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1
Belyaeva, Irina A., Elena P. Bombardirova, Tatiana V. Turti, and Evgeniia A. Prikhodko. "Breast Milk Protective Factors Modelling: Nutritional Programming of Child’s Health." Current Pediatrics 20, no. 6 (December 17, 2021): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vsp.v20i6.2355.
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This review covers modern possibilities of modeling breast milk unique properties to produce infant milk formulas. The main approach of such modelling is to advance the protein composition in the formula to the spectrum of breast milk proteins, primarily α-lactalbumin. This protein has multi-directional protective properties; the organism synthesizes the antibacterial and immunomodulating peptide complex HAMLET (Human Alpha-lactalbumin Made LEthal to Tumor cells, complex of α-lactalbumin and oleic acid) on its basis. The amino acid composition of α-lactalbumin provides mild neuroprotective effect due to sufficient level of tryptophan. Non-protein components of the produced formulas (carbohydrate and fat included) enhance their protective qualities and ensure the prevention of delayed health disorders. This review provides information about the innovative baby food product containing ?-lactalbumin and other bioactive components like those in breast milk.
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Gellrich, K., H. H. D. Meyer, and S. Wiedemann. "Composition of major proteins in cow milk differing in mean protein concentration during the first 155 days of lactation and the influence of season as well as short-term restricted feeding in early and mid-lactation." Czech Journal of Animal Science 59, No. 3 (March 18, 2014): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7289-cjas.
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A variety of proteins contributes greatly to the unique nutritional and functional quality of dairy cow milk. Particularly, milk casein content and composition have substantial influence on the processing capabilities. In the present study, milk of 23 multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows, grouped as high- (3.49 ± 0.05%; n = 11) and low-protein (3.03 ± 0.05%; n = 12) cows, was sampled approximately weekly during the first 155 days of lactation to determine the course of relative milk protein composition (α-lactalbumin; β-lactoglobulin; α-, β-, and κ-casein). Furthermore, feed restrictions by 30% of dry matter intake in early and mid-lactation as well as experimental tissue biopsies were conducted to observe their effect on milk protein composition. Milk protein composition was relatively stable and displayed similar concentration patterns throughout the experimental period between both groups. Mean relative concentrations of α-, β-, κ-casein, α-lactalbumin, and β-lactoglobulin were 34.2, 31.4, 16.0, 2.1, and 9.7% of total protein, respectively. Feed restrictions did not alter milk protein composition, whereas the season influenced α- and β-casein as well as α-lactalbumin. Further, effects were observed in both groups at times of unfamiliar stressful situations caused by taking liver or muscle biopsies. As a result, the relative concentration of β-casein increased. Therefore, acute stress factors may lead to a deviation in milk protein composition and should be avoided.
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Maschio, A., P. M. Brickell, D. Kioussis, A. L. Mellor, D. Katz, and R. K. Craig. "Transgenic mice carrying the guinea-pig α-lactalbumin gene transcribe milk protein genes in their sebaceous glands during lactation." Biochemical Journal 275, no. 2 (April 15, 1991): 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2750459.
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We have generated transgenic mice carrying the entire guinea-pig alpha-lactalbumin gene. Lactating transgenic mice expressed high levels of correctly initiated and processed guinea-pig alpha-lactalbumin mRNA in the secretory epithelium of their mammary glands, and secreted guinea-pig alpha-lactalbumin in their milk. Transcripts were detectable after 7 days of pregnancy, indicating that the transgene was under correct hormonal control. Whereas no or negligible transcription was detectable in all other tissues tested, high levels of transcripts were found in the skin of lactating transgenic mice. Guinea-pig alpha-lactalbumin protein was undetectable in the skin, however. In situ hybridization analysis showed that expression was localized to the undifferentiated cells in the basal layer of the sebaceous glands. Further studies revealed high levels of endogenous beta-casein mRNA in normal lactating mouse skin, demonstrating that the transcription of milk protein genes in lactating mouse skin is a normal event, and is not peculiar to the transgene. This surprising finding highlights the developmental relationship of the mammary gland to other specialized structures of the skin, supports a role for epithelial-extracellular matrix interactions in the regulation of milk protein gene expression in vivo, and identifies the skin as a particularly accessible model system in which to study the regulation of milk protein gene expression. In addition, the guinea-pig alpha-lactalbumin gene will be a source of regulatory sequences with which to direct heterologous gene expression to the sebaceous glands of transgenic mice.
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Johansson, M., O. Placha, J. Pickova, A. Andrén, G. Zamaratskaia, E. Spörndly, and M. Åkerstedt. "Impact of crude protein content in silage and concentrate on protein and fatty acid profiles in bovine milk." Czech Journal of Animal Science 58, No. 7 (July 8, 2013): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6860-cjas.
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Two concentrates, one protein-rich and one based on cereals, were combined with two silages with a crude protein content of 17 and 13% of dry matter (DM), respectively to give four different diets for dairy cows. Milk content of caseins (α<sub>S1</sub>-, α<sub>S2</sub>-, β-, and κ-casein) and whey proteins (α-lactalbumin (α-LA) and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG)) and the fatty acid profile of milk were analyzed before the start and on four occasions during the experiment. Milk analyses showed that diet had no influence on the protein profile of the milk. However, a significant increase of α-linolenic acid, 13 and 39%, was obtained on the high protein concentrate feed and on the silage higher in crude protein, respectively. Cows on the protein-rich concentrate diet increased the proportion of conjugated linoleic acid by 53%. Linoleic acid was not affected by the diet.
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Benaissa, Yamina, Samia Addou, Wafaa Dib, Omar Kheroua, and Djamel Saidi. "COCONUT MILK MODULATE THE ANTIGENICITY OF ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN IN BALB/C MICE." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 3 (February 3, 2017): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i3.15753.
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Objective: The aim of this work was to study the biochemical characteristics of coconut milk and its antigenic effect on the Balb/c mice immunized with α-lactalbumin protein, as well as its consequences on the structure of the intestinal epithelium.Methods: To achieve the objective of the study, an electrophoresis was realised on a polyacrylamide gel to determine various proteins contained in coconut milk. In addition, Lowry’s method was used to determine the amount of proteins in the formula. The antigenicity of coconut milk in sera was also studied using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. For the histological study, 21 w-old mice Balb/c were used and distributed in three groups of 7 mice each. Group 1, received a standard feed with no treatment (Negative control), group 2 and 3 received respectively a standard feed (Positive control) and coconut milk for a period of 28 d after being immunized with α- lactalbumin.Results: Analysis of the data revealed that the rate of proteins of cow’s milk is higher than that of the coconut milk ( p0.01). However, after carrying out the electrophoresis analysis, the coconut milk showed the absence of intact proteins. The anti α-Lactalbumin IgG titers significantly increased in positive control groups that received coconut milk (p<0.0001). Moreover, there was an increase of the intestinal villi height of mice fed with coconut milk, in the structure level of their intestinal epithelium compared to the negative control group.Conclusion: The findings of the study provide the evidence that coconut milk is a possible alternative to the cow’s milk formula in case of allergy.
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Tyulkin, Sergey V. "THE EFFECT OF COWS GENOTYPE ON THEIR PRODUCTIVITY AND MILK QUALITY." Food systems 1, no. 3 (October 11, 2018): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/2618-9771-2018-1-3-38-43.
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As studies by Russian and foreign scientists show, the breed and the cows genotype affects on their productivity and milk quality. In connection with this, the purpose of this research was to study the milk productivity and milk quality of the Tatarstan type Kholmogory cows with different complex genotypes on the milk protein genes, namely, alpha S1-casein, beta-casein, kappa-casein, beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin. The genotypes on the milk protein genes were determined by DNA analysis methods. Determination of quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk was carried out by control milking and on a milk analyzer «LAKTAN1–4». Better raw milk, that is, with the greatest amount of nutrients, such as milk fat and protein, was milk from cows with complex genotypes of milk proteins ВВ/АВ/АВ/АВ/АА, ВВ/АВ/АВ/АВ/АВ, ВВ/АВ/АВ/АВ/ВВ. In practical terms, it is possible to get more quality dairy products from such raw materials.
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Čurlej, Jozef, Peter Zajác, Jozef Čapla, Jozef Golian, Lucia Benešová, Adam Partika, Alexander Fehér, and Silvia Jakabová. "The Effect of Heat Treatment on Cow’s Milk Protein Profiles." Foods 11, no. 7 (March 31, 2022): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11071023.
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Milk is a food of high nutritional value processed by heat treatment. Heat treatment of milk is a technological process designed to inhibit the growth of microorganisms and extend the shelf life of products. The heating process directly affects the molecular structure of whey proteins by the process of denaturation. It leads to the formation of a whey protein–casein polymer complex. Based on these facts, milk heat-treatment conditions should be controlled during milk processing. This work focuses on describing the whey protein denaturation process and formation of the complex of whey protein with casein. The effect of heat treatment on individual milk protein fractions alpha-casein (α-cas), beta-casein (β-cas), kappa-casein (κ-cas), beta-lactoglobulin (β-lg) and alpha-lactalbumin (α-la) was studied by SDS-PAGE. Formation of the whey protein–casein polymer complex increased significantly (p < 0.05) on increasing the temperature and duration of the heat treatment.
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Chetta, Katherine E., Joseph L. Alcorn, John E. Baatz, and Carol L. Wagner. "Cytotoxic Lactalbumin-Oleic Acid Complexes in the Human Milk Diet of Preterm Infants." Nutrients 13, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 4336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13124336.
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Frozen storage is necessary to preserve expressed human milk for critically ill and very preterm infants. Milk pasteurization is essential for donor milk given to this special population. Due to these storage and processing conditions, subtle changes occur in milk nutrients. These changes may have clinical implications. Potentially, bioactive complexes of unknown significance could be found in human milk given to preterm infants. One such complex, a cytotoxic α-lactalbumin-oleic acid complex named “HAMLET,” (Human Alpha-Lactalbumin Made Lethal to Tumor cells) is a folding variant of alpha-lactalbumin that is bound to oleic acid. This complex, isolated from human milk casein, has specific toxicity to both carcinogenic cell lines and immature non-transformed cells. Both HAMLET and free oleic acid trigger similar apoptotic mechanisms in tissue and stimulate inflammation via the NF-κB and MAPK p38 signaling pathways. This protein-lipid complex could potentially trigger various inflammatory pathways with unknown consequences, especially in immature intestinal tissues. The very preterm population is dependent on human milk as a medicinal and broadly bioactive nutriment. Therefore, HAMLET’s possible presence and bioactive role in milk should be addressed in neonatal research. Through a pediatric lens, HAMLET’s discovery, formation and bioactive benefits will be reviewed.
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Nielsen, Charlotte Holme, Yan Hui, Duc Ninh Nguyen, Agnethe May Ahnfeldt, Douglas G. Burrin, Bolette Hartmann, Anne Birgitte Heckmann, Per Torp Sangild, Thomas Thymann, and Stine Brandt Bering. "Alpha-Lactalbumin Enriched Whey Protein Concentrate to Improve Gut, Immunity and Brain Development in Preterm Pigs." Nutrients 12, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010245.
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Human milk is rich in nutritional factors, such as alpha-lactalbumin (α-Lac), and important for neonatal development, but nutrient supplementation may be required for optimal growth. Using a pig model, we hypothesized that α-Lac-enriched whey protein concentrate (WPC) supplementation improves neonatal development. Cesarean-delivered preterm pigs were fed either dilute bovine milk (REF) or REF milk supplemented with WPC with normal (STANDARD-ALPHA) or high (HIGH-ALPHA) α-Lac. Clinical, gut, immune and cognitive endpoints (open field, T-maze) were assessed and tissues collected at Day 19. The growth of STANDARD-ALPHA and HIGH-ALPHA were higher than REF (31 vs. 19 g/kg/d). Most organ weights, gut, immunity and brain variables were similar between WPC groups. HIGH-ALPHA had a higher bone mineral content, colon microbial diversity and an abundance of specific bacteria and microbial metabolites, and tended to show a faster food transit time (p = 0.07). Relative to REF, WPC pigs showed higher relative organ weights, blood amino acids, blood neutrophil function, and microbial metabolites, but lower brush-border enzyme activities and plasma cortisol. Cognition outcomes did not differ among the groups. In conclusion, WPC supplementation of milk improved some growth, gut and immunity parameters in preterm pigs. However, increasing the α-Lac content beyond human milk levels had limited effects on the immature gut and developing brain.
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Hejtmánková, V. Pivec, E. Trnková, and H. Dragounová. " Differences in the composition of total and whey proteins in goat and ewe milk and their changes throughout the lactation period." Czech Journal of Animal Science 57, No. 7 (July 10, 2012): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6007-cjas.
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This study was conducted to evaluate changes in composition of whey proteins of Czech White Short-haired goat and East Friesian ewe milk and their comparison throughout lactation. Some differences in composition between ewe and goat milk were found. The results showed that the mean total protein (%), whey protein (g/100 g), and β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg, g/100 g) contents of goat milk were 2.75, 0.433, and 0.119 respectively and of ewe milk 6.36, 1.11, and 0.732 respectively. The contents of total protein as well as acid whey proteins in goat milk were nearly constant throughout the lactation period and fluctuated around the mean value while the contents of total protein as well as acid whey proteins in ovine milk were dependent on the period of lactation. The total protein content in ovine milk continuously increased during the lactation period. A higher content of ovine acid whey proteins was noticed at the beginning and in the final period of lactation. The average ratio of whey to total protein was 15.8 2.61% in goat milk and 17.4 2.68% in ewe milk and ranged from 13.0 to 20.4% in goat and from 14.0 to 20.8% in ewe milk. The total contents of two major whey proteins. α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin (α-La + β-Lg = AG), averaged 87% of total whey protein, 92% in ovine milk. The main component of acid whey proteins in goat milk was α-La while in ovine milk the main component of acid whey proteins was β-Lg, however, at the end of the lactation period the content of β-Lg for both kinds of milk increased steeply, and the β-Lg/α-La ratio reached a maximum value of 1.94 in goat milk and of 9.74 in ewe milk. In addition, goat milk contains a similar amino acid profile to ewe milk but the amino acid pattern in whey proteins differs from that in milk. Total essential amino acids were approximately 40% of the total amino acids in goat and ewe milk as well as in goat and ewe whey.
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Hall, L., D. C. Emery, M. S. Davies, D. Parker, and R. K. Craig. "Organization and sequence of the human α-lactalbumin gene." Biochemical Journal 242, no. 3 (March 15, 1987): 735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2420735.
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A recombinant bacteriophage containing the entire alpha-lactalbumin gene was isolated from a human genomic library constructed in bacteriophage lambda L47. Within this recombinant the 2.5 kb alpha-lactalbumin gene is flanked by about 5 kb of sequence on either side. The complete nucleotide sequence of the gene and its immediate flanking sequences were determined and compared with those of the rat alpha-lactalbumin gene. These studies showed that the size, organization and sequence of the exons have been highly conserved, whereas the introns have diverged considerably. In particular, the first intron of the human gene was found to contain an Alu repetitive sequence not present in the rat. A high degree of homology (67%) was also observed in the 5′ flanking regions, extending as far as 655 nucleotide residues upstream of the transcriptional initiation site. Comparison of the 5′ flanking sequences of these two alpha-lactalbumin genes with those of five casein genes has revealed the presence of a highly conserved region [consensus sequence: RGAAGRAAA(N)TGGACAGAAATCAA(CG)TTTCTA], extending from position -140 to -110 in all seven sequences examined, suggesting a possible regulatory role in the hormonal control or tissue-specific expression of milk protein genes in the mammary gland.
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Ismail, Ismail. "ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN GENE POLYMORPHISMS IN RELATION TO MILK PROTEIN CONCENTRATION IN MAGHRABI CAMEL." Egyptian Journal of Desert Research 67, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejdr.2017.5848.
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Auestad, Nancy, and Donald K. Layman. "Dairy bioactive proteins and peptides: a narrative review." Nutrition Reviews 79, Supplement_2 (December 1, 2021): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuab097.
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Abstract Milk proteins are known for their high nutritional quality, based on their essential amino acid composition, and they exhibit a wide range of bioactivities, including satiety, antimicrobial, mineral-binding, and anti-lipidemic properties. Because of their unique water solubility, milk proteins are readily separated into casein and whey fractions, which can be further fractionated into many individual proteins, including alpha-S1- and alpha-S2-caseins, beta-casein, and kappa-casein, and the whey proteins alpha-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, beta-lactoglobulin, and glycomacropeptide. Many of these proteins have unique bioactivities. Further, over the past 30 years, peptides that are encrypted in the primary amino acid sequences of proteins and released along with amino acids during digestion are increasingly recognized as biologically active protein metabolites that may have beneficial effects on human health. This review examines the current state of the science on the contribution of dairy proteins and their unique peptides and amino acids to human health.
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Sigl, T., H. H. D. Meyer, and S. Wiedemann. " Gene expression of six major milk proteins in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells isolated from milk during the first twenty weeks of lactation." Czech Journal of Animal Science 57, No. 10 (October 12, 2012): 469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6347-cjas.
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The objective of the present study was to refine a previously developed method to isolate primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (pBMEC) from fresh milk. Using this method, it was tested whether the number of pBMEC and the relation of recovered pBMEC to total somatic cell count vary within the individual lactation stages. Furthermore, the expression levels of the milk protein genes during the first twenty weeks of lactation were determined by quantitative PCR method. A total number of 152 morning milk samples were obtained from twenty-four Holstein-Friesian cows during the first 20 weeks of lactation (day 8, 15, 26, 43, 57, 113, and 141 postpartum). Numbers of extracted pBMEC were consistent at all time-points (1.1 ± 0.06 to 1.4 ± 0.03 ×10<sup>3</sup>/ml) and an average value of RNA integrity number (RIN) was 6.3 ± 0.3. Percentage of pBMEC in relation to total milk cells (2.0 ± 0.2 to 6.7 ± 1.0%) correlated with milk yield. Expression patterns of the casein genes alpha (α)<sub>S1</sub>, (α)<sub>S2</sub>, beta (β), and kappa (κ) (CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2, CSN3, respectively) and the whey protein genes α-lactalbumin (LALBA) and progestagen-associated endometrial protein (PAEP; known as β-lactoglobulin) were shown to be comparable, i.e. transcripts of all six milk protein genes were found to peak during the first two weeks of lactation and to decline continuously towards mid lactation. However, mRNA levels were different among genes with CSN3 showing the highest and LALBA the lowest abundance. We hypothesized that milk protein gene expression has a pivotal effect on milk protein composition with no influence on milk protein concentration. This paper is the first to describe milk protein gene expression during lactation in pBMEC collected in milk. Future studies will be needed to understand molecular mechanisms in pBMEC including regulation of expression and translation throughout lactation.
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Robinson, G. W., R. A. McKnight, G. H. Smith, and L. Hennighausen. "Mammary epithelial cells undergo secretory differentiation in cycling virgins but require pregnancy for the establishment of terminal differentiation." Development 121, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 2079–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.7.2079.
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Postnatal development of the mammary gland begins during puberty with ductal proliferation and is completed at delivery with the appearance of secretory alveolar structures. Using endogenous milk protein genes and a WAP-lacZ reporter transgene, we show that the differentiation of alveolar cells is initiated in virgin mice in estrus in a limited number of cells. With the onset of pregnancy, the number of expressing cells and the cellular expression levels increase until full activity is reached at lactation. Milk protein genes are activated in a defined temporal sequence. WDNM1 and beta-casein are expressed early in pregnancy and increase during alveolar proliferation. WAP (whey acidic protein) and alpha-lactalbumin are expressed later near the end of gestation, which is characterized by terminal differentiation of the mammary secretory phenotype. By in situ hybridization, we have established evidence for asynchrony in milk protein gene expression among alveolar cells showing large variations in the intensity of hybridization among adjacent cells. The asynchrony of maturation of epithelial cells within a given alveolus suggests that the genetic program leading to terminal differentiation is subject to local modulation. It is likely that these signals are manifest through various pathways including growth factors, the extracellular matrix or gene products specific to terminal differentiation such as WAP. We extended our analyses to WAP/WAP transgenic mice in which WAP is synthesized precociously and functional differentiation of alveolar cells is impaired. We found an altered expression pattern of milk protein genes, with a strong reduction of alpha-lactalbumin RNA. We conclude that the early production of WAP in WAP/WAP mammary glands disrupts the timing of gene activation leading to a premature termination of the differentiative program.
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Tang, Y. "No alpha-lactalbumin-like activity detected in a low molecular mass protein fraction of rat epididymal extract." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 5, no. 2 (1993): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9930229.
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The same low M(r) protein fraction of epididymal luminal fluid as that studied previously by Hamilton in 1981 was assayed for alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-lac) activity with bovine milk galactosyltransferase (GalTase) as the enzyme source and bovine serum albumin (BSA) to make the total protein concentrations of all the samples in each assay constant. No alpha-lac activity could be detected in this fraction. When glucose was used as an acceptor, radioactivity passing through the ion exchange column used to retain the remaining UDP-galactose did increase with the amount of the proteins of the low M(r) fraction, but this increase was observed not only for samples with an acceptor but also for samples without. The increased radioactive product co-migrated in high-voltage electrophoresis with galactose, not lactose. When GlcNAc was used as an acceptor, the situation was the same, and the increased radioactive product co-migrated with galactose, not LacNAc. No inhibition of bovine milk GalTase activity by the low M(r) proteins was observed. Addition of protein, either BSA or the low M(r) fraction of epididymal luminal fluid, to assay medium that contained no proteins other than GalTase enhanced the GalTase activity both in forming lactose in the presence of glucose and also LacNAc in the presence of GlcNAc. It appears that the earlier reports of alpha-lac-like activity in epididymal fluids and extracts may have been due to the presence of enzymes liberating free galactose from UDP-galactose and/or a stimulatory non-specific effect of the protein in the solutions on the lactose synthesis activity of the GalTase.
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Demmer, J., IK Ross, MR Ginger, CK Piotte, and MR Grigor. "Differential expression of milk protein genes during lactation in the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 20, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0200037.
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In the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) lactation lasts for 200 days and consists of two distinct phases. Milk composition changes dramatically between phase 2 and 3, which correspond to early and late lactation respectively (phase 1 corresponds to pregnancy). RNA expression patterns have been established for eight major milk protein genes throughout lactation in possum mammary glands. The levels of mRNA expressed from two genes, encoding the early and late lactation proteins, were differentially regulated during lactation, with peak RNA levels occurring in phase 2 and 3 of lactation respectively. Expression of these two RNA transcripts did not overlap, and neither gene was expressed at significant levels between days 116 to 125, suggesting that the transition from phase 2 to phase 3 of lactation occurs at this time. The level of lysozyme, alpha-lactalbumin and trichosurin mRNA increased in phase 3 of lactation, whereas the levels of beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-casein and beta-casein mRNA remained constant throughout lactation. In the non-suckled gland, expression of milk protein genes was greatly reduced by day 6 of lactation. In conclusion, the early and late lactation protein genes are good markers for phase 2 and 3 of lactation, with the transition between these phases occurring around day 120 of lactation in the possum.
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Yang, Fan, Manling Zhang, Yuewen Rong, Zaiqun Liu, Shuai Yang, Wei Zhang, Jun Li, and Yafei Cai. "A Novel SNPs in Alpha-Lactalbumin Gene Effects on Lactation Traits in Chinese Holstein Dairy Cows." Animals 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10010060.
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Alpha-lactalbumin (α-LA) is a major whey protein in bovine and other mammalian milk, which regulates synthesis of lactose. Little is known about its genetic polymorphism and whether can be used as a potential marker for dairy ingredients, milk yield traits, and milk properties. To investigate its polymorphisms and their relationship with milk lactation traits in Chinese Holstein dairy cows, single-strand conformation polymorphism method (PCR-SSCP) and direct sequencing method were used to mark the α-LA gene SNPs. AA (0.7402) and AB (0.2598) genotypes were screened out by PCR-SSCP bands analysis in two independent populations. Direct sequencing revealed that there is one SNP at 1847th (T/C) bp in noncoding region of α-LA gene with highly polymorphic (0.5 < PIC = 0.5623 or 0.5822), of which T is in AA genotype while C in AB. Association analysis also showed that lactose content (p < 0.05) was negatively correlated with fat and protein contents within subgroup, indicating that the SNPs (1847th, T/C) in α-LA gene could be used as a novel potential molecular marker for lactation traits in Chinese Holstein dairy cows.
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Marciniak, Alice, Shyam Suwal, Michel Britten, Yves Pouliot, and Alain Doyen. "The use of high hydrostatic pressure to modulate milk protein interactions for the production of an alpha-lactalbumin enriched-fraction." Green Chemistry 20, no. 2 (2018): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7gc03428h.
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Martini, Mina, Iolanda Altomonte, Domenico Tricò, Riccardo Lapenta, and Federica Salari. "Current Knowledge on Functionality and Potential Therapeutic Uses of Donkey Milk." Animals 11, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 1382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051382.
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The increase of knowledge on the composition of donkey milk has revealed marked similarities to human milk, which led to a growing number of investigations focused on testing the potential effects of donkey milk in vitro and in vivo. This paper examines the scientific evidence regarding the beneficial effects of donkey milk on human health. Most clinical studies report a tolerability of donkey milk in 82.6–98.5% of infants with cow milk protein allergies. The average protein content of donkey milk is about 18 g/L. Caseins, which are main allergenic components of milk, are less represented compared to cow milk (56% of the total protein in donkey vs. 80% in cow milk). Donkey milk is well accepted by children due to its high concentration of lactose (about 60 g/L). Immunomodulatory properties have been reported in one study in humans and in several animal models. Donkey milk also seems to modulate the intestinal microbiota, enhance antioxidant defense mechanisms and detoxifying enzymes activities, reduce hyperglycemia and normalize dyslipidemia. Donkey milk has lower calorie and fat content compared with other milks used in human nutrition (fat ranges from 0.20% to 1.7%) and a more favourable fatty acid profile, being low in saturated fatty acids (3.02 g/L) and high in alpha-linolenic acid (about 7.25 g/100 g of fat). Until now, the beneficial properties of donkey milk have been mostly related to whey proteins, among which β-lactoglobulin is the most represented (6.06 g/L), followed by α-lactalbumin (about 2 g/L) and lysozyme (1.07 g/L). So far, the health functionality of donkey milk has been tested almost exclusively on animal models. Furthermore, in vitro studies have described inhibitory action against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. From the literature review emerges the need for new randomized clinical trials on humans to provide stronger evidence of the potential beneficial health effects of donkey milk, which could lead to new applications as an adjuvant in the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases, malnutrition, and aging.
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Falcão, Mário Cícero, and Patrícia Zamberlan. "Infant Formulas: A Long Story." International Journal of Nutrology 14, no. 02 (August 2021): e61-e70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1735640.
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AbstractThe ideal feeding for infants is the breast milk because it has a balanced nutritional composition, which includes all essential nutrients, in addition to many bioactive factors that contribute to the growth and development of the child, as well as to the maturation of the gastrointestinal tract. Among them are immunological factors, antimicrobials and anti-inflammatory components, digestive enzymes, various types of hormones, and growth factors. If human milk is not available, there is an indication of infant formulas that should follow the recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius of the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (WHO). In a century of history, infant formulas have gone from a simple combination of cow milk (evaporated or condensed) and water to highly sophisticated products, elaborated by very refined technological processes to produce lactose-free, antiregurgitation, based on soy protein, hydrolyzed protein in various grades, and only amino acids formulas. The major milestones in the modification of infant formulas were the incorporation of nutrients/ingredients such as: iron, nucleotides, alpha lactalbumin, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, oligosaccharides similar to human milk, lactoferrin, and milk fat globule membrane. Many of these ingredients have shown benefits on the immunological system. Despite the technological advances, breast milk remains irreplaceable, being the gold standard for infant feeding.
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Baldassarre, H., M. Schirm, J. Deslauriers, C. Turcotte, and V. Bordignon. "Protein profile and alpha-lactalbumin concentration in the milk of standard and transgenic goats expressing recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase." Transgenic Research 18, no. 4 (March 19, 2009): 621–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11248-009-9254-3.
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Kakiuchi, Toshihiko, and Rie Furukawa. "Diagnosis of Food Protein-Induced Enteropathy Based on Gastrointestinal Mucosal Pathology before and after Elimination Diet Therapy: A Case Report." Pediatric Reports 14, no. 3 (September 19, 2022): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pediatric14030045.
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We describe the case of a 1-year-old girl with food protein-induced enteropathy (FPE) that was difficult to diagnose. She was referred to our hospital with a 3-month history of diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss. Although her diarrhea improved after a few days of fasting, oral intake of elemental diets, formula milk, or rice porridge resulted in repeated relapses. The serum IgE level was 1028 IU/mL, and radioallergosorbent tests were positive for milk, casein, alpha-lactalbumin, and other allergens. A histopathology of the duodenal mucosa revealed loss of mucosal villous structure, crypt hyperplasia, crypt apoptosis, and lymphocyte and eosinophil infiltration (<20 eos/hpf) into the lamina propria. After prednisolone (PSL) therapy and the complete removal of cows’ milk and chicken eggs from her diet, the patient’s diarrhea disappeared. Five months after discontinuing oral PSL and complete removal of cows’ milk and chicken eggs, the duodenum exhibited normal mucosal villous structure and well-differentiated ducts. No abnormalities were observed in the egg rechallenge; however, diarrhea recurred after the cows’ milk rechallenge. Thus, histopathologic examination of the gastrointestinal mucosa is useful for diagnosing FPE similar to oral food challenges, and re-evaluation after elimination diet therapy may be beneficial to rule out other diseases.
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Denisova, S. N., O. V. Tarasova, A. Ni, V. A. Revyakina, L. I. Ilyenko, and E. S. Sakharova. "Features of the formation of specific Igg4 antibodies to milk proteins in healthy young children living in different megalopolises of the Russian Federation." Pacific Medical Journal, no. 4 (January 7, 2022): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.34215/1609-1175-2021-4-70-79.
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Objective: Study specific Igg4 antibodies to milk proteins indexes in healthy babies living in different Russian megalopolises.Methods: The complex research of the specific Igg4 antibodies to milk proteins during cohort study of 259 healthy babies of the first year of life. Children lived in five Russian cities: 60 children in Moscow, 50 newborns – in Saint Petersburg, 55 children came from Kazan, 43 children lived in Khabarovsk and 51 – in Vladivostok. Non-competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantify specific Igg4 antibodies to cow milk proteins (CMP), beta-lactoglobulin (β-LG), alpha-lactalbumin (α-LA), casein and goat's milk protein (GM) in coprofiltratesResults: The highest frequency of the high Igg4 was discovered to CMP and goats’ milk was observed among children from Saint Petersburg during comparative assessment of the frequency of defining Igg4 to milk proteins in healthy newborns aged 2.5 months living in Moscow and Saint-Petersburg. The highest frequency of Igg4 increased rates to milk proteins among newborns from Kazan, Khabarovsk and Vladivostok was diagnosed during first three months of life on breastfeeding without any clinical symptoms of food intolerance. With age decrease of the frequency of specific Igg4 to milk proteins were observed among all babies from above-mentioned cities. By 8 month of life it made isolated cases.Conclusions: High frequency of increased Igg4 to milk proteins among 2 months old babies on breastfeeding was observed in the cities of Central and Far Eastern districts of Russian Federation. In this regard it can be supposed that Igg4s were got from mothers in the prenatal period and after birth through breastfeed. The presence of high frequency of the increased indexes of specific Igg4 to milk proteins probably was related to mothers’ nutrition habits during pregnancy and lactation periods.
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Vincent, Delphine, Dominik Mertens, and Simone Rochfort. "Optimisation of Milk Protein Top-Down Sequencing Using In-Source Collision-Induced Dissociation in the Maxis Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer." Molecules 23, no. 11 (October 26, 2018): 2777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112777.
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Top-down sequencing in proteomics has come of age owing to continuous progress in LC-MS. With their high resolution and broad mass range, Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (Q-ToF) hybrid mass spectrometers equipped with electrospray ionisation source and tandem MS capability by collision-induced dissociation (CID) can be employed to analyse intact proteins and retrieve primary sequence information. To our knowledge, top-down proteomics methods with Q-ToF have only been evaluated using samples of relatively low complexity. Furthermore, the in-source CID (IS-CID) capability of Q-ToF instruments has been under-utilised. This study aimed at optimising top-down sequencing of intact milk proteins to achieve the greatest sequence coverage possible from samples of increasing complexity, assessed using nine known proteins. Eleven MS/MS methods varying in their IS-CID and conventional CID parameters were tested on individual and mixed protein standards as well as raw milk samples. Top-down sequencing results from the nine most abundant proteoforms of caseins, alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglubulins were compared. Nine MS/MS methods achieved more than 70% sequence coverage overall to distinguish between allelic proteoforms, varying only by one or two amino acids. The optimal methods utilised IS-CID at low energy. This experiment demonstrates the utility of Q-ToF systems for top-down proteomics and that IS-CID could be more frequently employed.
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Wazed and Farid. "Hypoallergenic and Low-Protein Ready-to-Feed (RTF) Infant Formula by High Pressure Pasteurization: A Novel Product." Foods 8, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8090408.
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Infant milk formula (IMF) is designed to mimic the composition of human milk (9–11 g protein/L); however, the standard protein content of IMF (15 g/L) is still a matter of controversy. In contrast to breastfed infants, excessive protein in IMF is associated with overweight and symptoms of metabolic syndrome in formula-fed infants. Moreover, the beta-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) content in cow milk is 3–4 g/L, whereas it is not present in human milk. It is considered to be a major reason for cow milk allergy in infants. In this respect, to modify protein composition, increasing the ratio of alpha-lactalbumin (α-Lac) to β-Lg would be a pragmatic approach to develop a hypoallergenic IMF with low protein content. Such a formula would ensure the necessary balance of essential amino acids, as 123 and 162 amino acid residues are available in α-Lac and β-Lg, respectively. Hence, in this study, a pasteurized form of hypoallergenic and low-protein ready-to-feed (RTF) formula, a new product, is developed to retain heat-sensitive bioactives and other components. Therefore, the effects of high pressure processing (HPP) under 300–600 MPa at approximately 20–40 °C and HTST pasteurization (72 °C for 15 and 30 s) were investigated and compared. The highest ratio of α-Lac to β-Lg was achieved after HPP (600 MPa for 5 min applied at 40.4 °C), which potentially explains the synergistic effect of HPP and heat on substantial denaturation of β-Lg, with significant retention of α-Lac in reconstituted IMF. Industrial relevance: This investigation showed the potential production of a pasteurized RTF formula, a niche product, with a reduced amount of allergenic β-Lg.
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Faerman, A., I. Barash, R. Puzis, M. Nathan, D. R. Hurwitz, and M. Shani. "Dramatic heterogeneity of transgene expression in the mammary gland of lactating mice: a model system to study the synthetic activity of mammary epithelial cells." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 43, no. 5 (May 1995): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/43.5.7730585.
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We studied the expression of human serum albumin (HSA) driven by the ovine beta-lactoglobulin promoter in the mammary glands of lactating mice from five independent transgenic strains, by employing combined in situ hybridization and immunostaining techniques. Four strains displayed a heterogeneous pattern of expression: mice of strains 91 and 92 expressed the transgene in only a fraction of the lobules, whereas in strains 69 and 83 all lobules contained cells expressing HSA. In all four strains the patterns of expression within expressing lobules corresponded to the morphology of alveolar cells and to the extent of local milk secretion, suggesting that filling of alveolus with secreted material was accompanied by asynchronous downregulation of transgene expression. In situ hybridization to the endogenous milk protein genes alpha-lactalbumin, beta-casein, and whey acidic protein revealed a uniform pattern of expression in lactating mammary glands of transgeneic and in four out of five non-transgeneic mice. In the fifth control mouse, we detected downregulation of gene expression in lobules containing alveoli distended by secreted milk. The pattern of expression of the three endogenous genes was greatly disturbed after a short (3-hr) unilateral closure of mammary glands, and very much resembled the pattern of expression of the HSA transgenes. These results demonstrate that transgeneic mice provide a useful model to study the factors that regulate the synthetic activity of mammary epithelial cells.
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Budd, George Thomas, Justin M. Johnson, Emily Esakov Rhoades, Halle C. F. Moore, Megan Lynn Kruse, Erin Elizabeth Roesch, Jame Abraham, Brenna Elliott, Donna Lach, and Vincent K. Tuohy. "Phase I trial of an alpha-lactalbumin vaccine in patients with moderate- to high-risk operable triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): TPS1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.tps1125.
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TPS1125 Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the subtype of breast cancer with the worst prognosis and is the subtype most often associated with germline mutations of BRCA1 and certain other genes. Alpha-lactalbumin (aLA) is a milk protein that is expressed in lactating breasts but not at other times or in other normal tissues. Expression of aLA is found in approximately 70% of TNBC (Cancers PMID: 27322324) so is an attractive immunologic target for TNBC based on the “retired protein hypothesis” (Semin Immunol PMID: 31926646). Pre-clinical studies have shown that vaccination with aLA provides treatment of established and, more potently, protection from development of autochthonous tumors in transgenic murine models of breast cancer and against 4T1 transplantable breast cancer in BALB/c mice (Nat Med PMID: 20512124). We are conducting a Phase I trial in patients with early stage TNBC to demonstrate the safety of this approach and to document the ability to produce a meaningful immunologic response to aLA. Methods: Patients with ER-negative, PR-negative, HER2-negative breast cancer of pathologic stage I-III or who had residual disease after standard pre-operative systemic therapy are being entered into a Phase I trial of alpha-lactalbumin with a GMP-grade zymosan adjuvant in Montanide ISA 51 VG vehicle. Participants must be within 3 years of initiation of treatment and have no evidence of recurrence. Patients receive a total of 3 vaccinations administered once every 2 weeks with doses escalated using a 3+3 trial design. Toxic events of Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade 2 or greater are considered dose-limiting. Dose levels being tested are alpha-lactalbumin/zymosan 0.01 mg/0.01 mg, 0.1 mg/0.1 mg, and 1 mg/1 mg. Patients are being monitored for toxicity until 84 days after the first vaccination or resolution of toxicity, whichever is later. Blood is being drawn prior to therapy and 14, 28, and 56 days after the first vaccination to assess cellular response using enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assays of interferon-gamma and interleukin-17 production in response to aLA. Humoral response to aLA vaccination is being assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After identification of the Maximum Tolerated Dose we will expand the dose levels associated with effective tumor immunity and enroll a cohort of patients without cancer planning to undergo prophylactic bilateral mastectomy. Funding Source: Department of Defense (W81XWH-17-1-0592 and W81XWH-17-1-0593). Clinical trial information: NCT04674306.
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Etcheverry, Wallingford, Miller, and Glahn. "The Effect of Calcium Salts, Ascorbic Acid and Peptic pH on Calcium, Zinc and Iron Bioavailabilities from Fortified Human Milk using an in vitro Digestion/Caco-2 Cell Model." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 75, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.75.3.171.
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The calcium, zinc, and iron bioavailabilities of human milk with commercial and noncommercial human milk fortifiers (HMFs) were evaluated under a variety of conditions: peptic digestion at pH 2 and pH 4, supplementation of ascorbic acid, and addition of three calcium salts. The noncommercial HMFs consisted of casein phosphopeptides (CPPs), alpha-lactalbumin, colostrum, and hydrolyzed whey protein concentrate (WPC). They were mixed with human milk (HM) and calcium, zinc, and iron were added. Ascorbic acid (AA) was added in certain studies. The commercial HMFs were Nestlé FM-85, Similac HMF (SHMF), and Enfamil HMF (EHMF). All HMFs were compared to S-26/SMA HMF. Results showed that the peptic pH (2 vs. 4) had no effect on mineral bioavailability. Addition of different calcium salts had no effect on calcium cell uptake and cell ferritin levels (an indicator of iron uptake), however, the addition of calcium glycerophosphate/gluconate increased zinc uptake by Caco-2 cells. Addition of AA significantly increased ferritin levels, with no effect on calcium or zinc uptake. Among the commercial HMFs, FM-85 was significantly lower in zinc uptake than S-26/SMA, and HM+EHMF was significantly higher than HM+S-26/SMA. Cell ferritin levels were significantly higher for HM+S-26/SMA than for all other commercial fortifiers. None of the commercial HMFs were different from HM+S-26/SMA in calcium uptake.
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Rath, Emma M., Anthony P. Duff, Anders P. Håkansson, Catherine S. Vacher, Guo Jun Liu, Robert B. Knott, and William Bret Church. "Structure and Potential Cellular Targets of HAMLET-like Anti-Cancer Compounds made from Milk Components." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 18, no. 4 (November 20, 2015): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/j3g60c.
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The HAMLET family of compounds (Human Alpha-lactalbumin Made Lethal to Tumours) was discovered during studies on the properties of human milk, and is a class of protein-lipid complexes having broad spectrum anti-cancer, and some specific anti-bacterial properties. The structure of HAMLET-like compounds consists of an aggregation of partially unfolded protein making up the majority of the compound's mass, with fatty acid molecules bound in the hydrophobic core. This is a novel protein-lipid structure and has only recently been derived by small-angle X-ray scattering analysis. The structure is the basis of a novel cytotoxicity mechanism responsible for anti-cancer activity to all of the around 50 different cancer cell types for which the HAMLET family has been trialled. Multiple cytotoxic mechanisms have been hypothesised for the HAMLET-like compounds, but it is not yet clear which of those are the initiating cytotoxic mechanism(s) and which are subsequent activities triggered by the initiating mechanism(s). In addition to the studies into the structure of these compounds, this review presents the state of knowledge of the anti-cancer aspects of HAMLET-like compounds, the HAMLET-induced cytotoxic activities to cancer and non-cancer cells, and the several prospective cell membrane and intracellular targets of the HAMLET family. The emerging picture is that HAMLET-like compounds initiate their cytotoxic effects on what may be a cancer-specific target in the cell membrane that has yet to be identified. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
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Navaratnam, N., S. S. Virk, S. Ward, and N. J. Kuhn. "Cationic activation of galactosyltransferase from rat mammary Golgi membranes by polyamines and by basic peptides and proteins." Biochemical Journal 239, no. 2 (October 15, 1986): 423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2390423.
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Galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.22) requires bivalent metal ions for its activity. However, preparations of this enzyme solubilized from Golgi membranes of lactating rat mammary gland were shown to be activated not only by Mn2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, but also by spermine, spermidine, lysyl-lysine, ethylenediamine and other diaminoalkanes, and by a range of basic proteins and peptides, including clupeine, histone, polylysine, ribonuclease, pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, cytochrome c, melittin, avidin and myelin basic protein. Both N-acetyl-lactosamine synthetase and lactose synthetase activities were enhanced. A basic protein fraction was isolated from bovine milk and shown to activate galactosyltransferase at low concentrations. The polyanions ATP, casein, chondroitin sulphate and heparin reversed the activation of galactosyltransferase by several of the above substances. Galactosyltransferase, assayed as a lactose synthetase, showed a 10-fold greater affinity for glucose when Mn2+ ions were replaced by clupeine or by ribonuclease as cationic activator. Evidence was obtained for the presence of an endogenous cationic activator in solubilized Golgi membrane preparations which evoked a similar low apparent Km, glucose. The findings are discussed in the light of cationic activations of glycosyltransferases generally, of the porous nature of the Golgi membrane, and of the unlikelihood of bivalent metal ions being the physiological activators of galactosyltransferase. It is suggested that the natural cationic activator of lactose synthetase may be a secretory protein acting in a manner analogous to the enzyme's activation by alpha-lactalbumin. A scheme is proposed for the two-stage synthesis of lactose and phosphorylation of casein within the cell, to accommodate the apparent incompatibility of these two processes.
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Grantham, J. J., J. Kennedy, and B. Cowley. "Tubule urate and PAH transport: sensitivity and specificity of serum protein inhibition." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 252, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): F683—F690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1987.252.4.f683.
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Macromolecules in rabbit serum inhibit the cellular uptake and transepithelial secretion of [14C]urate and p-[3H]aminohippurate ([3H]PA) in rabbit S2 proximal tubule segments. To understand better the potential role these inhibitors may have in the regulation of renal organic anion excretion, we examined the specificity and relative inhibitory effects on tubule urate and PAH transport of albumin and gamma-globulin, the major inhibitory proteins in rabbit serum. Native rabbit serum markedly inhibited the cellular accumulation of urate and PAH by isolated nonperfused segments [50% inhibition (K0.5) = 0.4 and 0.65 g/dl, respectively]. Urate and PAH transport was also inhibited by bovine serum, human serum, Cohn-fractionated rabbit albumin, and rabbit gamma-globulin, but not by Cohn-fractionated bovine serum albumin. alpha-Lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin, derived from milk, also inhibited urate and PAH transport, but to a lesser extent than albumin and gamma-globulin. The transport inhibitory effects of proteins were independent of their binding to urate and PAH. Unidirectional influx and the steady-state intracellular accumulation of urate and PAH in suspensions of proximal tubules were decreased by rabbit serum proteins, suggesting that these inhibitors act on the external face of the cells to diminish the uptake of the organic anions. These studies indicate that the principal plasma proteins (albumin and gamma-globulin) significantly inhibit urate and PAH transporters in the basolateral membranes of S2 proximal tubules. We suggest that circulating plasma proteins that can penetrate the basement membrane of proximal tubules may directly modulate the renal excretion of urate and PAH.
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Kiselova, M., O. Moshtuk, L. Grygorenko, and O. Shlemkevych. "BREASTFEEDING IS THE - "GOLD STANDARD" OLD EXPERIENCE AND NEW SCIENTIFICALLY PROVEN BENEFITS." Neonatology, surgery and perinatal medicine 12, no. 2(44) (August 8, 2022): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2413-4260.xii.2.44.2022.10.
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The article presents the advantages of natural feeding, current recommendations for breastfeeding of infantsobtained by analyzing the scientific literature. It details current evidence emphasizing the importance, uniquenessof the qualitative and quantitative composition of breast milk, the best form of infant feeding. Emphasis is placedon existing scientifically defined facts explaining the importance of natural feeding as a natural model, vividlyillustrating the main points of the concept of optimal infant feeding. Focuses on the fact that adequate feeding isconsidered one of the major components of the health and optimal growth of the newborn infant. The importance ofcolostrum at the beginning of enteral feeding for the newborn's body is emphasized. The properties of colostrum thatfully meet the morpho-functional needs of the infant are described.It focuses on new, scientifically supplemented, over the past few years, data on the benefits of breast milk: optimaland balanced levels of nutrients; high assimilation of breast milk by the body of the child; the presence of a widerange of biologically active substances, essential fatty acids and amino acids, enzymes, vitamins and protectivefactors; favorable effect on intestinal microflora. Namely, it is shown that breast milk contains in the right quantitiesto provide individual not only nutritional but also immunological, endocrine needs of the child, depending on the age:alpha-lactalbumin proteins, beta-lactoglobulin, caseins, enzymes, growth factor, hormones, lactoferrin, lysozyme,secretory IgA, IgG and IgM. Non-protein components: alpha-aminonitrogen; creatine; creatinine; glucosamine; nonnucleic acid polyamines; urea; uric acid. Composition of mature milk: lipids; fat-soluble vitamins (A and carotene,D, E, K); fatty acids; phospholipids; sterols and hydrocarbonates; triglycerides; carbohydrates; water-solublevitamins; biotin; folin; cholate; inositol; niacin; pantothenic acid; riboflavin; thiamin; vitamins B12, B6, C. Cells:cytoplasmic fragments, epithelial cells, lymphocytes, leukocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, minerals, bicarbonates,calcium, chloride, citrate, magnesium; potassium; soda; sulfate; trace elements: chromium; cobalt; copper; iodine;iron; manganese; molybdenum; nickel; selenium; zinc.Biologically active substances that are part of breast milk: hormones, enzymes, immune complexes, help newbornsto overcome birth stress faster and better adapt to new living conditions.It is noted that the nature of breastfeeding in the first year of life to a large extent determines the health of thechild not only in the early years, but also in subsequent periods of his life.
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Camfield, David A., Lauren Owen, Andrew B. Scholey, Andrew Pipingas, and Con Stough. "Dairy constituents and neurocognitive health in ageing." British Journal of Nutrition 106, no. 2 (February 22, 2011): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511000158.
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Age-related cognitive decline (ARCD) and dementia are of increasing concern to an ageing population. In recent years, there has been considerable research focused on effective dietary interventions that may prevent or ameliorate ARCD and dementia. While a number of studies have considered the impact that dairy products may have on physiological health, particularly with regard to the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular health, further research is currently needed in order to establish the impact that dairy products have in the promotion of healthy brain function during ageing. The present review considers the available evidence for the positive effects of dairy products on the metabolic syndrome and glucose regulation, with consideration of the implications for neurocognitive health. A literature search of current (September 2010) meta-analyses/reviews and original research regarding dairy products and cognition was conducted through SCOPUS using the following search terms for dairy consituents: dairy, milk, cheese, yoghurt, probiotics, whey protein, alpha lactalbumin, calcium, B-12, bioactive peptides and colostrinin (CLN). These search terms for dairy products were combined with the following search terms related to cognition and health: cognition, cognitive decline, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, insulin resistance and glucose regulation. Concerns regarding SFA and other fatty acids found in dairy products are also reviewed in relation to different forms of dairy products. The review also considers recent evidence for positive neurocognitive effects associated with bioactive peptides, CLN and proline-rich polypeptides, α-lactalbumin, vitamin B12, calcium and probiotics. Future directions for the extraction and purification of beneficial constituents are also discussed. It is concluded that low-fat dairy products, when consumed regularly as part of a balanced diet, may have a number of beneficial outcomes for neurocognitive health during ageing.
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Trujillo Cárdenas, L. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN INFANT FORMULA HIGH IN ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN WITH ONLY A2 BETA-CASEIN BY SPRAY DRYING, DESIGNED TO RESEMBLE THE PROTEIN COMPOSITION OF HUMAN MILK." Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química 18, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24275/uam/izt/dcbi/revmexingquim/2019v18n1/trujillo.
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Samuel, Tinu Mary, Carlos Antonio De Castro, Stephane Dubascoux, Michael Affolter, Francesca Giuffrida, Claude Billeaud, Jean-Charles Picaud, et al. "Subclinical Mastitis in a European Multicenter Cohort: Prevalence, Impact on Human Milk (HM) Composition, and Association with Infant HM Intake and Growth." Nutrients 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010105.
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Background: Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is an inflammatory condition of the mammary gland. We examined the effects of SCM on human milk (HM) composition, infant growth, and HM intake in a mother–infant cohort from seven European countries. Methods: HM samples were obtained from 305 mothers at 2, 17, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days postpartum. SCM status was assessed using HM Sodium (Na): Potassium (K) ratio >0.6. Levels of different macro- and micronutrients were analyzed in HM. Results: SCM prevalence in the first month of lactation was 35.4%. Mean gestational age at delivery was lower and birth by C-section higher in SCM mothers (p ≤ 0.001). HM concentrations of lactose, DHA, linolenic acid, calcium, and phosphorous (p < 0.05 for all) was lower, while total protein, alpha-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, albumin, arachidonic acid to DHA ratio, n-6 to n-3 ratio and minerals (iron, selenium, manganese, zinc, and copper) were higher (p < 0.001 for all) in mothers with SCM. There were no differences in infant growth and HM intake between non-SCM and SCM groups. Conclusion: We document, for the first time, in a large European standardized and longitudinal study, a high prevalence of SCM in early lactation and demonstrate that SCM is associated with significant changes in the macro- and micronutrient composition of HM. Future studies exploring the relation of SCM with breastfeeding behaviors and developmental outcomes are warranted.
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Simpson, KJ, P. Bird, D. Shaw, and K. Nicholas. "Molecular characterisation and hormone-dependent expression of the porcine whey acidic protein gene." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 20, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0200027.
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A 17.5 kDa protein was isolated from porcine whey by reverse phase HPLC and identified as a putative whey acidic protein (WAP) homologue by sequencing 35 and 40 amino acid residues of the amino- and carboxy-terminus respectively. Degenerate oligonucleotides to both of these amino acid sequences were designed and used in reverse transcriptase PCR with RNA from lactating porcine mammary gland as a template. A 162 bp PCR fragment was detected and sequenced. Compilation of the deduced and determined amino acid sequence revealed a protein of 111 amino acids, which had approximately 75, 50, 40 and 35% similarity at amino acid level to camel, rabbit, rat and mouse WAP respectively. It also included the four-disulphide core characteristic of all WAP proteins and most Kunitz-type protease inhibitors. This provides the first unequivocal evidence for WAP secretion in the pig. SDS PAGE analysis of the whey fraction showed that WAP is secreted as a major protein in sow's milk from farrowing to weaning. The molecular mass of WAP in SDS PAGE was significantly greater than the 11.7 kDa determined from amino acid sequence, indicating that porcine WAP is possibly glycosylated. Northern analysis detected a single mRNA transcript of approximately 600 bp in porcine RNA from the mammary gland of lactating sows. To examine the hormone-regulated expression of the WAP gene the mammary glands of sows at day 90 of pregnancy were biopsied and explants cultured for 3 days in the presence of various combinations of porcine insulin (I), cortisol (F) and porcine prolactin (P). Northern analysis of RNA extracted from the tissue indicated that WAP gene expression was barely detectable in the mammary gland prior to culture and there was no increment in explants cultured in the presence of I and F. However, a significant increase in the accumulation of WAP mRNA was observed in explants cultured in I, F and P. A similar result was observed for beta-casein and alpha-lactalbumin gene expression.
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Wróblewska, B., and A. Kaliszewska. "Cow’s milk proteins immunoreactivity and allergenicity in processed food." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 30, No. 3 (April 27, 2012): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/525/2010-cjfs.
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The immunoreactivity and allergenicity of proteins present in processed food (UHT milk, yoghurt, hard cheese, cottage cheese, biscuit, and sausage intended for children) were determined in this study. Proteins were characterised by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The changes in immunoreactivity were compared by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using polyclonal rabbit antibodies specific to α-lactalbumin (α-la), β-lactoglobulin (β-lg), α-, β-, and κ-casein. The allergenicity was determined with human pooled sera from CMA allergic patients by ELISA and immunoblot. The results have shown that the allergenicity of the food products is mainly correlated with bovine serum albumin (BSA), lactofferin (LF), and α-casein or the products of non-specific reactions between carbohydrate and proteins (e.g. lactosylation).
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Khan, Muhammad Zahoor, Jianxin Xiao, Yulin Ma, Jiaying Ma, Shuai Liu, Adnan Khan, Jamal Muhammad Khan, and Zhijun Cao. "Research Development on Anti-Microbial and Antioxidant Properties of Camel Milk and Its Role as an Anti-Cancer and Anti-Hepatitis Agent." Antioxidants 10, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050788.
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Camel milk is a rich source of vitamin C, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), beta-caseins and milk whey proteins, including lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, alpha-lactalbumin and immunoglobulin. The lactoferrin plays a key role in several physiological functions, such as conferring antioxidant, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory functions in cells. Similarly, the camel milk alpha-lactalbumin has shown greater antioxidative activity because of its higher antioxidant amino acid residues. The antioxidant properties of camel milk have also been ascribed to the structural conformation of its beta-caseins. Upon hydrolysis, the beta-caseins lead to some bioactive peptides having antioxidant activities. Consequently, the vitamin C in camel milk has a significant antioxidant effect and can be used as a source of vitamin C when the climate is harsh. Furthermore, the lysozyme and immunoglobulins in camel milk have anti-microbial and immune regulatory properties. The LAB isolated from camel milk have a protective role against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Moreover, the LAB can be used as a probiotic and may restore the oxidative status caused by various pathogenic bacterial infections. Various diseases such as cancer and hepatitis have been associated with oxidative stress. Camel milk could increase antiproliferative effects and regulate antioxidant genes during cancer and hepatitis, hence ameliorating oxidative stress. In the current review, we have illustrated the anti-microbial and antioxidant properties of camel milk in detail. In addition, the anti-cancer and anti-hepatitis properties of camel milk have also been discussed.
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Ogundele, Michael Oladipo. "Inhibitors of Complement Activity in Human Breast-Milk: A Proposed Hypothesis of Their Physiological Significance." Mediators of Inflammation 8, no. 2 (1999): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09629359990559.
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Several natural components abundant in the fluid phase of human breast-milk have been shown to be inhibitors of complement activationin vitro, particularly the classical pathway. These include lysozyme, lactoferrin, lactalbumin alpha and other ligand chelators, complement regulator proteins and other specific soluble inhibitors of complement activation. Their physiological significance probably resides in their ability to restrictin vivocomplement activation to specialized (compartmentalized) sites on the cellular membrane structures in human milk, represented by the abundant surface area of the milk fat globule membranes. This would serve to prevent inflammatory-induced tissue damage of the delicate immature gastrointestinal tract of the newborn as well as the mammary gland itself. A number of recognized and potential inhibitors of complement activity in human milk and other biological fluids are hereby reviewed, with a proposal of their physiological significance.Abbreviations: HBM, human breast-milk; APC, alternative complement activation pathway; MAC, membrane attack complex (C5b-9); MFGM, milk fat globule membrane
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Rahman, Tanvir, Duncan Lejtenyi, Sarah De Schryver, Ryan Fiter, Ciriaco Piccirillo, Moshe Ben-Shoshan, and Bruce Mazer. "Cow’s milk specific IgE and IgA as a predictor of outcome in oral immunotherapy (VAC9P.1067)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2015): 145.7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.145.7.
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Abstract Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) is defined as an immunologic adverse reaction to cow’s milk proteins. It affects 2-3% of infants, and 85% of CMA resolve spontaneously within the first 5 years of life. Those with persistent CMA have a lifelong threat of anaphylaxis. 20 patients were recruited for a trail of CM oral immunotherapy. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at multiple timepoints during a trial. Specific IgE, IgA to casein, b-lactoglobulin (BLG) and alpha-lactalbumin (ALA) were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA). CM-specific IgE responses decreased by 5 to 10 times baseline. Importantly, in one patient there was no detectable sIgE after 6 months post OIT. As the role of specific IgA is poorly understood we measured specific IgA to the three CMA components in a subset of subjects. sIgA was increased significantly over time in 4 of 6 patients, unaltered in 1 patient, and was variable in one patient. At the end of oral immunotherapy, sIgA returned towards baseline. In summary, as patients underwent oral immunotherapy to milk, sIgA increased in parallel to the decrease in IgE in most subjects tested. CM specific IgA may help predict responses to oral immunotherapy for milk.
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Cosenza, Gianfranco, Daniela Gallo, Rosa Illario, Paola di Gregorio, Carmela Senese, Lino Ferrara, and Luigi Ramunno. "A MvaI PCR-RFLP detecting a silent allele at the goat α-lactalbumin locus." Journal of Dairy Research 70, no. 3 (July 21, 2003): 355–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029903006265.
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Alpha-lactalbumin (α-la), a calcium metalloprotein, is one of the major serum-proteins in ruminant milk (Jenness, 1982) and induces lactose synthesis in the mammary gland by interacting with the enzyme UDP-galactosyltransferase, giving rise to the heterodimer enzyme lactose synthase (Ebner & Brodbeck, 1968; Kuhn, 1983). The goat α-la transcription unit (LALBA), located on chromosome 5 (Hayes et al. 1993), is organized in 4 exons varying in length from 75 nucleotides (3rd exon) to 329 nucleotides (4th exon) coding for a 123-amino acid polypeptide chain (Vilotte et al. 1991). According to the strong similarity between bovine α-la (Vilotte et al. 1987) and human lysozyme (similar molecular weight, the same number of S-S bonds, identical N and C terminal residues; Peters et al. 1989), it has been proposed that both genes arose from a common ancestor (Vilotte et al. 1991).
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Moloney, Cian, Deborah O'Connor, and Jonathan O'Regan. "Polar lipid, ganglioside and cholesterol contents of infant formulae and growing up milks produced with an alpha lactalbumin-enriched whey protein concentrate." International Dairy Journal 107 (August 2020): 104716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104716.
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Knipping, Karen, Laura Buelens, Peter J. Simons, and Johan Garssen. "An In Vitro and In Vivo Translational Research Approach for the Assessment of Sensitization Capacity and Residual Allergenicity of an Extensive Whey Hydrolysate for Cow’s Milk-Allergic Infants." Foods 11, no. 14 (July 7, 2022): 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11142005.
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Introduction: Hypoallergenic formulas prepared from hydrolyzed cow’s milk proteins are often used for the management of cow’s milk allergy (CMA) in infants. In this study, both in vitro assays and an in vivo mouse model for CMA were used to assess the sensitizing and allergenic potential of a newly developed, extensive whey hydrolysate (eWH). Methods: Gel permeation chromatography was used to characterize the molecular weight distribution of the peptides. Residual antigenicity was measured using a beta-lactoglobulin ELISA as well as with immunoblotting using anti-beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) and anti-alpha-lactalbumin antibodies. In vitro residual allergenicity was assessed using huFcεRIα-RBL-2H3 cells sensitized with anti-bovine BLG human IgE. In vivo sensitizing and allergenic potential was assessed in a CMA mouse model by measuring the acute allergic skin response, anaphylactic shock score, body temperature, serum mMCP-1, whey-specific IgE, and cytokines. Results: There was no in vitro residual antigenicity and allergenicity observed of the eWH. Mice sensitized with eWH showed no acute allergic skin reaction after challenge with whey, confirmed by an absence of whey-specific IgE and anaphylactic symptoms and decrease in body temperature and mMCP-1 levels. Conclusions: Results from our in vitro and in vivo translational approach to assess sensitization capacity and residual allergenicity indicate that the newly developed eWH is safe for use in CMA infants. This was subsequently confirmed in a clinical study in which this eWH was tolerated by more than 90% (with 95% confidence) of infants or children with confirmed CMA.
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Widodo, Hermawan Setyo, Triana Yuni Astuti, Pramono Soediarto, and Afduha Nurus Syamsi. "Identification of Goats’ and Cows’ Milk Protein Profile in Banyumas Regency by Sodium Dedocyl Sulphate Gel Electrophoresis (Sds-Page)." ANIMAL PRODUCTION, March 31, 2021, 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jap.2021.23.1.37.
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Protein is one of the nutrient components in milk that is related to product quality. The components of milk protein are divided into casein alpha-s1, beta, alpha-s2, kappa, and whey fractions such as alpha lactalbumin and beta lactoglobulin. There are no existing data of milk protein fraction in dairy cow and goats in Banyumas Regency. This study aimed to determine the profile in form of protein fractions of cow and goat milk in Banyumas. Milk sample from fifty cows and thirty dairy goats was taken by random sampling in some areas. The milk protein profile was identified by the technique of sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and protein quantity prediction by software. The data obtained were analyzed statistically by Mann-Whitney between cows and goats. The results were significantly different (p<0.05) between cows and goats in molecular weight of protein alpha-S1 casein (29.66 vs 33.37 kDa), alpha-S2 (27.76 vs 29.49 kDa), beta (24 , 48 vs 25.59 kDa) and beta lactoglobulin (15.75 vs 15.97 kDa). The quantity of casein alpha-S1 (7.88 vs 4.16 g/l), alpha-S2 (1.31 vs. 4.02 g/l), beta (8.74 vs 14.24 g/l), kappa (2.41 vs. 4.28 g/l) and alpha lactalbumin (0.91 vs 0.7 g / l) was significantly different (p <0.05) between cow's and goat's milk, respectively. In conclusion, milk protein profile of cows and goats in Banyumas Regency is different.
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Ostrowska, Malgorzata, Lech Zwierzchowski, Paulina Brzozowska, Ewelina Kawecka-Grochocka, Beata Żelazowska, and Emilia Bagnicka. "The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of bovine alpha-lactalbumin (LALBA) gene on LALBA expression in milk cells and milk traits of cows." Journal of Animal Science 99, no. 7 (May 24, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab169.
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Abstract Polymorphisms of milk protein genes have been proposed as candidate markers for dairy production traits in cattle. In the present study, a polymorphism was detected in the 5′-flanking (promoter) region of the bovine alpha-lactalbumin (LALBA) gene, a T/C transition located at nucleotide −1,001 relative to the transcription start site g.-1001T > C (NC_037332.1:g.31183170T > C), which is recognizable with PstI restriction endonuclease. In silico analyses showed that this mutation created novel retinoid X receptor alpha and vitamin D receptor transcription factor binding sites. Real-time PCR found that cows with different genetic variants of the promoter demonstrated different levels of expression of LALBA mRNA in milk somatic cells (MSCs). The TT genotype cows demonstrated low expression, whereas those with CT demonstrated much higher expression (P < 0.05). ELISA analysis found milk LALBA protein levels also differed between the TT and CT cows (P < 0.05) and that these levels were not correlated with the mRNA abundance in MSC. Association analysis found that the g.-1001T > C polymorphism in the promoter region of the LALBA gene influenced milk production traits in Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. High daily milk yield and dry matter yield, and high lactose yield and concentration were associated with the TT genotype. The TT genotype cows also had a lower number of somatic cells in the milk, considered as an indicator of udder health status. Therefore, the TT genotype could be more desirable from the breeder’s perspective.
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Martinez Boggio, Guillermo, Annabelle Meynadier, Albert Johannes Buitenhuis, and Christel Marie-Etancelin. "Host genetic control on rumen microbiota and its impact on dairy traits in sheep." Genetics Selection Evolution 54, no. 1 (November 24, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12711-022-00769-9.
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Abstract Background Milk yield and fine composition in sheep depend on the volatile and long-chain fatty acids, microbial proteins, vitamins produced through feedstuff digestion by the rumen microbiota. In cattle, the host genome has been shown to have a low to moderate genetic control on rumen microbiota abundance but a high control on dairy traits with heritabilities higher than 0.30. There is little information on the genetic correlations and quantitative trait loci (QTL) that simultaneously affect rumen microbiota abundance and dairy traits in ruminants, especially in sheep. Thus, our aim was to quantify the effect of the host genetics on rumen bacterial abundance and the genetic correlations between rumen bacterial abundance and several dairy traits, and to identify QTL that are associated with both rumen bacterial abundance and milk traits. Results Our results in Lacaune sheep show that the heritability of rumen bacterial abundance ranges from 0 to 0.29 and that the heritability of 306 operational taxonomic units (OTU) is significantly different from 0. Of these 306 OTU, 96 that belong mainly to the Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae bacterial families show strong genetic correlations with milk fatty acids and proteins (absolute values ranging from 0.33 to 0.99). Genome-wide association studies revealed a QTL for alpha-lactalbumin concentration in milk on Ovis aries chromosome (OAR) 11, and six QTL for rumen bacterial abundances i.e., for two OTU belonging to the genera Prevotella (OAR3 and 5), Rikeneleaceae_RC9_gut_group (OAR5), Ruminococcus (OAR5), an unknown genus of order Clostridia UCG-014 (OAR10), and CAG-352 (OAR11). None of these detected regions are simultaneously associated with rumen bacterial abundance and dairy traits, but the bacterial families Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae and F082 show colocalized signals on OAR3, 5, 15 and 26. Conclusions In Lacaune dairy sheep, rumen microbiota abundance is partially controlled by the host genetics and is poorly genetically linked with milk protein and fatty acid compositions, and three main bacterial families, Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae and F082, show specific associations with OAR3, 5, 15 and 26.
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Alamiri, Feiruz, Kristian Riesbeck, and Anders P. Hakansson. "HAMLET, a Protein Complex from Human Milk, Has Bactericidal Activity and Enhances the Activity of Antibiotics against Pathogenic Streptococci." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 63, no. 12 (October 7, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01193-19.
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ABSTRACT HAMLET (human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells) is a protein-lipid complex derived from human milk that was first described for its tumoricidal activity. Later studies showed that HAMLET also has direct bactericidal activity against select species of bacteria, with highest activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Additionally, HAMLET in combination with various antimicrobial agents can make a broad range of antibiotic-resistant bacterial species sensitive to antibiotics. Here, we show that HAMLET has direct antibacterial activity not only against pneumococci but also against Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci [GAS]) and Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci [GBS]). As with pneumococci, HAMLET treatment of GAS and GBS resulted in depolarization of the bacterial membrane, followed by membrane permeabilization and death, which was able to be inhibited by calcium and sodium transport inhibitors. Treatment of clinical antibiotic-resistant isolates of S. pneumoniae, GAS, and GBS with sublethal concentrations of HAMLET in combination with antibiotics decreased the MICs of the antibiotics into the sensitive range. This effect could also be blocked by ion transport inhibitors, suggesting that HAMLET’s bactericidal and combination treatment effects used similar mechanisms. Finally, we show that HAMLET potentiated the effects of erythromycin against erythromycin-resistant bacteria more effectively than penicillin G potentiated killing bacteria resistant to erythromycin. These results show that HAMLET effectively (i) kills three different species of pathogenic streptococci by similar mechanisms and also (ii) potentiates the activities of macrolides and lincosamides more effectively than combination treatment with beta-lactams. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic role for HAMLET in repurposing antibiotics currently causing treatment failures in patients.
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Sharp, Julie A., Christophe Lefèvre, and Kevin R. Nicholas. "Lack of functional alpha-lactalbumin prevents involution in Cape fur seals and identifies the protein as an apoptotic milk factor in mammary gland involution." BMC Biology 6, no. 1 (November 6, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-6-48.
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Sultan, Sébastien, Jonas Hauser, Manuel Oliveira, Andreas Rytz, Nicolas Preitner, and Nora Schneider. "Effects of Post-natal Dietary Milk Fat Globule Membrane Polar Lipid Supplementation on Motor Skills, Anxiety, and Long-Term Memory in Adulthood." Frontiers in Nutrition 8 (November 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.737731.
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Early life nutrition critically impacts post-natal brain maturation and cognitive development. Post-natal dietary deficits in specific nutrients, such as lipids, minerals or vitamins are associated with brain maturation and cognitive impairments. Specifically, polar lipids (PL), such as sphingolipids and phospholipids, are important cellular membrane building blocks and are critical for brain connectivity due to their role in neurite outgrowth, synaptic formation, and myelination. In this preclinical study, we assessed the effects of a chronic supplementation with a source of PL extracted from an alpha-lactalbumin enriched whey protein containing 10% lipids from early life (post-natal day (PND) 7) to adulthood (PND 72) on adult motor skills, anxiety, and long-term memory. The motor skills were assessed using open field and rotarod test. Anxiety was assessed using elevated plus maze (EPM). Long-term object and spatial memory were assessed using novel object recognition (NOR) and Morris water maze (MWM). Our results suggest that chronic PL supplementation improved measures of spatial long-term memory accuracy and cognitive flexibility in the MWM in adulthood, with no change in general mobility, anxiety and exploratory behavior. Our results indicate memory specific functional benefits of long-term dietary PL during post-natal brain development.