhal bronchopneumonia. The full-genome characterization of this respirovirus, named ChamoisRV/IT2014, revealed low similarities to caprine respirovirus (77.1%), bovine respirovirus (74.5%) and human respirovirus (72.0%). The phylogenetic analyses based on the full-length genome sequence of the novel isolate and reference respirovirus strains showed that ChamoisRV/IT2014 clustered with caprine respirovirus but formed a separate branch. The phylogenetic tree topology of complete large protein amino acid sequences, representing the current species demarcation criterion for Respirovirus genus, showed a 0.05 branch length of ChamoisRV/IT2014 sequence between the nearest node and the tip of the branch, suggesting that this virus belongs to a novel species. This new isolate in a new host species raises several questions to be addressed on the epidemiological role of chamois and the risks of cross-transmission between wild ruminants and livestock.
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Jonas, Tobias, Flavia Geiger, and Hannes Jenny. "Mortality pattern of the Alpine chamois: the influence of snow–meteorological factors." Annals of Glaciology 49 (2008): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756408787814735.
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AbstractEspecially for animals inhabiting alpine areas, winter environmental conditions can be limiting. Cold temperatures, hampered food availability and natural perils are just three of many potential threats that mountain ungulates face in winter. Understanding their sensitivity to climate variability is essential for game management. Here we focus on analyzing the influence of snow and weather conditions on the mortality pattern of Alpine chamois. Our mortality data are derived from a systematic assessment of 6500 chamois that died of natural causes over the course of 13 years. We use population- and habitat-specific data on snow, climate and avalanche danger to identify the key environmental factors that essentially determine the spatio-temporal variations in chamois mortality. Initially, we show that most fatalities occurred in winter, with a peak around March, when typically snow depths were highest. Death causes related to poor general conditions were the major component of seasonal variations. As for the interannual variations in mortality, snow depth and avalanche risk best explained the occurrence of winters with increased numbers of fatalities. Finally, analyzing differences in mortality rates between populations, we identified sun-exposed winter habitats with little snow accumulation as favourable for alpine chamois.
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Hronček, Pavel, Peter Urban, Bohuslava Gregorová, Vladimír Čech, and Dana Tometzová. "Anthropogenically Created Alpine Pastures as Landscape Resources for the Alpine Chamois Population in the Western Carpathians Mountain Range: Ďumbier Tatras Case Study." Land 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 2177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122177.
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This study analysed the history of anthropogenically created alpine pastures from the 15th century to the present, as landscape resources for the chamois reintroduction in the second half of the 20th century in the Western Carpathians mountain arc (Slovakia), using the example of the Ďumbier Tatras (the second highest mountain range of the arc). Analysis and reconstructions were carried out on the basis of detailed archival and field research, which showed that grazing herds in the mountain peaks from the Middle Ages to the 20th century created anthropogenically suitable and sufficiently extensive grassy habitats for the chamois reintroduction and the survival of its population. The native chamois population became extinct in the Ďumbier Tatras at the end of the last ice age (about 10,000 years ago). However, anthropogenic deforestation has once again created suitable conditions for its distribution. In the 20th century, a new factor emerged, namely nature conservation and the proclamation of a national park, which meant the end of grazing in the alpine environment and the onset of succession. In the second half of the 20th century, modern tourism became another negative factor for the relocated Alpine chamois population, from the High Tatras back to its quasi-original environment. Tourism development was related to the construction of extensive infrastructure and superstructure in the chamois habitats in the Chopok and Ďumbier massifs. At present, therefore, the preservation of these ‘anthropogenic’ habitats requires active conservation and landscape management.
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JOUTSEN, S., E. SARNO, M. FREDRIKSSON-AHOMAA, N. CERNELA, and R. STEPHAN. "PathogenicYersinia enterocoliticaO:3 isolated from a hunted wild alpine ibex." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 3 (June 15, 2012): 612–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812001239.
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SUMMARYOccurrence ofYersiniaspp. in wild ruminants was studied and the strains were characterized to get more information on the epidemiology of enteropathogenicYersiniain the wildlife. In total, faecal samples of 77 red deer, 60 chamois, 55 roe deer and 27 alpine ibex were collected during 3 months of the hunting season in 2011. The most frequently identified species wasY. enterocoliticafound in 13%, 10%, 4% and 2% of roe deer, red deer, alpine ibex and chamois, respectively. Interestingly, oneY. enterocoliticaO:3 strain, isolated from an alpine ibex, carried the important virulence genes located on the virulence plasmid (yadA andvirF) and in the chromosome (ail,hreP,myfA andystA). Most of theY. enterocoliticastrains belonged to biotype 1A of which 14 wereystB positive. Further studies are needed to clarify the importance of alpine ibex as a reservoir of pathogenicY. enterocolitica.
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Corlatti, Luca, Alessandro Gugiatti, and Simona Imperio. "Horn growth patterns in Alpine chamois." Zoology 118, no. 3 (June 2015): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2015.01.003.
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Garel, Mathieu, Anne Loison, Jean-Michel Jullien, Dominique Dubray, Daniel Maillard, and Jean-Michel Gaillard. "Sex-specific Growth in Alpine Chamois." Journal of Mammalogy 90, no. 4 (August 14, 2009): 954–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/08-mamm-a-287.1.
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Trogu, Tiziana, Nicoletta Formenti, Marianna Marangi, Roberto Viganò, Radames Bionda, Annunziata Giangaspero, Paolo Lanfranchi, and Nicola Ferrari. "Detection of Zoonotic Cryptosporidium ubiquitum in Alpine Wild Ruminants." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060655.
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Cryptosporidium is a widespread apicomplexan protozoan of major zoonotic importance, characterized by a wide host range, and with relevant economic implications and potential negative effects on livestock and wildlife population dynamics. Considering the recent strong demographic increase of alpine ungulates, in this study, carried out in the Italian Northwestern Alps, we investigated the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in these species and their potential involvement in environmental contamination with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. The immune-enzymatic approach revealed a Cryptosporidium prevalence of 1.7% (5/293), 0.5% (1/196) and 3.4% (4/119) in alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), respectively. Positive samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification for the COWP and gp60 genes. The presence of Cryptosporidium was confirmed in one chamois and four roe deer. Sequences obtained clustered within Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, currently recognized as an emerging zoonotic species. This finding represents the first detection of zoonotic C. ubiquitum in chamois and in the Alpine environment. Despite the low observed prevalences, environmental contamination by oocysts could play a role as a potential source of infections for humans and livestock.
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Corlatti, Luca, Karin Lebl, Flurin Filli, and Thomas Ruf. "Unbiased sex-specific survival in Alpine chamois." Mammalian Biology 77, no. 2 (March 2012): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2011.09.007.
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Masini, Federico, and Sandro Lovari. "Systematics, Phylogenetic Relationships, and Dispersal of the Chamois (Rupicapra spp.)." Quaternary Research 30, no. 3 (November 1988): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(88)90009-9.
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The Rupicaprini originated during the Miocene in Asia and dispersed during the late Miocene-early Pliocene, the Villafranchian, and the middle Pleistocene. Rupicapra and Oreamnos spread respectively to Europe and to North America in the middle Pleistocene. The Villafranchian Procamptoceras may be considered to be the closest known form to Rupicapra's ancestor. Rupicapra evolved during the middle and late Pleistocene in west Eurasia. At the beginning of the Würm glaciation the two closely related species R. pyrenaica and R. rupicapra were in existence. The former was already geographically split into Spanish-Pyrenean and central-southern Apennines groups, while the latter species ranged from the Caucasus to the Alpine Arch. R. pyrenaica shows more conservative features and possibly differentiated directly in western Europe from older representatives of the genus that migrated to western Europe in the middle Pleistocene. The cold-adapted Alpine chamois may have differentiated in eastern Europe and then migrated west-ward because of the advent of dry climates in the east Mediterranean and Pontic regions. The Alpine chamois failed to spread to the warmer southernmost regions of Europe that became a refugium area for R. pyrenaica. This dispersal hypothesis explains the morphologic, biometric, electrophoretic, and behavioral differences among modern chamois populations.
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Salvadori, Claudia, Guido Rocchigiani, Camilla Lazzarotti, Nicoletta Formenti, Tiziana Trogu, Paolo Lanfranchi, Claudia Zanardello, Carlo Citterio, and Alessandro Poli. "Histological Lesions and Cellular Response in the Skin of Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) Spontaneously Affected by Sarcoptic Mange." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3575468.
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Population dynamics of chamois (genusRupicapra, subfamily Caprinae) can be influenced by infectious diseases epizootics, of which sarcoptic mange is probably the most severe in the Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra). In this study, skin lesions and cellular inflammatory infiltrates were characterized in 44 Alpine chamois affected by sarcoptic mange. Dermal cellular responses were evaluated in comparison with chamois affected by trombiculosis and controls. In both sarcoptic mange and trombiculosis, a significantly increase of eosinophils, mast cells, T and B lymphocytes, and macrophages was detected. Moreover, in sarcoptic mange significant higher numbers of T lymphocytes and macrophages compared to trombiculosis were observed. Lesions in sarcoptic mange were classified in three grades, according to crusts thickness, correlated with mite counts. Grade 3 represented the most severe form with crust thickness more than 3.5 mm, high number of mites, and severe parakeratosis with diffuse bacteria. Evidence of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity was detected in all three forms associated with diffuse severe epidermal hyperplasia. In grade 3, a significant increase of B lymphocytes was evident compared to grades 1 and 2, while eosinophil counts were significantly higher than in grade 1, but lower than in grade 2 lesions. An involvement of nonprotective Th2 immune response could in part account for severe lesions of grade 3.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Alpine chamois"
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Besozzi, M. "RESPIRATORY VIRUSES IN ALPINE CHAMOIS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/351709.
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In the heterogeneous ecosystem of the Alps an interdisciplinary approach is necessary to prevent, survey and control wildlife diseases in order to ensure the biological integrity, the environmental conservation and so the biodiversity. In this contest the matter of livestock-wildlife interface is of particular importance for the presence of grazing domestic herds and the increase of wild ruminants populations, that lead to novel cohabitation situations with a possible “spill-over” of diseases from livestock or vice versa. Livestock-wildlife interfaces are dynamic and bidirectional and pathogens could be transmitted freely within and between the species. Mountain ungulates appear as a good biological model to study inter-species transmission and in particular, respiratory infections of wild ruminants. Chamois has already been subjected in the past to demographic decreases due to respiratory viruses’ circulation. In this study a total of 394 chamois sera hunted in two different areas of North Western Italian Alps were analysed by virus-neutralization test to detect antibody against Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus (BRSV), Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Mammalian Orthoreovirus (MRV). Seroprevalence of viruses and statistical analysis of antibody titres suggest that infection of pestivirus in chamois populations is sporadic as a spill-over from livestock; BRSV has a high adaptation level in wildlife and can be considered endemic in this two areas; high MRV seroprevalence has been observed and confirms the spread of MRV, that has been identified in a previous study in three chamois lungs. Furthermore, in this study PCR and phylogenetic analysis showed that chamois MRV strains belong to serotype 3 and are closely related to Italian dog and Italian bats strains.
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Unterthiner, Stefano. "Ranging patterns, habitat use and male mating behaviour of Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra) in the Italian Alps." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327005.
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Mason, Thomas Howard. "Life-history, demography and behaviour of the Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) : the role of climate and environmental change." Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9382/.
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Climate change is altering ecology in myriad ways; the distributions, dynamics, phenology, morphology and life-histories of species are changing. Establishing the relative importance of these changes in different ecological traits is important to fully understand how climate and environmental change threatens populations. However, until recently, studies have often focused solely on range-shift responses and have rarely examined multiple forms of ecological change in a single species. Case-studies focusing on multiple aspects of ecology, for example demography, life-history and behaviour, could provide important general insights into how climate change will most threaten the persistence of species and populations. In this thesis, I investigate ecological variation, and the influence of climate and environmental change, in a common species of considerable cultural, economic and ecological importance, the Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). Using a 38-year dataset on body masses and demography, augmented with demographic and behavioural data collected during this thesis, I examine variation in the life-history, demography and behaviour of this species, making both species-specific and general inferences. I find variability in reproductive strategies in the study populations, providing considerable insight into poorly understood area of this species’ ecology. Male chamois in neighbouring populations adopt contrasting reproductive strategies, likely due to climatic differences among areas. Interestingly though, males time investment in reproduction similarly in the different populations. However, there is a strong pattern of age-dependent investment; young males delay reproduction until the end of the breeding season, apparently as a strategy to avoid high levels of competition. This is the first clear evidence for such a strategy in a male mammal. Next, focussing on the effect of climatic and environmental factors on chamois ecology, I found a strong influence of climate on body size, demography and foraging behaviour. Climate change appears to be driving declines in body size and climatic variation exerts a strong influence on demographic variation and foraging behaviour. However, the effects of local anthropogenic drivers in some cases exceed these effects. High hunting pressure has a profound effect on survival, with hunting mortality largely replacing natural mortality. Furthermore, the influence of disturbance by livestock grazing on altitudinal migration is very pronounced, forcing chamois to much higher altitudes. This project illustrates that climate change can affect diverse aspects of ecology. Despite the overriding research focus on range-shifts, climate-driven life-history and demographic change could influence populations more strongly. Furthermore, my results show that effects of other drivers, such as harvesting and biotic interactions, can also have profound effects on ecology, at times exceeding the influence of climate.
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Cotza, Antonella. ""Females are not males: evolutionary strategies of the two sexes in chamois"." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1116270.
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Vincoli evolutivi, fisiologici, anatomici potrebbero determinare diverse risposte individuali a fattori di stress ambientali (e.g. fattori climatici, stagionalità delle risorse), da parte di maschi e femmine. In ambienti montani, l'accesso a pascoli di alta qualità per gli erbivori è limitato ai mesi primaverili-estivi, rendendo così l’alimentazione estiva cruciale per la sopravvivenza invernale, in particolare per le femmine, che devono affrontare i costi della maternità, e per i nuovi nati. Nelle specie che vivono in gruppo, la stagionalità delle risorse può influenzare anche il comportamento sociale: la diminuzione della disponibilità e della qualità di risorse alimentari può aumentare la competizione alimentare e i livelli di stress, portando a sua volta un aumento delle interazioni aggressive intraspecifiche.
La mia tesi riguarda un ungulato di montagna, il camoscio alpino. Ho studiato il comportamento riproduttivo e spaziale di maschi adulti, per i quali sono state descritte due tattiche riproduttive alternative (AMTs) (territorialità e non territorialità). Comprendere le differenze in aspetti importanti quali età, successo di accoppiamento, aggressività e comportamento tra individui che adottano AMTs diverse aiuterebbe a spiegare la loro coesistenza nella popolazione. Ho analizzato dati raccolti su maschi individualmente riconoscibili durante 5 stagioni riproduttive (2011-2012, 2015-2017). Studiare come fattori ambientali e individuali influenzino le opportunità riproduttive dei maschi territoriali aiuterebbe a capire come la territorialità (una AMT) venga mantenuta nella popolazione. Ho considerato dati su comportamento riproduttivo di maschi territoriali e caratteristiche ambientali, registrati durante 5 stagioni riproduttive (2011-2012, 2015-2017). L'adozione di una AMT potrebbe influenzare l'uso dello spazio nei maschi. Al contrario, il comportamento spaziale femminile può essere influenzato dalla presenza delle prole. Ho studiato le differenze nell'uso dello spazio tra femmine, maschi territoriali e non territoriali (una differente AMT) (2011-2012-2017), usando radio-telemetria GPS-GSM. Sono stati inoltre valutati gli effetti di fattori meteorologici sul comportamento spaziale di entrambi i sessi. La variazione della frequenza delle interazioni aggressive intra-sessuali, della risposta endogena, della qualità nutrizionale della dieta, nonché la variazione delle dimensioni dei gruppi sono state studiate nelle femmine attraverso osservazioni comportamentali su individui riconoscibili e analisi di campioni fecali (Giugno-Novembre 2017-2018).Sex-related constraints could determine different individual responses to environmental stressors (e.g. climate, seasonality of resources). On mountains, the access to high quality pasture for herbivores is limited to the warm months, thus making summer forage crucial for winter survival, in particular to females, who face the costs of motherhood, and kids. In gregarious species, seasonality of resources may also influences social behaviour: thus, pasture depletion may increase feeding interference and endogenous stress levels, in turn leading to the increase of intraspecific aggressive interactions. My thesis concerns a mountain-dwelling ungulate, the Alpine chamois. I investigated mating and spatial behaviour of adult males, for which two alternative mating tactics (AMTs) have been described (territoriality and non-territoriality). Understanding differences in key aspects of life-history, such as age, mating success, aggressiveness, and behaviour between individuals adopting different AMTs would help explain their coexistence in the population. I analysed data collected on individually marked males during 5 rutting seasons (2011-2012, 2015-2017). Studying how environmental and individual factors influence mating opportunities of territorial male chamois would help understand how territoriality (an AMT) is maintained in the population. I evaluated mating behaviour of territorial males and environmental features, recorded during 5 rutting seasons (2011-2012, 2015-2017). The adoption of a mating tactic may influence space use in males. Conversely, female spatial behaviour may be influenced by the presence of offspring. I investigated differences in space use between females, territorial and non-territorial (a different AMT) males (2011-2012-2017), using intensive GPS-GSM radio-tracking. The effects of meteorological factors on the spatial behaviour of both sexes have also been evaluated. Variation of the frequency of intra-sexual aggressive interactions, endocrine correlates, nutritional quality of diet, as well as grouping patterns have been investigated in females through behavioural observations on recognisable individuals and analyses of fresh faecal samples (June-November 2017-2018).
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Bauve, Victorien. "Étude des champs de contraintes néogènes à actuels des Alpes du sud : implications sur la géodynamique alpine et l'activité sismique." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00991806.
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Ce travail de thèse présente une analyse géologique combinant plusieurs méthodes : géologie structurale des bassins néogènes et plio-quaternaires, inversion comparée des couples failles/stries et mécanismes au foyer ainsi qu'une l'analyse de la répartition spatiale et temporelle de la sismicité en relation avec la pluviométrie, avec pour objectif de comprendre quelle est la signification de l'activité sismique dans un système orogénique lent en prenant pour exemple le sud des Alpes Occidentales. Les principaux résultats sont les suivants : La région soumise à un raccourcissement nord-sud révélé par l'analyse et le caractère syn-tectonique des bassins miocènes et plio-quaternaires. La déformation est principalement accommodée par des systèmes décrochants N140 dextres. Ces systèmes décrochants concentrent la déformation active le long de structures héritées. On trouve de façon synchrone de l'extension (au nord-ouest du massif du Mercantour) et de la compression (au pied de la marge Ligure) le long d'un même système décrochant N140 dextre. La transition se fait progressivement, passant d'un régime transtensif au nord (dépression de Jausiers) vers un régime transpressif au sud qui s'explique par des permutations de contraintes. Cette géodynamique alpine est temporellement et cinématiquement reliée à une rotation continue de la micro-plaque apulienne et ce depuis le Miocène, contrôlée par l'ouverture des bassins ligure puis tyrrhénien. Le moteur de la tectonique active semble donc lié à la rotation de l'Apulie elle-même contrôlée par la subduction en Méditerranée.
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Bauve, Victorien. "Étude des champs de contraintes néogènes à actuels des Alpes du sud : implications sur la géodynamique alpine et l’activité sismique." Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4086/document.
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Ce travail de thèse présente une analyse géologique combinant plusieurs méthodes : géologie structurale des bassins néogènes et plio-quaternaires, inversion comparée des couples failles/stries et mécanismes au foyer ainsi qu’une l’analyse de la répartition spatiale et temporelle de la sismicité en relation avec la pluviométrie, avec pour objectif de comprendre quelle est la signification de l’activité sismique dans un système orogénique lent en prenant pour exemple le sud des Alpes Occidentales. Les principaux résultats sont les suivants : La région soumise à un raccourcissement nord-sud révélé par l’analyse et le caractère syn-tectonique des bassins miocènes et plio-quaternaires. La déformation est principalement accommodée par des systèmes décrochants N140 dextres. Ces systèmes décrochants concentrent la déformation active le long de structures héritées. On trouve de façon synchrone de l’extension (au nord-ouest du massif du Mercantour) et de la compression (au pied de la marge Ligure) le long d’un même système décrochant N140 dextre. La transition se fait progressivement, passant d’un régime transtensif au nord (dépression de Jausiers) vers un régime transpressif au sud qui s’explique par des permutations de contraintes. Cette géodynamique alpine est temporellement et cinématiquement reliée à une rotation continue de la micro-plaque apulienne et ce depuis le Miocène, contrôlée par l’ouverture des bassins ligure puis tyrrhénien. Le moteur de la tectonique active semble donc lié à la rotation de l’Apulie elle-même contrôlée par la subduction en MéditerranéeThis thesis aims at understanding the significance of seismic activity in a slow orogenic system with the example of the South Western Alps. It presents a geological analysis combining several methods and approaches: (i) a structural analysis of Neogene basins, (ii) a comparison of fault-striae data inversions with focal mechanisms and (iii) an analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of seismicity in relation with rainfall. The main results are as follows: - The area is subject to a prolonged and globally similar through time north-south shortening context revealed by the analysis of the Miocene and Plio- Quaternary basins. The deformation is mainly accommodated by strike-slip dextral N140 faults. These strike slip faults focus the active deformation along inherited structures. - The geodynamic history of the S Alps is correlated with that of the Mediterranean back-arc basin opening. Extension (at the N-W end of Mercantour massif) and compression (at the foot of the Ligurian margin) occur along a dextral strike-slip system N140°E that might limit the Apulian block rotation. The transition is gradual, the regime evolves from a transtensive to a transpressive regime, from north to south, explained by permutations of stress inferred from fault-strea data analysis. - In this context of slow deformation, seismicity shows an annual periodicity correlated with the frequency and amount of rainfalls. This correlation can be explained by two processes that facilitate the triggering of earthquakes
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Ebiou, Dominique. "Recherches sur l'écologie, la répartition et la systématique des mycobactéries atypiques en milieu alpin (région de Chamonix-France)." Paris 12, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA120023.
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Ebiou, Dominique. "Recherches sur l'écologie, la répartition et la systématique des mycobactéries atypiques en milieu alpin (région de Chamonix-France)." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37613445c.
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Marchand, Nicolas. "Etude de la composante organique de l'aérosol atmosphérique : cas de deux vallées alpines (Chamonix et Maurienne) et développement analytique." Phd thesis, Chambéry, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003533.
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Les particules atmosphériques appelées aérosols jouent un rôle potentiellement important sur le bilan radiatif terrestre et sur celui des photo-oxydants comme l'ozone troposphérique. Lorsque leurs tailles est inférieures à 2,5µm, ils peuvent présenter un danger pour la santé publique. La connaissance de la composition physico-chimique de ces aérosols est encore très insuffisante en ce qui concerne sa composante organique, appelée MOP (Matière Organique Particulaire). De même, les mécanismes de formation de la MOP demeurent encore mal connus. Ce travail s'inscrit donc dans la problématique générale d'une meilleure connaissance de la composante organique de l'aérosol.Dans le cadre du programme PO.V.A. (POllution des Vallées Alpines), articulé autour de la réouverture du tunnel sous le Mont Blanc et dont les principaux objectifs sont de mieux appréhender les phénomènes de pollution atmosphérique et les mécanismes dispersifs propres aux systèmes montagneux, des aérosols ont été collectés dans les vallées de Chamonix et de Maurienne au cours de deux campagnes intensives de mesures. Elles se sont déroulées au cours de l'été 2000 et de l'hiver 2001.
Après la présentation des problématiques (chapitre I) et des méthodes utilisées (chapitre II), les résultats de deux types d'analyse sont présentés (chapitre III). Le premier type se focalise sur une classe de composés : Les Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAP). L'intérêt de l'étude des HAP est double. D'une part ils sont, pour la plupart, considérés comme cancérogènes et mutagènes. D'autre part, ils sont émis quasi exclusivement par les combustions (dérivés du pétrole et biomasse) et leur étude permet de mieux appréhender les influences relatives des différentes sources anthropiques. Le second type d'analyses, plus exploratoire, consiste à réaliser une spéciation quantitative, la plus exhaustive possible, de la fraction organique et d'établir des relations entre la composition chimique, les sources, les saisons et les paramètres météorologiques. Des composés comme le guaiacol, la vanillin, le syringol (...) (émis par les feux de bois) ou comme la nopinone (composé secondaire) ont ainsi pu être quantifiés.
Les résultats obtenus ont permis de mettre en évidence :
- un apport anthropique important dans les deux vallées, pour les deux saisons et plus particulièrement en hiver où des concentrations en HAP très élevées et représentatives de grands centres urbains ont été observées (maximum 150 ng.m-3) ;
- des niveaux de concentrations en composés anthropiques primaires systématiquement plus importants dans la vallée de Chamonix, malgré l'absence du trafic des poids lourds;
- l'influence des conditions météorologiques et de la géomorphologie des vallées dans la dispersion des polluants ;
- une contribution très marquée des combustions de bois (chauffage domestique) dans la vallée de Chamonix l'hiver.
La spéciation quantitative de la MOP (chapitre III) a permis de déterminer globalement entre 10 et 74% du carbone organique. La fraction identifiée dépend de la saison considérée et est plus élevée l'hiver (34-74%) lorsque l'apport des sources primaires anthropiques est prépondérant. Cette variabilité saisonnière a mis en évidence les lacunes du protocole analytique utilisé, qui ne permet pas de quantifier la plupart des composés oxygénés polyfonctionnels et donc les composés constitutifs l'aérosol organique secondaire. Une méthode alternative de prélèvement et d'analyse de ces composés a été développée (Chapitre IV).
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Aymoz, Gilles. "Etude de la fraction carbonée de l'aérosol atmosphérique à Chamonix et St Jean de Maurienne : évolutions saisonnières, sources et caractéristiques chimiques." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008918.
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Les aérosols atmosphériques jouent un rôle important dans le système climatique de la terre. Ils sont aussi à l'origine de certains problèmes de pollution atmosphérique en zone urbaine. Toutefois, leur influence sur le changement climatique global, de même que leur propriétés chimiques en zone urbaine, sont encore très mal connues. L'une des principales raisons à cela est que l'un des constituants majeurs de cet aérosol, la matière carbonée, est à ce jour très peu renseignée. Ce travail s'inscrit donc dans la problématique d'une meilleure connaissance de la matière carbonée particulaire. Cette étude présente des résultats de mesures de matière carbonée (OC et EC) contenue dans l'aérosol (PM10), et réalisées dans le cadre du programme POVA, entre février 2001 et juin 2003 à Chamonix et St Jean de Maurienne (Alpes françaises). Cette série constitue l'une des premières de ce type pour des sites de fond de vallées alpines, caractérisés par des émissions localisées en fond de vallées et de fortes inversions de température en hiver, limitant la dispersion des polluants. Le programme POVA, axé sur l'étude de la pollution atmosphérique dans ces vallées, a été proposé suite à la fermeture du tunnel du Mont-Blanc, en 1999. L'un des principaux objectifs était d'établir les sources de pollution par les particules, en particulier la part due au trafic poids lourds international. Nous avons pu établir que, sur les deux sites et alors que le trafic poids lourds international n'était pas rétabli en vallée de Chamonix, cette source représentait environ un tiers de la masse des particules observées, et était à l'origine d'une plus faible fraction de la masse de matière carbonée. Le caractère extrêmement primaire de la matière carbonée est une spécificité remarquable de notre site. La source de matière carbonée constituée par les véhicules légers n'a pas pu être étudiée. Il apparaît par contre que les combustions de biomasse (probablement les feux de cheminées) jouent un rôle important, et accru en cas de faibles températures, sur les niveaux de pollution par les particules. Enfin, l'impact potentiel de la condensation de matière semi-volatile aux faibles températures reste une hypothèse à tester. Sur le plan plus général de l'étude de la matière organique, il apparaît plusieurs résultats : 1. Le facteur de conversion de masse de carbone organique à masse de matière organique est sans doute très variable pour un site donné (en particulier, sa variabilité est probablement largement supérieure à 0,2). 2. Les hypothèses généralement admises pour le calcul de la fraction secondaire de OC se sont révélées fausses dans le cas de notre étude, et la méthode semble dans le cas générale très incertaine. 3. La fraction soluble de OC (WSOC) est très importante sur nos sites, et la source primaire de combustion de biomasse est une source primaire importante. Ce résultat est en désaccord avec l'hypothèse générale que WSOC est secondaire.
Books on the topic "Alpine chamois"
1
Lentle, Roger. Alpine hunting in New Zealand. Auckland: David Bateman, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Alpine chamois"
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Pechlaner, Helmut. "Keeping and breeding of chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra Linné 1758) at the Alpine Zoo, Innsbruck/Tirol." In The Biology and Management of Capricornis and Related Mountain Antelopes, 185–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-8030-6_15.
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Ruskin, John. "The Simplon." In Praeterita. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780192802415.003.0020.
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83. More and more deeply every hour, in retracing Alpine paths,—by my fireside,—the wonder grows on me, what Heaven made the Alps for, and gave the chamois its foot, and the gentian its blue,—yet gave no one the heart to love them. And...
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Sansoni, Umberto, and Sara Rigamonti. "Bouquetins et chamois dans l’art rupestre alpin." In Bouquetins et Pyrénées, 267–75. Presses universitaires de Provence, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pup.55595.
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Schut, Pierre-Olaf. "Are Mountaineers Romantics? The Art of Viewing and Climbing in Nineteenth-Century France." In Pour le Sport, 59–76. Liverpool University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800856899.003.0003.
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Pierre-Olaf Schut analyses representations of mountain climbing in 18th- and 19th-century French literature, and how they influence both the development of mountaineering and written depictions of this activity. Although scholars examining the history of mountaineering often use Romanticism to explain the early attraction of mountains, few have provided in-depth studies of texts written by prominent French-speaking writers on this subject. Schut carries out such a study, reassembling representations of high mountains as they were described by French and Swiss Romantic writers at the end of the 18th century and throughout the 19th century. The first body of texts he addresses includes selections by Romantic writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Alexandre Dumas and Victor Hugo. Through their novels and travel stories—most notably in Chamonix, at the foot of Mont-Blanc—he analyses the image of the mountains that they constructed and conveyed to their readers. Subsequently, to show the reception of this Romantic viewpoint and illustrate its influence on the development of physical practices and mountaineering in particular, Schut identifies such representations of mountains in the writing of mountaineers, turning to articles written by them for the French Alpine Club magazine, which has been published since 1874.